194:, positioning explosives around the waterline, then detonating them, in order to breach the hull and sink the platform. The facility would then fall to the seabed and release its contents over a restricted area. Due to the uncertainty associated with detonating explosives, a number of possible scenarios were envisaged. First, the structure would fall to the seabed in one piece, releasing its contaminants slowly, and affecting the seabed for around 1,600 ft (500 m) "down-current". Second, the structure might disintegrate as it fell through the water column. This would release contaminants in a single burst, and have an effect for 3,300 ft (1,000 m) "down current" of the final resting place, although this would last for a shorter time than in the first instance. Third, the structure could fail catastrophically when the explosives detonated, releasing its contaminants into the surface waters. This would affect
1707:
697:(DNV) to conduct an audit of Spar's contents and investigate Greenpeace's allegations. Greenpeace admitted that its claims that the Spar contained 5500 tonnes of oil were inaccurate and apologized to Shell on 5 September. This preempted the publication of DNV's report, which endorsed Shell's initial estimates for many pollutants. Greenpeace noted that its opposition to the dumping had never been solely based on the presence or absence of oil, however, and that opposition to the disposal plan was part of a larger campaign opposing the dumping of all waste into the North Sea.
455:"Shell's position as a major European enterprise has become untenable. The Spar had gained a symbolic significance out of all proportion to its environmental effect. In consequence, Shell companies were faced with increasingly intense public criticism, mostly in Continental northern Europe. Many politicians and ministers were openly hostile and several called for consumer boycotts. There was violence against Shell service stations, accompanied by threats to Shell staff.
2086:
2096:
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determine the nature of the pollutants which the platform contained. This sample was collected incorrectly, leading to a large overestimate in the contents of the facility. Although
Greenpeace quoted Shell's own estimate of the amount of heavy metals and other chemicals on board, they also claimed there were more than 5,500 tonnes of oil on the Spar – while Shell's estimate was 50 tonnes. For context, the
206:
759:
effect which it would have on their image in the wider world. The final cost of the Brent Spar operation to Shell was between £60M and £100M, when loss of sales were considered. Although Shell and the offshore industry consider that Brent Spar did not set a precedent for disposal of facilities in the future, signatory nations of the
1132:
146:. This section was built from 0.79 in (20 mm) thick steel plate, reinforced by ribs and cross-braces. It was known that this section had been stressed and damaged on installation. This led to doubts on whether the facility would retain its structural integrity if it was re-floated into a horizontal position.
448:. Support from within the oil industry was not unanimous. Although oil production companies supported Shell's position, influential companies in the offshore construction sector stood to make money from onshore dismantling if a precedent could be set, and consequently supported the Greenpeace point of view.
323:
The final conclusions of FRS were that abundance and diversity were greater than had been expected, especially in the North Feni Ridge area, however the limited extent of sampling precluded detailed analysis of data for the entire area. On the basis of the data which FRS gathered, there was little to
98:
and an industrial health and safety perspective. Greenpeace's own reputation also suffered during the campaign, when it had to acknowledge that its assessment of the oil remaining in Brent Spar's storage tanks had been grossly overestimated. Following Shell's decision to pursue only on-shore disposal
342:
became aware of the plan to sink the Brent Spar at sea on 16 February 1995. The organization had been campaigning against ocean dumping in the North Sea since the early 1980s, monitoring the dumping of radioactive waste and waste from titanium dioxide production and on occasion using high-seas civil
181:
The first option involved towing the Brent Spar to a shallow water harbour to decontaminate it and reuse the materials used in its construction. Any unusable waste could be disposed of on land. Technically, this option was more complex and presented a greater hazard to the workforce. This option was
763:
have since agreed that oil facilities should be disposed of onshore, so it is difficult to see how this does not set a precedent. Shell claimed that spending such an amount to protect a small area of remote, low resource value, deep sea was pointless and this money could be much more constructively
758:
Although Shell had carried out an environmental impact assessment in full accordance with existing legislation, they had severely underestimated strength of public opinion. Shell were particularly criticised for having thought of this as a "Scottish", or "UK" problem, and neglecting to think of the
745:
colonies. The authors of the original work suggested that it may be better to leave the lower parts of such structures in place — a suggestion opposed by
Greenpeace campaigner Simon Reddy, who compared it to " a car in a wood – moss would grow on it, and if I was lucky a bird may even nest in
217:
Shell proposed that deep sea disposal was the best option for Brent Spar, arguing that their decision had been made on sound scientific principles and data. Dismantling the platform on-shore was more complex from an engineering point of view than disposal at sea. Shell also cited the lower risk to
395:
first occupied Brent Spar on 30 April 1995. In total, 25 activists, photographers and journalists were involved in this stage of occupation. They decided to cover up the Exxon logos on the platform. At this time, activists collected a sample of the contents of the Spar and sent it for testing, to
754:
According to a poll of 1000 adults carried out by
Opinion Leader Research on 26 January 1996 on behalf of Greenpeace, a majority of the British public were aware of the Brent Spar (57%). Of these, 57% were opposed to the dumping of Brent Spar in the Atlantic, and 32% were in favour of it.
375:
Dismantling of the Brent Spar was technically feasible and offshore engineering firms believed they could do it safely and effectively. The necessary facilities were already routinely in use and decommissioning of many other oil installations had already been carried out elsewhere in the
708:
facilities. It was hoped that using slices of the Spar's hull would save both money and energy that would otherwise have been spent in new steel construction. The Spar was raised vertically in the water by building a lifting cradle, placed underneath the Spar and connected by cables to
1140:
835:
Brent Spar occupied by
Greenpeace to draw attention to the issue of decommissioning of obsolete North Sea oil and gas installations. During the occupation activists take samples from the oil storage tanks and European Greenpeace offices organize a boycott of Shell products and
19:
408:
issued a formal objection to the
British government, with respect to the dumping plan. On 23 May, after several attempts, Shell obtained legal permission to evict the Greenpeace protesters from the Brent Spar, and they were eventually taken by helicopter to
244:,and secondly, that the site be deep enough that the sunken buoy would present no hazard to shipping. FRS identified three sites as 12 by 12 mi (20 by 20 km) squares, which were considered suitable; the Maury Channel, the North Feni Ridge and the
403:
Greenpeace mounted an energetic media campaign that influenced public opinion against Shell's preferred option. It disputed Shell's estimates of the contaminants on the Brent Spar, saying that these were much more than initially estimated. On 9 May, the
892:: Protesters in Germany threaten to damage 200 Shell service stations. 50 are subsequently damaged, two fire-bombed and one raked with bullets. Greenpeace officially distances itself from any violence related to the Brent Spar controversy.
1258:
Gass, Susan E.; Roberts, J. Murray (May 2006). "The occurrence of the cold-water coral
Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea: Colony growth, recruitment and environmental controls on distribution".
760:
344:
1513:
Wilkinson, W.B.; Bakke, T.; Clauss, G.F.; Clements, R.; Dover, W.D.; Rullkötter, J.; Shepherd, J.G. (February 2016). "Decommissioning of large offshore structures – The role of an
Independent Review Group (IRG)".
849:
331:
Having received these conclusions, Shell opted for the North Feni Ridge site, and applied to the
British government for a licence to dispose of the rig at sea. This was approved in December 1994.
130:, and operated wholly by Shell, which gave them responsibility for decommissioning the structure. Brent Spar was 482 ft (147 m) high and 95 ft (29 m) in diameter, and
1039:
700:
Shell received over 200 individual suggestions for what could be done with the Brent Spar. One of these came from the
Stavanger Port Authority. They were planning a quay extension at
182:
estimated to cost £41M. There was some concern that the facility would disintegrate in shallow coastal water, having a much more economically and environmentally significant effect.
153:, crude oil, heavy metals, and scale, which it had calculated based on the operating activities of the platform, and metal that would remain in the structure after decommissioning.
939:– DNV present results of their audit, endorsing the original Spar inventory. DNV state that the amount of oil claimed by Greenpeace to be in the Spar was "grossly overestimated".
720:
After cleaning, the rings were placed in the sea beside the existing quay at
Mekjarvik and filled with ballast. The construction of the quay extension was completed by placing a
372:
for dumping other contaminated structures in the sea and would undermine current international agreements. The environmental effects of further dumping would be cumulative.
737:
were found growing on the legs of the platform. At the time, this was considered unusual, although recent studies have shown this to be a common occurrence, with 13 of 14
222:
of the workforce with deep sea disposal. Environmentally, Shell considered that sinking would have only a localised effect in a remote deep sea region which had little
78:
organized a worldwide, high-profile media campaign against this plan occupying Brent Spar for more than three weeks. In the face of public and political opposition in
60:, the storage facility had continued in use, but by 1991, was considered to be of no further value. Brent Spar became an issue of public concern in 1995, when the
420:
Towing of the platform to its final position began on 11 June. By this time, the call for a boycott of Shell products was being heeded across much of continental
2056:
1114:
451:
On 20 June, Shell had decided that their position was no longer tenable, and withdrew their plan to sink the Brent Spar. They released the following statement:
1292:
379:
To protect the environment, the principle of minimizing the generation of wastes should be upheld and harmful materials always recycled, treated or contained.
2061:
817:, endorses choice of deep sea disposal. Shell begins formal consultations with conservation bodies and fishing interests. Draft Abandonment Plan submitted.
94:), Shell abandoned its plans to dispose of Brent Spar at sea — whilst continuing to stand by its claim that this was the safest option, both from an
1215:
Smith, Craig A.; McClive, Peter J.; Western, Patrick S.; Reed, Kirsty J.; Sinclair, Andrew H. (December 1999). "Conservation of a sex-determining gene".
320:, characteristic of unimpacted sediments. These communities were thought to have a limited food supply, which is also normal in deep water communities.
383:
Greenpeace claimed that the scientific arguments for ocean dumping were being used as a way of disguising Shell's primary aim, which was to cut costs.
69:
1541:
1096:
1069:
807:: Shell examines options and carries out risk assessment and environmental impact assessment. Decides to sink Brent Spar at the North Feni Ridge.
767:
The overestimation of the contents of the Brent Spar damaged the credibility of Greenpeace in their wider campaigns. They were criticised in an
237:(FRS) to investigate possible sites for sinking the facility. There were two stipulations to this search: firstly, that the site was within the
2014:
777:
for their lack of interest in facts. Greenpeace moved to distance itself from its "5500 tonnes" claim, after the Brent Spar argument was won.
1958:
1043:
2157:
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106:. In January 1998, Shell announced its decision to re-use much of the main structure in the construction of new harbour facilities near
122:
Brent "E" was a floating oil storage facility constructed in 1976 and moored approximately 1.2 mi (2 km) from the Brent "A"
2167:
1932:
814:
2182:
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choose between the three potential disposal areas. Analysis of the North Feni Ridge area may indicate that this area may have been
965:
in which he accuses Greenpeace campaigners of telling lies and, as a result, causing damage to the whole environmental movement.
343:
disobedience tactics to physically hinder the perpetrators, and lobbying for a comprehensive ban on ocean dumping through the
1872:
173:
Shell examined a number of options for disposing of the Brent Spar, and took two of these forward for serious consideration.
256:
72:(approximately 160 mi (250 km) from the west coast of Scotland, at a depth of around 1.6 mi (2.5 km)).
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slab across the rings. The Spar's living quarters and operations module were removed and scrapped onshore at a Norwegian
2099:
2113:
1483:
988:
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The North Feni Ridge was found to include a narrow channel. The Rockall Trough area was found to be a gently sloping
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and to regional authorities. Shell acknowledged that sinking the Brent Spar at sea was also the cheaper option.
1897:
717:. Jacking the cables upwards raised the Spar so that its hull could be cut into 'rings' and slid onto a barge.
1439:
1963:
904:: Eleven states call for a moratorium on sea disposal of decommissioned offshore installations at meeting of
1456:
1912:
945:: Shell announces Brent Spar will be disposed of on shore and used as foundations for a new ferry terminal.
149:
Shell based its decommissioning decisions on estimates of the quantities of various pollutants, including
1984:
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in nature", containing unsubstantiated assumptions, minimal data and extrapolations from unnamed studies.
234:
227:
219:
1501:
1093:
165:. It is regularly dealt with on-shore by workers wearing breathing masks to prevent inhalation of dust.
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2177:
1779:
1457:"Report on the accident to Sikorsky S-61N, G-BEWL at Brent Spar, East Shetland Basin on 25 July 1990"
1415:
933:: Greenpeace admits inaccurate claims that Spar contains 5,550 tonnes of oil and apologizes to Shell.
898:: Greenpeace wrongly asserts that the Brent Spar still contains 5,500 tonnes of scale and crude oil.
271:
99:
options, as favoured by Greenpeace and its supporters, Brent Spar was given temporary moorings in a
1774:
1743:
1706:
971:: Decommissioning is completed and the first stages of constructing the ferry terminal are started.
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150:
1137:
Contents of Brent Spar, relative to quantities in the North Sea, as detailed by Det Norske Veritas
693:
Having moored the Brent Spar in Erfjord, Shell commissioned the independent Norwegian consultancy
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958:
924:
306:
241:
1948:
1907:
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429:
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investigations into particle size distribution, and total organic carbon levels of the sediment
951:: OSPAR member states announce agreement on onshore disposal of oil facilities in the future.
405:
358:, and therefore no way to predict the effects of the proposed dumping on deep sea ecosystems.
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crashed onto the platform as the pilots were attempting to land. The Sikorsky fell into the
2071:
1646:
1361:
1268:
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Greenpeace objected to the plan to dispose of the Brent Spar at sea on a number of issues:
131:
8:
1867:
731:
While the Brent Spar was being dismantled, quantities of the endangered cold-water coral
95:
1365:
1272:
1175:
472:. It remained there for several years while other options for disposal were considered.
82:(including a widespread boycott of Shell service stations, some physical attacks and an
2089:
1789:
1687:
1573:
1379:
1312:
1240:
921:
829:: Greenpeace activists board Brent Spar and start occupation of abandoned installation.
694:
441:
61:
1183:
287:
box core sampling to count the numbers of animals living in the sediment of the seabed
209:
Sites considered for sinking of Brent Spar. 1. Maury Channel. 2. North Feni Ridge. 3.
1979:
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The second option involved towing the decommissioned platform into deep water in the
162:
49:
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2041:
2030:
1527:
1523:
1383:
1369:
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1224:
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914:: Norway grants permission to moor Spar in Erfjord while Shell reconsiders options.
773:
733:
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German Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
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found in the rocks from which the oil is extracted, is considered to be low-level
1989:
1927:
1877:
1758:
1692:
1641:
1619:
1100:
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325:
79:
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was not possible. The storage tank section had a capacity of 300,000 barrels of
1922:
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1197:
437:
245:
238:
210:
191:
87:
65:
45:
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927:
to conduct an audit of Spar's contents and investigate Greenpeace allegations.
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in that area. The cost of this option was estimated at between £17M and £20M.
2146:
2128:
2115:
1994:
1953:
1852:
1834:
1829:
1651:
991:
977:: BBC formally apologizes to Greenpeace over screening of Gummer allegations.
738:
710:
158:
1546:
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2035:
2004:
1902:
1824:
1733:
1636:
1288:
1236:
424:, damaging Shell's profitability as well as brand image. German Chancellor
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226:. It was considered that this option would be acceptable to the public, to
135:
123:
746:
it. But this is not justification to fill our forests with disused cars".
1999:
1917:
1882:
1728:
962:
875:
512:
445:
425:
302:
275:
1814:
1738:
1682:
1550:
879:
433:
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The documents which supported Shell's licence application were "highly
339:
260:
75:
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announced its support for Shell's application for its disposal in deep
53:
37:
328:, but that this would not preclude deep-sea disposal of the platform.
309:. The Maury Channel area was found to be a flat, gently sloping area.
52:. With the completion of a pipeline connection to the oil terminal at
2009:
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999:
525:
369:
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33:
30:
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of the platform was such that manoeuvring in the North Sea south of
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sediment sample collection using a box core sampler to analyse for
233:
Having decided on a preferred method of disposal, Shell contracted
195:
57:
1228:
642:
564:
551:
538:
469:
91:
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sampling to determine the different animals living on the seabed
858:
Activists removed from Brent Spar by Grampian police and Shell.
629:
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461:
205:
139:
111:
100:
905:
768:
714:
705:
290:
103:
83:
18:
1565:
1512:
668:
603:
479:
127:
41:
1624:
1330:"Brent Spar Outcry Leaves Shell with a 60 m Pound Bill".
920:: Shell UK commissions independent Norwegian consultancy
842:: British Government grants disposal licence to Shell UK.
1002:, where six of the 13 passengers and crew on board died.
1561:
Image: The Greenpeace activists celebrating in Aberdeen
1214:
1115:"A Humbled Shell Is Unsure On Disposal of Atlantic Rig"
883:
386:
354:
That there was a lack of understanding of the deep sea
795:: 3 men lose their lives to hydrogen sulfide poisoning
157:
is a by-product of oil production and, because of the
1050:
815:
Aberdeen University Research and Industrial Services
368:That dumping the Brent Spar at sea would create a
2144:
312:Infaunal communities were found to be high in
1959:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
1581:
1094:"Greenpeace and the Dumping of Wastes at Sea"
1075:. Fisheries Research Services. Archived from
1556:Planetfilm Documentary film about Brent Spar
957:: BBC 9 O'Clock News screens interview with
1257:
1020:"Structural damage danger for Brent Spar".
823:: UK government approves plans for sinking.
1588:
1574:
1190:
1933:Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex
1373:
813:: Independent environmental consultancy,
334:
1499:
1473:
1056:
204:
117:
17:
749:
251:At these three sites, FRS carried out:
176:
2145:
2057:Lennard's Carrying v Asiatic Petroleum
1432:
1408:
1342:
1305:
1155:
864:: Shell UK begins to tow Spar to deep
417:, where they held a press conference.
1569:
1323:
1013:
994:registration 'G-BEWL' coming in from
789:: Brent Spar built and enters service
255:seabed visualisation surveys using a
2095:
1542:Greenpeace History of the Brent Spar
1500:Melchett, Peter (23 December 1995).
1251:
1208:
1112:
400:involved around 42,000 tonnes.
257:remotely operated underwater vehicle
185:
126:. It was jointly owned by Shell and
1113:Nash, Nathaniel C. (23 June 1995).
981:
878:protests to British Prime Minister
168:
13:
2158:Shell plc buildings and structures
1493:
1125:
1062:
1032:
14:
2194:
1535:
989:British International Helicopters
771:column in the scientific journal
2168:Environmental issues in Scotland
2094:
2085:
2084:
1705:
908:. Opposed by Britain and Norway.
2183:1976 establishments in Scotland
1416:"Aircraft accident report 2/91"
1390:
1281:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.002
852:protests against disposal plan.
681:Scale (oil production residue)
22:The Brent Spar oil storage buoy
1528:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.12.031
1398:"BBC apologises to Greenpeace"
1106:
1086:
801:: Brent Spar ceases operations
1:
1595:
1476:Decommissioning of Brent Spar
1184:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)90003-6
1006:
1913:Shell Development Emeryville
1547:Media relating to Brent Spar
1313:"Oil rig home to rare coral"
961:former environment minister
475:
29:, known as Brent "E", was a
7:
1474:Owen, P.; Rice, T. (1999).
1170:(2): 67–70. February 1999.
780:
482:Inventory of the Brent Spar
235:Fisheries Research Services
10:
2199:
2153:Oil platforms off Scotland
2052:In situ conversion process
1467:
906:Oslo and Paris Commissions
387:The "battle" of Brent Spar
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2023:
1972:
1941:
1843:
1807:
1780:Asiatic Petroleum Company
1767:
1721:
1714:
1703:
1670:
1612:
1603:
1350:"Brent Spar, broken spur"
1261:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1164:Marine Pollution Bulletin
464:gave Shell permission to
272:polychlorinated biphenyls
1964:Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell
1775:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
1744:North West Shelf Venture
1360:(6534): 708. June 1995.
1332:Professional Engineering
1070:"Case study: Brent Spar"
1028:. London: 615–616. 1996.
228:Her Majesty's Government
134:66,000 tonnes. The
2173:1995 in the environment
2163:Shell plc controversies
2062:Novelty Service Station
1042:. Shell. Archived from
833:30 April – 21 May 1995:
242:exclusive economic zone
1949:Corrib gas controversy
1908:Shell Centre (Calgary)
1888:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
1873:Montreal East Refinery
1863:Hancock Whitney Center
1630:Shell Energy Australia
1198:"Brent Spar gets chop"
706:Roll-On/Roll-Off ferry
430:British Prime Minister
398:Exxon Valdez oil spill
335:Greenpeace involvement
214:
23:
1647:Shell Gas & Power
741:rigs examined having
307:Wyville-Thomsom Ridge
259:(ROV) to confirm the
208:
118:Technical information
21:
1143:on 27 September 2007
1057:Owen & Rice 1999
1046:on 24 November 2007.
874:: German chancellor
750:Effect of Brent Spar
494:DNV audit est. (kg)
462:Norwegian government
303:Anton Dohrn Seamount
274:(PCBs), oil-related
177:On-shore dismantling
2125: /
1404:. 25 November 1999.
1366:1995Natur.375..708.
1273:2006MarPB..52..549G
1204:. 25 November 1998.
1176:1999MarPB..38...67.
1099:28 May 2015 at the
987:On 25 July 1990, a
491:Shell Co est. (kg)
484:
460:In early July, the
1795:Shell-Mex & BP
1693:Woodside Petroleum
1688:Showa Shell Sekiyu
1502:"Green for danger"
1319:. 8 December 1999.
1119:The New York Times
963:John Selwyn-Gummer
922:Det Norske Veritas
695:Det Norske Veritas
480:
468:the Brent Spar in
215:
62:British government
24:
2108:
2107:
1893:Scotford Upgrader
1803:
1802:
1701:
1700:
1516:Ocean Engineering
1223:(6762): 601–602.
1022:Chemical Engineer
761:OSPAR conventions
704:, to provide new
691:
690:
520:75,000 – 100,000
428:protested to the
406:German government
220:health and safety
186:Deep sea disposal
163:radioactive waste
2190:
2178:1995 in Scotland
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2129:61.050°N 1.667°E
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2067:Spectacular sign
2015:Chief executives
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1375:10.1038/375708a0
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1139:. Archived from
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1074:
1066:
1060:
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1029:
1017:
996:Sumburgh Airport
982:Helicopter crash
975:25 November 1999
931:5 September 1995
734:Lophelia pertusa
533:24,000 – 40,000
485:
391:Four Greenpeace
345:OSPAR convention
200:fishing industry
169:Disposal options
70:North Feni Ridge
2198:
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2076:
2019:
1990:M. King Hubbert
1968:
1937:
1928:Shell Mex House
1878:One Shell Plaza
1845:
1839:
1799:
1763:
1759:Sakhalin Energy
1710:
1697:
1666:
1642:Shell Chemicals
1620:Shell Australia
1605:
1599:
1594:
1538:
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1494:Further reading
1486:
1470:
1465:
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1091:
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937:18 October 1995
902:26–30 June 1995
890:14–20 June 1995
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713:on board heavy
585:7,500 – 13,200
478:
422:northern Europe
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88:service station
80:northern Europe
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2024:Related topics
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224:resource value
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48:, operated by
46:Brent oilfield
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96:environmental
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51:
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43:
39:
35:
32:
28:
20:
16:
2110:
2005:Jorma Ollila
1980:André Bénard
1903:Shell Centre
1857:
1825:Quaker State
1734:Albian Sands
1637:Shell Canada
1606:subsidiaries
1519:
1515:
1505:
1475:
1446:. Retrieved
1440:"Appendices"
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1136:
1127:
1118:
1108:
1088:
1077:the original
1064:
1052:
1044:the original
1040:"Brent Spar"
1034:
1025:
1021:
1015:
974:
969:10 July 1999
968:
959:Conservative
954:
949:23 July 1998
948:
942:
936:
930:
918:12 July 1995
917:
911:
901:
896:16 June 1995
895:
889:
872:15 June 1995
871:
862:10 June 1995
861:
856:21 May 1995:
855:
845:
839:
832:
826:
820:
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804:
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792:
786:
772:
766:
757:
753:
742:
732:
730:
719:
699:
692:
513:Hydrocarbons
488:Contaminant
481:
459:
454:
453:
450:
419:
402:
390:
382:
349:
338:
330:
326:accumulative
322:
311:
301:between the
296:
276:hydrocarbons
268:heavy metals
263:in each area
250:
232:
216:
189:
180:
172:
154:
148:
121:
86:attack on a
74:
36:storage and
26:
25:
15:
2132: /
2000:Gale Norton
1918:Shell Haven
1883:Plaza Shell
1729:Aera Energy
1448:20 November
1424:20 November
912:7 July 1995
876:Helmut Kohl
598:5.0 – 21.0
446:Nova Scotia
426:Helmut Kohl
363:conjectural
356:environment
316:and low in
2147:Categories
2042:Foundation
2031:Answer Man
1858:Brent Spar
1846:and places
1844:Facilities
1815:Jiffy Lube
1739:Brunei LNG
1683:MonteShell
1551:BBC Online
1007:References
880:John Major
846:9 May 1995
840:5 May 1995
743:L. pertusa
687:7800–9400
637:0.9 – 1.5
507:6.5 – 8.0
434:John Major
340:Greenpeace
291:beam trawl
261:topography
76:Greenpeace
68:waters at
54:Sullom Voe
27:Brent Spar
2010:Rob Routs
1754:Pearl GTL
1662:Shell USA
1597:Shell plc
1522:: 11–17.
1000:North Sea
884:G7 summit
836:services.
769:editorial
702:Mekjarvik
673:13,811.4
582:13,542.9
526:Aluminium
476:Aftermath
393:activists
370:precedent
318:abundance
314:diversity
196:sea birds
144:crude oil
132:displaced
108:Stavanger
101:Norwegian
31:North Sea
2090:Category
2038:(former)
1820:Pennzoil
1749:Oman LNG
1402:BBC News
1317:BBC News
1299:17830117
1289:16300800
1237:10604464
1202:BBC News
1162:"News".
1147:10 March
1097:Archived
866:Atlantic
781:Timeline
726:landfill
722:concrete
656:Titanium
572:1.0–3.8
466:mothball
415:Scotland
411:Aberdeen
305:and the
198:and the
66:Atlantic
58:Shetland
50:Shell UK
40:loading
2117:61°03′N
2100:Commons
1835:V-Power
1830:Rotella
1785:Cellana
1722:Current
1613:Current
1468:Sources
1384:4369687
1362:Bibcode
1269:Bibcode
1245:4431862
1172:Bibcode
805:1991–93
764:spent.
684:30,000
643:Silicon
617:Mercury
565:Cadmium
552:Bismuth
539:Arsenic
530:28,677
517:50,700
470:Erfjord
442:Halifax
124:oil rig
92:Germany
44:in the
2120:1°40′E
2047:Guides
1973:People
1808:Brands
1790:Motiva
1768:Former
1671:Former
1482:
1382:
1354:Nature
1296:
1287:
1243:
1235:
1217:Nature
1103:, 1999
774:Nature
728:site.
715:barges
630:Nickel
591:Indium
578:Copper
504:trace
376:world.
140:Orkney
112:Norway
38:tanker
1923:Shell
1443:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1380:S2CID
1293:INIST
1241:S2CID
1080:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
925:(DNV)
711:jacks
647:48.0
611:0.11
595:10.2
569:16.4
556:29.0
436:at a
299:basin
155:Scale
136:draft
104:fjord
84:arson
2036:Club
1868:Mars
1480:ISBN
1450:2012
1426:2012
1285:PMID
1233:PMID
1149:2005
793:1977
787:1976
669:Zinc
663:0.0
660:8.8
650:0.0
634:7.4
624:0.4
621:0.3
608:9.5
604:Lead
559:0.0
546:0.0
543:0.3
500:PCBs
278:and
218:the
151:PCBs
128:Esso
42:buoy
1625:QGC
1549:at
1524:doi
1520:113
1454:in
1370:doi
1358:375
1277:doi
1225:doi
1221:402
1180:doi
882:at
90:in
56:in
34:oil
2149::
1518:.
1504:.
1400:.
1378:.
1368:.
1356:.
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1336:12
1334:.
1315:.
1291:.
1283:.
1275:.
1265:52
1263:.
1239:.
1231:.
1219:.
1200:.
1178:.
1168:38
1166:.
1135:.
1117:.
1024:.
848::
457:"
444:,
438:G7
432:,
413:,
347:.
270:,
248:.
239:UK
114:.
110:,
1589:e
1582:t
1575:v
1530:.
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1372::
1364::
1301:.
1279::
1271::
1247:.
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1186:.
1182::
1174::
1151:.
1121:.
1026:7
886:.
213:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
