526:
228:
1529:
1579:
1603:
1555:
1591:
512:−1 pairs, each giving the separation of one component of the multiple star from another. Codes such as AC are used to denote which components are being measured—in this case, component C relative to component A. This may be altered to a form such as AB-D to indicate the separation of a component from a close pair of components (in this case, component D relative to the pair AB.) Codes such as
1567:
84:, a chance line-of-sight alignment of two stars at different distances from the observer. Binary stars are important to stellar astronomers as knowledge of their motions allows direct calculation of stellar mass and other stellar parameters. The only (possible) case of "binary star" whose two components are separately visible to the naked eye is the case of
218:
The unrelated categories of optical doubles and true binaries are lumped together for historical and practical reasons. When Mizar was found to be a binary, it was quite difficult to determine whether a double star was a binary system or only an optical double. Improved telescopes, spectroscopy, and
516:
may also be used to denote a component which is being measured relative to another component, A in this case. Discoverer designations are also listed; however, traditional discoverer abbreviations such as Δ and Σ have been encoded into a string of uppercase Roman letters, so that, for example, Δ65
282:
is small compared to their common proper motion, the pair is probably physical. When observed over a short period of time, the components of both optical doubles and long-period visual binaries will appear to be moving in straight lines; for this reason, it can be difficult to distinguish between
762:
Zimmerman, Neil; Oppenheimer, Ben R; Hinkley, Sasha; Brenner, Douglas; Parry, Ian R; Sivaramakrishnan, Anand; Hillenbrand, Lynne; Beichman, Charles; Crepp, Justin R; Vasisht, Gautam; Roberts, Lewis C; Burruss, Rick; King, David L; Soummer, Rémi; Dekany, Richard; Shao, Michael; Bouchez, Antonin;
338:
are ADS 16402A and ADS 16402B; and so on. The letters AB may be used together to designate the pair. In the case of multiple stars, the letters C, D, and so on may be used to denote additional components, often in order of increasing separation from the brightest star, A.
91:
Since the beginning of the 1780s, both professional and amateur double star observers have telescopically measured the distances and angles between double stars to determine the relative motions of the pairs. If the relative motion of a pair determines a curved arc of an
253:. In the measures of a visual binary, the position angle will change progressively and the separation between the two stars will oscillate between maximum and minimum values. Plotting the measures in the plane will produce an ellipse. This is the
484:
Visual doubles are also designated by an abbreviation for the name of their discoverer followed by a catalogue number unique to that observer. For example, the pair α Centauri AB was discovered by Father
Richaud in 1689, and so is designated
504:, a large database of double and multiple stars, contains over 100,000 entries, each of which gives measures for the separation of two components. Each double star forms one entry in the catalog; multiple stars with
261:
can be computed from it. Although it is expected that the majority of catalogued visual doubles are visual binaries, orbits have been computed for only a few thousand of the over 100,000 known visual double stars.
249:. The position angle specifies the direction in which the stars are separated and is defined as the bearing from the brighter component to the fainter, where north is 0°. These measurements are called
203:, was discovered to be double by Fontenay in 1685. Since that time, the search has been carried out thoroughly and the entire sky has been examined for double stars down to a limiting
219:
photography are the basic tools used to make the distinction. After it was determined to be a visual binary, Mizar's components were found to be spectroscopic binaries themselves.
303:, this is actually a multiple star. Superscripts are also used to distinguish more distant, physically unrelated, pairs of stars with the same Bayer designation, such as
270:
Confirmation of a visual double star as a binary star can be achieved by observing the relative motion of the components. If the motion is part of an
599:
164:
A in 2006. It is only the inability to telescopically observe two separate stars that distinguishes non-visual and visual binaries.
1354:
525:
1224:
232:
1323:
88:(though actually a multiple-star system), but it is not known for certain whether Mizar and Alcor are gravitationally bound.
1087:
1247:
1415:
1270:
879:
763:
Roberts, Jennifer E; Hunt, Stephanie (2010). "Parallactic Motion for
Companion Discovery: An M-Dwarf Orbiting Alcor".
517:
has become DUN 65 and Σ2451 has become STF 2451. Further examples of this are shown in the adjacent table.
100:
of both stars, it may be concluded that the pair is in mutual orbit as a binary star. Otherwise, the pair is optical.
1208:
1181:
1150:
1065:
1037:
1016:
863:
839:
746:
1110:
318:
Apart from these pairs, the components of a double star are generally denoted by the letters A (for the brighter,
1278:
1255:
1232:
1118:
1095:
918:, New York: Dover, 1964, pp. 24–25, 38, and p. 61, The present status of double star astronomy, K. Aa. Strand,
501:
1420:
1478:
1347:
160:
Improvements in telescopes can shift previously non-visual binaries into visual binaries, as happened with
24:
326:, star) appended to the designation, of whatever sort, of the double star. For example, the components of
1427:
1395:
669:
system (Aa/Ab/Ba/Bb) and YY Geminorum system (thus Castor Ca/Cb), generally considered a physical system.
1545:
855:
141:
970:
661:
657:
211:
in the northern half of the sky are known to be double stars visible with a 36-inch (910 mm)
1340:
930:
38:
330:(Sirius) are α Canis Majoris A and α Canis Majoris B (Sirius A and Sirius B); the components of
145:
608:
604:
359:
153:
1628:
1532:
1405:
1221:
958:
208:
137:
1509:
926:
782:
300:
8:
1623:
1607:
1463:
946:
915:
702:
122:
786:
1595:
1583:
1468:
798:
772:
204:
180:
794:
327:
1319:
1318:, Wojciak, Kelsey Oseid; Pub. 2017, Ten Speed Press, California, New York,. biblio.,
1204:
1177:
1146:
1061:
1033:
1012:
835:
742:
590:
586:
295:. In this case, the components may be denoted by superscripts. An example of this is
292:
275:
62:
54:
1559:
1442:
1400:
802:
790:
635:
573:
398:
304:
257:, the projection of the orbit of the two stars onto the celestial sphere; the true
118:
are unrelated stars that appear close together through chance alignment with Earth.
1173:
1167:
1142:
1132:
1094:, Brian D. Mason, Gary L. Wycoff, and William I. Hartkopf, Astrometry Department,
1057:
1051:
983:
738:
724:
1274:
1251:
1114:
1091:
1084:
883:
831:
817:
494:
424:
85:
77:
1244:
227:
1458:
569:
544:
245:
231:
Astronomers have mistakenly reported observations of a double star in place of
132:
are stars whose binary status was deduced through more esoteric means, such as
105:
1617:
1514:
1499:
1228:
666:
372:
312:
279:
192:
149:
126:
are gravitationally bound stars that are separately visible with a telescope.
101:
97:
1267:
876:
1571:
1473:
1410:
1390:
1385:
676:
672:
627:
595:
490:
385:
196:
188:
172:
1291:
331:
265:
243:, or angular distance, between the two component stars in the sky and the
1437:
1432:
1366:
529:
Artist's impression of the discs around the young stars HK Tauri A and B.
459:
411:
308:
299:(Acrux), whose components are α Crucis and α Crucis. Since α Crucis is a
133:
69:
31:
20:
1107:
296:
239:
Observation of visual double stars by visual measurement will yield the
1504:
631:
617:
613:
176:
1138:
827:
823:
734:
730:
549:
335:
212:
1268:
References and discoverer codes, The
Washington Double Star Catalog
1332:
777:
761:
679:
system (thus Mizar Ca/Cb), generally considered a physical system.
1292:"ALMA Finds Double Star with Weird and Wild Planet-forming Discs"
652:
648:
623:
559:
554:
184:
161:
104:
are also studied in this way, although the dynamics of multiple
1380:
564:
1316:
An
Illustrated Tour of the Night Sky, What we see in the stars
539:
508:
components will be represented by entries in the catalog for
271:
258:
93:
73:
58:
489:. Other examples include Δ65, the 65th double discovered by
96:, or if the relative motion is small compared to the common
1363:
200:
50:
1566:
315:. These optical pairs are resolvable by the naked eye.
266:
Distinction between binary stars and other double stars
207:
of about 9.0. At least 1 in 18 stars brighter than 9.0
1543:
187:. The identification of other doubles soon followed:
1172:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p.
1056:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p.
334:are 44 Boötis A and 44 Boötis B; the components of
1203:, Bob Argyle, ed., London: Springer-Verlag, 2004,
1032:, Bob Argyle, ed., London: Springer-Verlag, 2004,
1011:, Bob Argyle, ed., London: Springer-Verlag, 2004,
895:
235:and a faint star in the constellation of Gemini.
191:discovered one of the first double-star systems,
1615:
856:"Artist's Concept of Polaris System - Annotated"
1195:
1193:
111:The following are three types of paired stars:
1108:Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars
222:
1348:
870:
108:are more complex than those of binary stars.
16:Pair of stars that appear close to each other
1190:
886:, Leos Ondra, accessed on line May 26, 2007.
576:(thus α Cen C): Actually a three-star system
68:This occurs because the pair either forms a
1079:
1077:
1355:
1341:
1220:Entry 14396-6050, discoverer code RHD 1AB,
1124:
1117:, William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason,
1022:
718:
716:
195:, in 1664, while the bright southern star
776:
697:
695:
693:
72:(i.e. a binary system of stars in mutual
1159:
1074:
1043:
936:
809:
755:
524:
226:
1001:
713:
634:predicts Gamma Cephei should return to
291:Some bright visual double stars have a
1616:
1165:
1130:
1083:"Introduction and Growth of the WDS",
1049:
815:
722:
701:
690:
1336:
1201:Observing and Measuring Double Stars
1030:Observing and Measuring Double Stars
1009:Observing and Measuring Double Stars
343:Double star discoverer designations
1362:
1281:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008.
1258:. Accessed on line August 26, 2008.
1235:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008.
1121:, accessed on line August 20, 2008.
1098:, accessed on line August 20, 2008.
900:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1.
13:
1416:List of most massive star clusters
1254:, Washington Double Star Catalog,
1222:The Washington Double Star Catalog
1085:The Washington Double Star Catalog
580:
533:
14:
1640:
864:Space Telescope Science Institute
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1528:
1527:
949:, New York: Dover, 1964, p. 260.
322:, star) and B (for the fainter,
1309:
1284:
1279:United States Naval Observatory
1261:
1256:United States Naval Observatory
1238:
1233:United States Naval Observatory
1214:
1119:United States Naval Observatory
1101:
1096:United States Naval Observatory
984:"Masquerading as a double star"
976:
964:
952:
286:
274:, or if the stars have similar
179:, was observed to be double by
988:ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week
904:
889:
848:
502:Washington Double Star Catalog
80:bound to each other) or is an
1:
1421:List of largest star clusters
1141:Publishing Company. pp.
709:. New York: Dover. p. 1.
683:
448:Struve Appendix Catalogue II
61:, especially with the aid of
57:to each other as viewed from
642:
437:Struve Appendix Catalogue I
25:Double star (disambiguation)
19:For the Heinlein novel, see
7:
1428:Hypercompact stellar system
1396:Hypercompact stellar system
795:10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/733
520:
493:, and Σ2451, discovered by
472:Pulkova Appendix Catalogue
278:or the difference in their
223:Observation of double stars
10:
1645:
896:Aitken, Robert G. (1935).
167:
29:
18:
1523:
1487:
1451:
1373:
1245:Format of the current WDS
925:(March 1954), pp. 61–66,
765:The Astrophysical Journal
675:system (Aa/Ab/Ba/Bb) and
283:these two possibilities.
662:Kappa2 Coronae Australis
658:Kappa1 Coronae Australis
30:Not to be confused with
1250:April 12, 2008, at the
39:observational astronomy
1166:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
1131:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
1050:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
816:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
723:Heintz, W. D. (1978).
530:
236:
146:spectroscopic binaries
23:. For other uses, see
1533:Category:Star systems
1406:Dark globular cluster
609:Eta Coronae Australis
528:
230:
920:Astronomical Journal
630:, twin polar stars;
360:Brisbane Observatory
301:spectroscopic binary
154:astrometric binaries
1464:Stellar association
947:Robert Grant Aitken
931:1954AJ.....59...61S
916:Robert Grant Aitken
877:A New View of Mizar
787:2010ApJ...709..733Z
344:
148:), or anomalies in
130:Non-visual binaries
1479:Hypervelocity star
1273:2008-04-13 at the
1113:2009-04-12 at the
1090:2008-09-17 at the
882:2008-03-07 at the
531:
342:
237:
205:apparent magnitude
181:Benedetto Castelli
138:eclipsing binaries
63:optical telescopes
1541:
1540:
1324:978-0-399-57953-0
1296:ESO Press Release
638:by the year 3000.
482:
481:
351:Traditional code
293:Bayer designation
276:radial velocities
1636:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
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1569:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1531:
1530:
1443:Planetary system
1401:Globular cluster
1357:
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1343:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:, First edition.
1313:
1307:
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943:The Binary Stars
940:
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912:The Binary Stars
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902:
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898:The Binary Stars
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868:
867:
852:
846:
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813:
807:
806:
780:
759:
753:
752:
720:
711:
710:
707:The Binary Stars
699:
591:Alpha Capricorni
574:Proxima Centauri
572:system (AB) and
399:William Herschel
345:
341:
1644:
1643:
1639:
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1488:Visual grouping
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884:Wayback Machine
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721:
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645:
583:
581:Optical doubles
536:
534:Visual binaries
523:
495:F. G. W. Struve
425:F. G. W. Struve
328:α Canis Majoris
289:
268:
225:
170:
123:Visual binaries
116:Optical doubles
106:stellar systems
86:Mizar and Alcor
78:gravitationally
35:
28:
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12:
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1642:
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1227:2012-07-08 at
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1021:
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771:(2): 733–740.
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600:Theta Muscae B
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570:Alpha Centauri
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246:position angle
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102:Multiple stars
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406:H 1, 2, etc.
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373:S. W. Burnham
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193:Gamma Arietis
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150:proper motion
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49:is a pair of
48:
47:visual double
44:
40:
33:
26:
22:
1629:Double stars
1608:Solar System
1494:
1474:Runaway star
1469:Moving group
1411:Open cluster
1391:Star cluster
1386:Dwarf galaxy
1315:
1311:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:
1286:
1263:
1240:
1216:
1200:
1199:p. 307–308,
1169:Double Stars
1168:
1161:
1134:Double Stars
1133:
1126:
1103:
1053:Double Stars
1052:
1045:
1029:
1024:
1008:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
987:
978:
966:
954:
942:
938:
922:
919:
911:
906:
897:
891:
872:
859:
850:
819:Double Stars
818:
811:
768:
764:
757:
726:Double Stars
725:
706:
628:Gamma Cephei
596:Theta Muscae
513:
509:
505:
499:
491:James Dunlop
486:
483:
386:James Dunlop
323:
319:
317:
313:ξ Sagittarii
305:α Capricorni
290:
287:Designations
269:
254:
250:
244:
240:
238:
217:
189:Robert Hooke
171:
159:
142:spectroscopy
129:
121:
115:
110:
90:
81:
67:
55:appear close
46:
42:
36:
1596:Outer space
1584:Spaceflight
1495:Double star
1438:Binary star
1433:Star system
830:. pp.
460:Otto Struve
412:N. Lacaille
348:Discoverer
134:occultation
70:binary star
43:double star
32:Binary star
21:Double Star
1624:Star types
1618:Categories
1505:Star cloud
1028:p. 53–67,
959:Fraunhofer
860:HubbleSite
737:. p.
684:References
636:prominence
632:Precession
618:Messier 40
614:Winnecke 4
309:ξ Centauri
241:separation
177:Ursa Major
1560:Astronomy
1139:D. Reidel
971:Pickering
828:D. Reidel
824:Dordrecht
778:0912.1597
735:D. Reidel
731:Dordrecht
653:Albireo B
649:Albireo A
643:Uncertain
550:p Eridani
354:WDS code
336:ADS 16402
332:44 Boötis
324:secondary
213:telescope
209:magnitude
199:, in the
1510:Asterism
1301:1 August
1271:Archived
1248:Archived
1225:Archived
1111:Archived
1088:Archived
993:25 March
880:Archived
705:(1964).
521:Examples
297:α Crucis
251:measures
1546:Portals
1452:Unbound
1367:systems
1364:Stellar
927:Bibcode
803:6052794
783:Bibcode
624:Polaris
560:Procyon
555:Polaris
545:Capella
320:primary
185:Galileo
168:History
162:Polaris
1381:Galaxy
1322:
1207:
1180:
1149:
1064:
1036:
1015:
1007:p. 2,
973:, 1889
961:, 1814
838:
801:
745:
667:Castor
565:Sirius
311:, and
1572:Stars
1374:Bound
1143:17–18
799:S2CID
773:arXiv
677:Alcor
673:Mizar
587:Alpha
540:Acrux
487:RHD 1
478:STTA
454:STFB
451:Σ II
443:STFA
364:Brs0
272:orbit
259:orbit
233:J 900
197:Acrux
175:, in
173:Mizar
94:orbit
74:orbit
59:Earth
53:that
51:stars
1320:ISBN
1303:2014
1205:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1013:ISBN
995:2013
910:See
836:ISBN
832:4–10
743:ISBN
660:and
651:and
626:and
607:and
598:and
589:and
500:The
475:OΣΣ
467:STT
440:Σ I
432:STF
419:LCL
416:Lac
393:DUN
367:BSO
183:and
41:, a
791:doi
769:709
605:Eta
464:OΣ
380:BU
140:),
45:or
37:In
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1294:.
1277:,
1231:,
1192:^
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1174:19
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1076:^
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923:59
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781:.
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741:.
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390:Δ
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1070:.
1040:.
1019:.
997:.
933:.
929::
866:.
844:.
805:.
793::
785::
775::
751:.
620:)
616:(
510:n
506:n
152:(
144:(
136:(
34:.
27:.
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