39:
704:, around this time, the Kharijites started the practice of interrogating civilians about their views on Uthman and Ali, and executing those who did not share their views. They are alleged to have disemboweled a farmer's pregnant wife, cut out and killed her unborn infant, before beheading the farmer. Ali received the news of the Kharijites' violence en route to Syria and sent one of his men to investigate, but he too was killed by the Kharijites. His soldiers now implored him to neutralize the threat of Kharijites, out of fear for the safety of their families and properties in Kufa. Ali then moved to Nahrawan with his army, estimated to be 14,000-strong.
661:
729:
commence hostilities. The
Kharijites attacked Ali's forces with vigor and broke through his cavalry. The archers showered them with arrows, the cavalry attacked from behind and the foot-soldiers attacked with swords and spears. Heavily outnumbered and surrounded, most of the Kharijites, including the Caliph Ibn Wahb, were quickly slaughtered. Some 2,400 Kharijites were killed, and 400 wounded among them were sent back to their families in Kufa after the battle. On Ali's side, between seven and thirteen men were said to have died.
206:
713:
213:
725:. Both sides arranged in battle order and Ali announced an amnesty for any Kharijite who would join him or return to Kufa and that only murderers would be punished. About 1,200 Kharijites accepted his offer, some joining Ali's army, others returning to Kufa or leaving the battlefield for refuge in the mountains; Ibn Wahb was consequently left with 2,800 fighters.
738:
occasionally visit their homes. His soldiers were unwilling to go on the campaign and in the next few days the camp was almost completely deserted. Consequently, he had to abandon his plans. The slaughter of Ali's erstwhile allies and pious Qur'an readers undermined Ali's position as Caliph. He was eventually
737:
After the battle, Ali ordered his army to march with him on Syria. They refused due to exhaustion, seeking to recover their energies in Kufa, after which they would embark on the Syrian campaign. Ali agreed and moved to
Nukhayla, a mustering ground outside Kufa, and permitted his soldiers to rest and
696:
and mobilized his supporters to renew the war against Mu'awiya. He summoned the
Kharijites to join him. They refused, unless he acknowledged that he had gone astray and repent. Ali decided to depart for Syria without them. When Ali's forces voiced their concern about the threat of Kharijites, Ali
631:
Ali, after some time, visited the Harura camp and persuaded the defectors to abandon their protest and return to Kufa. According to some accounts, they returned on the condition that the war against Mu'awiya be resumed after six months and Ali acknowledge his mistake, which he did on general and
615:(July 657) when Mu'awiya called for peace. Although Ali was unwilling to halt the battle, his army refused to fight and he was compelled to negotiate. An arbitration committee was setup with representatives from Ali's and Mu'awiya's sides with a mandate to settle the dispute in the spirit of the
728:
Most of the
Kharijites were foot-soldiers, while Ali's army consisted of archers, cavalry, and foot-soldiers. He sent his cavalry in front of the infantry, which was divided in two rows, and stationed archers in between the first row and the cavalry. He ordered his army to let the opposing side
627:
for leaving the matter to the discretion of two men and not acting according to the Book of God. Most of them had earlier forced Ali to accept the arbitration, but afterward exclaimed that the right to judgement belonged to God alone. Twelve thousand of the dissenters defected from the army and
720:
Ali asked the
Kharjites to surrender the murderers and accept peace. If they did, he would leave them alone and depart to fight the Syrians. The Kharijites responded defiantly that all of them were responsible for the murders as they all considered it licit to kill his followers. After further
38:
556:
The battle resulted in a permanent split between the group and the rest of the
Muslims, whom the Kharijites branded as apostates. Although defeated, they continued to threaten and harass cities and towns for several years. Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite in January 661.
691:
In the meantime, the two arbitrators announced that Uthman had been killed unjustly by the rebels. After this verdict, which strengthened the Syrian's support for Mu'awia, the arbitration process collapsed. At that point, Ali denounced the arbitrators as contrary to
553:. Of the 4,000 rebels, some 1,200 were won over with the promise of amnesty while the majority of the remaining 2,800 rebels were killed in the ensuing battle. Other sources put the casualties at 1500–1800.
331:
607:, the governor of Syria and Uthman's relative, also denounced Ali's election and demanded retribution against Uthman's killers. Although Ali defeated the rebellion of Talha and Zubayr in the
753:. Many of them abandoned city life and resorted to brigandage, robbery, pillaging settled areas and other anti-state activities throughout the reign of Ali and later that of Mu'awiya (
324:
636:
to carry out the talks. Consequently, the
Kharijites decided to leave him. In order to avoid being detected, they moved out in small groups and went to a place by the
545:. After failed attempts to regain their loyalty and because of their rebellious and murderous activities, Ali confronted the Kharijites near their headquarters by the
632:
ambiguous terms. Nevertheless, Ali refused to denounce the arbitration and the proceedings continued. In March 658, he sent his arbitration delegation headed by
317:
721:
exchanges, the
Kharijite leaders instructed their followers not to engage in further discussion and instead prepare for martyrdom and to meet their Lord in
1465:
256:
749:
Although the
Kharijites were crushed, their insurgency continued for several years and the Battle of Nahrawan cemented their break from the
81:
1485:
1420:
1252:
249:
1398:
1287:
697:
persuaded them in a speech that the war against Mu'awiya was more important and ordered his troops to depart for Syria.
449:
1475:
1335:
1228:
1204:
1183:
469:
623:, his capital, schisms surfaced in his army. A group of his soldiers criticized the arbitration and accused Ali of
431:
242:
205:
464:
1363:
1480:
681:
298:
159:
648:
comrades were informed and they also joined them in
Nahrawan. Following this exodus, they were called as
1355:
421:
221:
1385:
1270:
1175:
1327:
1262:
1244:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1194:
596:
500:
388:
660:
600:
378:
1470:
739:
383:
8:
777:
633:
608:
566:
278:
1434:
1389:
459:
454:
416:
293:
133:
116:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1412:
1373:
1359:
1331:
1305:
1301:
1248:
1224:
1200:
1179:
514:
368:
309:
150:
47:
1408:
1377:
1345:
1297:
1266:
701:
612:
570:
530:
522:
426:
283:
163:
1349:
1321:
1242:
1238:
1218:
1214:
1169:
491:
442:
154:
680:, declared him, his followers, and the Syrians as infidels, and instead elected
583:, the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, was subsequently elected Caliph by the
1393:
1381:
1282:
1278:
665:
637:
474:
399:
44:
1459:
1448:
1317:
1309:
1274:
628:
settled at a place near Kufa called Harura, becoming known as the Harurites.
538:
393:
96:
83:
761:
436:
409:
363:
1220:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
1165:
534:
526:
404:
358:
266:
30:
760:), who became caliph a few months after Ali's assassination. During the
743:
649:
604:
518:
353:
138:
677:
624:
616:
588:
542:
373:
864:
546:
541:, through negotiations, a move labeled by the group as against the
71:
773:
712:
550:
684:
as their caliph. They declared the blood of such infidels to be
769:
765:
722:
669:
641:
592:
584:
576:
511:
840:
234:
898:
896:
780:. They were, however, not eliminated until the 10th century.
750:
693:
685:
645:
525:). The latter were a group of pious allies of Ali during the
1441:
The Religious-Political Opposition Factions in Ancient Islam
1010:
998:
974:
947:
611:
in 656, his war against Mu'awiya resulted in a stalemate at
1436:
Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
620:
75:
1351:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
1042:
1040:
1027:
1025:
964:
962:
893:
852:
828:
818:
816:
1119:
580:
16:
Battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Kharijites (658)
1052:
801:
587:
people. His election was challenged by Muhammad's widow
579:
resulted in a rebellion and he was assassinated in 656.
1095:
1037:
1022:
986:
959:
937:
935:
920:
908:
883:
881:
879:
813:
1443:] (in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
339:
1143:
1107:
1083:
1071:
789:
932:
876:
505:
1171:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
1131:
1457:
1261:
870:
846:
575:The controversial policies of the third Caliph
325:
250:
1296:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1074–1077.
533:when Ali agreed to settle the dispute with
1429:
1399:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1288:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1065:
902:
822:
807:
332:
318:
257:
243:
212:
37:
1407:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 912–913.
1466:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
1344:
1101:
1046:
1031:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
953:
926:
914:
858:
834:
711:
659:
529:. They separated from him following the
1237:
1213:
1149:
1125:
1077:
795:
716:A 1909 photograph of the Nahrawan Canal
1458:
1372:
1192:
1164:
1113:
1089:
941:
887:
1316:
1137:
668:ran parallel to the east bank of the
313:
238:
1247:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
495:
13:
1223:. London and New York: Routledge.
14:
1497:
510:) was fought between the army of
1413:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5760
1302:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497
772:, but were later subdued by the
676:The Kharijites denounced Ali as
422:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
211:
204:
764:they controlled large parts of
755:
264:
50:painting from 16th/17th century
379:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
1486:History of Diyala Governorate
1196:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
783:
644:. Some five hundred of their
560:
470:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
732:
682:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
160:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
7:
742:by the Kharijite dissident
506:
225:Location within modern Iraq
43:The Battle of Nahrawan; an
10:
1502:
1356:Cambridge University Press
1158:
655:
564:
384:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
707:
619:. As Ali marched back to
521:in July 658 CE (Safar 38
349:
274:
199:
186:
173:
144:
127:
54:
36:
28:
23:
1476:Shia days of remembrance
1176:Harvard University Press
640:on the east bank of the
432:Qays–Yaman war (793–796)
369:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
1328:Oxford University Press
591:and some of Muhammad's
549:Canal, near modern-day
496:مَعْرَكَة النَّهْرَوَان
1193:Glassé, Cyril (2001).
717:
673:
597:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
145:Commanders and leaders
873:, pp. 1074–1075.
715:
663:
601:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
389:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
187:Casualties and losses
1481:Kharijite rebellions
1019:, pp. 259, 260.
1007:, pp. 254, 259.
983:, pp. 258, 259.
956:, pp. 255, 257.
871:Levi Della Vida 1978
847:Levi Della Vida 1978
517:and the rebel group
507:Ma'rakat an-Nahrawān
343:the early Caliphates
222:class=notpageimage|
1263:Levi Della Vida, G.
861:, pp. 251–252.
837:, pp. 248–249.
778:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
652:, those who leave.
609:Battle of the Camel
567:Battle of the Camel
374:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
93: /
1431:Wellhausen, Julius
1199:. AltaMira Press.
1128:, pp. 79, 97.
776:governor of Iraq,
718:
674:
488:Battle of Nahrawan
460:Anarchy at Samarra
455:Bashmurian revolts
417:Abbasid Revolution
134:Rashidun Caliphate
117:Rashidun Caliphate
24:Battle of Nahrawan
1422:978-90-04-09419-2
1346:Madelung, Wilferd
1254:978-0-582-40525-7
1174:. Cambridge, MA:
905:, pp. 17–18.
581:Ali ibn Abi Talib
504:
483:
482:
307:
306:
233:
232:
151:Ali ibn Abi Talib
123:
122:
97:33.333°N 44.383°E
1493:
1452:
1426:
1390:Heinrichs, W. P.
1369:
1341:
1323:Arabs in History
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811:
805:
799:
793:
759:
757:
751:Muslim community
746:in January 661.
702:Wilferd Madelung
634:Abu Musa Ash'ari
571:Battle of Siffin
531:Battle of Siffin
509:
499:
497:
427:Battle of Fakhkh
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294:Busr's campaigns
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1374:Morony, Michael
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1066:Wellhausen 1901
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903:Wellhausen 1901
901:
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869:
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857:
853:
849:, p. 1074.
845:
841:
833:
829:
823:Wellhausen 1901
821:
814:
810:, pp. 3–4.
808:Wellhausen 1901
806:
802:
798:, pp. 7–8.
794:
790:
786:
754:
735:
710:
658:
573:
563:
484:
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308:
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270:
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155:Malik al-Ashtar
153:
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42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1483:
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1473:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1386:van Donzel, E.
1370:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1318:Lewis, Bernard
1314:
1271:van Donzel, E.
1259:
1253:
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1229:
1211:
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1190:
1184:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1116:, p. 164.
1106:
1104:, p. 262.
1094:
1092:, p. 912.
1082:
1070:
1051:
1049:, p. 260.
1036:
1034:, p. 259.
1021:
1009:
997:
995:, p. 254.
985:
973:
971:, p. 258.
958:
946:
931:
929:, p. 257.
919:
917:, p. 256.
907:
892:
890:, p. 163.
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
812:
800:
787:
785:
782:
758: 661–680
734:
731:
709:
706:
666:Nahrawan Canal
657:
654:
638:Nahrawan Canal
562:
559:
537:, governor of
481:
480:
478:
477:
475:Zanj Rebellion
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
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446:
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414:
413:
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400:Yahya ibn Zayd
396:
391:
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366:
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347:
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341:Civil wars of
337:
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299:Syria campaign
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102:33.333; 44.383
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62:17 July 658 CE
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34:
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1378:"Al-Nahrawān"
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1354:. Cambridge:
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1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:9780191647161
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1267:"Khāridjites"
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1239:Kennedy, Hugh
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1230:0-415-25093-5
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1215:Kennedy, Hugh
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1185:9780674050976
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1152:, p. 79.
1151:
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1140:, p. 76.
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1115:
1110:
1103:
1102:Madelung 1997
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1091:
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1080:, p. 10.
1079:
1074:
1068:, p. 18.
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1056:
1048:
1047:Madelung 1997
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1032:Madelung 1997
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1018:
1017:Madelung 1997
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1005:Madelung 1997
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994:
993:Madelung 1997
989:
982:
981:Madelung 1997
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970:
969:Madelung 1997
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963:
955:
954:Madelung 1997
950:
944:, p. 40.
943:
938:
936:
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927:Madelung 1997
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915:Madelung 1997
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859:Madelung 1997
855:
848:
843:
836:
835:Madelung 1997
831:
825:, p. 17.
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775:
771:
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703:
700:According to
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394:Berber Revolt
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240:
237:
223:
207:
198:
194:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
172:
169:
167:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
126:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1440:
1435:
1404:
1397:
1350:
1322:
1293:
1286:
1243:
1219:
1195:
1170:
1150:Kennedy 2004
1145:
1133:
1126:Kennedy 2004
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1078:Kennedy 2001
1073:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
949:
922:
910:
866:
854:
842:
830:
803:
796:Kennedy 2001
791:
762:Second Fitna
748:
740:assassinated
736:
727:
719:
699:
690:
675:
630:
574:
555:
487:
485:
443:Abu'l-Saraya
437:Fourth Fitna
410:Ibadi revolt
364:Second Fitna
288:
165:
128:Belligerents
29:Part of the
18:
1471:First Fitna
1403:Volume VII:
1394:Pellat, Ch.
1279:Pellat, Ch.
1114:Donner 2010
1090:Morony 1993
942:Glassé 2001
888:Donner 2010
527:First Fitna
465:Fifth Fitna
450:East Africa
405:Third Fitna
359:First Fitna
267:First Fitna
100: /
31:First Fitna
1460:Categories
1365:0521646960
1326:. Oxford:
1292:Volume IV:
1138:Lewis 2002
784:References
744:Ibn Muljam
650:Kharijites
595:including
593:companions
565:See also:
561:Background
519:Kharijites
441:Revolt of
398:Revolt of
354:Ridda Wars
139:Kharijites
1449:453206240
1310:758278456
1275:Lewis, B.
733:Aftermath
625:blasphemy
501:romanized
279:The Camel
48:miniature
1433:(1901).
1396:(eds.).
1376:(1993).
1348:(1997).
1320:(2002).
1294:Iran–Kha
1285:(eds.).
1265:(1978).
1241:(2004).
1217:(2001).
1168:(2010).
723:paradise
605:Mu'awiya
585:Medinese
547:Nahrawan
535:Mu'awiya
289:Nahrawan
174:Strength
72:Nahrawan
67:Location
1405:Mif–Naz
1159:Sources
774:Umayyad
656:Prelude
551:Baghdad
503::
166:†
119:victory
88:44°23′E
85:33°20′N
45:Ottoman
1447:
1419:
1392:&
1362:
1334:
1308:
1281:&
1251:
1227:
1203:
1182:
770:Persia
766:Arabia
708:Battle
678:caliph
670:Tigris
646:Basran
642:Tigris
617:Qur'an
613:Siffin
589:A'isha
577:Uthman
543:Qur'an
512:Caliph
492:Arabic
284:Siffin
179:14,000
162:
113:Result
1439:[
1380:. In
1269:. In
694:Quran
686:licit
539:Syria
195:2,400
182:2,800
1445:OCLC
1417:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1306:OCLC
1249:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1180:ISBN
768:and
664:The
621:Kufa
599:and
569:and
486:The
192:7−13
76:Iraq
59:Date
1409:doi
1298:doi
515:Ali
1462::
1415:.
1401:.
1388:;
1384:;
1358:.
1330:.
1304:.
1290:.
1277:;
1273:;
1178:.
1054:^
1039:^
1024:^
961:^
934:^
895:^
878:^
815:^
756:r.
688:.
603:.
523:AH
498:,
494::
74:,
1451:.
1425:.
1411::
1368:.
1340:.
1312:.
1300::
1257:.
1233:.
1209:.
1188:.
672:.
490:(
333:e
326:t
319:v
258:e
251:t
244:v
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