568:
398:, Drs. Aaron E. Kanter, Carl P. Bauer and Arthur H. Klawans of the University of Chicago added a teaspoon of urine from a pregnant woman to a bowl in which a bitterling was swimming. This experiment produced ovipositor lengthening, as expected by reasoning from the earlier results of Fleischmann. In 1935,
302:
Barnes developed and promoted a diagnostic test for thyroid function that became known as the "Barnes Basal
Temperature Test". This test is performed by placing a thermometer in the armpit for 10 minutes immediately upon waking (for premenopausal women, the test is performed on the 2nd and 3rd day of
211:
was underdiagnosed in the U.S. and was responsible for a wide range of health problems. Barnes' views on the prevalence of hypothyroidism were never widely accepted by the medical community and run counter to its current understanding of thyroid function, but they have been embraced by some elements
901:"Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Endocrinology and Diabetes Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London, and the Society for Endocrinology"
415:
Barnes was the principal investigator, with obstetricians Kanter and
Klawans, in an experiment reported in 1936. They sought to determine the source organ of whatever non-pregnant urine substance was causing the same bitterling ovipositor response as Fleischmann's estrogenic preparation. Barnes, et
355:
Barnes treated hypothyroidism by prescribing patients a daily dose of thyroid hormone. He recommended starting with a small dose, and then slowly increasing the dosage in monthly intervals until symptoms resolved and waking body temperature was between 97.8F and 98.2F. He also recommended never
578:
439:, could cause the observed bitterling ovipositor reaction. This additional non-pregnant hormone reaction made the bitterling test not useful for its originally announced purpose, though it did open the door to an investigation of why corticosterone is significant in urine.
42:
303:
menstruation). Barnes considered a measurement of 97.8 °F (36.6 °C) or below to be highly indicative of hypothyroidism, especially when hypothyroid symptoms are present. Barnes believed that a reading over 98.2 °F (36.8 °C) was indicative of
390:
In 1932, W. Fleischmann and S. Kann reported in a German gestational physiology journal that female bitterings, small carp-like fish, "show an enlargement of the ovipositor following injection of an estrogenic preparation".
327:
which measure blood levels of thyroid gland hormones and regulators. In his books, Barnes argued that hypothyroidism affected more than 40% of the
American population, significantly higher than the
356:
surpassing 3 grains of desiccated thyroid. For most patients, he recommended continuing thyroid medication for life at that optimal dose, though some could be slowly weaned off. Barnes used a
319:(JAMA) in August 1942. The test has never been adopted by the medical profession; however, it was subsequently promoted by Barnes in a series of books, and is currently advocated by some
279:
foundation, the Broda O. Barnes
Research Foundation, to continue to advocate his arguments about hypothyroidism. Barnes and his wife also established a program of interest-free
416:
al., extracted juice from 14 different organs of seven species (including both genders of humans) and exposed bitterlings to them. The organ they found responsible was the
1118:
950:"Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)"
1171:
404:
magazine nationally reported their announcement of this potentially useful new test for human pregnancy, which was then currently determined by
949:
1078:
998:
Fleischman, W.; Kann, S. (1932). "Ueber eine
Funktioni des wveiblichen Sexualhormons bei Fischen (Wachstum der Legeroehre des Bitterlings)".
868:
315:
1211:
335:
medical literature. Barnes believed that many common diseases, including heart disease, cancer, depression, arthritis, diabetes, the
367:
During his years of practice, Barnes also began to believe that virtually all his hypothyroid patients had concomitant undiagnosed
127:
1206:
746:
310:, unless a patient had advanced arthritis, which he claimed would falsely elevate the temperature due to muscle contractions.
1176:
1161:
680:
639:
529:
508:
487:
466:
686:
1181:
1166:
272:
from 1963 to 1968. On 13 September 1981 he married Helen Tucker Morgan (1905–2002) in
California. She was his second wife.
1186:
724:
1191:
1109:
Barnes BO, Kanter AE, Klawans AH (2 October 1936). "Bitterling
Ovipositor Lengthening Produced By Adrenal Extracts".
545:
287:
library retains a collection of memorabilia, consisting largely of photographs related to Barnes' time there.
323:
practitioners. In modern medical practice, the most accurate means of assessing thyroid function is through
979:
785:
357:
233:
96:
269:
818:
801:
435:
In 1938, Fleischmann and Kann determined that in addition to estrogen, a specific adrenal hormone,
1088:
878:
379:
261:
822:
368:
324:
284:
245:
200:
101:
1201:
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1122:
1037:
846:
371:. Based on this speculation, he routinely prescribed an accompanying dose of the synthetic
320:
265:
253:
241:
229:
213:
106:
91:
1026:
Fleischmann, W.; Kann, S. (1938). "The
Bitterling Ovipositor Reaction to Corticosterone".
8:
257:
1126:
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1053:
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24:
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20:
1134:
1083:
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666:
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519:
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477:
428:
400:
304:
1049:
601:
California
Marriage Index; Helen T Morgan; Broda O Barnes; 13 Sep 1981; Tuolumne
797:
436:
417:
372:
276:
208:
204:
137:
283:
to aid "worthy and needy chemistry students" at the
University of Denver. The
1155:
916:
631:
458:
378:. Barnes argued that it was mandatory to give prednisone to patients with a
1142:
1057:
975:
765:
344:
340:
291:
280:
80:
934:
947:
747:""Sub-laboratory" Hypothyroidism and the Empirical use of Armour Thyroid"
672:
405:
336:
332:
228:, the son of Addie and Robert B. Barnes. Barnes studied chemistry at the
966:
720:
347:, and skin disorders, were all caused or exacerbated by hypothyroidism.
248:
in 1931 and taught physiology there from 1931 to 1936. He completed his
1011:
412:, found that urine from non-pregnant women or men had the same effect.
375:
328:
1000:
Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere
948:
Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. (February 2002).
196:
117:
899:
Vanderpump MP, Ahlquist JA, Franklyn JA, Clayton RN (August 1996).
395:
268:. He became professor affiliate in the department of physiology at
225:
62:
264:. He was named chairman of the Health Education Department at the
898:
41:
207:. In the 1970s, Barnes published several books arguing that
249:
479:
Hope for Hypoglycemia: It's Not Your Mind, It's Your Liver
517:
496:
232:, and became an instructor of physiological chemistry at
195:(14 April 1906 – 1 November 1988) was an American
224:
Barnes was born on April 14, 1906, in a log cabin in
1108:
360:, Armour Thyroid, almost exclusively, based on his
623:
450:
521:Heart Attack Rareness in Thyroid-treated Patients
1153:
518:Barnes, Broda Otto; Charlotte W. Barnes (1972).
497:Barnes, Broda Otto; Charlotte W. Barnes (1976).
1025:
723:. Broda O. Barnes MD Research Foundation, Inc.
660:
658:
656:
654:
997:
993:
991:
989:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
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313:The details of the test were published in the
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
408:. But subsequent to the announcement, Kanter
297:
845:. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
651:
364:that it was superior to synthetic hormones.
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
986:
869:"Silent epidemic - the underactive thyroid"
604:
420:. The Barnes, et al., 1936, publication in
316:Journal of the American Medical Association
700:
597:
595:
563:
561:
385:
182: 1981–1988)
162: 1932–1980)
40:
965:
924:
744:
343:, apparent laziness in children, various
1064:
569:"Lake Forest Academy 83 Years Old Today"
128:University of Illinois Research Hospital
819:"Guide to the Broda Otto Barnes Papers"
626:Hypothyroidism: the Unsuspected Illness
592:
558:
453:Hypothyroidism: The Unsuspected Illness
1172:Case Western Reserve University alumni
1154:
664:
621:
475:
448:
199:and professor of medicine who studied
813:
811:
809:
548:, similar claims about hypothyroidism
394:Since human pregnancy urine contains
577:. September 18, 1940. Archived from
331:of approximately 5% reported in the
500:Solved: The Riddle of Heart Attacks
13:
1087:. October 12, 1936. Archived from
877:. December 4, 2006. Archived from
806:
149:Charlotte Edna Webster (1904-1980)
14:
1223:
788:; 14 Apr 1906 – 01 Nov 1988
23:, a physician and creator of the
1212:20th-century American physicians
843:"Financial Aid and Scholarships"
1102:
941:
892:
861:
835:
727:from the original on 2018-08-15
689:from the original on 2024-07-26
179:
169:Helen Tucker Morgan (1905-2002)
159:
1207:People in alternative medicine
791:
779:
738:
290:He died on 1 November 1988 in
275:In 1984, Barnes established a
256:, and for two years he was an
16:American physician (1906–1988)
1:
1135:10.1126/science.84.2179.310-a
668:Solved: The Riddle of Illness
552:
546:Wilson's temperature syndrome
524:. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas.
240:in 1930. Barnes received his
236:for two years, receiving his
1177:University of Chicago alumni
1162:American medical researchers
350:
219:
7:
1182:Rush Medical College alumni
1167:University of Denver alumni
1050:10.1126/science.87.2257.305
786:Social Security Death Index
754:Alternative Medicine Review
539:
476:Barnes, Broda Otto (1989).
449:Barnes, Broda Otto (1976).
10:
1228:
954:J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab
358:desiccated thyroid extract
325:specific biochemical tests
298:Hypothyroidism perspective
234:Western Reserve University
97:Western Reserve University
18:
1187:American endocrinologists
270:Colorado State University
143:
133:
123:
113:
87:
69:
48:
39:
32:
1192:People from Bend, Oregon
917:10.1136/bmj.313.7056.539
802:Douglas County, Colorado
665:Langer, Stephan (2000).
482:. Fries Communications.
442:
19:Not to be confused with
386:Pregnancy test research
380:systolic blood pressure
1079:"Deceptive Bitterling"
622:Barnes, Broda (1976).
406:rabbit and mouse tests
262:University of Illinois
823:University of Chicago
426:was also reported in
369:adrenal insufficiency
362:anecdotal observation
285:University of Chicago
246:University of Chicago
201:endocrine dysfunction
102:University of Chicago
1091:on December 15, 2008
847:University of Denver
321:alternative medicine
266:University of Denver
254:Rush Medical College
230:University of Denver
214:alternative medicine
107:Rush Medical College
92:University of Denver
1127:1936Sci....84..310B
1042:1938Sci....87..305F
967:10.1210/jc.87.2.489
345:menstrual disorders
260:of medicine at the
258:assistant professor
1024:See footnote 1 at
1012:10.1007/bf01752020
745:Alan Gaby (2004).
503:. Robinson Press.
982:on July 15, 2012.
849:. January 1, 2006
721:"Broda O. Barnes"
682:978-0-658-00293-9
641:978-0-690-01029-9
531:978-0-398-02519-9
510:978-0-913730-27-0
489:978-0-913730-26-3
468:978-0-690-01029-9
193:Broda Otto Barnes
190:
189:
34:Broda Otto Barnes
25:Barnes Foundation
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1106:
1100:
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1097:
1096:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1023:
995:
984:
983:
978:. Archived from
969:
945:
939:
938:
928:
911:(7056): 539–44.
896:
890:
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886:
865:
859:
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854:
839:
833:
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830:
829:
815:
804:
795:
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783:
777:
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774:
768:. Archived from
751:
742:
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695:
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662:
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629:
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73:November 1, 1988
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30:
29:
21:Albert C. Barnes
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1036:(2257): 305–6.
996:
987:
946:
942:
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893:
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874:Jamaica Gleaner
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574:Chicago Tribune
567:
566:
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469:
445:
388:
353:
339:, tonsillitis,
300:
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1169:
1164:
1149:
1148:
1101:
1063:
985:
940:
891:
860:
834:
805:
798:1920 US Census
790:
778:
775:on 2008-12-17.
760:(2): 157–179.
737:
699:
681:
650:
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603:
591:
556:
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541:
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494:
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437:corticosterone
418:adrenal cortex
387:
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373:corticosteroid
352:
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341:ear infections
299:
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277:not-for-profit
221:
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209:hypothyroidism
205:hypothyroidism
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138:Hypothyroidism
135:
134:Known for
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77:(aged 82)
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1002:(in German).
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960:(2): 489–99.
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632:HarperCollins
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581:on 2012-10-20
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1110:
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1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1082:
1033:
1027:
1003:
999:
980:the original
957:
953:
943:
908:
904:
894:
883:. Retrieved
879:the original
872:
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851:. Retrieved
837:
826:. Retrieved
793:
781:
770:the original
757:
753:
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729:. Retrieved
691:. Retrieved
667:
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625:
583:. Retrieved
579:the original
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434:
427:
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366:
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314:
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292:Bend, Oregon
289:
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223:
192:
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81:Bend, Oregon
75:(1988-11-01)
1202:1988 deaths
1197:1906 births
1006:: 662–667.
673:McGraw-Hill
382:below 100.
337:common cold
252:in 1937 at
216:community.
1156:Categories
1095:2008-04-16
885:2009-04-28
828:2009-04-29
731:2008-04-16
693:2016-09-23
585:2009-04-28
553:References
376:prednisone
329:prevalence
308:thyroidism
166:1st wife
114:Occupation
104:PhD (1931)
55:1906-04-14
351:Treatment
244:from the
220:Biography
197:physician
118:Physician
109:MD (1937)
88:Education
1143:17837041
1117:(2179).
1058:17835376
976:11836274
766:15253676
725:Archived
687:Archived
540:See also
396:estrogen
226:Missouri
186:2nd wife
124:Employer
63:Missouri
1123:Bibcode
1121:: 310.
1111:Science
1038:Bibcode
1029:Science
1020:7821677
935:8789985
926:2351923
853:May 18,
423:Science
212:of the
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1018:
974:
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923:
764:
679:
638:
528:
507:
486:
465:
410:et al.
144:Spouse
1016:S2CID
773:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
443:Books
306:hyper
242:Ph.D.
178:(
174:
158:(
154:
1139:PMID
1119:AAAS
1084:Time
1054:PMID
972:PMID
931:PMID
855:2009
800:for
762:PMID
677:ISBN
636:ISBN
526:ISBN
505:ISBN
484:ISBN
463:ISBN
429:Time
401:Time
250:M.D.
238:M.S.
70:Died
49:Born
1131:doi
1046:doi
1008:doi
1004:230
962:doi
921:PMC
913:doi
909:313
905:BMJ
1158::
1137:.
1129:.
1115:84
1113:.
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1052:.
1044:.
1034:87
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1014:.
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180:m.
160:m.
99:MS
94:BS
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
