Binary star - Knowledge

1411: 1103: 852: 838: 866: 2145: 508: 290: 2086: 2425: 1271: 2331: 324: 958: 669: 6711: 6488: 455: 6749: 6773: 6737: 6761: 6499: 1273: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1278: 689:

front of the secondary. The deeper of the two eclipses is called the primary regardless of which star is being occulted, and if a shallow second eclipse also occurs it is called the secondary eclipse. The size of the brightness drops depends on the relative brightness of the two stars, the proportion of the occulted star that is hidden, and the

1279: 2236:", even takes this to a six-star system. In reality, some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly, being either ejected from the system altogether or transferred to a more inner or outer orbital range), whilst other orbits present serious challenges for eventual 27: 1275: 671: 675: 674: 670: 1281: 676: 222:), allowing him to calculate the distance to the near star. He would soon publish catalogs of about 700 double stars. By 1803, he had observed changes in the relative positions in a number of double stars over the course of 25 years, and concluded that, instead of showing parallax changes, they seemed to be 1282: 1283: 1280: 1493:

Binaries provide the best method for astronomers to determine the mass of a distant star. The gravitational pull between them causes them to orbit around their common center of mass. From the orbital pattern of a visual binary, or the time variation of the spectrum of a spectroscopic binary, the mass

819:

orbiting a star. However, the requirements to perform this measurement are very exacting, due to the great difference in the mass ratio, and the typically long period of the planet's orbit. Detection of position shifts of a star is a very exacting science, and it is difficult to achieve the necessary

636:

Binary stars that are both visual and spectroscopic binaries are rare and are a valuable source of information when found. About 40 are known. Visual binary stars often have large true separations, with periods measured in decades to centuries; consequently, they usually have orbital speeds too small

2211:

A study of fourteen previously known planetary systems found three of these systems to be binary systems. All planets were found to be in S-type orbits around the primary star. In these three cases the secondary star was much dimmer than the primary and so was not previously detected. This discovery

1084:

goes through an activity cycle, the outer layers of the star are subject to a magnetic torque changing the distribution of angular momentum, resulting in a change in the star's oblateness. The orbit of the stars in the binary pair is gravitationally coupled to their shape changes, so that the period

744:

detected by observing how the stars affect each other in three ways. The first is by observing extra light which the stars reflect from their companion. Second is by observing ellipsoidal light variations which are caused by deformation of the star's shape by their companions. The third method is by

3898:

Rowe, Jason F.; Borucki, William J.; Koch, David; Howell, Steve B.; Basri, Gibor; Batalha, Natalie; Brown, Timothy M.; Caldwell, Douglas; Cochran, William D.; Dunham, Edward; Dupree, Andrea K.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Gautier, Thomas N.; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Jenkins, Jon; Latham, David W.; Lissauer,

1425:

It is also possible for widely separated binaries to lose gravitational contact with each other during their lifetime, as a result of external perturbations. The components will then move on to evolve as single stars. A close encounter between two binary systems can also result in the gravitational

1088:

Another phenomenon observed in some Algol binaries has been monotonic period increases. This is quite distinct from the far more common observations of alternating period increases and decreases explained by the Applegate mechanism. Monotonic period increases have been attributed to mass transfer,

800:

measurements of the movement of the visible star over a sufficiently long period of time, information about the mass of the companion and its orbital period can be determined. Even though the companion is not visible, the characteristics of the system can be determined from the observations using

780:

The visible star's position is carefully measured and detected to vary, due to the gravitational influence from its counterpart. The position of the star is repeatedly measured relative to more distant stars, and then checked for periodic shifts in position. Typically this type of measurement can

688:

of an eclipsing binary is characterized by periods of practically constant light, with periodic drops in intensity when one star passes in front of the other. The brightness may drop twice during the orbit, once when the secondary passes in front of the primary and once when the primary passes in

580:

In some spectroscopic binaries, spectral lines from both stars are visible, and the lines are alternately double and single. Such a system is known as a double-lined spectroscopic binary (often denoted "SB2"). In other systems, the spectrum of only one of the stars is seen, and the lines in the

387:

of the telescope is an important factor in the detection of visual binaries, and as better angular resolutions are applied to binary star observations, an increasing number of visual binaries will be detected. The relative brightness of the two stars is also an important factor, as glare from a

265:

If, on the contrary, two stars should really be situated very near each other, and at the same time so far insulated as not to be materially affected by the attractions of neighbouring stars, they will then compose a separate system, and remain united by the bond of their own mutual gravitation

211:

cluster, and calculated that the likelihood of finding such a close grouping of stars was about one in half a million. He concluded that the stars in these double or multiple star systems might be drawn to one another by gravitational pull, thus providing the first evidence for the existence of

2489:

and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. Astronomically, Castor was discovered to be a visual binary in 1719. Each of the components of Castor is itself a spectroscopic binary. Castor also has a faint and widely separated companion, which is also a spectroscopic binary. The

637:

to be measured spectroscopically. Conversely, spectroscopic binary stars move fast in their orbits because they are close together, usually too close to be detected as visual binaries. Binaries that are found to be both visual and spectroscopic thus must be relatively close to Earth.

673: 711:

Since about 1995, measurement of extragalactic eclipsing binaries' fundamental parameters has become possible with 8-meter class telescopes. This makes it feasible to use them to directly measure the distances to external galaxies, a process that is more accurate than using

206:

became the first person to apply the mathematics of statistics to the study of the stars, demonstrating in a paper that many more stars occur in pairs or groups than a perfectly random distribution and chance alignment could account for. He focused his investigation on the

2357:

F0, the other (eclipsing) component is not visible. The last such eclipse occurred from 2009 to 2011, and it is hoped that the extensive observations that will likely be carried out may yield further insights into the nature of this system. Another eclipsing binary is

2168:

form. On the other hand, other simulations suggest that the presence of a binary companion can actually improve the rate of planet formation within stable orbital zones by "stirring up" the protoplanetary disk, increasing the accretion rate of the protoplanets within.

1796: 1781: 1768: 1757: 1745: 704:, and the relative sizes of the individual stars can be determined in terms of the radius of the orbit, by observing how quickly the brightness changes as the disc of the nearest star slides over the disc of the other star. If it is also a spectroscopic binary, the 584:

The orbit of a spectroscopic binary is determined by making a long series of observations of the radial velocity of one or both components of the system. The observations are plotted against time, and from the resulting curve a period is determined. If the orbit is

416:

of the secondary with respect to the primary is measured, together with the angular distance between the two stars. The time of observation is also recorded. After a sufficient number of observations are recorded over a period of time, they are plotted in

2240:

because of likely extreme variations in surface temperature during different parts of the orbit. Planets that orbit just one star in a binary system are said to have "S-type" orbits, whereas those that orbit around both stars have "P-type" or

2477:

of −0.01. This system also underscores the fact that no search for habitable planets is complete if binaries are discounted. Alpha Centauri A and B have an 11 AU distance at closest approach, and both should have stable habitable zones.

1649: 1501:

Because a large proportion of stars exist in binary systems, binaries are particularly important to our understanding of the processes by which stars form. In particular, the period and masses of the binary tell us about the amount of

1274: 1328:, in which the three stars are of comparable mass, is that eventually one of the three stars will be ejected from the system and, assuming no significant further perturbations, the remaining two will form a stable binary system. 1445:

gases from the star's outer atmosphere. These are compacted on the white dwarf's surface by its intense gravity, compressed and heated to very high temperatures as additional material is drawn in. The white dwarf consists of

1369:, thus being effectively lost to both components. Since the evolution of a star is determined by its mass, the process influences the evolution of both companions, and creates stages that cannot be attained by single stars. 1304:

rules out a single gravitating body capturing another) and the high number of binaries currently in existence, this cannot be the primary formation process. The observation of binaries consisting of stars not yet on the

1352:

of its companion star is larger than its own. The result is that matter will transfer from one star to another through a process known as Roche lobe overflow (RLOF), either being absorbed by direct impact or through an

2116:

Unfortunately, it is impossible to obtain the complete orbit of a spectroscopic binary unless it is also a visual or an eclipsing binary, so from these objects only a determination of the joint product of mass and the

907:

are binary stars where one of the components fills the binary star's Roche lobe and the other does not. Gas from the surface of the Roche-lobe-filling component (donor) is transferred to the other, accreting star. The

2121:

of the angle of inclination relative to the line of sight is possible. In the case of eclipsing binaries which are also spectroscopic binaries, it is possible to find a complete solution for the specifications (mass,

433:, and is the projection of the actual elliptical orbit of the secondary with respect to the primary on the plane of the sky. From this projected ellipse the complete elements of the orbit may be computed, where the 672: 2712:

Herschel, William (1803). "Account of the Changes That Have Happened, during the Last Twenty-Five Years, in the Relative Situation of Double-Stars; with an Investigation of the Cause to Which They Are Owing".

355:, by measuring a deviation in a star's position caused by an unseen companion. Any binary star can belong to several of these classes; for example, several spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing binaries. 1364:

If a star grows outside of its Roche lobe too fast for all abundant matter to be transferred to the other component, it is also possible that matter will leave the system through other Lagrange points or as

680:

This video shows an artist's impression of an eclipsing binary star system. As the two stars orbit each other they pass in front of one another and their combined brightness, seen from a distance, decreases.

78:. Many visual binaries have long orbital periods of several centuries or millennia and therefore have orbits which are uncertain or poorly known. They may also be detected by indirect techniques, such as 1157:

Double stars are also designated by an abbreviation giving the discoverer together with an index number. α Centauri, for example, was found to be double by Father Richaud in 1689, and so is designated

1386:: although components of a binary star form at the same time, and massive stars evolve much faster than the less massive ones, it was observed that the more massive component Algol A is still in the 1201:, are binary star systems composed of a late-type giant star and a hotter companion object. Since the nature of the companion is not well-established in all cases, it may be termed a "hot companion". 4648:

Muterspaugh; Lane; Kulkarni; Maciej Konacki; Burke; Colavita; Shao; Hartkopf; Boss (2010). "The PHASES Differential Astrometry Data Archive. V. Candidate Substellar Companions to Binary Systems".

1211:

has been determined to be a binary star system. The secondary appears to have a higher temperature than the primary and has therefore been described as being the "hot companion" star. It may be a

1458:, causing the enormous amount of energy liberated by this process to blow the remaining gases away from the white dwarf's surface. The result is an extremely bright outburst of light, known as a 2759:, proceedings of a conference sponsored by Chiang Mai University, Thai Astronomical Society and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 26 October-1 November 1995, 218:

began observing double stars in 1779, hoping to find a near star paired with a distant star so he could measure the near star's changing position as the Earth orbited the Sun (measure its

2164:

have plenty of planets, but only one-third of binary stars do. According to theoretical simulations, even widely separated binary stars often disrupt the discs of rocky grains from which

1723:

is the semimajor axis of the second body's orbit. When the center of mass is located within the more massive body, that body appears to wobble rather than following a discernible orbit.

3955:

van Kerkwijk, Marten H.; Rappaport, Saul A.; Breton, René P.; Justham, Stephen; Podsiadlowski, Philipp; Han, Zhanwen (2010). "Observations of Doppler Boosting in Kepler Light Curves".

769:

of the missing companion. The companion could be very dim, so that it is currently undetectable or masked by the glare of its primary, or it could be an object that emits little or no

765:

are relatively nearby stars which can be seen to wobble around a point in space, with no visible companion. The same mathematics used for ordinary binaries can be applied to infer the

1534: 1191:(Alpha Scorpii) is a red supergiant star in a binary system with a hotter blue main-sequence star Antares B. Antares B can therefore be termed a hot companion of the cool supergiant. 538:

in the light emitted from each star shifts first towards the blue, then towards the red, as each moves first towards us, and then away from us, during its motion about their common

4949: 6339: 2047:

of its orbit, with systems of short period having smaller eccentricity. Binary stars may be found with any conceivable separation, from pairs orbiting so closely that they are

2105:, this can be done only in binary and multiple star systems, making the binary stars an important class of stars. In the case of a visual binary star, after the orbit and the 266:

towards each other. This should be called a real double star; and any two stars that are thus mutually connected, form the binary sidereal system which we are now to consider.

286:. For most of the known visual binary stars one whole revolution has not been observed yet; rather, they are observed to have travelled along a curved path or a partial arc. 2254: 1498:. In this way, the relation between a star's appearance (temperature and radius) and its mass can be found, which allows for the determination of the mass of non-binaries. 708:

can also be determined, and the mass of the stars can be determined relatively easily, which means that the relative densities of the stars can be determined in this case.

2059:

of periods, with the majority of these systems orbiting with a period of about 100 years. This is supporting evidence for the theory that binary systems are formed during

3223:

Tal-Or, Lev; Faigler, Simchon; Mazeh, Tsevi (2014). "Seventy-two new non-eclipsing BEER binaries discovered in CoRoT lightcurves and confirmed by RVs from AAOmega".

1402:, and most of the mass was transferred to the other star, which is still in the main sequence. In some binaries similar to Algol, a gas flow can actually be seen. 245:, contains over 100,000 pairs of double stars, including optical doubles as well as binary stars. Orbits are known for only a few thousand of these double stars. 1028:

donor star or a white dwarf overflows the Roche lobe and falls towards the neutron star or black hole. Probably the best known example of an X-ray binary is the

4861:

Elisa V. Quintana; Fred C. Adams; Jack J. Lissauer; John E. Chambers (2007). "Terrestrial Planet Formation around Individual Stars within Binary Star Systems".

4565:

Kraus, Adam L.; Ireland, Michael; Mann, Andrew; Huber, Daniel; Dupuy, Trent J. (2017). "The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions on Planetary Systems".

303:

is used for pairs of stars which are seen to be close together in the sky. This distinction is rarely made in languages other than English. Double stars may be

1133:

may be used to denote the pair (for example, the binary star α Centauri AB consists of the stars α Centauri A and α Centauri B.) Additional letters, such as

1039:

for the maximum theoretical mass of a neutron star. It is therefore believed to be a black hole; it was the first object for which this was widely believed.

2172:

Detecting planets in multiple star systems introduces additional technical difficulties, which may be why they are only rarely found. Examples include the

649:

is a binary star system in which the orbital plane of the two stars lies so nearly in the line of sight of the observer that the components undergo mutual

545:

In these systems, the separation between the stars is usually very small, and the orbital velocity very high. Unless the plane of the orbit happens to be

3051: 3842:

Iping, Rosina C.; Sonneborn, George; Gull, Theodore R.; Massa, Derck L.; Hillier, D. John (2005). "Detection of a Hot Binary Companion of η Carinae".

375:

star is a binary star for which the angular separation between the two components is great enough to permit them to be observed as a double star in a

3379: 113:

If components in binary star systems are close enough, they can gravitationally distort each other's outer stellar atmospheres. In some cases, these

2400:

companion), SS Lacertae (an eclipsing binary which stopped eclipsing), V907 Sco (an eclipsing binary which stopped, restarted, then stopped again),

581:

spectrum shift periodically towards the blue, then towards red and back again. Such stars are known as single-lined spectroscopic binaries ("SB1").

307:

or may be merely two stars that appear to be close together in the sky but have vastly different true distances from the Sun. The latter are termed

2644:

This Month in Physics History, November 27, 1783: John Michell anticipates black holes, APS News, November 2009 (Volume 18, Number 10), www.aps.org

877:

Configurations of a binary star system with a mass ratio of 3. The black lines represent the inner critical Roche equipotentials, the Roche lobes.

4259: 70:

around each other. Binary stars in the night sky that are seen as a single object to the naked eye are often resolved as separate stars using a

3899:

Jack J.; Marcy, Geoff; Monet, David G.; Sasselov, Dimitar; Welsh, William F. (2010). "Kepler Observations of Transiting Hot Compact Objects".

3269: 2245:" orbits. It is estimated that 50–60% of binary systems are capable of supporting habitable terrestrial planets within stable orbital ranges. 796:

If the companion is sufficiently massive to cause an observable shift in position of the star, then its presence can be deduced. From precise

3094: 813: 1085:

shows modulations (typically on the order of ∆P/P ~ 10) on the same time scale as the activity cycles (typically on the order of decades).

3495: 2852:"Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens" 3775: 4012: 3710: 2755:

p. 291, French astronomers, visual double stars and the double stars working group of the Société Astronomique de France, E. Soulié,

6536: 3075: 2036:. That is, the likelihood of being in a binary or a multi-star system steadily increases as the masses of the components increase. 1036: 3752: 4966: 3287:

Asada, H.; Akasaka, T.; Kasai, M. (27 September 2004). "Inversion formula for determining parameters of an astrometric binary".

2101:

The mass of a star can be directly determined only from its gravitational attraction. Apart from the Sun and stars which act as

684:

Eclipsing binaries are variable stars, not because the light of the individual components vary but because of the eclipses. The

202:

Evidence that stars in pairs were more than just optical alignments came in 1767 when English natural philosopher and clergyman

4055: 3355: 2563: 2558: 1361:. It is not uncommon that the accretion disc is the brightest (and thus sometimes the only visible) element of a binary star. 1035:. In Cygnus X-1, the mass of the unseen companion is estimated to be about nine times that of the Sun, far exceeding the 6371: 4395: 4183: 4089: 4035: 3694: 3002: 2971: 2919: 2696: 2787: 1254: 1238: 2444:. Two components of the system eclipse each other, the variation in the intensity of Algol first being recorded in 1670 by 2110: 806: 426: 4927: 2536: 2139: 1410: 1145:

and is widely separated, it is possible that the members of the pair will be designated with superscripts; an example is

3517:

Iorio, Lorenzo (2008). "On the orbital and physical parameters of the HDE 226868 / Cygnus X-1 binary system".

2609: 2327:, astronomers determined Sirius B to be 12,000 km (7,456 mi) in diameter, with a mass that is 98% of the Sun. 633:

can be determined by other means, as in the case of eclipsing binaries, a complete solution for the orbit can be found.

409:; companion). If the stars are the same brightness, the discoverer designation for the primary is customarily accepted. 6597: 6346: 5665: 2665: 2628: 1102: 339:

Binary stars are classified into four types according to the way in which they are observed: visually, by observation;

3736: 2109:

of the system has been determined, the combined mass of the two stars may be obtained by a direct application of the

901:

the stars have no major effect on each other, and essentially evolve separately. Most binaries belong to this class.

494: 1300:

between two single stars, given the very low likelihood of such an event (three objects being actually required, as

1250: 1234: 2810: 732:. Eclipsing binaries offer a direct method to gauge the distance to galaxies to an improved 5% level of accuracy. 274:

is generally restricted to pairs of stars which revolve around a common center of mass. Binary stars which can be

6058: 3783: 3760: 2818: 2795: 1473:

that destroys the entire star, another possible cause for runaways. An example of such an event is the supernova

242: 2396:

and the eighth-brightest star in the night time sky, which is a binary consisting of the main star with a faint

2024:

are binary or multiple, with the remaining two thirds being single stars. The overall multiplicity frequency of

507: 6351: 5988: 5972: 5007: 4126: 4109: 2233: 1162: 989: 476: 238: 2268:

one of the easiest observable visual binaries. The brightest member, which is the third-brightest star in the

2040: 1737:

The red cross marks the center of mass of the system. These images do not represent any specific real system.

1080:

The Applegate mechanism explains long term orbital period variations seen in certain eclipsing binaries. As a

6602: 6398: 6265: 3055: 4551: 3018: 6660: 6529: 6381: 6332: 6307: 5600: 1761:(b) Two bodies with a difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter, like the Charon–Pluto system 472: 3272:. National Center for Supercomputing Applications. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Archived from 3160:

Bonanos, Alceste Z. (2006). "Eclipsing binaries: Tools for calibrating the extragalactic distance scale".

2494:

visual binary in Ursa Majoris also consists of six stars: four comprising Mizar and two comprising Alcor.

6609: 6577: 6322: 6302: 4263: 2405: 2051:

with each other, to pairs so distantly separated that their connection is indicated only by their common

20: 5685: 3954: 851: 293:

Eclipsing binary showing different phases of the smaller secondary relative to the primary star (center)

6727: 6386: 6317: 6287: 4710: 2074:. In systems where the brightnesses are different, the fainter star is bluer if the brighter star is a 1507: 180: 2404:(an eclipsing binary which is thought to contain a black hole with a K0 star in orbit around it), and 1785:(d) Two bodies with an extreme difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter (similar to the 6393: 6270: 6247: 5829: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 4806: 4122: 3570: 1510:

in physics, binaries give us important clues about the conditions under which the stars were formed.

1258: 1242: 993: 962: 770: 749:

affects the apparent magnitude of the stars. Detecting binaries with these methods requires accurate

304: 4466: 3340: 3192: 837: 549:

to the line of sight, the orbital velocities have components in the line of sight, and the observed

5536: 5410: 5045: 4701:

Daemgen, S.; Hormuth, F.; Brandner, W.; Bergfors, C.; Janson, M.; Hippler, S.; Henning, T. (2009).

4595:

Elisa V. Quintana; Jack J. Lissauer (2007). "Terrestrial Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems".

4277:

Hoogerwerf, R.; de Bruijne, J.H.J.; de Zeeuw, P.T. (December 2000). "The Origin of Runaway Stars".

4026:

Boss, A. P. (1992). "Formation of Binary Stars". In J. Sahade; G. E. McCluskey; Yoji Kondo (eds.).

3795: 3273: 2316: 2029: 1772:(c) Two bodies with a major difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter (similar to the 1442: 865: 2409: 6522: 6312: 6063: 5862: 5772: 5732: 5714: 5640: 5211: 5137: 4633: 3841: 3098: 2771: 2470: 2441: 2144: 2056: 1005: 981: 662: 465: 418: 289: 159:, a pair of stars that appear close to each other, have been observed since the invention of the 4105: 1644:{\displaystyle r_{1}=a\cdot {\frac {m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}={\frac {a}{1+{\frac {m_{1}}{m_{2}}}}},} 1426:

disruption of both systems, with some of the stars being ejected at high velocities, leading to

6473: 6453: 6225: 6220: 6118: 6013: 5962: 5767: 5757: 5430: 5228: 5196: 5087: 5070: 3187: 2938: 2655: 2486: 2378: 2374: 2354: 2350: 2324: 2288: 2272: 2157: 2118: 2071: 1482: 1301: 1225:

has discovered examples of eclipsing binary stars where the secondary is the hotter component.

1205: 1141:, etc., may be used for systems with more than two stars. In cases where the binary star has a 1029: 1025: 1017: 1013: 750: 741: 721: 717: 590: 348: 237:

Over the years, many more double stars have been catalogued and measured. As of June 2017, the

35: 4860: 3503: 2315:

discovered the companion (Sirius B; the visible star is Sirius A). In 1915 astronomers at the

2148:

Schematic of a binary star system with one planet on an S-type orbit and one on a P-type orbit

6793: 6714: 6587: 6327: 6297: 6292: 6282: 6210: 5998: 5164: 3749: 2526: 2085: 1773: 1415: 1297: 1009: 985: 694: 94:). If a binary star happens to orbit in a plane along our line of sight, its components will 5445: 4980: 4932: 4733: 4702: 4506: 4437: 3897: 3772: 3540: 883:

Another classification is based on the distance between the stars, relative to their sizes:

6691: 6468: 6366: 6356: 6205: 6173: 5967: 5762: 5747: 5060: 4880: 4825: 4729: 4667: 4614: 4574: 4502: 4433: 4375: 4296: 4222: 4148: 3974: 3918: 3861: 3816: 3645: 3608: 3536: 3460: 3398: 3306: 3179: 3132: 3103: 2863: 2767: 2424: 2156:, such systems are comparatively rare compared to single star systems. Observations by the 2044: 1786: 1495: 746: 598: 4954: 4537: 3714: 601:

of the ellipse and the orientation of the major axis with reference to the line of sight.

226:

each other in binary systems. The first orbit of a binary star was computed in 1827, when

8: 6798: 6777: 6645: 5928: 5911: 5582: 5484: 5307: 4975: 3435: 3032: 2837: 2591: 2531: 2445: 2242: 2055:

through space. Among gravitationally bound binary star systems, there exists a so-called

1466: 1212: 1075: 821: 697:) of the stars. Typically the occultation of the hotter star causes the primary eclipse. 99: 6068: 4884: 4829: 4776: 4671: 4618: 4578: 4445: 4379: 4300: 4226: 4152: 3978: 3922: 3865: 3820: 3797:– see essential notes: "Hot companion to Antares at 2.9arcsec; estimated period: 678yr." 3649: 3612: 3464: 3402: 3310: 3183: 3136: 3079: 2867: 6765: 6753: 6650: 6463: 6424: 6376: 6361: 6275: 6215: 6138: 6048: 6018: 6008: 5952: 5874: 5565: 5201: 5000: 4896: 4870: 4843: 4815: 4745: 4719: 4683: 4679: 4657: 4604: 4564: 4518: 4492: 4449: 4423: 4365: 4312: 4286: 4240: 4212: 3990: 3964: 3934: 3930: 3908: 3877: 3851: 3661: 3552: 3526: 3476: 3450: 3416: 3388: 3322: 3296: 3250: 3232: 3205: 3169: 2881: 2738: 2730: 2616:, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Bononiae: Ex typographia haeredis Victorij Benatij, 1651. 2474: 2312: 2300: 2153: 2102: 2094: 2067: 2025: 1325: 1081: 930: 690: 574: 534:

on its emitted light. In these cases, the binary consists of a pair of stars where the

384: 275: 184: 4963: 2440:

is the most noted ternary (long thought to be a binary), located in the constellation

2264:

The large distance between the components, as well as their difference in color, make

6414: 5839: 5812: 5792: 5592: 5376: 5364: 5191: 5171: 5125: 5107: 5075: 4522: 4453: 4391: 4244: 4179: 4160: 4085: 4031: 3986: 3938: 3881: 3732: 3690: 3665: 3411: 3374: 3254: 2998: 2967: 2915: 2742: 2692: 2661: 2521: 2461:), which was probably given due to its peculiar behavior. Another visible ternary is 1447: 1383: 1341: 1142: 942: 816: 729: 523: 145: 121: 5899: 4900: 4847: 4687: 4059: 3994: 3420: 3359: 3326: 3209: 2212:

resulted in a recalculation of parameters for both the planet and the primary star.

1321:

is an acceptable explanation for the formation of a binary or multiple star system.

615:. However, the product of the semi-major axis and the sine of the inclination (i.e. 6741: 6624: 6582: 6242: 6195: 6145: 6133: 6111: 6106: 6033: 5993: 5940: 5722: 5645: 5620: 5514: 5435: 5159: 5120: 4888: 4833: 4749: 4737: 4675: 4510: 4441: 4383: 4316: 4304: 4230: 4156: 3982: 3926: 3869: 3824: 3653: 3616: 3556: 3544: 3480: 3468: 3406: 3314: 3246: 3242: 3197: 3140: 2871: 2722: 2485:

is a sextuple star system, which is the second-brightest star in the constellation

2330: 2308: 1503: 1358: 1059: 1016:

according to the mass of the donor star. High-mass X-ray binaries contain a young,

761:

Astronomers have discovered some stars that seemingly orbit around an empty space.

725: 705: 258: 231: 215: 137: 4741: 3686: 3680: 2994: 2988: 2794:, Brian D. Mason, Gary L. Wycoff, and William I. Hartkopf, Astrometry Department, 6429: 6232: 6101: 5945: 5916: 5857: 5852: 5727: 5455: 5420: 5354: 5300: 5295: 5240: 5050: 4970: 4944: 4514: 4360:

Fender, R. (2002). "Relativistic Outflows from X-ray Binaries ('Microquasars')".

4051: 3779: 2963: 2953: 2911: 2905: 2814: 2791: 2784: 2688: 2682: 2632: 2613: 2547: 2491: 2449: 2346: 2215: 1357:. The mathematical point through which this transfer happens is called the first 1314: 946: 912:

dominates the evolution of the system. In many cases, the inflowing gas forms an

802: 735: 713: 605: 550: 434: 388:

bright star may make it difficult to detect the presence of a fainter component.

188: 4139:

Boyle, C.B. (1984). "Mass transfer and accretion in close binaries – A review".

553:

of the system varies periodically. Since radial velocity can be measured with a

227: 6640: 6491: 6257: 6096: 5923: 5894: 5869: 5802: 5491: 5359: 5245: 5147: 5037: 5027: 4838: 4801: 2552: 2462: 2060: 2048: 1689: 1451: 1354: 1310: 1222: 1194: 1063: 1047: 997: 957: 938: 921: 913: 558: 539: 531: 413: 323: 279: 4964:

Selected visual double stars and their relative position as a function of time

4199:

Chen, Z; A. Frank; E. G. Blackman; J. Nordhaus; J. Carroll-Nellenback (2017).

3548: 3472: 3201: 2757:

The Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development of Binary Star Research

2299:

is another binary and the brightest star in the night time sky, with a visual

1024:, while low-mass X-ray binaries are semidetached binaries in which gas from a 996:, where the compact object is a white dwarf, are examples of such systems. In 399:

In some publications (especially older ones), a faint secondary is called the

26: 6787: 6696: 6681: 6443: 6237: 6200: 6168: 6043: 5752: 5575: 5546: 5524: 5142: 5115: 5092: 4993: 4939: 3756: 3121:"Eclipsing binary solutions in physical units and direct distance estimation" 2603: 2516: 2482: 2433: 2385: 2381: 2292: 2269: 2079: 2052: 1820: 1699:

is the semimajor axis of the first body's orbit around the center of mass or

1395: 1387: 1378: 1337: 1306: 1146: 909: 898: 786: 562: 546: 535: 371: 364: 344: 116: 4800:

Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Thompson, Ian B.; Casey, Andrew R. (5 November 2018).

4387: 3318: 2625: 1450:

and so is largely unresponsive to heat, while the accreted hydrogen is not.

897:

of the star itself is larger than that of the other component. While on the

700:

An eclipsing binary's period of orbit may be determined from a study of its

6655: 6592: 6572: 6567: 6503: 6178: 6128: 6123: 6023: 5906: 5889: 5847: 5817: 5807: 5742: 5625: 5570: 5551: 5531: 5509: 5501: 5344: 5337: 5176: 5097: 5080: 4235: 4200: 2876: 2726: 2401: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2165: 2033: 1817: 1749:(a) Two bodies of similar mass orbiting around a common center of mass, or 1427: 1366: 1021: 1001: 977: 969: 925:

is a type of binary star in which both components of the binary fill their

774: 657:

of the system is known, the binary is quite valuable for stellar analysis.

554: 340: 203: 79: 4921: 3713:. Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California. Archived from 625:) may be determined directly in linear units (e.g. kilometres). If either 6676: 6614: 6548: 6419: 6083: 6073: 6053: 6028: 5957: 5879: 5635: 5610: 5605: 5519: 5479: 5440: 5405: 5388: 5383: 5055: 4875: 4497: 4370: 4291: 3856: 3455: 3301: 3174: 2510: 2504: 2397: 2393: 2338: 2320: 2304: 2275:, is actually a close binary itself. Also in the Cygnus constellation is 2197: 2173: 2017: 1478: 1434: 1349: 1230: 1208: 1051: 973: 894: 701: 685: 519: 299: 156: 106:, or, together with other binaries that change brightness as they orbit, 55: 39: 4703:"Binarity of transit host stars – Implications for planetary parameters" 2807: 1089:

usually (but not always) from the less massive to the more massive star

6686: 6003: 5700: 5673: 5650: 5630: 5615: 5467: 5371: 5349: 5327: 5322: 5186: 4763: 3807:

Kenyon, S. J.; Webbink, R. F. (1984). "The nature of symbiotic stars".

3657: 3222: 2359: 2284: 2276: 2127: 2075: 1844: 1732: 1526: 1438: 1399: 1345: 1296:

While it is not impossible that some binaries might be created through

1107: 1055: 1032: 926: 890: 797: 716:. By 2006, they had been used to give direct distance estimates to the 479: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 380: 352: 176: 172: 133: 129: 87: 4173: 2885: 2734: 937:

that surrounds both stars. As the friction of the envelope brakes the

653:. In the case where the binary is also a spectroscopic binary and the 6190: 6038: 5822: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5737: 5690: 5680: 5474: 5450: 5425: 5332: 5283: 5216: 5206: 5181: 5154: 5130: 5065: 4647: 4414:

Duchêne, Gaspard; Kraus, Adam (August 2013), "Stellar Multiplicity",

4198: 2959: 2466: 2413: 2362:, which is a semidetached binary star system in the constellation of 2334: 2237: 2228: 2201: 2189: 2021: 1470: 1455: 1318: 1198: 570: 376: 328: 160: 71: 4480: 2851: 2660:. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 4–9. 2222:

of binary or ternary stars as a setting, for example, George Lucas'

1465:

In extreme cases this event can cause the white dwarf to exceed the

1173:

The secondary star in a binary star system may be designated as the

454: 124:

to stages that single stars cannot attain. Examples of binaries are

6183: 5884: 5558: 5317: 5290: 4892: 4820: 4308: 4217: 3873: 3828: 3773:

References and discoverer codes, The Washington Double Star Catalog

3621: 3596: 3145: 3120: 2541: 2370: 2223: 2185: 2106: 2090: 1419: 1391: 1348:, meaning that some of its matter ventures into a region where the 1287:

Artist's impression of the evolution of a hot high-mass binary star

654: 438: 327:

Edge-on disc of gas and dust present around the binary star system

219: 208: 6514: 4916: 4724: 4662: 4609: 4428: 4056:"The Formation of Common-Envelope, Pre-Main-Sequence Binary Stars" 3969: 3913: 3636:

Hall, Douglas S. (1989). "The relation between RS CVn and Algol".

3531: 3393: 3237: 6458: 5933: 5695: 5462: 5415: 5398: 5393: 5312: 4594: 4257: 2389: 2265: 2258: 2123: 1801: 1513: 1474: 1246: 1226: 1188: 650: 594: 569:. Most of these cannot be resolved as a visual binary, even with 422: 95: 63: 4345:

Icko, I. (1986). "Binary Star Evolution and Type I Supernovae".

3375:"Galactic distribution of merging neutron stars and black holes" 2152:

While a number of binary star systems have been found to harbor

2089:

Artist's impression of the planets orbiting the primary star of

781:

only be performed on nearby stars, such as those within 10

6562: 6448: 6436: 5655: 5541: 4958: 2384:

stars, 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B, which is known for its large

2296: 2219: 2177: 782: 586: 125: 31: 4700: 1398:: when the more massive star became a subgiant, it filled its 736:

Non-eclipsing binaries that can be detected through photometry

4981:

OGLE Atlas of Variable Star Light Curves - Eclipsing binaries

4364:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 589. pp. 101–122. 3597:"A mechanism for orbital period modulation in close binaries" 2457: 2437: 2280: 1373: 1181:, depending on its temperature relative to the primary star. 820:

precision. Space telescopes can avoid the blurring effect of

658: 530:

Sometimes, the only evidence of a binary star comes from the

515: 511: 401: 223: 192: 168: 164: 67: 4276: 1394:

at a later evolutionary stage. The paradox can be solved by

6545: 5797: 5016: 3806: 3574: 2363: 1677: 1525:

from the center of the first star to the center of mass or

1459: 1218: 1113:

The components of binary stars are denoted by the suffixes

952: 766: 421:

with the primary star at the origin, and the most probable

196: 141: 59: 6498: 4802:"An Ultra Metal-poor Star Near the Hydrogen-burning Limit" 3500:

A Systematic Search of New X-ray Pulsators in ROSAT Fields

2253: 2160:

have shown that most single stars of the same type as the

665:, contains the best-known example of an eclipsing binary. 199:, was discovered to be double by Father Fontenay in 1685. 6163: 2856:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2715:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2161: 1795: 1780: 1767: 1756: 1744: 4985: 4201:"Mass Transfer and Disc Formation in AGB Binary Systems" 4050: 2130:, and approximate shape) of both members of the system. 1454:

can occur in a stable manner on the surface through the

4799: 4174:

Vanbeveren, D.; W. van Rensbergen; C. de Loore (2001).

2428:

Planet lost in the glare of binary stars (illustration)

1485:

recently took a picture of the remnants of this event.

992:, causing the gas to become hotter and emit radiation. 38:

photograph from 2005, with Sirius A in the center, and

136:). Binary stars are also common as the nuclei of many 6725: 4478: 2481:

There are also examples of systems beyond ternaries:

1537: 1494:

of its stars can be determined, for example with the

518:. This animation was assembled from 55 images of the 4567:

American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #229

4262:. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from 3433: 3097:. Stephen F. Austin State University. Archived from 3078:. Stephen F. Austin State University. Archived from 2910:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 2016:

It is estimated that approximately one third of the

1660:

is the distance between the two stellar centers, and

1249:

is a 13,000 K white dwarf companion of KOI-81 (

889:

are binary stars where each component is within its

565:, the binaries detected in this manner are known as 351:, by changes in brightness caused by an eclipse; or 241:, a database of visual double stars compiled by the 4917:

IAU Commission G1: Binary and Multiple Star Systems

3685:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 3162:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

3159: 2993:. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht. p. 2687:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 1020:, high-mass donor star which transfers mass by its 4258:Blondin, J. M.; M. T. Richards; M. L. Malinowski. 1643: 1149:, whose components are ζ Reticuli and ζ Reticuli. 789:, so astrometric binaries will appear to follow a 441:, and hence the distance, of the system is known. 437:can only be expressed in angular units unless the 4205:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4013:"Planet-hunting telescope unearths hot mysteries" 3380:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 3286: 2513:, "double star", about 240 light-years from Earth 2416:, and containing one of the oldest known stars). 2323:, the first to be discovered. In 2005, using the 2078:, and redder if the brighter star belongs to the 1309:supports the theory that binaries develop during 6785: 1800:(e) Two bodies with similar mass orbiting in an 1692:of the orbit of one body around the other, then 4928:Pictures and news of binaries at Hubblesite.org 4481:"Binary Star Formation from Ring Fragmentation" 3950: 3948: 604:It is impossible to determine individually the 4469:, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 4409: 4407: 3588: 2808:Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars 2337:, the third closest star system, contains two 2257:The two visibly distinguishable components of 1514:Calculating the center of mass in binary stars 1437:has a close companion star that overflows its 1331: 1106:Artist's impression of the binary star system 827: 6530: 5001: 4006: 4004: 2619: 2544:, a spectroscopic binary with a 3rd component 2303:of −1.46. It is located in the constellation 1161:. These discoverer codes can be found in the 4793: 4590: 4588: 4413: 4058:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 3945: 3358:. San Diego State University. Archived from 3118: 3031: 2635:, Leos Ondra, accessed on line May 26, 2007. 2432:Systems with more than two stars are termed 1726: 1058:), but also hundreds of thousands of years ( 785:. Nearby stars often have a relatively high 425:is drawn through these points such that the 391:The brighter star of a visual binary is the 4416:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4404: 4332:Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4030:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 355. 3731:, Bob Argyle, ed., London: Springer, 2004, 3153: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2829: 2827: 429:is satisfied. This ellipse is known as the 6537: 6523: 5008: 4994: 4010: 4001: 3748:Entry 14396-6050, discoverer code RHD 1AB, 3372: 3112: 2817:, William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason, 2766:(1997), ed. Kam-Ching Leung, pp. 291–294, 2448:. The name Algol means "demon star" (from 2311:deduced that Sirius was a binary. In 1862 2066:In pairs where the two stars are of equal 2039:There is a direct correlation between the 1152: 812:This method of detecting binaries is also 740:Nearby non-eclipsing binaries can also be 4874: 4837: 4819: 4723: 4694: 4661: 4646:More circumbinary planets are listed in: 4608: 4585: 4496: 4427: 4369: 4290: 4234: 4216: 3968: 3912: 3855: 3629: 3620: 3594: 3530: 3454: 3410: 3392: 3300: 3236: 3191: 3173: 3144: 2933: 2931: 2875: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2419: 2392:(the brightest star in the constellation 542:, with the period of their common orbit. 495:Learn how and when to remove this message 444: 334: 120:can exchange mass, which may bring their 4948:) is being considered for deletion. See 4774: 4631: 4329: 4260:"Mass Transfer in the Binary Star Algol" 3672: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3025: 2892: 2849: 2824: 2711: 2423: 2329: 2252: 2143: 2084: 1409: 1269: 1101: 956: 953:Cataclysmic variables and X-ray binaries 824:, resulting in more precise resolution. 667: 597:, the shape of the curve depends on the 506: 322: 288: 25: 4479:Hubber, D. A.; A. P. Whitworth (2005). 4125:" by Jeff Bryant with Waylena McCully, 3893: 3891: 3502:(Ph.D. thesis). Trieste. Archived from 2945: 2570: 2353:. The visible component belongs to the 2291:, with the optical counterpart being a 1069: 988:onto the compact object. This releases 756: 611:and the inclination of the orbit plane 395:star, and the dimmer is considered the 16:System of two stars orbiting each other 6786: 4359: 3678: 3493: 3434:Smith, Robert Connon (November 2006). 2986: 2951: 2928: 2903: 2783:"Introduction and Growth of the WDS", 2680: 2674: 2653: 2576: 2564:Two-body problem in general relativity 2559:Rotational Brownian motion (astronomy) 1793: 1518:In a simple binary case, the distance 1390:, while the less massive Algol B is a 1121:appended to the system's designation, 984:, gas from the other (donor) star can 257:was first used in this context by Sir 42:, Sirius B, to the left bottom from it 6518: 4989: 4634:"Planets with Two Suns Likely Common" 4535: 4138: 4079: 4028:The Realm of Interacting Binary Stars 3516: 3062: 2647: 2345:An example of an eclipsing binary is 1405: 1000:, the compact object can be either a 640: 4344: 4123:Mass Transfer in Binary Star Systems 4025: 3888: 3729:Observing and Measuring Double Stars 3635: 3054:. Cornell University. Archived from 1810: 526:, sorted according to orbital phase. 477:adding citations to reliable sources 448: 6544: 4924:for amateurs, with orbital elements 4446:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102602 4011:Borenstein, Seth (4 January 2010). 3786:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008. 3763:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2821:, accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2798:, accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2537:Habitability of binary star systems 2465:, in the southern constellation of 2453: 2369:Other interesting binaries include 2140:Habitability of binary star systems 1008:. These binaries are classified as 270:By the modern definition, the term 102:each other; these pairs are called 13: 6598:List of most massive star clusters 4777:"Hubble finds mass of white dwarf" 4362:Relativistic Flows in Astrophysics 3750:The Washington Double Star Catalog 3711:"Binary and Multiple Star Systems" 3494:Israel, Gian Luca (October 1996). 3353: 3073: 3049: 2785:The Washington Double Star Catalog 1344:, it may at some point exceed its 358: 318: 140:, and are the progenitors of both 14: 6810: 4952:to help reach a consensus. › 4910: 3901:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 3092: 1506:in the system. Because this is a 1372:Studies of the eclipsing ternary 1042: 183:in 1650 (and probably earlier by 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6710: 6709: 6497: 6487: 6486: 4976:AAVSO Eclipsing Binaries section 4922:List of the best visual binaries 3412:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06616.x 3267: 3021:. Astronomy. Cornell University. 1794: 1779: 1766: 1755: 1743: 1441:, the white dwarf will steadily 1054:), or a few days (components of 1037:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 968:When a binary system contains a 864: 850: 836: 453: 212:binary stars and star clusters. 179:), was observed to be double by 74:, in which case they are called 4854: 4768: 4756: 4640: 4625: 4558: 4544: 4529: 4472: 4467:Most Milky Way Stars Are Single 4460: 4353: 4338: 4323: 4270: 4251: 4192: 4167: 4132: 4115: 4098: 4073: 4044: 4019: 3835: 3800: 3789: 3784:United States Naval Observatory 3766: 3761:United States Naval Observatory 3742: 3721: 3703: 3563: 3510: 3487: 3427: 3373:Voss, R.; Tauris, T.M. (2003). 3366: 3347: 3333: 3280: 3270:"Binary neutron star collision" 3261: 3216: 3119:Wilson, R.E. (1 January 2008). 3086: 3043: 3011: 2980: 2843: 2840:, New York: Dover, 1964, p. ix. 2819:United States Naval Observatory 2801: 2796:United States Naval Observatory 2373:(a binary in the constellation 2319:determined that Sirius B was a 1488: 1168: 1092: 464:needs additional citations for 243:United States Naval Observatory 132:(Cygnus X-1 being a well-known 4330:Prialnik, D. (2001). "Novae". 4127:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 4110:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 3519:Astrophysics and Space Science 3039:. New York: Dover. p. 41. 2777: 2749: 2705: 2638: 2597: 2594:, New York: Dover, 1964, p. 1. 2555:, a type of binary star system 1163:Washington Double Star Catalog 1050:can be less than an hour (for 990:gravitational potential energy 661:, a triple star system in the 239:Washington Double Star Catalog 1: 6603:List of largest star clusters 6399:Timeline of stellar astronomy 4937: 4106:Contact Binary Star Envelopes 3601:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 3496:"Neutron Star X-ray binaries" 2654:Aitken, Robert Grant (1935). 1340:increases in size during its 4680:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1657 4485:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4161:10.1016/0083-6656(84)90007-2 3931:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/L150 3595:Applegate, James H. (1992). 3247:10.1051/epjconf/201510106063 2962:Publishing Company. p. 2070:, they are also of the same 1816:Multiplicity likelihood for 1739: 1291: 1265: 929:. The uppermost part of the 248: 191:). The bright southern star 151: 7: 6610:Hypercompact stellar system 6578:Hypercompact stellar system 6059:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 4775:McGourty, C. (2005-12-14). 4742:10.1051/0004-6361/200810988 4632:Schirber, M (17 May 2005). 4054:; J. E. Cazes; H. S. Cohl. 2497: 2248: 1804:around a common barycenter 1332:Mass transfer and accretion 963:cataclysmic variable system 941:, the stars may eventually 828:Configuration of the system 30:The well-known binary star 21:Binary Star (hip hop group) 19:For the hip hop group, see 10: 6815: 5973:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 4711:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4538:"Birth and Death of Stars" 4515:10.1051/0004-6361:20042428 3987:10.1088/0004-637X/715/1/51 3343:. University of Tennessee. 2941:. University of Tennessee. 2850:Herschel, William (1802). 2473:in the night sky, with an 2283:source considered to be a 2232:, and one notable story, " 2137: 2133: 1778: 1765: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1129:the secondary. The suffix 1097: 1073: 994:Cataclysmic variable stars 893:, i.e. the area where the 362: 181:Giovanni Battista Riccioli 18: 6705: 6669: 6633: 6555: 6482: 6407: 6256: 6154: 6082: 5981: 5838: 5713: 5591: 5500: 5236: 5227: 5106: 5036: 5023: 5015: 4933:Chandra X-ray Observatory 4807:The Astrophysical Journal 3957:The Astrophysical Journal 3844:The Astrophysical Journal 3573:. Imagine the Universe!. 3549:10.1007/s10509-008-9839-y 3473:10.1080/00107510601181175 3202:10.1017/S1743921307003845 3125:The Astrophysical Journal 2475:apparent visual magnitude 2043:of a binary star and the 1727:Center-of-mass animations 1259:B-type main-sequence star 1243:A-type main-sequence star 1125:denoting the primary and 961:Artist's conception of a 905:Semidetached binary stars 771:electromagnetic radiation 343:, by periodic changes in 163:. Early examples include 6352:With multiple exoplanets 4950:templates for discussion 4839:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97 4650:The Astronomical Journal 4487:(Submitted manuscript). 3445:(Submitted manuscript). 3076:"Eclipsing Binary Stars" 2604:Vol. 1, part 1, p. 422, 2317:Mount Wilson Observatory 2030:monotonically increasing 1477:, which was observed by 1317:during the formation of 1257:), a 10,000 K late 1241:), a 9,400 K early 573:of the highest existing 261:in 1802, when he wrote: 5138:Asymptotic giant branch 4734:2009A&A...498..567D 4540:. University of Oregon. 4507:2005A&A...437..113H 4438:2013ARA&A..51..269D 4388:10.1007/3-540-46025-X_6 3541:2008Ap&SS.315..335I 3436:"Cataclysmic Variables" 2406:2MASS J18082002−5104378 2057:log normal distribution 1313:. Fragmentation of the 1153:Discoverer designations 593:curve. If the orbit is 379:, or even high-powered 6474:Tidal disruption event 5963:Circumstellar envelope 5197:Luminous blue variable 4347:Cosmogonical Processes 4176:The Brightest Binaries 3679:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 3341:"Astrometric Binaries" 3289:Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 3225:EPJ Web of Conferences 2987:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2952:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2904:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2877:10.1098/rstl.1802.0021 2727:10.1098/rstl.1803.0015 2681:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2429: 2420:Multiple-star examples 2342: 2325:Hubble Space Telescope 2289:high-mass X-ray binary 2261: 2158:Kepler space telescope 2149: 2111:Keplerian harmonic law 2098: 2049:practically in contact 1645: 1483:Hubble Space Telescope 1422: 1302:conservation of energy 1288: 1206:luminous blue variable 1110: 1030:high-mass X-ray binary 965: 681: 589:, then the curve is a 567:spectroscopic binaries 527: 445:Spectroscopic binaries 427:Keplerian law of areas 335:Methods of observation 331: 297:The more general term 294: 268: 230:computed the orbit of 84:spectroscopic binaries 43: 6715:Category:Star systems 6588:Dark globular cluster 5999:Effective temperature 4863:Astrophysical Journal 4597:Extreme Solar Systems 4552:"Binary Star Motions" 4334:. pp. 1846–1856. 4279:Astrophysical Journal 3809:Astrophysical Journal 3638:Space Science Reviews 3319:10.1093/pasj/56.6.L35 2761:ASP Conference Series 2469:, which contains the 2427: 2349:in the constellation 2333: 2256: 2147: 2088: 1646: 1413: 1298:gravitational capture 1286: 1233:companion of KOI-74 ( 1105: 960: 916:around the accretor. 793:path across the sky. 695:effective temperature 679: 663:constellation Perseus 647:eclipsing binary star 510: 326: 292: 282:methods are known as 263: 29: 6469:Planet-hosting stars 6347:With resolved images 6318:Historical brightest 6248:Photometric-standard 6174:Solar radio emission 5968:Eddington luminosity 5748:Triple-alpha process 5686:Thorne–Żytkow object 5061:Young stellar object 4554:. Cornell Astronomy. 4236:10.1093/mnras/stx680 3506:on 10 December 2008. 3443:Contemporary Physics 3108:on 3 September 2003. 2571:Notes and references 2471:third-brightest star 2103:gravitational lenses 2041:period of revolution 1535: 1496:binary mass function 1414:Artist rendering of 1070:Variations in period 763:Astrometric binaries 757:Astrometric binaries 747:relativistic beaming 524:near-infrared H-band 520:CHARA interferometer 473:improve this article 278:with a telescope or 108:photometric binaries 92:astrometric binaries 6646:Stellar association 6293:Highest temperature 6064:Color–color diagram 5929:Protoplanetary disk 5733:Proton–proton chain 5411:Chemically peculiar 4885:2007ApJ...660..807Q 4830:2018ApJ...867...98S 4672:2010AJ....140.1657M 4619:2008ASPC..398..201Q 4579:2017AAS...22921905K 4380:2002LNP...589..101F 4301:2000ApJ...544L.133H 4227:2017MNRAS.468.4465C 4153:1984VA.....27..149B 4141:Vistas in Astronomy 4084:. Kluwer Academic. 3979:2010ApJ...715...51V 3923:2010ApJ...713L.150R 3866:2005ApJ...633L..37I 3821:1984ApJ...279..252K 3650:1989SSRv...50..219H 3613:1992ApJ...385..621A 3465:2007astro.ph..1654S 3403:2003MNRAS.342.1169V 3311:2004PASJ...56L..35A 3184:2007IAUS..240...79B 3137:2008ApJ...672..575W 2868:1802RSPT...92..477H 2838:Robert Grant Aitken 2772:1997ASPC..130..291S 2626:A New View of Mizar 2592:Robert Grant Aitken 2532:Circumbinary planet 2527:Binary brown dwarfs 2446:Geminiano Montanari 2218:has often featured 1824: 1688:is taken to be the 1467:Chandrasekhar limit 1324:The outcome of the 1229:is a 12,000 K 1076:Applegate mechanism 931:stellar atmospheres 6661:Hypervelocity star 6298:Lowest temperature 6049:Photometric system 6019:Absolute magnitude 5953:Circumstellar dust 5566:Stellar black hole 5202:Stellar population 5088:Herbig–Haro object 4969:2007-10-16 at the 4108:" by Jeff Bryant, 4080:Kopal, Z. (1989). 3778:2011-05-17 at the 3658:10.1007/BF00215932 2813:2009-04-12 at the 2790:2008-09-17 at the 2631:2008-03-07 at the 2612:2011-08-10 at the 2430: 2408:(a binary in the " 2377:, composed of two 2343: 2313:Alvan Graham Clark 2301:apparent magnitude 2262: 2154:extrasolar planets 2150: 2099: 2095:triple star system 1815: 1641: 1508:conserved quantity 1423: 1406:Runaways and novae 1350:gravitational pull 1338:main-sequence star 1326:three-body problem 1289: 1111: 1082:main-sequence star 966: 895:gravitational pull 822:Earth's atmosphere 817:extrasolar planets 691:surface brightness 682: 641:Eclipsing binaries 528: 385:angular resolution 332: 295: 185:Benedetto Castelli 146:type Ia supernovae 104:eclipsing binaries 52:binary star system 44: 6723: 6722: 6512: 6511: 6415:Substellar object 6394:Planetary nebulae 5813:Luminous red nova 5723:Deuterium burning 5709: 5708: 5192:Instability strip 5172:Wolf-Rayet nebula 5126:Horizontal branch 5071:Pre-main-sequence 4397:978-3-540-43518-1 4185:978-0-7923-5155-9 4091:978-0-7923-0129-5 4082:The Roche Problem 4037:978-0-7923-1675-6 3696:978-90-277-0885-4 3362:on 23 March 2007. 3276:on 26 April 2012. 3082:on 14 April 2007. 3004:978-90-277-0885-4 2973:978-90-277-0885-4 2939:"Visual Binaries" 2921:978-90-277-0885-4 2698:978-90-277-0885-4 2522:Binary black hole 2507:, possible binary 2014: 2013: 1811:Research findings 1808: 1807: 1774:Earth–Moon system 1680:of the two stars. 1636: 1633: 1594: 1448:degenerate matter 1384:stellar evolution 1382:in the theory of 1284: 1143:Bayer designation 887:Detached binaries 730:Triangulum Galaxy 677: 620: sin 557:by observing the 505: 504: 497: 419:polar coordinates 341:spectroscopically 138:planetary nebulae 34:, seen here in a 6806: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6731: 6713: 6712: 6625:Planetary system 6583:Globular cluster 6539: 6532: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6504:Stars portal 6502: 6501: 6490: 6489: 6146:Planetary system 6069:Strömgren sphere 5941:Asteroseismology 5662:Black hole star 5234: 5233: 5160:Planetary nebula 5121:Red-giant branch 5010: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4986: 4905: 4904: 4878: 4876:astro-ph/0701266 4858: 4852: 4851: 4841: 4823: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4727: 4707: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4665: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4500: 4498:astro-ph/0503412 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4456: 4431: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4373: 4371:astro-ph/0109502 4357: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4294: 4292:astro-ph/0007436 4274: 4268: 4267: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4238: 4220: 4211:(4): 4465–4477. 4196: 4190: 4189: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4136: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3972: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3916: 3907:(2): L150–L154. 3895: 3886: 3885: 3859: 3857:astro-ph/0510581 3839: 3833: 3832: 3804: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3770: 3764: 3746: 3740: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3644:(1–2): 219–233. 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3534: 3525:(1–4): 335–340. 3514: 3508: 3507: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3458: 3456:astro-ph/0701654 3440: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3396: 3387:(4): 1169–1184. 3370: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3304: 3302:astro-ph/0409613 3284: 3278: 3277: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3240: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3195: 3177: 3175:astro-ph/0610923 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3071: 3060: 3059: 3058:on 17 June 2012. 3052:"Stellar Masses" 3047: 3041: 3040: 3037:The Binary Stars 3029: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2847: 2841: 2834:The Binary Stars 2831: 2822: 2805: 2799: 2781: 2775: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2657:The Binary Stars 2651: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2623: 2617: 2606:Almagestum Novum 2601: 2595: 2588:The Binary Stars 2585: 2455: 2379:K class (orange) 2309:Friedrich Bessel 2208:, among others. 2107:stellar parallax 2010: 2008: 1987: 1985: 1975: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1919: 1906: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1825: 1814: 1798: 1787:Sun–Earth system 1783: 1770: 1759: 1747: 1740: 1722: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1547: 1546: 1504:angular momentum 1416:plasma ejections 1359:Lagrangian point 1285: 1060:Proxima Centauri 868: 854: 840: 773:, for example a 726:Andromeda Galaxy 714:standard candles 706:orbital elements 678: 624: 500: 493: 489: 486: 480: 457: 449: 439:stellar parallax 431:apparent ellipse 259:William Herschel 232:Xi Ursae Majoris 216:William Herschel 171:. Mizar, in the 66:bound to and in 6814: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6726: 6724: 6719: 6701: 6670:Visual grouping 6665: 6629: 6551: 6543: 6513: 6508: 6496: 6478: 6403: 6372:Milky Way novae 6308:Smallest volume 6252: 6233:Radial velocity 6156: 6150: 6102:Common envelope 6078: 5977: 5946:Helioseismology 5917:Bipolar outflow 5858:Microturbulence 5853:Convection zone 5834: 5728:Lithium burning 5715:Nucleosynthesis 5705: 5587: 5496: 5223: 5102: 5051:Molecular cloud 5032: 5019: 5014: 4971:Wayback Machine 4953: 4913: 4908: 4859: 4855: 4798: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4773: 4769: 4762:See sources at 4761: 4757: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4645: 4641: 4630: 4626: 4593: 4586: 4563: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4534: 4530: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4358: 4354: 4343: 4339: 4328: 4324: 4275: 4271: 4256: 4252: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4172: 4168: 4137: 4133: 4120: 4116: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4078: 4074: 4065: 4063: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4024: 4020: 4009: 4002: 3953: 3946: 3896: 3889: 3840: 3836: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3790: 3780:Wayback Machine 3771: 3767: 3747: 3743: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3677: 3673: 3634: 3630: 3593: 3589: 3579: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3515: 3511: 3492: 3488: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3371: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3285: 3281: 3266: 3262: 3221: 3217: 3193:10.1.1.254.2692 3158: 3154: 3117: 3113: 3101: 3091: 3087: 3072: 3063: 3048: 3044: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2902: 2893: 2848: 2844: 2832: 2825: 2815:Wayback Machine 2806: 2802: 2792:Wayback Machine 2782: 2778: 2754: 2750: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2633:Wayback Machine 2624: 2620: 2614:Wayback Machine 2602: 2598: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2548:Hills mechanism 2500: 2422: 2347:Epsilon Aurigae 2251: 2216:Science fiction 2142: 2136: 2006: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1983: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1837: 1832: 1813: 1799: 1784: 1771: 1760: 1748: 1735: 1729: 1721: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1675: 1668: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1604: 1599: 1587: 1583: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1524: 1516: 1491: 1452:Hydrogen fusion 1408: 1334: 1315:molecular cloud 1294: 1270: 1268: 1213:Wolf–Rayet star 1195:Symbiotic stars 1171: 1155: 1100: 1095: 1078: 1072: 1048:Orbital periods 1045: 955: 949:is an example. 947:W Ursae Majoris 935:common envelope 881: 880: 879: 878: 874: 873: 872: 869: 860: 859: 858: 855: 846: 845: 844: 841: 830: 759: 745:looking at how 742:photometrically 738: 668: 643: 616: 606:semi-major axis 575:resolving power 551:radial velocity 501: 490: 484: 481: 470: 458: 447: 435:semi-major axis 367: 361: 359:Visual binaries 353:astrometrically 349:photometrically 337: 321: 319:Classifications 309:optical doubles 284:visual binaries 280:interferometric 251: 154: 76:visual binaries 64:gravitationally 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6812: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6781: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:Stellar stream 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6542: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6494: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6303:Largest volume 6300: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Magnetic field 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5924:Accretion disk 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5900:Alfvén surface 5897: 5895:Stellar corona 5892: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5870:Radiation zone 5867: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5668: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5492:Blue straggler 5489: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5347: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5250:Main sequence 5248: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5229:Classification 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5165:Protoplanetary 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4961: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4911:External links 4909: 4907: 4906: 4893:10.1086/512542 4869:(1): 807–822. 4853: 4792: 4767: 4755: 4718:(2): 567–574. 4693: 4639: 4624: 4584: 4557: 4543: 4536:Schombert, J. 4528: 4491:(1): 113–125. 4471: 4459: 4457:. See Table 1. 4422:(1): 269–310, 4403: 4396: 4352: 4349:. p. 155. 4337: 4322: 4309:10.1086/317315 4269: 4266:on 2006-04-08. 4250: 4191: 4184: 4166: 4147:(2): 149–169. 4131: 4114: 4097: 4090: 4072: 4052:Tohline, J. E. 4043: 4036: 4018: 4015:(6:29 pm EST). 4000: 3944: 3887: 3874:10.1086/498268 3850:(1): L37–L40. 3834: 3829:10.1086/161888 3799: 3788: 3765: 3755:2012-07-08 at 3741: 3720: 3717:on 2006-02-07. 3702: 3695: 3671: 3628: 3622:10.1086/170967 3587: 3562: 3509: 3486: 3449:(6): 363–386. 3426: 3365: 3346: 3332: 3295:(6): L35–L38. 3279: 3260: 3215: 3152: 3146:10.1086/523634 3131:(1): 575–589. 3111: 3095:"Binary Stars" 3085: 3061: 3042: 3024: 3019:"Binary Stars" 3010: 3003: 2979: 2972: 2944: 2927: 2920: 2891: 2842: 2823: 2800: 2776: 2748: 2704: 2697: 2673: 2667:978-1117504094 2666: 2646: 2637: 2618: 2596: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2553:Heartbeat star 2550: 2545: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2463:Alpha Centauri 2434:multiple stars 2421: 2418: 2355:spectral class 2250: 2247: 2138:Main article: 2135: 2132: 2061:star formation 2026:ordinary stars 2012: 2011: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1791: 1790: 1777: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1708: 1696: 1690:semimajor axis 1682: 1681: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1490: 1487: 1469:and trigger a 1407: 1404: 1355:accretion disc 1333: 1330: 1311:star formation 1293: 1290: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1223:Kepler mission 1216: 1202: 1192: 1179:cool companion 1170: 1167: 1154: 1151: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1064:Alpha Centauri 1044: 1043:Orbital period 1041: 998:X-ray binaries 970:compact object 954: 951: 939:orbital motion 922:contact binary 914:accretion disc 876: 875: 870: 863: 862: 861: 856: 849: 848: 847: 842: 835: 834: 833: 832: 831: 829: 826: 814:used to locate 758: 755: 737: 734: 642: 639: 563:spectral lines 561:of the stars' 540:center of mass 536:spectral lines 532:Doppler effect 503: 502: 461: 459: 452: 446: 443: 414:position angle 363:Main article: 360: 357: 345:spectral lines 336: 333: 329:HD 106906 320: 317: 305:binary systems 250: 247: 197:Southern Cross 153: 150: 117:binary systems 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6811: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6716: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6698: 6697:Constellation 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6682:Multiple star 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Intergalactic 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6444:Galactic year 6442: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:Most luminous 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6238:Proper motion 6236: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Constellation 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6169:Solar eclipse 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155:Earth-centric 6153: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Alpha process 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5525:Helium planet 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515:Parker's star 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5446:Lambda Boötis 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Superluminous 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Main sequence 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093:Hayashi track 5091: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4062:on 2016-06-04 4061: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3757:archive.today 3754: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3737:1-85233-558-0 3734: 3730: 3727:pp. 307–308, 3724: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3576: 3572: 3571:"Black Holes" 3566: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3356:"Roche model" 3350: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3020: 3014: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958:. Dordrecht: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2650: 2641: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2517:Beta Centauri 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386:proper motion 2383: 2382:main-sequence 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:variable star 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2270:constellation 2267: 2260: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2080:main sequence 2077: 2073: 2072:spectral type 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:proper motion 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2003: 2000: 1991: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1966: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1930: 1921: 1912:0.7–1.3 1910: 1909: 1899: 1890: 1881:0.1–0.5 1879: 1878: 1865: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1821:main-sequence 1819: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1638: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428:runaway stars 1421: 1417: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1396:mass transfer 1393: 1389: 1388:main sequence 1385: 1381: 1380: 1379:Algol paradox 1375: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:main sequence 1303: 1299: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1175:hot companion 1166: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1147:Zeta Reticuli 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1104: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 964: 959: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923: 917: 915: 911: 910:mass transfer 906: 902: 900: 899:main sequence 896: 892: 888: 884: 867: 853: 839: 825: 823: 818: 815: 810: 808: 804: 799: 794: 792: 788: 787:proper motion 784: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 754: 752: 748: 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 709: 707: 703: 698: 696: 692: 687: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 638: 634: 632: 628: 623: 619: 614: 610: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 582: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Doppler shift 556: 552: 548: 547:perpendicular 543: 541: 537: 533: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 499: 496: 488: 478: 474: 468: 467: 462:This section 460: 456: 451: 450: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 410: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373: 372:visual binary 366: 365:Visual binary 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 330: 325: 316: 314: 313:optical pairs 310: 306: 302: 301: 291: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 267: 262: 260: 256: 246: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 210: 205: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 37: 33: 28: 22: 6794:Binary stars 6778:Solar System 6656:Runaway star 6651:Moving group 6619: 6593:Open cluster 6573:Star cluster 6568:Dwarf galaxy 6367:White dwarfs 6357:Brown dwarfs 6340:Most distant 6288:Most massive 6266:Proper names 6226:Photographic 6179:Solar System 6157:observations 6091: 6084:Star systems 5907:Stellar wind 5890:Chromosphere 5863:Oscillations 5743:Helium flash 5593:Hypothetical 5571:X-ray binary 5510:Compact star 5345:Bright giant 5098:Henyey track 5076:Herbig Ae/Be 4955:Binary Stars 4943: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4811: 4805: 4795: 4784:. Retrieved 4780: 4770: 4758: 4715: 4709: 4696: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4636:. Space.com. 4627: 4600: 4596: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4546: 4531: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4462: 4419: 4415: 4361: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4331: 4325: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4264:the original 4253: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4178:. Springer. 4175: 4169: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4117: 4100: 4081: 4075: 4064:. Retrieved 4060:the original 4046: 4027: 4021: 3963:(1): 51–58. 3960: 3956: 3904: 3900: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3791: 3768: 3744: 3728: 3723: 3715:the original 3705: 3682:Double Stars 3681: 3674: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3578:. Retrieved 3565: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3504:the original 3499: 3489: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3384: 3378: 3368: 3360:the original 3349: 3335: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3274:the original 3263: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3099:the original 3088: 3080:the original 3056:the original 3045: 3036: 3033:Aitken, R.G. 3027: 3013: 2990:Double Stars 2989: 2982: 2955:Double Stars 2954: 2947: 2907:Double Stars 2906: 2862:: 477–528 . 2859: 2855: 2845: 2833: 2803: 2779: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2684:Double Stars 2683: 2676: 2656: 2649: 2640: 2621: 2605: 2599: 2587: 2480: 2456: 2431: 2402:BG Geminorum 2368: 2344: 2339:brown dwarfs 2263: 2243:circumbinary 2227: 2214: 2210: 2206:NN Serpentis 2194:Gamma Cephei 2182:PSR B1620-26 2171: 2166:protoplanets 2151: 2115: 2100: 2065: 2045:eccentricity 2038: 2034:stellar mass 2032:function of 2018:star systems 2015: 1831:Multiplicity 1818:population I 1750: 1736: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1700: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1531: 1529:is given by 1519: 1517: 1500: 1492: 1489:Astrophysics 1464: 1432: 1424: 1377: 1371: 1367:stellar wind 1363: 1335: 1323: 1295: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169:Hot and cold 1158: 1156: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1093:Designations 1087: 1079: 1052:AM CVn stars 1046: 1022:stellar wind 1002:neutron star 978:neutron star 967: 934: 920: 918: 904: 903: 886: 885: 882: 857:Semidetached 811: 795: 790: 779: 775:neutron star 762: 760: 739: 710: 699: 683: 646: 644: 635: 630: 626: 621: 617: 612: 608: 603: 599:eccentricity 583: 579: 566: 555:spectrometer 544: 529: 491: 482: 471:Please help 466:verification 463: 430: 411: 406: 400: 396: 392: 390: 370: 368: 338: 312: 308: 298: 296: 283: 271: 269: 264: 254: 252: 236: 228:Félix Savary 214: 204:John Michell 201: 157:Double stars 155: 114: 112: 107: 103: 91: 83: 80:spectroscopy 75: 51: 47: 45: 6766:Outer space 6754:Spaceflight 6677:Double star 6620:Binary star 6615:Star system 6420:Brown dwarf 6196:Circumpolar 6074:Kraft break 6054:Color index 6029:Metallicity 5989:Designation 5958:Cosmic dust 5880:Photosphere 5646:Dark-energy 5621:Electroweak 5606:Black dwarf 5537:Radio-quiet 5520:White dwarf 5406:White dwarf 5056:Bok globule 4938:‹ The 4656:(6): 1657. 4285:(2): L133. 3815:: 252–283. 3607:: 621–629. 3354:Nguyen, Q. 3074:Bruton, D. 3050:Herter, T. 2721:: 339–382. 2511:107 Aquarii 2505:104 Aquarii 2492:Alcor–Mizar 2398:white dwarf 2394:Canis Minor 2321:white dwarf 2305:Canis Major 2198:white dwarf 2174:white dwarf 1943:1.5–5 1843:≤ 0.1 1838:companions 1828:Mass range 1479:Tycho Brahe 1435:white dwarf 1376:led to the 1231:white dwarf 1209:Eta Carinae 974:white dwarf 927:Roche lobes 798:astrometric 702:light curve 686:light curve 300:double star 272:binary star 48:binary star 40:white dwarf 6799:Star types 6788:Categories 6687:Star cloud 6382:Candidates 6377:Supernovae 6362:Red dwarfs 6221:Extinction 6009:Kinematics 6004:Luminosity 5982:Properties 5875:Atmosphere 5773:Si burning 5763:Ne burning 5701:White hole 5674:Quasi-star 5601:Blue dwarf 5456:Technetium 5372:Hypergiant 5350:Supergiant 4821:1811.00549 4786:2010-01-01 4764:Cygnus X-1 4573:: 219.05. 4218:1702.06160 4066:2006-06-25 3104:PowerPoint 3093:Worth, M. 2360:Beta Lyrae 2307:. In 1844 2287:. It is a 2285:black hole 2277:Cygnus X-1 2238:biospheres 2196:, and the 2128:luminosity 2076:giant star 2068:brightness 1992:≥ 16 1968:8–16 1833:frequency 1751:barycenter 1733:Barycenter 1701:barycenter 1527:barycenter 1439:Roche lobe 1400:Roche lobe 1346:Roche lobe 1319:protostars 1197:, such as 1184:Examples: 1108:AR Scorpii 1056:Beta Lyrae 1033:Cygnus X-1 1018:early-type 1006:black hole 982:black hole 972:such as a 891:Roche lobe 751:photometry 595:elliptical 571:telescopes 397:secondary. 381:binoculars 177:Ursa Major 173:Big Dipper 134:black hole 130:Cygnus X-1 88:astrometry 6742:Astronomy 6313:Brightest 6211:Magnitude 6191:Pole star 6112:Symbiotic 6107:Eclipsing 6039:Starlight 5840:Structure 5830:Supernova 5823:Micronova 5818:Recurrent 5803:Symbiotic 5788:p-process 5783:r-process 5778:s-process 5768:O burning 5758:C burning 5738:CNO cycle 5681:Gravastar 5217:Hypernova 5207:Supernova 5182:Dredge-up 5155:Blue loop 5148:super-AGB 5131:Red clump 5108:Evolution 5066:Protostar 5046:Accretion 5038:Formation 4814:(2): 98. 4725:0902.2179 4663:1010.4048 4610:0705.3444 4523:118982836 4454:119275313 4429:1303.3028 4245:119073723 3970:1001.4539 3939:118578253 3914:1001.3420 3882:119350572 3666:125947929 3580:22 August 3532:0707.3525 3394:0705.3444 3268:Bock, D. 3255:118394510 3238:1410.3074 3231:: 06063. 3188:CiteSeerX 3168:: 79–87. 2960:D. Reidel 2743:109971828 2467:Centaurus 2414:Milky Way 2412:" of the 2410:thin disk 2335:Luhman 16 2234:Nightfall 2229:Star Wars 2202:red dwarf 2190:red dwarf 2022:Milky Way 1555:⋅ 1471:supernova 1456:CNO cycle 1342:evolution 1292:Formation 1266:Evolution 1199:R Aquarii 1026:late-type 1014:high-mass 485:July 2012 377:telescope 253:The term 249:Etymology 195:, in the 161:telescope 152:Discovery 122:evolution 72:telescope 62:that are 6692:Asterism 6492:Category 6387:Remnants 6283:Extremes 6243:Parallax 6216:Apparent 6206:Asterism 6184:Sunlight 6134:Globular 6119:Multiple 6044:Variable 6034:Rotation 5994:Dynamics 5885:Starspot 5559:Magnetar 5502:Remnants 5318:Subgiant 5291:Subdwarf 5143:post-AGB 4967:Archived 4940:template 4901:14394432 4848:54511945 4781:BBC News 4688:59585356 3995:15893663 3776:Archived 3753:Archived 3421:14768050 3327:15301393 3210:18827791 3035:(1964). 2811:Archived 2788:Archived 2629:Archived 2610:Archived 2542:HD 30453 2498:See also 2371:61 Cygni 2249:Examples 2224:Tatooine 2186:subgiant 2126:, size, 2091:LTT 1445 1997:☉ 1973:☉ 1948:☉ 1917:☉ 1886:☉ 1849:☉ 1676:are the 1420:V Hydrae 1392:subgiant 1010:low-mass 933:forms a 843:Detached 655:parallax 651:eclipses 587:circular 405:(plural 276:resolved 224:orbiting 220:parallax 209:Pleiades 6728:Portals 6634:Unbound 6549:systems 6546:Stellar 6459:Gravity 6408:Related 6328:Nearest 6276:Chinese 6124:Cluster 6097:Contact 5934:Proplyd 5808:Remnant 5696:Blitzar 5670:Hawking 5626:Strange 5576:Burster 5532:Neutron 5485:Extreme 5436:He-weak 5081:T Tauri 4942:below ( 4881:Bibcode 4826:Bibcode 4750:9893376 4730:Bibcode 4668:Bibcode 4615:Bibcode 4603:: 201. 4575:Bibcode 4503:Bibcode 4434:Bibcode 4376:Bibcode 4317:6725343 4297:Bibcode 4223:Bibcode 4149:Bibcode 3975:Bibcode 3919:Bibcode 3862:Bibcode 3817:Bibcode 3646:Bibcode 3609:Bibcode 3557:7759638 3537:Bibcode 3481:2590482 3461:Bibcode 3399:Bibcode 3307:Bibcode 3180:Bibcode 3133:Bibcode 2864:Bibcode 2768:Bibcode 2458:al-ghūl 2442:Perseus 2390:Procyon 2266:Albireo 2259:Albireo 2220:planets 2204:binary 2192:binary 2180:binary 2134:Planets 2124:density 2020:in the 1836:Average 1802:ellipse 1475:SN 1572 1443:accrete 1255:8823868 1247:KOI-81b 1239:6889235 1227:KOI-74b 1189:Antares 1098:A and B 1062:around 986:accrete 871:Contact 783:parsecs 522:in the 516:Algol A 514:orbits 512:Algol B 423:ellipse 407:comites 393:primary 189:Galileo 100:transit 96:eclipse 58:of two 6563:Galaxy 6449:Galaxy 6437:Planet 6425:Desert 6333:bright 6271:Arabic 6092:Binary 5912:Bubble 5636:Planck 5611:Exotic 5547:Binary 5542:Pulsar 5480:Helium 5441:Barium 5384:Carbon 5377:Yellow 5365:Yellow 5338:Yellow 5177:PG1159 4959:Curlie 4945:Curlie 4899: 4846: 4748: 4686: 4521: 4452: 4394: 4315: 4243: 4182: 4088: 4034: 3993: 3937: 3880: 3735: 3693: 3664: 3555: 3479: 3419: 3325: 3253: 3208: 3190: 3001: 2970: 2918: 2886:107131 2884: 2741: 2735:107080 2733: 2695: 2664: 2487:Gemini 2483:Castor 2450:Arabic 2375:Cygnus 2351:Auriga 2297:Sirius 2273:Cygnus 2184:, the 2178:pulsar 2001:≥ 80% 1978:≥ 60% 1953:≥ 50% 1823:stars 1703:, and 1678:masses 1653:where 1481:. The 1253: 1237: 803:Kepler 791:wobbly 728:, and 693:(i.e. 383:. The 255:binary 128:, and 126:Sirius 115:close 56:system 36:Hubble 32:Sirius 6556:Bound 6454:Guest 6258:Lists 6139:Super 5793:Fusor 5666:Black 5651:Quark 5631:Preon 5616:Boson 5552:X-ray 5468:Shell 5421:Ap/Bp 5323:Giant 5241:Early 5187:OH/IR 5017:Stars 4897:S2CID 4871:arXiv 4844:S2CID 4816:arXiv 4746:S2CID 4720:arXiv 4706:(PDF) 4684:S2CID 4658:arXiv 4605:arXiv 4519:S2CID 4493:arXiv 4450:S2CID 4424:arXiv 4366:arXiv 4313:S2CID 4287:arXiv 4241:S2CID 4213:arXiv 3991:S2CID 3965:arXiv 3935:S2CID 3909:arXiv 3878:S2CID 3852:arXiv 3662:S2CID 3553:S2CID 3527:arXiv 3477:S2CID 3451:arXiv 3439:(PDF) 3417:S2CID 3389:arXiv 3323:S2CID 3297:arXiv 3251:S2CID 3233:arXiv 3206:S2CID 3170:arXiv 2882:JSTOR 2739:S2CID 2731:JSTOR 2454:الغول 2438:Algol 2281:X-ray 2279:, an 2226:from 2028:is a 1872:−0.04 1870:+0.06 1433:If a 1418:from 1374:Algol 1336:As a 1159:RHD 1 1066:AB). 1004:or a 943:merge 659:Algol 402:comes 193:Acrux 169:Acrux 165:Mizar 142:novae 86:) or 68:orbit 60:stars 54:is a 6129:Open 6024:Mass 5848:Core 5798:Nova 5691:Iron 5641:Dark 5451:Lead 5431:HgMn 5426:CEMP 5355:Blue 5328:Blue 5246:Late 5028:List 4392:ISBN 4180:ISBN 4086:ISBN 4032:ISBN 3733:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3582:2008 3575:NASA 2999:ISBN 2968:ISBN 2916:ISBN 2693:ISBN 2662:ISBN 2364:Lyra 2119:sine 2093:, a 2009:0.20 2005:1.30 1986:0.20 1982:1.00 1961:0.10 1957:1.00 1936:0.03 1932:0.62 1905:0.05 1901:0.33 1867:0.22 1669:and 1460:nova 1219:NASA 1204:The 1117:and 807:laws 767:mass 591:sine 412:The 187:and 167:and 144:and 98:and 6430:Sub 6164:Sun 5583:SGR 5360:Red 5333:Red 4957:at 4889:doi 4867:660 4834:doi 4812:867 4738:doi 4716:498 4676:doi 4654:140 4601:398 4571:229 4511:doi 4489:437 4442:doi 4384:doi 4305:doi 4283:544 4231:doi 4209:468 4157:doi 3983:doi 3961:715 3927:doi 3905:713 3870:doi 3848:633 3825:doi 3813:279 3654:doi 3617:doi 3605:385 3545:doi 3523:315 3469:doi 3407:doi 3385:342 3315:doi 3243:doi 3229:101 3198:doi 3141:doi 3129:672 2912:1–2 2872:doi 2764:130 2723:doi 2388:), 2162:Sun 1923:44% 1892:26% 1860:−4% 1858:+6% 1855:22% 1684:If 1251:KIC 1235:KIC 1221:'s 1177:or 1012:or 980:or 805:'s 722:SMC 718:LMC 645:An 629:or 475:by 311:or 50:or 6790:: 5463:Be 5416:Am 5399:CH 5394:CN 5313:OB 5308:WR 4895:. 4887:. 4879:. 4865:. 4842:. 4832:. 4824:. 4810:. 4804:. 4779:. 4744:. 4736:. 4728:. 4714:. 4708:. 4682:. 4674:. 4666:. 4652:. 4613:. 4599:. 4587:^ 4569:. 4517:. 4509:. 4501:. 4483:. 4448:, 4440:, 4432:, 4420:51 4418:, 4406:^ 4390:. 4382:. 4374:. 4311:. 4303:. 4295:. 4281:. 4239:. 4229:. 4221:. 4207:. 4203:. 4155:. 4145:27 4143:. 4003:^ 3989:. 3981:. 3973:. 3959:. 3947:^ 3933:. 3925:. 3917:. 3903:. 3890:^ 3876:. 3868:. 3860:. 3846:. 3823:. 3811:. 3782:, 3759:, 3689:. 3687:19 3660:. 3652:. 3642:50 3640:. 3615:. 3603:. 3599:. 3551:. 3543:. 3535:. 3521:. 3498:. 3475:. 3467:. 3459:. 3447:47 3441:. 3415:. 3405:. 3397:. 3383:. 3377:. 3321:. 3313:. 3305:. 3293:56 3291:. 3249:. 3241:. 3227:. 3204:. 3196:. 3186:. 3178:. 3164:. 3139:. 3127:. 3123:. 3064:^ 2997:. 2995:17 2966:. 2930:^ 2914:. 2894:^ 2880:. 2870:. 2860:92 2858:. 2854:. 2836:, 2826:^ 2737:. 2729:. 2719:93 2717:. 2691:. 2590:, 2578:^ 2452:: 2436:. 2366:. 2295:. 2113:. 2082:. 2063:. 1927:2% 1896:3% 1789:) 1776:) 1715:− 1711:= 1462:. 1430:. 1245:. 1165:. 1137:, 1131:AB 976:, 945:. 919:A 809:. 777:. 753:. 724:, 720:, 577:. 369:A 347:; 315:. 234:. 148:. 110:. 46:A 6730:: 6538:e 6531:t 6524:v 5656:Q 5475:B 5389:S 5301:B 5296:O 5284:M 5279:K 5274:G 5269:F 5264:A 5259:B 5254:O 5009:e 5002:t 4995:v 4903:. 4891:: 4883:: 4873:: 4850:. 4836:: 4828:: 4818:: 4789:. 4752:. 4740:: 4732:: 4722:: 4690:. 4678:: 4670:: 4660:: 4621:. 4617:: 4607:: 4581:. 4577:: 4525:. 4513:: 4505:: 4495:: 4444:: 4436:: 4426:: 4400:. 4386:: 4378:: 4368:: 4319:. 4307:: 4299:: 4289:: 4247:. 4233:: 4225:: 4215:: 4188:. 4163:. 4159:: 4151:: 4129:. 4121:" 4112:. 4104:" 4094:. 4069:. 4040:. 3997:. 3985:: 3977:: 3967:: 3941:. 3929:: 3921:: 3911:: 3884:. 3872:: 3864:: 3854:: 3831:. 3827:: 3819:: 3739:. 3699:. 3668:. 3656:: 3648:: 3625:. 3619:: 3611:: 3584:. 3559:. 3547:: 3539:: 3529:: 3483:. 3471:: 3463:: 3453:: 3423:. 3409:: 3401:: 3391:: 3329:. 3317:: 3309:: 3299:: 3257:. 3245:: 3235:: 3212:. 3200:: 3182:: 3172:: 3166:2 3149:. 3143:: 3135:: 3106:) 3102:( 3007:. 2976:. 2964:5 2924:. 2888:. 2874:: 2866:: 2774:. 2770:: 2745:. 2725:: 2701:. 2689:4 2670:. 2341:. 2241:" 2200:- 2188:- 2176:- 2097:. 2007:± 1994:M 1984:± 1970:M 1959:± 1945:M 1934:± 1925:± 1914:M 1903:± 1894:± 1883:M 1846:M 1720:1 1717:r 1713:a 1709:2 1706:r 1697:1 1694:r 1686:a 1674:2 1671:m 1667:1 1664:m 1658:a 1639:, 1629:2 1625:m 1619:1 1615:m 1609:+ 1606:1 1602:a 1597:= 1589:2 1585:m 1581:+ 1576:1 1572:m 1565:2 1561:m 1552:a 1549:= 1544:1 1540:r 1523:1 1520:r 1261:. 1215:. 1139:D 1135:C 1127:B 1123:A 1119:B 1115:A 631:i 627:a 622:i 618:a 613:i 609:a 498:) 492:( 487:) 483:( 469:. 175:( 90:( 82:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index