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155:. Voski (2020) demonstrated a marked influence on astronauts' environmental attitudes and behaviors, and a new level of environmental awareness and consciousness. Though astronaut Leland Melvin said the effect seems to take hold of astronauts regardless of culture or nation of origin, Yaden et al. observed that cultural differences, including differences in religious and social identity, affect the ways in which the effect is experienced and interpreted. Expressions range from the religious, to the "vaguely spiritual", to the naturalistic, to calls to social duty.
555:(VR) technology elicits components of awe-based experiences and can induce minor cognitive shifts in participants' world views similar to those of the overview effect. Perceived safety, personal background and familiarity with the environment, and induction of a small visceral fear reaction, were found to be key contributors to the immersive experience. VR studies through 2019 had not observed a transformative experience on a scale similar to the overview effect itself, but VR experience can trigger profound emotional responses such as awe.
109:
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443:, 2021) said immediately after landing that "everybody in the world needs to do this. ... The covering of blue was... the sheet, this blanket, this comforter of blue that we have around us... And then suddenly you shoot through it... as though you whip off a sheet off you when you're asleep, and you're looking into blackness, into black ugliness, and you look down, there's the blue down there, and the black up there and it's... Mother Earth and comfort, and there is—is there death? I don't know".
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530:(1970s) crew refused to work, asserting, in the flight director's words, "their needs to reflect, to observe, to find their place amid these baffling, fascinating, unprecedented experiences". This event, plus research indicating that actively photographing the Earth has positive psychological effects, caused Yaden et al. to posit that studying the overview effect might improve understanding of psychological well-being in isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments such as space flight.
139:, which they describe as "among the deepest and most powerful aspects of the human experience". More specifically, they write that the effect might best be understood as "a state of awe with self-transcendent qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". Yaden posited that the overview effect triggers awe through both perceptual vastness (like seeing the Grand Canyon) and conceptual vastness (like contemplating big ideas like infinity).
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518:, "what you have given me is the most profound experience. I hope I never recover from this. I hope that I can maintain what I feel now". However, in October 2022 he recounted that it took hours for him to realize why he wept after stepping out of the spacecraft: "I realized I was in grief for the Earth". He later said that "I saw more clearly than I have... (the) slow death of Earth and we on it". His biography
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experience, feeling overwhelmed, and scale effects – feelings of the vastness of the universe or of one's own smallness when faced with that vastness. Besides being an enjoyable experience, such phenomena can have short and long-term positive outcomes such as increased well-being, pro-social and pro-environmental attitudes, and improved physical health. The
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which it defined as "a feeling of physical separation from the earth when piloting an aircraft at high altitude". Main precipitating factors were concluded to be: flying alone, at high altitude, with relatively little to do. Researchers summarized pilots' descriptions as "a feeling of being isolated,
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A 2019 study found that a virtual experience invoked "minor transformative experiences in some participants", including appreciation of beauty and vastness, realization of interconnectedness, and a potential intent to change one's behavior. Recognizing the relatively early state of VR technology, the
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Early photos of Earth taken from space have inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound viewers. The images became prominent symbols of environmental concern and have been credited for raising the public's consciousness about the fragility of Earth and expanding concern for long-term
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A 2018 questionnaire survey of 39 astronauts and cosmonauts found that humanistic changes predominated over spiritual changes. In particular, the survey found a moderate degree of change in the
Perceptions of Earth subscale (Earth as "a beautiful, fragile object to be treasured"), which significantly
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experiences during high task performance—can change a person and promote the feeling of unity or interconnectedness. Gallagher et al. (2015) defined a set of consensus categories for awe that included being captured by the view or drawn to the phenomenon, experiences of elation, desiring more of the
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White's astronaut interviews confirmed the importance of the difference between intellectual knowledge versus experience, of perceiving the "striking thinness of the atmosphere", of thinking of ourselves interconnected and part of the Earth as an organic system, and that we as different people "are
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ended in 1973 (displaced by White's "positive conversion narrative"), that astronauts in a "lie to fly" culture feel career pressure to avoid reporting negative psychological reactions, and that individuals already aware of the overview effect may make it a self-fulfilling prophecy. He posited that
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Beginning in the 2010s, science historian Jordan Bimm argued against White's interpretation that the overview effect is, in Bimm's words, "a reliably produced mental effect—a naturally occurring phenomenon between the environment and the human mind". Instead, Bimm asserts that the effect is "both a
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Broadly, Yaden et al. (2016) state that the most prominent common aspects of the astronauts' experience were appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the Earth as a whole. Yaden et al. proposed that the
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recounted that "it was among the strongest feelings of grief I have ever encountered. The contrast between the vicious coldness of space and the warm nurturing of Earth below filled me with overwhelming sadness. Every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth at our
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The introduction to
Stepanova et al. (2019) begins, "The overwhelmingly beautiful sight of our Earth triggers a profound emotional response in most astronauts, leading to a cognitive shift, making them realize the global interconnectedness of all life and feel responsibility for the future of our
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where the planet takes up most of an astronaut's view, from experiences on the Moon in which one sees the whole Earth "against a backdrop of the entire cosmos". He described a "big difference" between professional astronauts, who are focused on their missions—versus people who have recently been
80:
qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". The most prominent common aspects of personally experiencing the Earth from space are appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the
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is "an organized conceptual framework through which individuals approach new information and make sense of old experiences. Each of an individual's schemas entails a set of memories, beliefs, and attitudes that create a general cognitive orientation, guiding individuals' interpretation of and
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officials specifically cite the overview effect as a motivation for carrying people to the edge of space, to fundamentally change the way people think about their home world. Critics note, however, that the space travel needed to personally experience the full overview effect, itself involves
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and increased feelings of connection" historically associated with practices such as prayer, meditation, religious rituals and psychedelic drug use—feelings that may "arouse visceral feelings of compassion and personal connection... that may encompass the entirety of the Earth and its
47:
recalled, "When I looked up and saw the Earth coming up on this very stark, beat-up Moon horizon, I was immediately almost overcome with the thought, 'Here we came all this way to the Moon, and yet the most significant thing we're seeing is our own home planet, the
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A three-dimensional model of the Earth 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter, created from detailed NASA imagery and appearing to float in the air, toured the U.K. in 2022, the installation "aim(ing) to create a sense of the
Overview Effect".
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The accumulating experience of astronauts and space tourists inspires in many of them a strong desire to protect the Earth by actively communicating their broadened perspective, for example by speaking at international climate summits.
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was coined by author and researcher Frank White, who said he thought he first had "a mild experience" of the effect while flying across the country and looking out the aircraft's window. That experience led him to imagine living in an
429:; 1969) said that "the thing that really surprised me was that it projected an air of fragility. And why, I don't know. I don't know to this day. I had a feeling it's tiny, it's shiny, it's beautiful, it's home, and it's fragile".
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correlated with subsequent involvement in environmental causes. In contrast, the survey found "no to very small change" in the
Spiritual Change subscale, which the researchers said likely reflected established pre-launch values.
170:. He said that astronauts' very first views of the planet were generally very significant, adding that some experience the effect "in a moment" while in others it grows over time; and generally that the effect "does accumulate".
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detached, or separated physically from the earth" or as a perception of "somehow losing their connection with the world". Individual reactions ranged from exhilaration or feeling nearer to God, to anxiety, fear, or loneliness.
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as a response to an unobscured view of stars, an effect that she concluded was experienced more rarely than the overview effect. Contrasted from the overview effect's sense of connection, the ultraview effect responds to the
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Yaden et al. (2016) write that some astronauts viewing Earth from space "report overwhelming emotion and feelings of identification with humankind and the planet as a whole". The effect can cause changes in the observer's
996:
Yaden, David B.; Iwry, Jonathan; Slack, Kelley J.; Eichstaedt, Johannes C.; Zhao, Yukun; Vaillant, George E.; Newberg, Andrew B. (2016). "The overview effect: Awe and self-transcendent experience in space flight".
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as an intense emotion resulting from the perception of something vast, as well as the subsequent need to accommodate the experience" (citing
Keltner & Haidt, 2003). However, they observe that in addition to
479:
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Bimm expressed concern over White's perception that the effect embodies a natural imperative for humans to pursue space travel and colonization, Bimm saying the attitude resembles the 18th-century
American
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natural and cultural object" that is variable over particular individuals, divergent cultures, and different time periods. Preliminarily, Bimm noted that studies of early test pilots' negative-experience
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329:(1987), which has a fourth edition (2021). White's work did not attain broad influence until the 2010s—a period of increased societal divisions and a new prospect of private space travel.
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being held in April 1970. Hoyle said that people suddenly seemed to care about protecting Earth's natural environment, though others attribute that awareness to Rachel Carson's 1962 book
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researchers urged using knowledge of profound transformative experiences to motivate the design of VR installations, and thereafter study the VR experience itself as its own phenomenon.
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in 1972. Early photos of Earth taken from space inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound non-astronauts, and became prominent symbols of environmental concern.
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2014:
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Specifically, Frank White noted that upon return, some astronauts became involved in humanitarian activities, or became artists, with astronaut Edgar
Mitchell founding the
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all in this together". The first public use of the term was in a poster at a Space
Studies Institute meeting in 1985. Eventually, White wrote about the effect in his book
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planet. ... This experience has the attributes of self-transcendence and awe (citing Yaden et al., 2016) and is a remarkable example of a transformative experience.
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reported feeling underwhelmed, and others reported feeling an attachment with the spacecraft rather than Earth, effects one researcher interpreted as a concept of
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819:—with the wholeness of the Earth making it a symbol of almost all that is meaningful in human life, causing a tendency to think, quite literally, in global terms.
2000:
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Yaden et al. (2016) posit that the overview effect may trigger self-transcendent experiences (STEs)—"temporary feelings of unity characterized by reduced self-
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wrote in 1948 that, "once a photograph of the Earth, taken from the outside, is available, a new idea as powerful as any in history will be let loose". After
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436:; 1971) described it as an "explosion of awareness" and an "overwhelming sense of oneness and connectedness... accompanied by an ecstasy... an epiphany".
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Images of Earth taken from space, which can cause a mild version of the overview effect, have become prominent symbols of environmental concern. Shown:
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499:, White said in 2019 that generally there was no "dramatic transformation" or "marching in peace parades"; that the lasting effect was more subtle.
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in 2009. Author Frank White's description of interviews with astronauts emphasized their perception of the "striking thinness of the atmosphere".
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and mastery-of-Earth mentalities of
Western technological supremacy that contributed to the rise of borderless-world concepts such as the
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126:, a practice found to have positive psychological effects, one that is especially important in coping with the demands of spaceflight
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582:, Netherlands. Within a mobile, rocket-shaped vehicle more than 15 metres (49 ft) in length, Spacebuzz's nine moving seats and
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significant environmental pollution. A less polluting approach is to simulate the effect on Earth, with virtual reality technology.
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2061:"The Overview Effect and the Ultraview Effect: How Extreme Experiences in/of Outer Space Influence Religious Beliefs in Astronauts"
1981:
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936:"Understanding AWE: Can a Virtual Journey, Inspired by the Overview Effect, Lead to an Increased Sense of Interconnectedness?"
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Visitors share a 12,500 square foot (1150 square meter) area allowing them to physically explore the ISS and look outside.
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hands... It filled me with dread. My trip to space was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral."
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1973:
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of our knowledge, causing "a transformative sense of incomprehension and a feeling of shrinking or self-diminution".
1694:"'Whoa, That's Death!' Here's Everything William Shatner Said To Jeff Bezos After Returning From Space (transcript)"
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tried to reproduce the experience with a water-filled flotation tank, half a tonne of Epsom salts, and a waterproof
455:-based experiences—such as interaction with nature, religious or spiritual or mystical experiences, meditation, and
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Hadfield, Chris; Linenger, Jerry; Stott, Nicole; Jemison, Mae; Melvin, Leland; Massimino, Mike (March 27, 2018).
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going into space "with an intention to have an experience" and who may already be aware of the overview effect.
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response to incoming stimuli". When encountering new experiences, people must "accommodate" by expanding their
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1974:"The Break-off Phenomenon / A Feeling of Separation from the Earth Experienced by Pilots at High Altitude"
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1129:"The ecological significance of the overview effect: Environmental attitudes and behaviours in astronauts"
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1534:"NASA astronaut Scott Kelly explains how seeing planet Earth from space changed his perspective on life"
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Science historian Jordan Bimm described how the concept shares similarities with the
British concept of
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1646:"Inspiration4 Reveal They Felt the 'Overview Effect' in Space — What to Know About the Phenomenon"
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Referring to how profound Mitchell's experience on the Moon was—distinguished from experiences in
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The touring Spacebuzz module uses virtual reality technology to simulate spaceflight for children.
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476:("the particular framework through which (people) imagine themselves in relation to the world").
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simulations have been designed to try to induce the overview effect in earthbound participants.
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Not all astronauts experience the overview effect. Further, White distinguished experiences in
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after interviewing many astronauts, said that the overview effect is "beyond words", requiring
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1287:"Space philosopher Frank White on 'The Overview Effect' and humanity's connection with Earth"
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experience can cause long-term changes in personal outlook, and can influence peoples' very
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underlying a perception of having achieved a new level of enlightenment that he called the "
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1623:"The Human Brain in Space: Euphoria and the "Overview Effect" Experienced by Astronauts"
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586:(VR) headsets simulate spaceflight in an experience designed especially for children.
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1990:
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A Neurophenomenology of Awe and Wonder: Towards a Non-reductionist Cognitive Science.
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1789:"William Shatner experienced profound grief in space. It was the 'overview effect'"
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896:"The Overview Effect / How the view from space might be key to saving the planet"
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Gallagher, S., Janz, B., Reinerman, L., Trempler, J., and Bockelman, P. (2015).
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1898:"'The Infinite' Virtual Reality Exhibit Offers a Taste of Life in Outer Space"
1723:"Spirituality, humanism, and the Overview Effect during manned space missions"
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1066:
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Stepanova, Ekaterina R.; Quesnel, Denise; Riecke, Bernhard E. (May 22, 2019).
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1511:"Six NASA Astronauts Describe the Moment in Space when 'Everything Changed'"
1050:"The Overview Effect and Creative Performance in Extreme Human Environments"
231:
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1481:"Orbital Perspective: Astronaut Ron Garan Explains How to Save the Planet"
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1808:"William Shatner: My Trip to Space Filled Me With 'Overwhelming Sadness'"
739:
685:. Scientific literature covering the break-off phenomenon ended in 1973.
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375:
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215:
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1582:"'The Infinite' VR Is the Closest You'll Feel to Space Without Floating"
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On December 24, 2018—the fiftieth anniversary of the first day on which
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from the original on December 27, 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
1179:"The awesome power of awe: How this neglected emotion can change lives"
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515:
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1106:"Seeing Earth from Space Is the Key to Saving Our Species from Itself"
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1921:"Gaia – a large glowing earth will float inside Southwark Cathedral"
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Yaden et al. (2016) explain that "social psychologists characterize
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317:(habitat in space), which inspired him to become involved with the
270:
195:
40:
2116:"Speech on the Overview Effect and Its Importance in Civilization"
1831:"The View from Space Could Change the World, Virgin Galactic Says"
604:
using 360-degree, 3D, astronaut-recorded footage from the VR film
1891:
1889:
1559:"The Overview Effect: Seeing Earth from Above Can Inspire Change"
81:
Earth as a whole. The effect can cause changes in the observer's
600:"The Infinite" provides an hour-long simulation of being on the
327:
The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution
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3095:
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2121:
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and reactions to several environmental disasters in the 1960s.
2653:
1886:
1770:"William Shatner on traveling to space: 'All I saw was death'"
1597:"Astronaut describes seeing sunrise from Space for first time"
1451:"For Apollo 11 He Wasn't on the Moon. But His Coffee Was Warm"
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927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
495:. Though Yaden et al. (2016) noted that the experience can be
2107:
1247:"Scientists attempt to recreate 'Overview effect' from Earth"
65:
1508:
1858:"Onthulling SPACEBUZZ, een innovatief VR-educatieprogramma"
1041:
999:
Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice
912:
72:. Researchers have characterized the effect as "a state of
1716:
1714:
1712:
719:—an experience associated with views from high mountains.
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with their own eyes—the Spacebuzz project was unveiled in
3112:
1860:[Unveiling SpaceBuzz, an innovative VR program].
1212:
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1208:
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are among those reported to have experienced the effect.
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73:
1967:
1965:
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1961:
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2118:—five minute talk by JP Chastain at Ignite Boise (2012)
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851:-schema framework to take new information into account.
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933:
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2052:
1958:
1845:
1671:"William Shatner, TV's Capt. Kirk, blasts into space"
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Author Frank White, who in the 1980s coined the term
2022:
New Formations: A Journal of Culture/Theory/Politics
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2024:. 107–108 (107). Lawrence & Wishart: 118–138.
2015:"The Way Home: Space Migration and Disorientation"
1912:
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166:to understand, even likening it in this regard to
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654:—author Frank White called Mitchell's experience
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623:The overview effect has been referred to as the
181:
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1353:of Bimm's related oral presentation, hosted by
1099:
1097:
1095:
1403:"Can Astronaut Thinking Heal America At Last?"
1217:White, Frank; Jordan, Gary (August 30, 2019).
131:overview effect can be understood in terms of
64:reported by some astronauts while viewing the
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1972:Clark, Brant; Graybiel, Ashton (April 1957).
1971:
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27:Cognitive shift after seeing Earth from space
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244:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
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1425:"Image of the Day Gallery / Thin Blue Line"
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1918:
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1896:Karwacki, Jean-Pierre (August 2, 2021).
1895:
1868:from the original on September 13, 2021.
1592:from the original on September 14, 2022.
1569:from the original on September 24, 2022.
1556:
1103:
658:as it had a more universal perspective.
557:
546:
478:
338:
247:
107:
29:
3161:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
1941:
1880:from the original on December 22, 2019.
1805:
1795:from the original on November 22, 2022.
1767:
1616:
1614:
1579:
1435:from the original on November 27, 2009.
1400:
1354:
1341:from the original on November 17, 2014.
1048:White, William Frank (March 12, 2021).
908:from the original on February 10, 2022.
745:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
14:
3507:Concepts in philosophical anthropology
3494:
3183:Psychological and sociological effects
2206:Psychological and sociological effects
2112:, short film from Planetary Collective
2058:
1874:"Creating ambassadors of planet Earth"
1818:from the original on October 11, 2022.
1786:
1776:from the original on October 14, 2022.
1704:from the original on October 13, 2021.
1681:from the original on October 13, 2021.
1643:
1633:from the original on January 28, 2019.
1531:
1367:from the original on October 22, 2022.
1244:
836:
815:a distant view of Earth also suggests
2657:
2125:
1954:from the original on August 16, 2022.
1931:from the original on August 23, 2022.
1720:
1557:Williams, Matthew S. (June 9, 2019).
1448:
1380:"Space Tourism: Face Time with Earth"
1377:
1284:
1229:from the original on August 23, 2022.
1189:from the original on August 29, 2022.
1177:Dickinson, Kevin (November 3, 2021).
1126:
1047:
893:
2012:
2006:
1828:
1806:Shatner, William (October 6, 2022).
1787:Rivera, Enrique (October 23, 2022).
1768:Wattles, Jackie (October 10, 2022).
1692:Kvetenadze, TĂ©a (October 13, 2021).
1656:from the original on 7 October 2022.
1611:
1607:from the original on April 28, 2020.
1546:from the original on March 17, 2018.
1521:from the original on March 31, 2018.
1487:from the original on April 15, 2021.
1401:Guttman, Leslie (January 28, 2021).
1324:
1297:from the original on August 9, 2022.
1104:Ferreira, Becky (October 12, 2016).
783:
321:and begin speaking with astronauts.
1942:Simpson, Dave (February 11, 2016).
1580:Solsman, Joan E. (April 11, 2022).
1469:from the original on July 17, 2019.
1355:Boucher, Marc (September 6, 2021).
1133:Journal of Environmental Psychology
1116:from the original on April 6, 2022.
842:Yaden et al. (2016) explain that a
607:Space Explorers: The ISS Experience
506:Immediately after his October 2021
24:
3512:Concepts in the philosophy of mind
2892:Weather and environment monitoring
1919:Mansfield, Ian (August 23, 2022).
1644:Maslow, Nick (24 September 2021).
1532:Feloni, Richard (March 19, 2018).
800:
661:
103:
25:
3543:
2096:
2059:Weibel, Deana (August 13, 2020).
2013:Shaw, Debra Benita (2023-02-15).
1841:from the original on May 6, 2022.
1413:from the original on May 7, 2022.
1378:David, Leonard (August 5, 2006).
1331:Quest: The History of Spaceflight
1325:Bimm, Jordan (February 1, 2014).
1285:David, Leonard (August 2, 2022).
1245:Sample, Ian (December 26, 2019).
451:Researchers have recognized that
446:
291:were credited with inspiring the
3475:
3465:
3464:
2637:
2305:
2151:
1982:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
1829:Wall, Mike (February 11, 2019).
1706:(pay wall; can use archive link)
1449:Chang, Kenneth (July 16, 2019).
1357:"Rethinking the Overview Effect"
1327:"Rethinking the Overview Effect"
894:Yoder, Kate (February 9, 2022).
708:—awareness of being part of the
669:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
2936:Space launch market competition
2683:
1864:(in Dutch). December 20, 2018.
1747:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.08.004
1637:
940:Frontiers in Digital Humanities
712:when one is on another planet.
3173:Health threat from cosmic rays
1483:. NBC News. February 3, 2015.
618:
347:photograph was taken from the
257:—Earth as seen by the crew of
13:
1:
1944:"The Metaphysical Astronauts"
1925:IanVisits.com tourist website
1621:O'Neill, Ian (May 22, 2008).
858:
704:Frank White posited the term
534:survival on a finite planet.
283:photograph of the Earth from
182:Alternative characterizations
1721:Kanas, Nick (January 2020).
551:Researchers have found that
493:Institute of Noetic Sciences
7:
3289:Self-replicating spacecraft
3125:International Space Station
1145:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101454
1127:Voski, AnaĂŻs (2020-08-01).
1060:. Frontiers Media: 584573.
722:
602:International Space Station
349:International Space Station
332:
124:International Space Station
10:
3548:
2803:Space Liability Convention
2030:10.3898/NewF:107-8.07.2022
241:
237:
3459:
3426:
3379:
3331:
3217:
3166:Space adaptation syndrome
3153:
3058:
2978:
2969:
2857:
2691:
2633:
2558:
2508:
2499:
2364:
2314:
2303:
2226:
2166:
2159:
1067:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584573
2899:Communications satellite
953:10.3389/fdigh.2019.00009
730:Collective consciousness
3403:reusable launch systems
3020:Extravehicular activity
2931:Commercial use of space
2835:Militarisation of space
2808:Registration Convention
2724:Accidents and incidents
1563:Interesting Engineering
1054:Frontiers in Psychology
767:Scale (analytical tool)
319:Space Studies Institute
3517:Psychological concepts
3451:Mission control center
3413:Non-rocket spacelaunch
2847:Billionaire space race
2644:Outer space portal
706:Copernicus Perspective
641:the astronaut's secret
591:University of Missouri
563:
488:
352:
293:environmental movement
262:
127:
116:"Earth gazing" in the
53:
3301:Spacecraft propulsion
2751:European Space Agency
2276:Extraterrestrial life
1431:. November 25, 2009.
1390:on November 24, 2006.
1219:"The Overview Effect"
674:break-off phenomenon,
561:
547:Simulating the effect
482:
342:
251:
242:Further information:
111:
33:
3527:Spaceflight concepts
2926:Satellite navigation
1677:. October 13, 2021.
1652:. Dotdash Meredith.
750:Extraterrestrial sky
692:introduced the term
487:demonstration, 2010.
190:break-off phenomenon
114:Tracy Caldwell Dyson
18:Break-off phenomenon
3311:Electric propulsion
2998:Life-support system
2882:Imagery and mapping
2842:Private spaceflight
2078:10.3390/rel11080418
1739:2020AcAau.166..525K
946:. Frontiers Media.
637:Ronald J. Garan Jr.
633:orbital perspective
589:Researchers at the
472:by affecting their
265:English astronomer
151:, and is sometimes
3532:Spiritual concepts
3502:Concepts in ethics
3264:Robotic spacecraft
3190:Space and survival
3045:Space colonization
2941:Space architecture
2793:Outer Space Treaty
2559:Other technologies
2103:Overview Institute
1908:on August 2, 2021.
1603:. April 27, 2020.
1455:The New York Times
1011:10.1037/cns0000086
772:Space For Humanity
666:A 1957 article in
625:big picture effect
564:
489:
353:
263:
137:self-transcendence
128:
54:
3489:
3488:
3436:Flight controller
3213:
3212:
2971:Human spaceflight
2946:Space exploration
2872:Earth observation
2651:
2650:
2629:
2628:
2538:Carbonated drinks
2510:Human spaceflight
2390:of items in space
2301:
2300:
2044:link to full text
1727:Acta Astronautica
1038:London: Springer.
784:Explanatory notes
656:universal insight
526:At one point the
466:self-transcendent
441:Blue Origin NS-18
439:William Shatner (
425:Michael Collins (
412:Rusty Schweickart
226:. Bimm warned of
78:self-transcendent
16:(Redirected from
3539:
3522:Space psychology
3479:
3468:
3467:
3178:Space psychology
3003:Animals in space
2976:
2975:
2956:Space technology
2798:Rescue Agreement
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2506:
2505:
2309:
2164:
2163:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2091:
2090:
2080:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1978:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1904:. Archived from
1893:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:Business Insider
1529:
1523:
1522:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1386:. Archived from
1375:
1369:
1368:
1342:
1322:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1214:
1191:
1190:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1022:
993:
958:
957:
955:
931:
910:
909:
891:
852:
840:
834:
826:
820:
804:
798:
794:
735:Earth in culture
694:ultraview effect
432:Edgar Mitchell (
315:O'Neill cylinder
277:' December 1968
224:manifest destiny
51:
21:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3455:
3422:
3394:Escape velocity
3375:
3327:
3294:Space telescope
3247:Reentry capsule
3209:
3149:
3054:
3025:Overview effect
3008:Bioastronautics
2965:
2853:
2687:
2682:
2652:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2554:
2495:
2360:
2310:
2297:
2222:
2155:
2150:
2099:
2094:
2057:
2050:
2017:
2011:
2007:
1976:
1970:
1959:
1948:Vice (magazine)
1940:
1936:
1917:
1913:
1894:
1887:
1872:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1827:
1823:
1804:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1719:
1710:
1690:
1686:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1642:
1638:
1619:
1612:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1530:
1526:
1507:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1447:
1440:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1399:
1395:
1376:
1372:
1348:
1323:
1302:
1283:
1270:
1243:
1234:
1215:
1194:
1175:
1168:
1125:
1121:
1110:Vice (magazine)
1102:
1093:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1026:
994:
961:
932:
913:
892:
865:
861:
856:
855:
841:
837:
827:
823:
805:
801:
795:
791:
786:
781:
777:Spaceship Earth
725:
690:Deana L. Weibel
688:Anthropologist
664:
662:Related effects
652:low Earth orbit
621:
584:virtual reality
553:virtual reality
549:
540:Virgin Galactic
512:William Shatner
449:
416:William Shatner
356:Michael Collins
335:
310:overview effect
289:Apollo missions
254:The Blue Marble
246:
240:
208:the Blue Marble
204:spaceship Earth
200:Gaia hypothesis
184:
175:low Earth orbit
160:overview effect
106:
104:Characteristics
98:virtual reality
62:cognitive shift
58:overview effect
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Ground station
3438:
3432:
3430:
3428:Ground segment
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Interplanetary
3358:
3357:
3356:
3354:Geosynchronous
3351:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:Gravity assist
3318:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:Service module
3249:
3244:
3242:Orbital module
3234:
3229:
3227:Launch vehicle
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3205:Space sexology
3202:
3197:
3195:Space medicine
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Weightlessness
3027:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2951:Space research
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:Reconnaissance
2884:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:European Union
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:for spacecraft
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
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2431:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2281:Microorganisms
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:The human body
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2097:External links
2095:
2093:
2092:
2048:
2005:
1989:(2): 121–126.
1957:
1934:
1911:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1844:
1821:
1798:
1779:
1760:
1708:
1684:
1659:
1636:
1627:Universe Today
1610:
1601:CNN on YouTube
1572:
1549:
1524:
1490:
1472:
1438:
1416:
1393:
1370:
1300:
1268:
1232:
1192:
1166:
1119:
1091:
1040:
1024:
959:
911:
862:
860:
857:
854:
853:
835:
821:
799:
788:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
726:
724:
721:
683:disorientation
663:
660:
629:Edgar Mitchell
620:
617:
548:
545:
497:transformative
448:
447:Lasting impact
445:
404:Edgar Mitchell
392:Mike Massimino
388:Jerry Linenger
368:Chris Hadfield
345:Thin Blue Line
334:
331:
275:William Anders
239:
236:
183:
180:
153:transformative
122:module of the
105:
102:
91:transformative
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
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3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
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3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
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3437:
3434:
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3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Direct ascent
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:Intergalactic
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Rocket engine
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:Space capsule
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Space nursing
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:Health issues
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Space Shuttle
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Space tourism
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2961:Space weather
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
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2900:
2897:
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2878:
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2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Space command
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:Space warfare
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2781:United States
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2699:Astrodynamics
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2571:Manufacturing
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514:told founder
513:
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475:
471:
470:sense of self
467:
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454:
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430:
428:
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421:
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409:
405:
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400:Leland Melvin
397:
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384:André Kuipers
381:
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350:
346:
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320:
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302:Silent Spring
298:
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89:, and can be
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
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46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
19:
3381:Space launch
3366:Interstellar
3332:Destinations
3101:Apollo–Soyuz
3050:Space diving
3035:Space toilet
3024:
2859:Applications
2776:Soviet Union
2736:Space policy
2731:Space launch
2635:
2523:Architecture
2407:Colonization
2381:Archaeology
2196:Neuroscience
2153:... in space
2108:
2068:
2064:
2021:
2008:
1986:
1980:
1947:
1937:
1924:
1914:
1906:the original
1901:
1861:
1834:
1824:
1811:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1730:
1726:
1697:
1687:
1674:
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1600:
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1575:
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1537:
1527:
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1428:
1419:
1406:
1396:
1388:the original
1383:
1373:
1360:
1334:
1330:
1290:
1251:The Guardian
1250:
1222:
1182:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1109:
1057:
1053:
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1002:
998:
943:
939:
899:
848:
843:
838:
824:
816:
812:
807:
802:
792:
754:
714:
710:Solar System
705:
703:
698:
693:
687:
682:
679:Alan Shepard
673:
672:studied the
667:
665:
655:
649:
645:Albert Sacco
640:
632:
624:
622:
613:
605:
599:
588:
569:
565:
550:
536:
532:
525:
519:
505:
501:
490:
450:
438:
431:
424:
420:Nicole Stott
408:Sian Proctor
396:Anne McClain
360:Yuri Gagarin
354:
344:
336:
326:
323:
309:
307:
300:
295:, the first
278:
264:
252:
220:expansionist
212:
188:
185:
172:
168:Zen Buddhism
163:
159:
157:
149:value system
145:self concept
141:
129:
117:
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87:value system
83:self concept
57:
55:
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3339:Sub-orbital
3274:Space probe
3140:New Shepard
3118:Shuttle–Mir
2877:Archaeology
2830:Space force
2813:Moon Treaty
2685:Spaceflight
2434:Exploration
2372:Advertising
2316:Environment
2291:Astrobotany
2254:Fruit flies
1515:Inverse.com
1005:(1): 1–11.
740:Earth phase
717:the sublime
699:limitations
619:Other names
508:Blue Origin
474:self-schema
380:Scott Kelly
376:Mae Jemison
372:James Irwin
285:lunar orbit
222:concept of
216:colonialist
45:Bill Anders
3496:Categories
3408:Launch pad
3399:Expendable
3349:Geocentric
3316:Solar sail
3259:Spaceplane
3219:Spacecraft
3013:Space suit
2991:commercial
2919:Television
2714:Space Race
2616:Telescopes
2501:Technology
2354:Weathering
2201:Psychology
2186:Locomotion
2071:(8): 418.
1650:People.com
1139:: 101454.
859:References
595:VR headset
516:Jeff Bezos
273:astronaut
267:Fred Hoyle
164:experience
112:Astronaut
96:Immersive
43:astronaut
3418:Spaceport
3269:Satellite
2986:Astronaut
2914:Telephone
2867:Astronomy
2788:Space law
2741:Australia
2597:for Earth
2584:Batteries
2566:Logistics
2518:Accidents
2464:Christmas
2329:Corrosion
2269:Tortoises
2227:Non-human
2087:225477388
2065:Religions
2038:1741-0789
1835:Space.com
1755:115759115
1594:â—Ź Video:
1463:0362-4331
1384:Space.com
1361:SpaceQ.ca
1337:(1): 39.
1291:Space.com
1259:0261-3077
1183:Big Think
1161:225388835
1153:0272-4944
1019:2326-5531
813:vastness,
580:Hilversum
576:earthrise
520:Boldly Go
485:Earth Day
434:Apollo 14
427:Apollo 11
364:Ron Garan
308:The term
297:Earth Day
280:Earthrise
259:Apollo 17
234:effect".
36:Earthrise
3470:Category
3135:Tiangong
3130:Shenzhou
3059:Programs
2904:Internet
2709:Timeline
2459:Religion
2449:Military
2385:of Earth
2264:Primates
2191:Medicine
2109:Overview
1995:13416151
1952:Archived
1929:Archived
1878:Archived
1866:Archived
1839:Archived
1816:Archived
1793:Archived
1774:Archived
1702:Archived
1679:Archived
1654:Archived
1631:Archived
1605:Archived
1590:Archived
1567:Archived
1544:Archived
1519:Archived
1485:Archived
1467:Archived
1433:Archived
1429:NASA.gov
1411:Archived
1365:Archived
1339:Archived
1295:Archived
1263:Archived
1227:Archived
1187:Archived
1114:Archived
1086:33776828
906:Archived
830:salience
817:totality
762:The Real
723:See also
528:Skylab 4
510:flight,
333:Accounts
271:Apollo 8
232:overlord
196:Cold War
41:Apollo 8
39:(1968).
3344:Orbital
3145:Artemis
3076:Voskhod
3071:Mercury
2979:General
2719:Records
2704:History
2692:General
2621:Weapons
2589:Nuclear
2550:Writing
2545:Toilets
2528:Farming
2476:Tourism
2471:Selfies
2412:Economy
2377:Alcohol
2365:Society
2349:Weather
2324:Climate
2234:Animals
2181:Hygiene
2160:Biology
2001:archive
1862:ESA.int
1812:Variety
1791:. NPR.
1772:. CNN.
1735:Bibcode
1733:: 525.
1675:AP News
1077:7994510
639:), and
574:saw an
238:History
194:it was
3481:Portal
3474:
3463:
3279:Lander
3232:Rocket
3096:Skylab
3091:Apollo
3081:Gemini
3066:Vostok
2771:Russia
2593:Solar
2580:Power
2576:Mining
2481:Voting
2429:Ethics
2417:Mining
2402:Burial
2334:Debris
2286:Plants
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1698:Forbes
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844:schema
572:humans
418:, and
287:, the
228:hubris
206:, and
119:Cupola
48:Earth.
3284:Rover
3086:Soyuz
2909:Radio
2766:Japan
2761:India
2746:China
2611:Radar
2491:Women
2454:Music
2422:Trade
2249:Frogs
2218:Sleep
2168:Human
2083:S2CID
2018:(PDF)
1977:(PDF)
1751:S2CID
1351:Audio
1157:S2CID
901:Grist
76:with
70:space
68:from
66:Earth
60:is a
3446:Pass
3401:and
2533:Food
2439:Food
2339:Dust
2259:Mice
2244:Dogs
2239:Cats
2034:ISSN
1991:PMID
1902:Time
1586:CNET
1459:ISSN
1255:ISSN
1223:NASA
1149:ISSN
1082:PMID
1015:ISSN
849:self
461:flow
459:and
457:peak
343:The
147:and
135:and
85:and
56:The
3113:Mir
2486:War
2444:Law
2397:Art
2213:Sex
2073:doi
2026:doi
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1345:PDF
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