Ransomware - Knowledge

1162:, and the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine. As it used corporate network structures to spread, the ransomware was also discovered in other countries, including Turkey, Germany, Poland, Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Experts believed the ransomware attack was tied to the Petya attack in Ukraine (especially because Bad Rabbit's code has many overlapping and analogical elements to the code of Petya/NotPetya, appending to CrowdStrike Bad Rabbit and NotPetya's dynamic link library (DLL) share 67 percent of the same code) though the only identity to the culprits are the names of characters from the 718: 6624: 1344:, Biden told the press, "I made it very clear to him that the United States expects when a ransomware operation is coming from his soil even though it’s not sponsored by the state, we expect them to act if we give them enough information to act on who that is." Biden later added that the United States would take the group's servers down if Putin did not. Four days later, REvil websites and other infrastructure vanished from the internet. 558:

disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus". The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed "non-zero sum games and survivable malware". The attack can yield monetary gain in cases where the malware acquires access to information that may damage the victim user or organization, e.g., the reputational damage that could result from publishing proof that the attack itself was a success.

6467: 1496:. But it only works when the cipher the attacker used was weak to begin with, being vulnerable to known-plaintext attack); recovery of the key, if it is possible, may take several days. Free ransomware decryption tools can help decrypt files encrypted by the following forms of ransomware: AES_NI, Alcatraz Locker, Apocalypse, BadBlock, Bart, BTCWare, Crypt888, CryptoMix, CrySiS, EncrypTile, FindZip, Globe, 371:, Krotten, Cryzip, and MayArchive began utilizing more sophisticated RSA encryption schemes, with ever-increasing key-sizes. Gpcode.AG, which was detected in June 2006, was encrypted with a 660-bit RSA public key. In June 2008, a variant known as Gpcode.AK was detected. Using a 1024-bit RSA key, it was believed large enough to be computationally infeasible to break without a concerted 1600:

law-enforcement bodies are contemplating making the creation of ransomware illegal. In the state of Maryland, the original draft of HB 340 made it a felony to create ransomware, punishable by up to 10 years in prison. However, this provision was removed from the final version of the bill. A minor in Japan was arrested for creating and distributing ransomware code. Young and

1118:(but affecting many countries). This version had been modified to propagate using the same EternalBlue exploit that was used by WannaCry. Due to another design change, it is also unable to actually unlock a system after the ransom is paid; this led to security analysts speculating that the attack was not meant to generate illicit profit, but to simply cause disruption. 5901: 1564:

his profits. He also contacted online criminals from China and the US to move the money. For about one and a half years, he posed as a legitimate supplier of online promotions of book advertising on some of the world's most visited legal pornography websites. Each of the adverts that were promoted on the websites contained the

1274:(almost US$ 5 million) from Colonial Pipeline. U.S. officials are investigating whether the attack was purely criminal or took place with the involvement of the Russian government or another state sponsor. Following the attack, DarkSide posted a statement claiming that "We are apolitical, we do not participate in 1585:

A breakthrough, in this case, occurred in May 2013 when authorities from several countries seized the Liberty Reserve servers, obtaining access to all its transactions and account history. Qaiser was running encrypted virtual machines on his Macbook Pro with both Mac and Windows operating systems. He

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investigation found the cybersecurity firms Proven Data Recovery and Monstercloud, which advertised ransom-free decryption services, would typically simply pay the ransom and charge the victim a higher price. SamSam hackers dealt with Proven Data so frequently that they would recommend the company to

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as a pornographic video player. When it is installed, it first checks the device's system language. If the language is Russian or Eastern-European, Fusob remains dormant. Otherwise, it locks the device and demands ransom. About 40% of victims are in Germany, while the United Kingdom encompasses 14.5%

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or a pre-paid cash voucher was not made within 3 days of the infection. Due to the extremely large key size it uses, analysts and those affected by the Trojan considered CryptoLocker extremely difficult to repair. Even after the deadline passed, the private key could still be obtained using an online

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Reveton initially began spreading in various European countries in early 2012. Variants were localized with templates branded with the logos of different law enforcement organizations based on the user's country; for example, variants used in the United Kingdom contained the branding of organizations

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functions. This led to improvement in the quality of ransomware and its success. Rather than random emails, the gangs stole credentials, found vulnerabilities in target networks, and improved the malware to avoid detection by anti-malware scanners. Ransoms demanded escalated into the much larger sums

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existed Young and Yung proposed that electronic money could be extorted through encryption as well, stating that "the virus writer can effectively hold all of the money ransom until half of it is given to him. Even if the e-money was previously encrypted by the user, it is of no use to the user if it

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attack invented by Adam L. Young that threatens to publish stolen information from the victim's computer system rather than deny the victim access to it. In a leakware attack, malware exfiltrates sensitive host data either to the attacker or alternatively, to remote instances of the malware, and the

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In some infections, there is a two-stage payload, common in many malware systems. The user is tricked into running a script, which downloads the main virus and executes it. In early versions of the dual-payload system, the script was contained in a Microsoft Office document with an attached VBScript

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Security experts found that the ransomware did not use the EternalBlue exploit to spread, and a simple method to inoculate an unaffected machine running older Windows versions was found by 24 October 2017. Further, the sites that had been used to spread the bogus Flash updating have gone offline or

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for his ransomware attacks in 2019. He is said to have been "the most prolific cyber criminal to be sentenced in the UK". He became active when he was only 17. He contacted the Russian controller of one of the most powerful attacks, believed to be the Lurk malware gang, and arranged for a split of

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In August 2010, Russian authorities arrested nine individuals connected to a ransomware Trojan known as WinLock. Unlike the previous Gpcode Trojan, WinLock did not use encryption. Instead, WinLock trivially restricted access to the system by displaying pornographic images and asked users to send a

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into paying for the ransomware to be removed either by supplying a program that can decrypt the files, or by sending an unlock code that undoes the payload's changes. While the attacker may simply take the money without returning the victim's files, it is in the attacker's best interest to perform

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According to Symantec 2019 ISTR report, for the first time since 2013, in 2018 there was an observed decrease in ransomware activity with a drop of 20 percent. Before 2017, consumers were the preferred victims, but in 2017 this changed dramatically, it moved to the enterprises. In 2018 this path

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are broadly immune to ransomware, because ZFS is capable of snapshotting even a large file system many times an hour, and these snapshots are immutable (read only) and easily rolled back or files recovered in the event of data corruption. In general, only an administrator can delete (but cannot

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The first attacks were on random users, typically infected through email attachments sent by small groups of criminals, demanding a few hundred dollars in cryptocurrency to unlock files (typically a private individual's photographs and documents) that the ransomware had encrypted. As ransomware

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where he was found to be using the hospital Wi-Fi to access his advertising sites. His lawyer claimed that Qaiser had suffered from mental illness. Russian police arrested 50 members of the Lurk malware gang in June 2016. Uadiale, a naturalized US citizen of Nigerian descent, was jailed for 18

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In late 2019 ransomware group Maze downloaded companies' sensitive files before locking them, and threatened to leak the data publicly if the ransom was not paid; in at least one case they did this. Many other gangs followed; "leak sites" were created on the dark web where stolen data could be

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In 2016, a significant uptick in ransomware attacks on hospitals was noted. According to the 2017 Internet Security Threat Report from Symantec Corp, ransomware affected not only IT systems but also patient care, clinical operations, and billing. Online criminals may be motivated by the money

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In May 2020, vendor Sophos reported that the global average cost to remediate a ransomware attack (considering downtime, people time, device cost, network cost, lost opportunity and ransom paid) was $ 761,106. Ninety-five percent of organizations that paid the ransom had their data restored.

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as follows, "The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its

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The publication of proof-of-concept attack code is common among academic researchers and vulnerability researchers. It teaches the nature of the threat, conveys the gravity of the issues, and enables countermeasures to be devised and put into place. However, lawmakers with the support of

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strain of the malicious Angler Exploit Kit (AEK) that seized control of the machine. Investigators discovered about £700,000 of earnings, although his network may have earned more than £4m. He may have hidden some money using cryptocurrencies. The ransomware would instruct victims to buy

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released a report that provided guidance for how to mitigate ransomware attacks. This was due to a significant jump in recent attacks related to ransomware. These attacks included aggression against a US pipeline company and a software company, which impacted the downstream customers of

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vouchers and enter the code in the Reveton panel displayed on the screen. This money entered a MoneyPak account managed by Qaiser, who would then deposit the voucher payments into the debit card account of his American co-conspirator, Raymond Odigie Uadiale. Uadiale was a student at

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There are a number of tools intended specifically to decrypt files locked by ransomware, although successful recovery may not be possible. If the same encryption key is used for all files, decryption tools use files for which there are both uncorrupted backups and encrypted copies (a

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accessed. Later attacks focussed on the threat to leak data, without necessarily locking it—this negated the protection afforded victims by robust backup procedures. As of 2023 there is a risk of hostile governments using ransomware to conceal what is actually intelligence gathering.

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the decryption as agreed, since victims will stop sending payments if it becomes known that they serve no purpose. A key element in making ransomware work for the attacker is a convenient payment system that is hard to trace. A range of such payment methods have been used, including

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Ransomware is growing rapidly across the internet users but also for the IoT environment. The big problem is that millions of dollars are lost by some organizations and industries that have decided to pay, such as the Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center and the MedStar Health.

683:. Evidence has demonstrated that the targeted institutions of these attacks included government, finance, and healthcare. Researchers have contended that several different factors can explain the increase in attacks during this time. However, a major factor is that 935:

for every infected computer, making the encryption trivial to overcome. However, this flaw was later fixed. By late-November 2014, it was estimated that over 9,000 users had been infected by TorrentLocker in Australia alone, trailing only Turkey with 11,700 infections.

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If an attack is suspected or detected in its early stages, it takes some time for encryption to take place; immediate removal of the malware (a relatively simple process) before it has completed would stop further damage to data, without salvaging any already lost.

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solution is a critical component to defending against ransomware. Note that, because many ransomware attackers will not only encrypt the victim's live machine but it will also attempt to delete any hot backups stored locally or on accessible over the network on a

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Security experts have suggested precautionary measures for dealing with ransomware. Using software or other security policies to block known payloads from launching will help to prevent infection, but will not protect against all attacks As such, having a proper

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notice, and informed users that a system's Windows installation had to be re-activated due to " victim of fraud". An online activation option was offered (like the actual Windows activation process), but was unavailable, requiring the user to call one of six

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The attacker receives the payment, deciphers the asymmetric ciphertext with the attacker's private key, and sends the symmetric key to the victim. The victim deciphers the encrypted data with the needed symmetric key thereby completing the cryptovirology

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victims having technical difficulties making payment. Other companies like Coveware were more transparent in offering the service of paying the hackers and patching insecure systems. Many American victims found the ransom amount was too low to meet the

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In July 2013, a 21-year-old man from Virginia, whose computer coincidentally did contain pornographic photographs of underage girls with whom he had conducted sexualized communications, turned himself in to police after receiving and being deceived by

90:(FBI) to have accrued over US$ 18 million by June 2015. In 2020, the IC3 received 2,474 complaints identified as ransomware with adjusted losses of over $ 29.1 million. The losses could be more than that, according to the FBI. Globally, according to 493:

to input a 6-digit code. While the malware claimed that this call would be free, it was routed through a rogue operator in a country with high international phone rates, who placed the call on hold, causing the user to incur large international

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decryption key private. Young and Yung's original experimental cryptovirus had the victim send the asymmetric ciphertext to the attacker who deciphers it and returns the symmetric decryption key it contains to the victim for a fee. Long before

635:(PTP - standard protocol used to transfer files.) Researchers found that it was possible to exploit vulnerabilities in the protocol to infect target camera(s) with ransomware (or execute any arbitrary code). This attack was presented at the 779:, which specifically accused the user of illegally downloading music. In a statement warning the public about the malware, the Metropolitan Police clarified that they would never lock a computer in such a way as part of an investigation. 623:

that had been exploited by ransomware websites. It recently has been shown that ransomware may also target ARM architectures like those that can be found in various Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, such as Industrial IoT edge devices.

301:. This electronic money collection method was also proposed for cryptoviral extortion attacks. In the von Solms-Naccache scenario a newspaper publication was used (since bitcoin ledgers did not exist at the time the paper was written). 139:

the symmetric key and the original plaintext data to prevent recovery. It puts up a message to the user that includes the asymmetric ciphertext and how to pay the ransom. The victim sends the asymmetric ciphertext and e-money to the

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2015 IEEE 17th International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications, 2015 IEEE 7th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security, and 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Embedded Software and

744:. Due to this behaviour, it is commonly referred to as the "Police Trojan". The warning informs the user that to unlock their system, they would have to pay a fine using a voucher from an anonymous prepaid cash service such as 152:

is randomly generated and will not assist other victims. At no point is the attacker's private key exposed to victims and the victim need only send a very small ciphertext (the encrypted symmetric-cipher key) to the attacker.

78:, the use of ransomware scams has grown internationally. There were 181.5 million ransomware attacks in the first six months of 2018. This record marks a 229% increase over this same time frame in 2017. In June 2014, vendor 4315: 1467:

On Windows 10, users can add specific directories or files to Controlled Folder Access in Windows Defender to protect them from ransomware. It is advised to add backup and other important directories to Controlled Folder

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has also proliferated. Typically, mobile ransomware payloads are blockers, as there is little incentive to encrypt data since it can be easily restored via online synchronization. Mobile ransomware typically targets the

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in the months following, including CryptoLocker 2.0 (thought not to be related to CryptoLocker), CryptoDefense (which initially contained a major design flaw that stored the private key on the infected system in a

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and Ukraine reported a new ransomware attack, named "Bad Rabbit", which follows a similar pattern to WannaCry and Petya by encrypting the user's file tables and then demands a Bitcoin payment to decrypt them.

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estimated based on Bitcoin transaction information that between 15 October and 18 December, the operators of CryptoLocker had procured about US$ 27 million from infected users. The CryptoLocker technique was

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A number of file systems keep snapshots of the data they hold, which can be used to recover the contents of files from a time prior to the ransomware attack in the event the ransomware does not disable it.

481:(costing around US$ 10) to receive a code that could be used to unlock their machines. The scam hit numerous users across Russia and neighbouring countries—reportedly earning the group over US$ 16 million. 5612: 426:

ransomware attacks affecting government, healthcare and industry. This lead President Rodrigo Chaves to declare a state of emergency and announce that Costa Rica is "at war" with its ransomware hackers.

794:, suggesting that its authors may have been planning to target users in North America. By August 2012, a new variant of Reveton began to spread in the United States, claiming to require the payment of a 520:-specific ransomware Trojan surfaced, which displays a web page that accuses the user of downloading pornography. Unlike its Windows-based counterparts, it does not block the entire computer, but simply 281:

189 to "PC Cyborg Corporation" in order to obtain a repair tool even though the decryption key could be extracted from the code of the Trojan. The Trojan was also known as "PC Cyborg". Popp was declared

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can be applied. Such may include disconnecting infected machines from all networks, educational programs, effective communication channels, malware surveillance and ways of collective participation

6195: 1504:, XData. Ransomware encryption that has been cracked by security researchers is typically abandoned for criminal purposes; thus in practice most attacks cannot be reverted by breaking encryption. 3331: 1111:

reported that despite what it believed to be an innovative evolution in ransomware design, it had resulted in relatively-fewer infections than other ransomware active around the same time frame.

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the victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment to decrypt them. In a properly implemented cryptoviral extortion attack, recovering the files without the decryption

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macro, or in a windows scripting facility (WSF) file. As detection systems started blocking these first stage payloads, the Microsoft Malware Protection Center identified a trend away toward

1285:(CISA) issued a joint alert urging the owners and operators of critical infrastructure to take certain steps to reduce their vulnerability to DarkSide ransomware and ransomware in general. 354:, which encompasses both overt and covert attacks. The cryptoviral extortion protocol was inspired by the parasitic relationship between H. R. Giger's facehugger and its host in the movie 2250: 5811: 4472: 1308:—where a caller with remote access to the computer may use the tool to lock the user out of their computer with a password known only to them. Syskey was removed from later versions of 273:

written by Joseph Popp in 1989, had a design failure so severe it was not necessary to pay the extortionist at all. Its payload hid the files on the hard drive and encrypted only their

3413: 4177: 2990: 1460:(VSS) is often used to store backups of data; ransomware often targets these snapshots to prevent recovery and therefore it is often advisable to disable user access to the user tool 869:

against the Russian hacker Evgeniy Bogachev for his alleged involvement in the botnet. It was estimated that at least US$ 3 million was extorted with the malware before the shutdown.

3072: 2565: 4121: 4323: 893:; to evade detection by automatic e-mail scanners that follow all links on a page to scan for malware, this variant was designed to require users to visit a web page and enter a 4069: 575:

Exfiltration attacks are usually targeted, with a curated victim list, and often preliminary surveillance of the victim's systems to find potential data targets and weaknesses.

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unless a "ransom" is paid. While some simple ransomware may lock the system without damaging any files, more advanced malware uses a technique called cryptoviral extortion. It

5642: 3439: 3305: 2475: 2314: 4705: 1979: 1043:. The ransomware attack, unprecedented in scale, infected more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries, using 20 different languages to demand money from users using 889:(which is, as with CryptoLocker 2.0, unrelated to the original CryptoLocker). The Trojans spread via fraudulent e-mails claiming to be failed parcel delivery notices from 6339: 952:

ad network in late-September 2014 that targeted several major websites; the ads redirected to rogue websites that used browser plugin exploits to download the payload. A

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to help ransomware victims recover their data without paying a ransom. They offer a free CryptoSheriff tool to analyze encrypted files and search for decryption tools.

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Trojan), its payload displays a warning purportedly from a law enforcement agency claiming that the computer has been used for illegal activities, such as downloading

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to guess weak passwords until one is broken. The virus has been behind attacks on government and healthcare targets, with notable hacks occurring against the town of

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Al-Hawawreh, Muna; den Hartog, Frank; Sitnikova, Elena (2019). "Targeted Ransomware: A New Cyber Threat to Edge System of Brownfield Industrial Internet of Things".

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In 2012, Symantec reported spread out of Eastern Europe of ransomware with a lock screen purporting to be law enforcement demanding payment for illegal activity.

411:. In January 2015, it was reported that ransomware-styled attacks have occurred against individual websites via hacking, and through ransomware designed to target 67:

disguised as a legitimate file that the user is tricked into downloading or opening when it arrives as an email attachment. However, one high-profile example, the

5604: 5011: 4394: 687:, which became the norm for many industries in 2020, led to the surge in attacks because of the lack of security in comparison to traditional work environments. 5433: 4289: 2846: 1530:

In addition, old copies of files may exist on the disk, which has been previously deleted. In some cases, these deleted versions may still be recoverable using

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released data showing that it had collected more than double the number of ransomware samples that quarter than it had in the same quarter the previous year.

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for allegedly launching SamSam ransomware. The two have allegedly made $ 6 million from extortion and caused over $ 30 million in damages using the malware.

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The most recent version, CryptoWall 4.0, enhanced its code to avoid antivirus detection, and encrypts not only the data in files but also the file names.

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alone, the fatal flaw being that the decryption key could be extracted from the Trojan, and implemented an experimental proof-of-concept cryptovirus on a

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of victims and the US encompasses 11.4%. Fusob and Small (another family of ransomware) represented over 93% of mobile ransomware between 2015 and 2016.

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to communicate with its servers. When encrypting files, the malware also deletes volume shadow copies and installs spyware that steals passwords and

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accelerated with 81 percent infections which represented a 12 percent increase. The common distribution method today is based on email campaigns.

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was particularly successful, procuring an estimated US$ 3 million before it was taken down by authorities, and CryptoWall was estimated by the US

7108: 6435: 1079:. The attackers gave their victims a 7-day deadline from the day their computers got infected, after which the encrypted files would be deleted. 596:

installed by an unsuspecting user; it may attempt to display a blocking message over top of all other applications, while another used a form of

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or otherwise face a fictitious criminal charge. Fusob requests iTunes gift cards for payment, unlike most cryptocurrency-centric ransomware.

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Another major ransomware Trojan targeting Windows, CryptoWall, first appeared in 2014. One strain of CryptoWall was distributed as part of a

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Fusob is a major family of mobile ransomware. Between April 2015 and March 2016, about 56 percent of accounted mobile ransomware was Fusob.

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Unless malware gains root on the ZFS host system in deploying an attack coded to issue ZFS administrative commands, file servers running

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file system the next time that the infected system boots, blocking the system from booting into Windows at all until the ransom is paid.

5789: 4129: 3862: 3102: 657:(millions) that an enterprise would pay to recover its data, rather than what an individual would pay for their documents (hundreds). 187:

Some payloads consist simply of an application designed to lock or restrict the system until payment is made, typically by setting the

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threshold for federal involvement, but that local police lacked the technical capabilities to help and were often victims themselves.

7062: 4043: 1867: 277:, and displayed a message claiming that the user's license to use a certain piece of software had expired. The user was asked to pay 6075: 5634: 4419: 3309: 3185: 2322: 905:, were again, unrelated to the original CryptoLocker due to differences in their operation. A notable victim of the Trojans was the 6057: 2483: 1815: 1608:

book being written. The source code to the cryptotrojan is still live on the Internet and is associated with a draft of Chapter 2.

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accusing him of possessing child pornography. An investigation discovered the incriminating files, and the man was charged with

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by Spanish authorities for his connection to a crime ring that had been using Reveton; ten other individuals were arrested on

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and encrypts the victim's data with it. It uses the public key in the malware to encrypt the symmetric key. This is known as

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reported that it had found new variants of Reveton that also distribute password-stealing malware as part of its payload.

752:. To increase the illusion that the computer is being tracked by law enforcement, the screen also displays the computer's 478: 7101: 7070: 5242: 4757: 3758: 1684: – presence of data additional to the actual data that may permit correction of errors in stored or transmitted data 1618: 1543: 1508: 906: 897:

code before the payload is actually downloaded, preventing such automated processes from being able to scan the payload.

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platform, as it allows applications to be installed from third-party sources. The payload is typically distributed as an

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could not be tried earlier because he was sectioned (involuntarily committed) under the UK Mental Health Act of 1983 at

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Adam Young (2005). Zhou, Jianying; Lopez, Javier (eds.). "Building a Cryptovirus Using Microsoft's Cryptographic API".

1425:, and keeping critical computers isolated from networks. Furthermore, to mitigate the spread of ransomware measures of 1099:

Petya was first discovered in March 2016; unlike other forms of encrypting ransomware, the malware aimed to infect the

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have had the ANSI C source code to a ransomware cryptotrojan on-line, at cryptovirology.com, since 2005 as part of a

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Beaman, Craig; Barkworth, Ashley; Akande, Toluwalope David; Hakak, Saqib; Khan, Muhammad Khurram (1 December 2021).

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removed the problematic files within a few days of its discovery, effectively killing off the spread of Bad Rabbit.

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The notion of using public key cryptography for data kidnapping attacks was introduced in 1996 by Adam L. Young and

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embarrassing information (such as the victim's health information or information about the victim's personal past)

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The attacker generates a key pair and places the corresponding public key in the malware. The malware is released.

7724: 7160: 7052: 6481: 6196:"Angler by Lurk: Why the infamous cybercriminal group that stole millions was renting out its most powerful tool" 5238: 3387: 2709: 2039: 1263: 1247: 1204: 984: 87: 7551: 7094: 6233: 3212: 1708: 120:. Cryptoviral extortion is the following three-round protocol carried out between the attacker and the victim. 3414:"Criminals push ransomware hosted on GitHub and SourceForge pages by spamming 'fake nude pics' of celebrities" 3358: 1386:

permission to the destination storage, such that it cannot delete or overwrite previous backups. According to

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third party information stored by the primary victim (such as customer account information or health records);

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and it results in a small asymmetric ciphertext as well as the symmetric ciphertext of the victim's data. It

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Like most other pieces of ransomware, it employs scare tactics to extort a hefty sum from the user. The app

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Young, Adam (2006). "Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API: Can Crypto APIs Help the Enemy?".

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On 27 June 2017, a heavily modified version of Petya was used for a global cyberattack primarily targeting

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Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention Across the Taiwan Strait

3440:"New OS X malware holds Macs for ransom, demands $ 300 fine to the FBI for 'viewing or distributing' porn" 7391: 7057: 6978: 6778: 6471: 2626: 1735: 1723: 1155: 765: 722: 255: 6058:"The Trade Secret Firms That Promised High-Tech Ransomware Solutions Almost Always Just Pay the Hackers" 2366: 1324:

Ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) became a notable method after the Russia-based or Russian-speaking group

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to cause the user to give it "device administrator" privileges to achieve deeper access to the system.

589: 485: 5343:"Syskey.exe utility is no longer supported in Windows 10, Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019" 2603: 7874: 7678: 7454: 7180: 6895: 6613: 4784: 4015: 1438: 1410: 1399: 632: 549:

attacker threatens to publish the victim's data unless a ransom is paid. The attack was presented at

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tool, but the price would increase to 10 BTC—which cost approximately US$ 2300 as of November 2013.

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scripts. In 2016, PowerShell was found to be involved in nearly 40% of endpoint security incidents.

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to prevent the operating system from booting until it is repaired. The most sophisticated payloads

157: 64: 6270: 4706:"'Unprecedented' cyberattack hits 200,000 in at least 150 countries, and the threat is escalating" 2735: 960:

in an effort to appear trustworthy to security software. CryptoWall 3.0 used a payload written in

176:, falsely claiming that the system has been used for illegal activities, contains content such as 7688: 7484: 6968: 6920: 6583: 6370: 6214: 5975: 1669: 1565: 1267: 1189: 1052: 712: 676:

The first reported death following a ransomware attack was at a German hospital in October 2020.

584: 529: 447: 329: 309: 149: 128: 5511: 5216: 2145: 1304:, optionally with a password. The tool has sometimes been effectively used as ransomware during 457:

servers, increasing the difficulty of tracing the exact location of the criminals. Furthermore,

7739: 7566: 7303: 7175: 6215:"Florida Man laundered money for Reveton ransomware. Then Microsoft hired him in San Francisco" 1702: 1489: 1305: 1196: 363:

Examples of extortionate ransomware became prominent in May 2005. By mid-2006, Trojans such as

286:

to stand trial for his actions, but he promised to donate the profits from the malware to fund

173: 7673: 4904: 1316:

in 2017, due to being obsolete and "known to be used by hackers as part of ransomware scams".

7520: 7323: 7165: 7117: 7009: 6743: 6344: 1743: 1402:

provides a materially-reduced attack surface which results in a heightened security posture.

1055:(NHS), where at least 16 hospitals had to turn away patients or cancel scheduled operations, 639:

security conference in Las Vegas as a proof of concept attack (not as actual armed malware).

495: 462: 372: 211:

the victim's files in such a way that only the malware author has the needed decryption key.

168:, which locks the system in some fashion, or claims to lock the system but does not (e.g., a 5841: 5441: 4628: 4316:"Wham bam: Global Operation Tovar whacks CryptoLocker ransomware & GameOver Zeus botnet" 7846: 7841: 7800: 7729: 7587: 7414: 7298: 7288: 7170: 7153: 7029: 6941: 6890: 6835: 6703: 6676: 6658: 6556: 6527: 5638: 5578: 4602: 4345: 3590: 3495:. IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Information Assurance Workshop. pp. 24–29. 3130: 1675: 1559:

A British student, Zain Qaiser, from Barking, London was jailed for more than six years at

1422: 1375: 1329: 1006: 1002: 795: 773: 620: 278: 6623: 6492: 6178: 1896:"A Content-Based Ransomware Detection and Backup Solid-State Drive for Ransomware Defense" 1720: – Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers 1578:

during 2012 and 2013 and later worked for Microsoft. Uadiale would convert the money into

728:

In 2012, a major ransomware Trojan known as Reveton began to spread. Based on the Citadel

8: 7869: 7795: 7419: 7404: 7201: 6813: 6588: 6546: 6071: 5902:"Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Releases Guidance Regarding Ransomware" 3671: 2851: 1645: 733: 270: 208: 165: 107: 75: 6486: 5957: 350:

extortion", an overt attack that is part of a larger class of attacks in a field called

7780: 7617: 7597: 7479: 7469: 7424: 7138: 6997: 6925: 6830: 6422: 5434:"Russia's most aggressive ransomware group disappeared. It's unclear who disabled them" 4858: 3940: 3907: 3739: 2701: 2424: 2222: 1923: 1587: 1457: 1192: 1100: 1013: 953: 533: 508:

surfaced; the malware was distributed via sites hosted on the project hosting services

490: 423: 259: 192: 37: 5716:"Petya ransomware attack: What you should do so that your security is not compromised" 5383:"Prolific ransomware gang suddenly disappears from internet. The timing is noteworthy" 877:

In September 2014, a wave of ransomware Trojans surfaced that first targeted users in

717: 7805: 7759: 7668: 7494: 7434: 7409: 7233: 7045: 6803: 6738: 6688: 6635: 6593: 6541: 6412: 6308: 5847: 4839: 3945: 3927: 3743: 3515: 3138: 2697: 2288: 2226: 1927: 1915: 1791: 1663: 1639: 1426: 1418: 1406: 1262:, that led to a voluntary shutdown of the main pipeline supplying 45% of fuel to the 957: 741: 680: 568:

information proprietary to the victim (such as trade secrets and product information)

325: 204: 160:, entering a system through, for example, a malicious attachment, embedded link in a 132: 60:

are used for the ransoms, making tracing and prosecuting the perpetrators difficult.

3807: 3466:"Man gets ransomware porn pop-up, goes to cops, gets arrested on child porn charges" 2705: 2428: 102:

The concept of file-encrypting ransomware was invented and implemented by Young and

94:, there were about 623 million ransomware attacks in 2021, and 493 million in 2022. 7820: 7785: 7513: 7308: 7125: 7014: 6954: 6718: 6708: 6603: 6426: 6408: 6404: 6322: 6146: 4290:"CryptoLocker creators try to extort even more money from victims with new service" 4267: 3935: 3919: 3836: 3731: 2693: 2416: 2214: 1907: 1894:

Min, Donghyun; Ko, Yungwoo; Walker, Ryan; Lee, Junghee; Kim, Youngjae (July 2022).

1783: 1395: 1378:, prevents them from being accessed by the ransomware. Moreover, if using a NAS or 1371: 983:

The FBI reported in June 2015 that nearly 1,000 victims had contacted the bureau's

807: 400: 386: 342: 283: 110:

and was presented at the 1996 IEEE Security & Privacy conference. It is called

45: 6097: 5401:"McAfee ATR Analyzes Sodinokibi aka REvil Ransomware-as-a-Service - The All-Stars" 3908:"Ransomware: Recent advances, analysis, challenges and future research directions" 3017:"Synology NAS devices targeted by hackers, demand Bitcoin ransom to decrypt files" 2761: 1943:"Today's Massive Ransomware Attack Was Mostly Preventable; Here's How To Avoid It" 931:, initially contained a design flaw comparable to CryptoDefense; it used the same 583:

With the increased popularity of ransomware on PC platforms, ransomware targeting

378:

Encrypting ransomware returned to prominence in late 2013 with the propagation of

7815: 7754: 7658: 7489: 7464: 7446: 7313: 7250: 7206: 6905: 6885: 6783: 6608: 6598: 4679: 2393: 2094: 1717: 1690: 1681: 1579: 1164: 1088: 858: 317: 313: 196: 172:

program). Payloads may display a fake warning purportedly by an entity such as a

6403:. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, CONFERENCE, AUGUST 2015. pp. 1338–1343. 5812:"Petya Ransomware Spreading Via EternalBlue Exploit « Threat Research Blog" 5459:"Ransomware gang that hit meat supplier mysteriously vanishes from the internet" 3990:"Barrie computer expert seeing an increase in the effects of the new ransomware" 987:

to report CryptoWall infections, and estimated losses of at least $ 18 million.

7775: 7749: 7556: 7075: 6973: 6823: 6773: 6748: 6713: 6693: 6573: 6561: 5365:"Russian-based ransomware group 'REvil' disappears after hitting US businesses" 4982: 4956: 3923: 3863:"Who are the ransomware gangs wreaking havoc on the world's biggest companies?" 3163: 2066:"Update: McAfee: Cyber criminals using Android malware and ransomware the most" 1895: 1787: 1605: 1391: 1341: 1313: 1259: 977: 898: 890: 839: 811: 612: 545: 450: 351: 347: 298: 293:

The idea of abusing anonymous cash systems to safely collect ransom from human

239: 181: 57: 6387:"Ransomware on the Rise: FBI and Partners Working to Combat This Cyber Threat" 5151:"Bad Rabbit ransomware: A new variant of Petya is spreading, warn researchers" 5097:"Bad Rabbit: Ten things you need to know about the latest ransomware outbreak" 3735: 2537:"You're infected—if you want to see your data again, pay us $ 300 in Bitcoins" 2420: 1911: 1336:

in July 2021. After a July 9, 2021 phone call between United States president

721:

A Reveton payload, fraudulently claiming that the user must pay a fine to the

127:

To carry out the cryptoviral extortion attack, the malware generates a random

7863: 7734: 7653: 7561: 7369: 7148: 6985: 6946: 6915: 6910: 6763: 6753: 6723: 5790:"TRA issues advice to protect against latest ransomware Petya | The National" 4843: 4578:"Security Alert: CryptoWall 4.0 – new, enhanced and more difficult to detect" 4260:"CryptoLocker crooks charge 10 Bitcoins for second-chance decryption service" 3931: 3792: 3142: 2882: 2878: 2824: 2739: 2120:"FBI says crypto ransomware has raked in >$ 18 million for cybercriminals" 2025: 1919: 1900:

IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems

1520: 1493: 1414: 1379: 1060: 928: 851: 787: 776: 648:

matured as a business, organised gangs entered the field, advertising on the

395: 308:. Young and Yung critiqued the failed AIDS Information Trojan that relied on 220: 188: 68: 29: 1246:

On May 7, 2021, a cyberattack was executed on the US Colonial Pipeline. The

1051:

and several other large companies in Spain, as well as parts of the British

1048: 1047:

cryptocurrency. WannaCry demanded US$ 300 per computer. The attack affected

74:

Starting as early as 1989 with the first documented ransomware known as the

7592: 7293: 7255: 7243: 7218: 7019: 6875: 6578: 6162:"Reveton ransomware distributor sentenced to six years in prison in the UK" 5516: 5482: 4762: 3949: 3697:"Ransomware scammers exploited Safari bug to extort porn-viewing iOS users" 3563:"Garmin confirms cyber attack as fitness tracking systems come back online" 3332:"Symantec classifies ransomware as the most dangerous cyber threat – Tech2" 3231: 3107: 1672: – Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability 1633: 1387: 969: 945: 910: 830: 823: 597: 521: 443: 379: 356: 346:

gets encrypted by a cryptovirus". They referred to these attacks as being "

200: 116: 83: 6340:"Holding Data Hostage: The Perfect Internet Crime? Ransomware (Scareware)" 4931:"Tuesday's massive ransomware outbreak was, in fact, something much worse" 4178:"Disk encrypting Cryptolocker malware demands $ 300 to decrypt your files" 2820: 2797: 2453: 828:

Encrypting ransomware reappeared in September 2013 with a Trojan known as

468:

Symantec has classified ransomware to be the most dangerous cyber threat.

7744: 7663: 7474: 7399: 7349: 7213: 6959: 6793: 6768: 6733: 6568: 6398:

Yang, T.; Yang, Y.; Qian, K.; Lo, D.C.T.; Qian, L. & Tao, L. (2015).

6264:"An Implementation of Cryptoviral Extortion Using Microsoft's Crypto API" 5478:"Cryptolocker Ransomware: What You Need To Know, last updated 06/02/2014" 3815: 2904: 1868:"Mamba ransomware encrypts your hard drive, manipulates the boot process" 1651: 1497: 1383: 1275: 1147: 1127: 1108: 1036: 973: 968:

images. To further evade detection, the malware creates new instances of

964:

as part of an email attachment, which downloads executables disguised as

913: 783: 749: 684: 653: 628: 509: 505: 232: 224: 177: 136: 49: 7086: 4785:"Honda halts Japan car plant after WannaCry virus hits computer network" 3620:"Your Android phone viewed illegal porn. To unlock it, pay a $ 300 fine" 1266:. The attack was described as the worst cyberattack to date on the U.S. 516:

that claimed to offer "fake nude pics" of celebrities. In July 2013, an

164:

email, or a vulnerability in a network service. The program then runs a

7703: 7648: 7381: 7318: 7024: 6788: 6671: 6551: 6496: 6128: 4529:"Malvertising campaign delivers digitally signed CryptoWall ransomware" 3882:

First death reported following a ransomware attack on a German hospital

3785:"Ransomware Turning Healthcare Cybersecurity Into a Patient Care Issue" 3164:"President Rodrigo Chaves says Costa Rica is at war with Conti hackers" 3103:"Hackers holding websites to ransom by switching their encryption keys" 1594: 1582:

digital currency and deposit it into Qaiser's Liberty Reserve account.

1538: 1501: 1372:

stored in locations inaccessible from any potentially infected computer

1328:

staged operations against several targets, including the Brazil-based

1309: 1297: 1159: 961: 866: 753: 550: 436: 416: 294: 91: 5292:"We talked to Windows tech support scammers. Here's why you shouldn't" 5271:(Press release). United States Department of Justice. 28 November 2018 3306:"Encryptor RaaS: Yet another new Ransomware-as-a-Service on the Block" 1146:

believed the ransomware to have been distributed by a bogus update to

679:

A significant increase in ransomware attacks occurred during the 2020

619:, Apple patched a bug in the handling of JavaScript pop-up windows in 7693: 7643: 7429: 7376: 7272: 7260: 6900: 6855: 6850: 6698: 6666: 6300: 6026: 5608: 4234:"Destructive malware "CryptoLocker" on the loose – here's what to do" 4016:"Fake cop Trojan 'detects offensive materials' on PCs, demands money" 3507: 1601: 1464:

to reduce the risk that ransomware can disable or delete past copies.

1337: 1278:...Our goal is to make money and not creating problems for society." 932: 917: 878: 835: 368: 305: 169: 103: 71:, traveled automatically between computers without user interaction. 3837:"Activity begins to drop, but remains a challenge for organizations" 2909:"CryptoLocker's crimewave: A trail of millions in laundered Bitcoin" 2218: 1780:

Cryptovirology: extortion-based security threats and countermeasures

1150:

software. Among agencies that were affected by the ransomware were:

7238: 7228: 7223: 7133: 6860: 6818: 6681: 6129:"Zain Qaiser: Student jailed for blackmailing porn users worldwide" 5456: 3646:"New Android ransomware uses clickjacking to gain admin privileges" 1705: – Network device that permits data flow in only one direction 1657: 1570: 1151: 1131: 842:. The malware threatened to delete the private key if a payment of 799: 649: 616: 593: 458: 432: 408: 287: 274: 215: 161: 33: 6397: 5209:"City of Atlanta Hit with SamSam Ransomware: 5 Key Things to Know" 4503:"Over 9,000 PCs in Australia infected by TorrentLocker ransomware" 4395:"Hackers lock up thousands of Australian computers, demand ransom" 2676: 1413:

leveraged by certain strains to propagate. Other measures include

865:

on 2 June 2014. The Department of Justice also publicly issued an

7698: 7607: 7536: 7505: 7359: 7344: 7265: 6870: 6845: 6808: 6179:"How police caught the UK's most notorious porn ransomware baron" 5127: 4097:"Police-themed Ransomware Starts Targeting US and Canadian Users" 3073:"Cybercriminals Encrypt Website Databases in "RansomWeb" Attacks" 2203:"Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion of Ransomware" 2040:"Ransomware back in big way, 181.5 million attacks since January" 1947: 1512: 1271: 1212: 1181: 1115: 1076: 1068: 1044: 894: 843: 636: 383: 236: 228: 53: 25: 6147:"British hacker Zain Qaiser sentenced for blackmailing millions" 5635:"Comodo's patented "Kernel API Virtualization" – Under the Hood" 5012:"Bad Rabbit: Game of Thrones-referencing ransomware hits Europe" 2251:"Ransomware squeezes users with bogus Windows activation demand" 1500:, Jigsaw, LambdaLocker, Legion, NoobCrypt, Stampado, SZFLocker, 627:

In August 2019 researchers demonstrated it's possible to infect

7638: 7633: 7196: 6728: 6643: 6466: 5070:"BadRabbit: a closer look at the new version of Petya/NotPetya" 3131:"Conti's Attack Against Costa Rica Sparks a New Ransomware Era" 3047:"File-encrypting ransomware starts targeting Linux web servers" 1872: 1524: 1367: 1358: 1293: 1227: 1180:

In 2016, a new strain of ransomware emerged that was targeting

1138: 921: 854: 791: 786:

threat researchers discovered templates for variations for the

757: 608: 513: 364: 79: 5512:"Fiendish CryptoLocker ransomware: Whatever you do, don't PAY" 4372:"Australians increasingly hit by global tide of cryptomalware" 4152:"'Reveton' ransomware upgraded with powerful password stealer" 3721: 2879:"Kaspersky Lab reports a new and dangerous blackmailing virus" 2560: 2558: 1740: – 2022 nonfiction book by Renee Dudley and Daniel Golden 1376:

do not have any access to any network (including the Internet)

524:

to frustrate attempts to close the page through normal means.

6001:"Emsisoft Decrypter for HydraCrypt and UmbreCrypt Ransomware" 5544:"Cryptolocker Infections on the Rise; US-CERT Issues Warning" 5317:"Windows 10 Fall Creators Update: syskey.exe support dropped" 5155: 4811:"The Latest: Russian Interior Ministry is hit by cyberattack" 4122:"Reveton 'police ransom' malware gang head arrested in Dubai" 3886: 3791:. Healthcare Financial Management Association. Archived from 3284:"Author Behind Ransomware Tox Calls it Quits, Sells Platform" 2939:"Encryption goof fixed in TorrentLocker file-locking malware" 2913: 2792: 2448: 1711: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors 1693: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors 1325: 1103:, installing a payload which encrypts the file tables of the 1064: 1056: 803: 745: 661:

available and sense of urgency within the healthcare system.

412: 390: 114:

and it was inspired by the fictional facehugger in the movie

5415:"Biden tells Putin Russia must crack down on cybercriminals" 5043:"New ransomware attack hits Russia and spreads around globe" 2596:"What to do if Ransomware Attacks on your Windows Computer?" 2390:

Information Security: 8th International Conference, ISC 2005

2026:"Citadel malware continues to deliver Reveton ransomware..." 1782:. IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. pp. 129–140. 504:

In February 2013, a ransomware Trojan based on the Stamp.EK

6249:"14-Year-Old Japanese Boy Arrested for Creating Ransomware" 5237: 4815: 4420:"Australia specifically targeted by Cryptolocker: Symantec" 4252: 3672:"Here's How to Overcome Newly Discovered iPhone Ransomware" 2788:"Blackmail ransomware returns with 1024-bit encryption key" 2566:"CryptoDefense ransomware leaves decryption key accessible" 2555: 2444:"New ransomware locks PCs, demands premium SMS for removal" 1726: – Quantum version of the Byzantine agreement protocol 1231: 1223: 1143: 1104: 1035:

spread through the Internet, using an exploit vector named

949: 901:

determined that these new variants, which it identified as

517: 6447: 6436:"Extortion on the Internet: the Rise of Crypto-Ransomware" 5764:"India worst hit by Petya in APAC, 7th globally: Symantec" 4832:"Victims Call Hackers' Bluff as Ransomware Deadline Nears" 4680:"Cyber-attack: Europol says it was unprecedented in scale" 3905: 1444: 920:

studios due to a CryptoWall infection on computers at its

802:

card. In February 2013, a Russian citizen was arrested in

461:

vendors have increasingly started to offer the technology

5976:"List of free Ransomware Decryptor Tools to unlock files" 5047: 4987: 3759:"This is how ransomware could infect your digital camera" 3638: 3227:"New ransomware employs Tor to stay hidden from security" 1621: – Ransomware attack on American oil pipeline system 1472: 1235: 1219: 1005:, demanding the victim to pay a fine from $ 100 to $ 200 965: 956:

researcher also noted that the payload was signed with a

604: 5457:

Brian Fung; Zachary Cohen; Geneva Sands (13 July 2021).

4957:"Cyber-attack was about data and not money, say experts" 4732:"The real victim of ransomware: Your local corner store" 4654:"Mobile ransomware use jumps, blocking access to phones" 4555:"CryptoWall 3.0 Ransomware Partners With FAREIT Spyware" 4209:"CryptoLocker attacks that hold your computer to ransom" 3614: 3612: 3213:"PowerShell Exploits Spotted in Over a Third of Attacks" 2933: 2931: 2028:

Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3). 30 November 2012.

484:

In 2011, a ransomware Trojan surfaced that imitated the

214:

Payment is virtually always the goal, and the victim is

3964:"Gardaí warn of 'Police Trojan' computer locking virus" 3956: 3537:"Threat spotlight: WastedLocker, customized ransomware" 2315:"Alleged Ransomware Gang Investigated by Moscow Police" 1713:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1629:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1434:

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)

5179:"Patch JBoss now to prevent SamSam ransomware attacks" 3843:, vol. 24, Symantec Corporation, p. 16, 2019 3664: 3381: 3379: 2476:"Ransomware plays pirated Windows card, demands $ 143" 2284:"Police warn of extortion messages sent in their name" 2058: 760:

to give the illusion that the user is being recorded.

756:, while some versions display footage from a victim's 6487:

The Extortion Economy / U.S. Companies and Ransomware

4200: 4070:"Police alert after ransom Trojan locks up 1,100 PCs" 3609: 3585: 3583: 3009: 2928: 2847:"Ransomware Encrypts Victim Files with 1,024-Bit Key" 2345:"Ransomware: Fake Federal German Police (BKA) notice" 1660: – Software that poses a risk to a host computer 156:

Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a

63:

Ransomware attacks are typically carried out using a

6369:. The Rackspace Blog! & NewsRoom. Archived from 6055: 5932:"How to Turn On Ransomware Protection in Windows 10" 5123:"'Bad Rabbit' Ransomware Strikes Russia and Ukraine" 4983:"'Bad Rabbit' ransomware strikes Ukraine and Russia" 4830:

Scott, Paul Mozur, Mark; Goel, Vindu (19 May 2017).

4521: 3385: 2114: 2112: 1686:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1595:

Freedom of speech challenges and criminal punishment

539: 389:

platform to collect ransom money. In December 2013,

6393:. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 20 January 2015. 6234:"The Minority Report – Week 7 – The Half-Way Point" 5742:"New 'Petya' Ransomware Attack Spreads: What to Do" 5605:"Overview of attack surface reduction capabilities" 5536: 5261: 4905:"Ransomware Statistics for 2018 | Safety Detective" 4446:"Scammers use Australia Post to mask email attacks" 4226: 3376: 3251: 3249: 2531: 2529: 2527: 1980:"Ransom Trojans spreading beyond Russian heartland" 1549: 1507:The No More Ransom Project is an initiative by the 872: 297:was introduced in 1992 by Sebastiaan von Solms and 4144: 3580: 3395:, Symantec Security Response, Symantec Corporation 3095: 2897: 2507:"New Trojans: give us $ 300, or the data gets it!" 1374:, such as external storage drives or devices that 5036: 5034: 5032: 4603:"Ransomware on mobile devices: knock-knock-block" 4495: 4412: 4170: 3591:"Ransomware on mobile devices: knock-knock-block" 3505: 3359:"Russian cops cuff 10 ransomware Trojan suspects" 2245: 2243: 2109: 2095:"Cryptolocker victims to get files back for free" 1746: – Hacker selling access to hacked computers 7861: 6072:"About the Project - The No More Ransom Project" 4114: 3406: 3246: 2588: 2524: 2337: 1283:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency 1003:acts as if it were a notice from the authorities 850:CryptoLocker was isolated by the seizure of the 522:exploits the behaviour of the web browser itself 6305:Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology 4871: 3512:Malicious Cryptography: Exposing Cryptovirology 3499: 3186:"The new .LNK between spam and Locky infection" 3039: 2993:. Trend Micro. 26 December 2013. Archived from 2991:"New CryptoLocker Spreads via Removable Drives" 1842:"Petya Ransomware Master File Table Encryption" 1482: 1126:"Bad Rabbit" redirects here. For the band, see 28:that permanently blocks access to the victim's 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 5029: 4438: 4044:"Reveton Malware Freezes PCs, Demands Payment" 3458: 2838: 2821:"Ransomware resisting crypto cracking efforts" 2278: 2276: 2240: 2089: 2087: 1893: 916:was disrupted for half an hour and shifted to 697:List of cyberattacks § Ransomware attacks 269:The first known malware extortion attack, the 7521: 7102: 6512: 6098:"Crypto Sheriff - The No More Ransom Project" 5899: 5469: 4575: 4473:"Ransomware attack knocks TV station off air" 4464: 4282: 3689: 3432: 3257:"The current state of ransomware: CTB-Locker" 2965:"Cryptolocker 2.0 – new version, or copycat?" 2812: 2677:Sebastiaan von Solms; David Naccache (1992). 2409:International Journal of Information Security 2359: 2308: 2306: 1648: – Encrypting ransomware created in 2016 1226:in 1991) and Faramarz Shahi Savandi (born in 6240: 5691:"How to protect yourself from Petya malware" 4880:"Petya ransomware is now double the trouble" 4863:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4364: 4338: 3219: 3065: 2644: 2174:"Number of ransomware attacks per year 2022" 1777: 1409:issued by software vendors can mitigate the 772:. Another version contained the logo of the 701: 471: 6448:"Ransomware - Understand. Prevent. Recover" 6321: 6040: 5202: 5200: 4758:"The NHS trusts hit by malware – full list" 4470: 4094: 3841:Internet Security Threat Report (ISTR) 2019 2903: 2498: 2273: 2084: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1865: 1809: 1807: 1699: – Protocol acknowledgement capability 1366:, it's also critical to maintain "offline" 1039:, which was allegedly leaked from the U.S. 631:with ransomware. Digital cameras often use 7528: 7514: 7109: 7095: 6519: 6505: 5597: 4923: 4386: 4308: 4088: 3782: 2468: 2387: 2303: 1816:"How can I remove a ransomware infection?" 1319: 1270:. DarkSide successfully extorted about 75 336:key. The attacker keeps the corresponding 7116: 7063:Security information and event management 6298: 6261: 6123: 6121: 6119: 5958:"Defeating CryptoLocker Attacks with ZFS" 5835: 5833: 5665:"'Petya' Ransomware Outbreak Goes Global" 5627: 5503: 5450: 4829: 4038: 4036: 3939: 3493:Non-Zero Sum Games and Survivable Malware 3210: 2679:"On Blind 'Signatures and Perfect Crimes" 2312: 2200: 2196: 2194: 1813: 1654: – Property of computer data storage 690: 642: 561:Common targets for exfiltration include: 16:Malicious software used in ransom demands 6526: 6337: 5197: 4949: 4569: 4206: 4008: 3303: 2983: 2957: 2871: 2733: 2653:"Ransomware: Extortion via the Internet" 1962: 1804: 1300:-based operating systems to encrypt the 716: 615:system to lock access to the device. On 422:In 2022, Costa Rica received widespread 264: 6255: 6212: 5566: 5475: 5215:. Barkley Protects, Inc. Archived from 5120: 4547: 4061: 3484: 2785: 2779: 2441: 2400: 2381: 1940: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1445:File system defenses against ransomware 553:in 2003 and was summarized in the book 7862: 7572:Timeline of computer viruses and worms 6433: 6231: 6225: 6206: 6188: 6172: 6153: 6139: 6116: 6056:Renee Dudley; Jeff Kao (15 May 2019). 6019: 5993: 5968: 5950: 5924: 5893: 5867: 5830: 5804: 5782: 5734: 5708: 5683: 5657: 5491:from the original on 30 September 2021 5431: 5335: 5309: 5283: 5231: 5176: 5170: 5148: 5142: 5114: 5088: 5062: 5040: 5003: 4975: 4897: 4877: 4823: 4803: 4777: 4749: 4724: 4698: 4660:. IDG Consumer & SMB. 30 June 2016 4646: 4621: 4595: 4033: 3860: 3854: 3805: 3560: 2759: 2191: 1839: 1218:Mohammad Mehdi Shah Mansouri (born in 435:with self-contained Microsoft Windows 7509: 7090: 7040:Host-based intrusion detection system 6500: 6445: 6327:"Hunting Down and Killing Ransomware" 6269:. Cryptovirology Labs. Archived from 6232:Fields, Logan M. (25 February 2017). 6078:from the original on 22 November 2021 5839: 5756: 5615:from the original on 18 November 2021 5289: 5206: 4755: 4392: 3982: 3873: 3829: 3799: 3776: 3750: 3715: 3554: 3534: 3528: 3490: 3350: 3297: 3281: 3275: 3204: 3178: 2844: 2818: 2753: 2734:Schaibly, Susan (26 September 2005). 2727: 2670: 2618: 2504: 2435: 2406: 2032: 2020: 2018: 2003: 2001: 1636: – Political and military tactic 1201:Colorado Department of Transportation 909:; live programming on its television 536:and possession of child pornography. 332:is used, the virus only contains the 6364: 6104:from the original on 26 October 2021 5177:Rashid, Fahmida Y. (19 April 2016). 5009: 4629:"The evolution of mobile ransomware" 2762:"Ransomware getting harder to break" 2624: 2313:McMillian, Robert (31 August 2010). 1934: 1859: 1833: 1758: 1296:is a utility that was included with 603:Different tactics have been used on 578: 7071:Runtime application self-protection 6478:Incidents of Ransomware on the Rise 6262:Young, Adam L.; Yung, Moti (2005). 6246: 6159: 5645:from the original on 4 October 2021 5585:from the original on 5 October 2021 5575:"Applying attack surface reduction" 5524:from the original on 13 August 2021 4708:. CNBC. 14 May 2017. Archived from 4672: 4207:Ferguson, Donna (19 October 2013). 4184:. 11 September 2013. Archived from 3386:O'Gorman, G.; McDonald, G. (2012), 3334:. 22 September 2016. Archived from 3128: 2650: 2201:Young, Adam L.; Yung, Moti (2017). 1619:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 1544:United States Department of Justice 1256:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack 907:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 13: 7535: 6622: 6292: 5509: 5476:Cannell, Joshua (8 October 2013). 5244:Wanted by the FBI: SamSam Subjects 5094: 5041:Larson, Selena (25 October 2017). 4095:Constantian, Lucian (9 May 2012). 3808:"The Growing Threat of Ransomware" 3756: 3356: 3324: 3023:. Ziff Davis Media. Archived from 2482:. 6 September 2011. Archived from 2015: 2009:"New Internet scam: Ransomware..." 1998: 1532:software designed for that purpose 1511:'s National High Tech Crime Unit, 1417:− exercising caution when opening 1137:On 24 October 2017, some users in 1012:In order to infect devices, Fusob 442:Some ransomware strains have used 14: 7891: 7837:Computer and network surveillance 7003:Security-focused operating system 6459: 6367:"Exploit Kits and CryptoWall 3.0" 6338:Simonite, Tom (4 February 2015). 6213:Nichols, Shaun (15 August 2018). 5671:. Krebs on Security. 28 June 2017 5572: 5432:Sanger, David E. (13 July 2021). 5149:Palmer, Danny (24 October 2017). 5121:Cameron, Dell (24 October 2017). 4576:Andra Zaharia (5 November 2015). 4266:. 4 November 2013. Archived from 3304:Dela Paz, Roland (29 July 2015). 3211:Muncaster, Phil (13 April 2016). 2572:. IDG. April 2014. Archived from 2442:Danchev, Dancho (22 April 2009). 1866:Justin Luna (21 September 2016). 1840:Mimoso, Michael (28 March 2016). 1697:Reliability (computer networking) 1625:BlueKeep (security vulnerability) 1168:series embedded within the code. 861:, as officially announced by the 540:Exfiltration (Leakware / Doxware) 191:to itself, or even modifying the 6799:Insecure direct object reference 6465: 6446:Liska, Allan (20 October 2021). 6090: 6064: 5554:from the original on 27 May 2021 5425: 5407: 5393: 5375: 5357: 4393:Grubb, Ben (17 September 2014). 4067: 1977: 1814:Schofield, Jack (28 July 2016). 1678: – Network security measure 1576:Florida International University 1561:Kingston upon Thames Crown Court 1550:Criminal arrests and convictions 1382:, then the computer should have 873:CryptoLocker.F and TorrentLocker 732:(which, itself, is based on the 544:The converse of ransomware is a 44:problem, and difficult-to-trace 7053:Information security management 6482:Federal Bureau of Investigation 6434:Richet, Jean-Loup (July 2015). 5239:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3899: 3806:Heater, Brian (13 April 2016), 3724:IEEE Internet of Things Journal 3561:Ricker, Thomas (27 July 2020). 3156: 3122: 2257:. 11 April 2011. Archived from 2166: 2138: 1264:East Coast of the United States 1248:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1205:Davidson County, North Carolina 985:Internet Crime Complaint Center 817: 88:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7552:Comparison of computer viruses 6409:10.1109/HPCC-CSS-ICESS.2015.39 5207:Crowe, Jonathan (March 2018). 5010:Hern, Alex (25 October 2017). 4471:Steve Ragan (7 October 2014). 3861:Dudley, Renee (17 July 2023). 3535:Arntz, Pieter (10 July 2020). 2819:Lemos, Robert (13 June 2008). 2627:"The state of ransomware 2020" 2505:Cheng, Jacqui (18 July 2007). 1887: 1709:fault-tolerant computer system 1554: 1332:in May 2021, and the US-based 1: 7791:Data loss prevention software 6365:Brad, Duncan (2 March 2015). 3389:Ransonmware: A Growing Menace 2786:Naraine, Ryan (6 June 2008). 2760:Leyden, John (24 July 2006). 1941:Cameron, Dell (13 May 2017). 1751: 1627: – Windows security hole 1347: 1234:, in 1984) are wanted by the 1184:servers. This strain, named " 1130:. For the computer worm, see 1121: 939: 927:Another Trojan in this wave, 5250:, U.S. Department of Justice 4756:Marsh, Sarah (12 May 2017). 4557:. Trend Micro. 20 March 2015 4352:. U.S. Department of Justice 3282:Brook, Chris (4 June 2015). 2845:Krebs, Brian (9 June 2008). 2698:10.1016/0167-4048(92)90193-U 2369:. SecureList (Kaspersky Lab) 2367:"And Now, an MBR Ransomware" 2347:. SecureList (Kaspersky Lab) 2146:"Internet Crime Report 2020" 1483:File decryption and recovery 1095:2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine 798:200 fine to the FBI using a 770:Police National E-Crime Unit 607:devices, such as exploiting 97: 7: 7392:Software release life cycle 7058:Information risk management 6979:Multi-factor authentication 6535:Related security categories 5879:GP Practice Management Blog 5846:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 5744:. Tom's Guide. 27 June 2017 4072:. TechWorld. Archived from 3190:Blogs.technet.microsoft.com 2625:Adam, Sally (12 May 2020). 1982:. TechWorld. Archived from 1778:Young, A.; M. Yung (1996). 1737:The Ransomware Hunting Team 1724:Quantum Byzantine agreement 1611: 1241: 1156:Odesa International Airport 1020: 766:Metropolitan Police Service 723:Metropolitan Police Service 256:History of computer viruses 10: 7896: 7811:Intrusion detection system 7460:Software protection dongle 7340:Unwanted software bundling 7035:Intrusion detection system 6993:Computer security software 6649:Advanced persistent threat 6027:"Ransomware removal tools" 3924:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102490 3263:. Sophos. 31 December 2015 1788:10.1109/SECPRI.1996.502676 1732: – Thought experiment 1666: – Type of ransomware 1642: – Form of ransomware 1517:European Cybercrime Centre 1254:as the perpetrator of the 1125: 1092: 1086: 1033:WannaCry ransomware attack 1027:WannaCry ransomware attack 1024: 863:U.S. Department of Justice 821: 774:royalty collection society 710: 706: 694: 486:Windows Product Activation 253: 249: 225:premium-rate text messages 7829: 7768: 7712: 7679:Privacy-invasive software 7626: 7580: 7544: 7455:Digital rights management 7445: 7390: 7332: 7281: 7189: 7124: 6934: 6634: 6620: 6614:Digital rights management 6534: 6325:, Mark (7 January 2013). 6247:Wei, Wang (6 June 2017). 5840:Chang, Yao-Chung (2012). 5814:. FireEye. Archived from 4240:. Sophos. 12 October 2013 3736:10.1109/JIOT.2019.2914390 2421:10.1007/s10207-006-0082-7 2207:Communications of the ACM 2097:. BBC News. 6 August 2014 1912:10.1109/TCAD.2021.3099084 1288: 1281:In May 2021, the FBI and 1211:on the infrastructure of 1175: 1073:Russian Interior Ministry 810:charges. In August 2014, 702:Notable software packages 633:Picture Transfer Protocol 472:Non-encrypting ransomware 401:user-retrievable location 328:the victim's data. Since 322:Tiny Encryption Algorithm 7333:Deceptive and/or illicit 6759:Denial-of-service attack 6654:Arbitrary code execution 3912:Computers & Security 3789:Healthcare Business News 2971:. ESET. 19 December 2013 2686:Computers & Security 1082: 1041:National Security Agency 993: 585:mobile operating systems 405:network-attached storage 7689:Rogue security software 7485:Software license server 6969:Computer access control 6921:Rogue security software 6584:Electromagnetic warfare 5906:Journal of Internet Law 3783:Robeznieks, A. (2017). 1670:Reliability engineering 1320:Ransomware-as-a-service 1306:technical support scams 1268:critical infrastructure 1207:, and most recently, a 1190:Remote Desktop Protocol 1053:National Health Service 713:FBI MoneyPak Ransomware 611:accounts and using the 530:FBI MoneyPak Ransomware 330:public key cryptography 203:files, with many using 7725:Classic Mac OS viruses 7567:List of computer worms 7161:Freely redistributable 7015:Obfuscation (software) 6744:Browser Helper Objects 6628: 5900:Piper, D.L.A. (2021). 3053:. IDG. 9 November 2015 1703:Unidirectional network 1490:known-plaintext attack 1340:and Russian president 1197:Farmington, New Mexico 725: 691:Notable attack targets 643:Progression of attacks 555:Malicious Cryptography 310:symmetric cryptography 174:law enforcement agency 7324:Software as a service 7118:Software distribution 7010:Data-centric security 6891:Remote access trojans 6626: 6441:. Harvard University. 6345:MIT Technology Review 4450:Sydney Morning Herald 4399:Sydney Morning Herald 4322:. IDG. Archived from 1744:Initial access broker 1730:Two Generals' Problem 1302:user account database 720: 695:Further information: 491:international numbers 265:Encrypting ransomware 112:cryptoviral extortion 7847:Operation: Bot Roast 7415:Software maintenance 7289:Digital distribution 7144:Free and open-source 6942:Application security 6836:Privilege escalation 6704:Cross-site scripting 6557:Cybersex trafficking 6528:Information security 6474:at Wikimedia Commons 6373:on 24 September 2015 5639:Comodo Cybersecurity 5579:Comodo Cybersecurity 5550:. 19 November 2013. 5446:on 28 December 2021. 4878:Constantin, Lucian. 2907:(22 December 2013). 1676:Air gap (networking) 1432:In August 2021, the 1423:network segmentation 1405:Installing security 1075:and Russian telecom 453:to connect to their 407:devices produced by 7796:Defensive computing 7713:By operating system 7420:Software maintainer 7202:Commercial software 7190:Compensation models 6589:Information warfare 6547:Automotive security 6454:. ActualTech Media. 6352:on 27 November 2015 5818:on 13 February 2021 5669:krebsonsecurity.com 4535:. 29 September 2014 4132:on 14 December 2014 3996:. Postmedia Network 2945:. 17 September 2014 2852:The Washington Post 2396:. pp. 389–401. 2011:FBI. 9 August 2012. 1646:Jigsaw (ransomware) 1509:Netherlands' police 738:unlicensed software 455:command and control 108:Columbia University 7781:Antivirus software 7627:Malware for profit 7598:Man-in-the-browser 7545:Infectious malware 7480:Software copyright 7470:Product activation 7425:Software publisher 7139:Floating licensing 6998:Antivirus software 6866:Social engineering 6831:Polymorphic engine 6784:Fraudulent dialers 6689:Hardware backdoors 6629: 6493:Ransomware Removal 6251:. The Hacker News. 6160:Cimpanu, Catalin. 6007:. 17 February 2016 6005:Thewindowsclub.com 5980:Thewindowsclub.com 5768:The Economic Times 5720:The Economic Times 5438:The New York Times 5213:Barkley vs Malware 4836:The New York Times 4509:. 17 December 2014 4483:on 12 October 2016 4270:on 5 November 2013 4188:on 4 November 2016 3491:Young, A. (2003). 2997:on 4 November 2016 2859:on 5 February 2013 2736:"Files for ransom" 2715:on 26 October 2017 2651:Kassner, Michael. 2325:on 4 November 2010 1588:Goodmayes Hospital 1566:Reveton Ransomware 1476:modify) snapshots. 1458:Volume shadow copy 1419:e-mail attachments 1193:brute-force attack 1101:master boot record 954:Barracuda Networks 881:, under the names 726: 534:child sexual abuse 260:History of malware 193:master boot record 46:digital currencies 7880:Security breaches 7855: 7854: 7806:Internet security 7760:HyperCard viruses 7669:Keystroke logging 7659:Fraudulent dialer 7603:Man-in-the-middle 7503: 7502: 7495:Torrent poisoning 7410:Long-term support 7234:Pay what you want 7084: 7083: 7046:Anomaly detection 6951:Secure by default 6804:Keystroke loggers 6739:Drive-by download 6627:vectorial version 6594:Internet security 6542:Computer security 6470:Media related to 6418:978-1-4799-8937-9 6331:Microsoft TechNet 6314:978-0-7645-4975-5 6200:usa.kaspersky.com 5964:. 27 August 2015. 5403:. 2 October 2019. 5290:Whittaker, Zack. 5076:. 24 October 2017 5074:Malwarebytes Labs 4991:. 24 October 2017 4911:. 23 October 2018 4452:. 15 October 2014 4296:. 4 November 2013 3652:. 27 January 2016 3541:Malwarebytes Labs 3521:978-0-7645-4975-5 3420:. 7 February 2013 3192:. 19 October 2016 3027:on 19 August 2014 2543:. 17 October 2013 2289:Helsingin Sanomat 2044:Help Net Security 1664:Ryuk (ransomware) 1640:Hitler-Ransomware 1571:GreenDot MoneyPak 1492:in the jargon of 1427:infection control 1258:, perpetrated by 1209:ransomware attack 1071:, as well as the 1031:In May 2017, the 958:digital signature 742:child pornography 681:COVID-19 pandemic 652:for experts, and 579:Mobile ransomware 367:, TROJ.RANSOM.A, 231:services such as 205:strong encryption 133:hybrid encryption 7887: 7875:Types of malware 7821:Network security 7786:Browser security 7530: 7523: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7309:Product bundling 7282:Delivery methods 7181:Source-available 7111: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7087: 6955:Secure by design 6886:Hardware Trojans 6719:History sniffing 6709:Cross-site leaks 6604:Network security 6521: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6469: 6455: 6442: 6440: 6430: 6394: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6348:. Archived from 6334: 6318: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6192: 6186: 6181:, Matt Burgess, 6176: 6170: 6169: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6125: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6053: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5440:. Archived from 5429: 5423: 5422: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5249: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5038: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4909:Safety Detective 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4479:. Archived from 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4426:. 3 October 2014 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4158:. 19 August 2014 4148: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4128:. Archived from 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3812: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3795:on 16 June 2017. 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3730:(4): 7137–7151. 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3338:on 25 April 2017 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3312:on 2 August 2015 3308:. Archived from 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3083:on 20 April 2017 3079:. Archived from 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2855:. Archived from 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2800:on 3 August 2008 2796:. Archived from 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2708:. Archived from 2683: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2602:. Archived from 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2533: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2456:on 26 April 2009 2452:. Archived from 2439: 2433: 2432: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2321:. Archived from 2310: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2116: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1975: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1906:(7): 2038–2051. 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1775: 1714: 1687: 1630: 1456:On Windows, the 948:campaign on the 808:money laundering 479:premium-rate SMS 387:digital currency 343:electronic money 58:cryptocurrencies 7895: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7851: 7830:Countermeasures 7825: 7816:Mobile security 7764: 7755:Palm OS viruses 7720:Android malware 7708: 7622: 7618:Zombie computer 7576: 7540: 7534: 7504: 7499: 7490:Software patent 7465:License manager 7447:Copy protection 7441: 7386: 7328: 7314:Retail software 7277: 7251:Open-core model 7207:Retail software 7185: 7120: 7115: 7085: 7080: 6930: 6630: 6618: 6609:Copy protection 6599:Mobile security 6530: 6525: 6462: 6452:Recorded Future 6438: 6419: 6385: 6376: 6374: 6355: 6353: 6315: 6295: 6293:Further reading 6290: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6276:on 24 June 2016 6273: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6245: 6241: 6230: 6226: 6219:Theregister.com 6211: 6207: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6177: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6149:. 9 April 2019. 6145: 6144: 6140: 6135:. 9 April 2019. 6127: 6126: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6054: 6041: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5838: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5603: 5602: 5598: 5588: 5586: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5474: 5470: 5455: 5451: 5430: 5426: 5413: 5412: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5389:. 14 July 2021. 5381: 5380: 5376: 5371:. 13 July 2021. 5369:The Independent 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5219:on 18 July 2018 5205: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5095:Palmer, Danny. 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5039: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5016:Theguardian.com 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4876: 4872: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4828: 4824: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4048:InformationWeek 4042: 4041: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3994:Barrie Examiner 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3757:Palmer, Danny. 3755: 3751: 3720: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3703:. 28 March 2017 3695: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3129:Burgess, Matt. 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2577: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2503: 2499: 2489: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2440: 2436: 2405: 2401: 2394:Springer-Verlag 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2311: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2219:10.1145/3097347 2199: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1976: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1822: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1776: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1718:Byzantine fault 1712: 1691:Fault tolerance 1685: 1682:Data redundancy 1628: 1614: 1597: 1580:Liberty Reserve 1557: 1552: 1485: 1447: 1411:vulnerabilities 1390:, applying two 1350: 1322: 1291: 1244: 1178: 1165:Game of Thrones 1135: 1124: 1097: 1091: 1089:Petya (malware) 1085: 1029: 1023: 996: 978:Bitcoin wallets 942: 875: 859:Operation Tovar 840:file extensions 826: 820: 715: 709: 704: 699: 693: 645: 581: 542: 474: 451:hidden services 314:Macintosh SE/30 267: 262: 252: 197:partition table 182:"pirated" media 100: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7893: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7776:Anti-keylogger 7772: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7750:Mobile malware 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7557:Computer virus 7554: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7510: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7076:Site isolation 7073: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7060: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6974:Authentication 6966: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6952: 6949: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6774:Email spoofing 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6714:DOM clobbering 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6694:Code injection 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6574:Cyberterrorism 6571: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6562:Computer fraud 6559: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6524: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6501: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6475: 6461: 6460:External links 6458: 6457: 6456: 6443: 6431: 6417: 6395: 6383: 6362: 6335: 6319: 6313: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6254: 6239: 6224: 6205: 6202:. 26 May 2021. 6187: 6185:, 12 Apr 2019] 6171: 6152: 6138: 6115: 6089: 6063: 6039: 6018: 5992: 5967: 5949: 5923: 5892: 5866: 5852: 5829: 5803: 5792:. 29 June 2017 5781: 5770:. 29 June 2017 5755: 5733: 5722:. 29 June 2017 5707: 5682: 5656: 5626: 5596: 5565: 5535: 5510:Leyden, Josh. 5502: 5468: 5449: 5424: 5421:. 9 July 2021. 5406: 5392: 5374: 5356: 5334: 5323:. 26 June 2017 5308: 5282: 5260: 5230: 5196: 5169: 5141: 5113: 5087: 5061: 5028: 5002: 4974: 4963:. 29 June 2017 4948: 4937:. 28 June 2017 4922: 4896: 4870: 4822: 4802: 4791:. 21 June 2017 4776: 4748: 4723: 4712:on 15 May 2017 4697: 4671: 4645: 4620: 4609:. 29 June 2016 4594: 4568: 4546: 4520: 4494: 4463: 4437: 4411: 4385: 4363: 4337: 4326:on 3 July 2014 4307: 4281: 4251: 4238:Naked Security 4225: 4199: 4169: 4143: 4113: 4087: 4076:on 2 July 2014 4068:Dunn, John E. 4060: 4032: 4007: 3981: 3970:. 15 June 2012 3955: 3898: 3872: 3853: 3828: 3798: 3775: 3749: 3714: 3688: 3663: 3637: 3608: 3597:. 29 June 2016 3579: 3553: 3527: 3520: 3498: 3483: 3472:. 26 July 2013 3457: 3446:. 15 July 2013 3431: 3405: 3375: 3357:Leyden, John. 3349: 3323: 3296: 3274: 3245: 3218: 3203: 3177: 3155: 3121: 3094: 3064: 3038: 3008: 2982: 2969:WeLiveSecurity 2956: 2927: 2896: 2870: 2837: 2811: 2778: 2752: 2726: 2692:(6): 581–583. 2669: 2643: 2617: 2606:on 23 May 2016 2587: 2576:on 3 July 2014 2554: 2523: 2497: 2486:on 3 July 2014 2467: 2434: 2399: 2380: 2358: 2336: 2302: 2272: 2261:on 3 July 2014 2239: 2190: 2165: 2137: 2126:. 25 June 2015 2108: 2083: 2057: 2046:. 11 July 2018 2031: 2014: 1997: 1986:on 2 July 2014 1978:Dunn, John E. 1961: 1933: 1886: 1858: 1846:threatpost.com 1832: 1803: 1796: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1606:cryptovirology 1596: 1593: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1446: 1443: 1392:Attack Surface 1349: 1346: 1342:Vladimir Putin 1334:Kaseya Limited 1321: 1318: 1314:Windows Server 1290: 1287: 1260:malicious code 1243: 1240: 1177: 1174: 1123: 1120: 1087:Main article: 1084: 1081: 1025:Main article: 1022: 1019: 995: 992: 941: 938: 903:CryptoLocker.F 891:Australia Post 874: 871: 822:Main article: 819: 816: 812:Avast Software 711:Main article: 708: 705: 703: 700: 692: 689: 644: 641: 613:Find My iPhone 580: 577: 573: 572: 569: 566: 546:cryptovirology 541: 538: 473: 470: 352:cryptovirology 326:hybrid encrypt 299:David Naccache 284:mentally unfit 266: 263: 251: 248: 240:cryptocurrency 221:wire transfers 146: 145: 141: 125: 99: 96: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7892: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7858: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:MacOS malware 7738: 7736: 7735:Linux malware 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7654:Form grabbing 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7562:Computer worm 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Pre-installed 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7176:Public domain 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6986:Authorization 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6947:Secure coding 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6916:SQL injection 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6896:Vulnerability 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Trojan horses 6879: 6877: 6876:Software bugs 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764:Eavesdropping 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6754:Data scraping 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Cryptojacking 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6236:. World News. 6235: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6059: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5963: 5962:ixsystems.com 5959: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5881:. 18 May 2017 5880: 5876: 5870: 5855: 5853:9780857936684 5849: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5834: 5817: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5743: 5737: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573:Metin, Ozer. 5569: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5402: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5264: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5130: 5129: 5124: 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2763: 2756: 2741: 2740:Network World 2737: 2730: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2575: 2571: 2570:Computerworld 2567: 2561: 2559: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2480:Computerworld 2477: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2368: 2362: 2346: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2260: 2256: 2255:Computerworld 2252: 2246: 2244: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2072:. 3 June 2013 2071: 2067: 2061: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1862: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1808: 1799: 1797:0-8186-7417-2 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 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Retrieved 6371:the original 6354:. Retrieved 6350:the original 6343: 6333:. Microsoft. 6330: 6304: 6278:. Retrieved 6271:the original 6257: 6242: 6227: 6218: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6165: 6155: 6141: 6132: 6106:. Retrieved 6092: 6080:. Retrieved 6066: 6032:19 September 6030:. Retrieved 6021: 6009:. Retrieved 6004: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5940:. Retrieved 5938:. 8 May 2018 5935: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5909: 5905: 5895: 5883:. Retrieved 5878: 5869: 5857:. Retrieved 5842: 5820:. Retrieved 5816:the original 5806: 5794:. Retrieved 5784: 5772:. Retrieved 5767: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5736: 5724:. Retrieved 5719: 5710: 5698:. Retrieved 5694: 5685: 5673:. Retrieved 5668: 5659: 5647:. Retrieved 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5599: 5587:. Retrieved 5568: 5556:. Retrieved 5548:SecurityWeek 5547: 5538: 5526:. Retrieved 5517:The Register 5515: 5505: 5493:. 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Retrieved 1820:The Guardian 1819: 1779: 1736: 1634:Brinkmanship 1598: 1584: 1558: 1536: 1529: 1506: 1486: 1462:VSSadmin.exe 1461: 1448: 1431: 1404: 1355: 1351: 1323: 1292: 1280: 1245: 1217: 1179: 1170: 1163: 1136: 1113: 1098: 1030: 1011: 1000: 997: 989: 982: 970:explorer.exe 946:malvertising 943: 926: 911:news channel 902: 887:CryptoLocker 886: 882: 876: 849: 838:of specific 831:CryptoLocker 829: 827: 824:CryptoLocker 818:CryptoLocker 781: 764:such as the 762: 727: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 646: 629:DSLR cameras 626: 602: 598:clickjacking 582: 574: 560: 554: 543: 526: 503: 500: 483: 475: 467: 463:as a service 441: 429: 421: 380:CryptoLocker 377: 362: 355: 337: 333: 303: 292: 268: 244: 213: 186: 155: 147: 115: 111: 101: 84:CryptoLocker 73: 62: 21: 20: 18: 7745:Macro virus 7730:iOS malware 7704:Web threats 7664:Infostealer 7581:Concealment 7475:Product key 7405:End-of-life 7400:Abandonware 7350:Infostealer 7299:On-premises 7214:Crippleware 7171:Proprietary 7154:Open source 6960:Misuse case 6794:Infostealer 6769:Email fraud 6734:Data breach 6569:Cybergeddon 6323:Russinovich 6299:Young, A.; 5942:19 December 5936:WindowsLoop 5345:. Microsoft 5275:11 December 4915:20 November 4513:18 December 4350:Justice.gov 3816:PC Magazine 3261:Sophos Blog 3021:ExtremeTech 2920:23 December 2905:Violet Blue 2631:Sophos News 1652:Append-only 1555:Zain Qaiser 1498:Hidden Tear 1421:and links, 1384:append-only 1276:geopolitics 1250:identified 1148:Adobe Flash 1128:Bad Rabbits 1109:Check Point 1037:EternalBlue 1014:masquerades 974:svchost.exe 914:ABC News 24 857:as part of 784:Trend Micro 750:paysafecard 685:remote work 654:outsourcing 510:SourceForge 506:exploit kit 417:web servers 382:—using the 373:distributed 348:cryptoviral 233:paysafecard 227:, pre-paid 178:pornography 76:AIDS trojan 50:paysafecard 42:intractable 7870:Ransomware 7864:Categories 7769:Protection 7684:Ransomware 7649:Fleeceware 7382:Shovelware 7355:Ransomware 7319:Sneakernet 7025:Encryption 6901:Web shells 6841:Ransomware 6789:Hacktivism 6552:Cybercrime 6472:Ransomware 6356:5 February 6108:3 December 6082:3 December 5916:3 December 5619:6 February 5558:18 January 5528:18 October 5495:19 October 5349:6 November 5327:6 November 5301:6 November 5162:24 October 5134:24 October 5054:25 October 5021:25 October 4995:24 October 4664:4 December 4638:4 December 4613:4 December 4507:CSO.com.au 4487:15 October 4456:15 October 4430:15 October 4404:15 October 4378:15 October 4374:. Symantec 4300:5 November 4274:5 November 4244:23 October 4218:23 October 4162:18 October 4136:18 October 3918:: 102490. 3601:6 December 3506:A. Young, 3444:TheNextWeb 3418:TheNextWeb 3196:25 October 3001:18 January 2975:18 January 2949:15 October 2719:25 October 2547:23 October 2050:20 October 1879:5 November 1752:References 1539:ProPublica 1502:TeslaCrypt 1348:Mitigation 1310:Windows 10 1298:Windows NT 1160:Kyiv Metro 1122:Bad Rabbit 1093:See also: 1049:Telefónica 962:JavaScript 940:CryptoWall 883:CryptoWall 867:indictment 754:IP address 551:West Point 437:PowerShell 334:encryption 316:that used 295:kidnapping 290:research. 254:See also: 235:, and the 92:Statistica 56:and other 22:Ransomware 7694:Scareware 7644:Crimeware 7430:Vaporware 7377:Scareware 7273:Trialware 7261:Shareware 6856:Shellcode 6851:Scareware 6699:Crimeware 6659:Backdoors 6307:. Wiley. 6280:16 August 5912:(1): 1–17 5649:27 August 5609:Microsoft 5589:27 August 5254:5 October 5183:InfoWorld 4859:cite news 4844:0362-4331 4587:5 January 4356:18 August 4330:18 August 4126:TechWorld 4080:16 August 4053:16 August 4025:15 August 3932:0167-4048 3892:5 October 3847:5 October 3822:5 October 3768:13 August 3744:155469264 3567:The Verge 3514:. 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