847:), is said to have been incredulous at the first news of Asad's victory. The victory at Kharistan consolidated the Arab position in Khurasan, and particularly in Tokharistan, where the remaining loyal native rulers would certainly have gone over to the Türgesh if the latter had won or remained unopposed. Conversely the defeat diminished the prestige of Suluk, and may possibly have played a role in his assassination early in 738, although rivalries between the Türgesh, fanned by the Chinese court, were more directly responsible for this. The Türgesh khaganate then collapsed into infighting, and stopped being a serious threat to Umayyad interests in the area. As a result, the Battle of Kharistan is considered a turning point for Muslim fortunes in Central Asia.
869:, which terminated Chinese influence in Central Asia, Muslim dominance in the region was secured. Nevertheless, the losses suffered by the Syrians under Asad's command in the 737 campaign in Khuttal were of particularly grave importance in the long term, as the Syrian army was the main pillar of the Umayyad regime. Its numerical decline in Khurasan meant that the Khurasan-born Arabs could no longer be completely controlled by force; this opened the way not only for the appointment of a native Khurasani Arab governor in the person of Nasr ibn Sayyar, but also, eventually, for the outbreak of the
41:
209:
714:, "shows the marks of rehandling", but it appears that Asad managed to surprise the Türgesh ruler and Ibn Surayj near Kharistan. According to al-Tabari, Asad learned of the dispersal of the Türgesh army when his advance guard, 300 cavalry under Mansur ibn Salim al-Bajali, encountered a Türgesh reconnaissance party of equal size, defeated it, and took a few Türgesh prisoner. Asad then marched on, encamping first in the village of al-Sidrah, then at Kharistan, until he finally reached a site some two
515:, Asad seized the opportunity to confront him. With 7,000 men he surprised Suluk, who had only about 4,000 troops with him, and defeated him near Kharistan. The Türgesh ruler and Ibn Surayj managed to flee, but his camp fell into Arab hands, and most of the roaming bands of the Türgesh army were destroyed. This unexpected victory shored up the threatened Umayyad position in Khurasan, while diminishing the prestige of Suluk, who fell victim to inter-Türgesh rivalries in early 738. Asad's successor
216:
787:; she was stabbed by a eunuch servant to prevent her from being taken captive. The Umayyads also recovered the enormous spoils taken by the Türgesh, including 155,000 sheep, "every kind of silver vessel", and many Muslim captives. Suluk barely managed to escape, as his horse got stuck in the mud. Fortunately for him, the Muslims did not recognize him, and he was rescued by Ibn Surayj.
819:"On this skirmish at Kharistan, for it was little more, hung the fate of Arab rule, not only in Transoxania, but possibly even in Khurasan, at least for the immediate future. Kharistan was not only the turning point in the fortunes of the Arabs in Central Asia, but gave the signal for the downfall of the Turgesh power, which was bound up with the personal prestige of ."
597:") while trying to recapture it. The Umayyad government made some half-hearted attempts to placate the local population and win the support of local elites, but in 728 a large-scale uprising broke out. With Türgesh aid, the Umayyad garrisons were evicted, and the caliphate lost most of Transoxiana except for the region around
670:
The campaign had been a disaster for Asad and his now mainly Syrian army; Umayyad control north of the Oxus had collapsed entirely, and while the governor had been able to escape complete destruction, he had suffered considerable casualties. Asad led his troops back to Balkh, but the Türgesh remained
491:
in 731, the
Umayyads lost control over most of Transoxiana, while in 734–736 al-Harith ibn Surayj led a major rebellion against the caliphate's governors in Khurasan itself. The appointment of the veteran Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri brought about the defeat of Ibn Surayj, but in 737 Asad's attempt to
767:, who had only 4,000 of his men with him, placed Ibn Surayj and his followers on the right, while the rest of his force consisted of his Türgesh and of contingents from the princes of Transoxiana—al-Tabari implies they were there in person, but this is unlikely—including the rulers of Sughd, Shash (
653:
led some 50,000 of his men south in response. Asad received very little notice of this, and at the approach of the Türgesh the
Umayyad army panicked and fled headlong to the Oxus. Amidst much confusion, and with the Türgesh on their heels, the Umayyad troops managed to cross the river. They were
782:
In the ensuing clash, the Türgesh right under Ibn Surayj was victorious, reportedly reaching Asad's tent. However, after the Arabs attacked from the rear—reportedly on the suggestion of the ruler of Juzjan—the Türgesh and their allies broke and fled. In their flight, the Türgesh abandoned their
686:
to persuade them to fight. Asad initially refused to call upon the help of the local
Khurasani Arabs, indicating the level of mistrust existing by now between the latter and the representatives of the Umayyad regime; in the end, however, he relented, and gathered a force of 7,000 men. In the
679:
Asad was apprised of this on the evening of 7 December, when messages arrived at Balkh that the Türgesh and their allies, some 30,000 strong, were at the nearby fortress of Jazzah. Asad ordered signal fires to be lit and mobilized his Syrian troops, although he had to pay each man twenty
808:
and Ibn Surayj to escape to Upper
Tokharistan, whence they moved on to Usrushana. The Türgesh raiding parties left behind in Khurasan were captured or destroyed one by one by Asad and his officers, and only a few Sogdians managed to escape back across the Oxus.
703:, since such a large army could not otherwise be sustained during the winter. Against the expectations of Ibn Surayj, however, the ruler of Juzjan elected to side with Asad, who, informed of these events by the governor of Khulm, set out to engage the Türgesh.
675:
decided to launch a winter attack into Lower
Tokharistan, hoping to raise the local population in revolt against the Umayyads. In this he was joined not only by Ibn Surayj and his followers, but by most of the native princes of Sogdiana and Tokharistan.
624:
in
Khurasan itself. The revolt broke out in early 734, spread quickly across the province and gathered the support of a large portion of the indigenous Iranian population. At one point, the rebel army even threatened the provincial capital,
836:, and the wise strategic choice of making Balkh his residence, paid off, and allowed him to salvage a situation that, in the wake of several defeats at the hands of the Türgesh, had appeared seemingly hopeless—indeed, the Umayyad caliph,
654:
followed, however, by the Türgesh, who attacked the
Umayyads in their camp. On the next day, 30 September, the Türgesh found and captured the Umayyad baggage train and annihilated the Umayyads' allied contingent from
312:
496:
ended in a debacle when the Türgesh attacked his army. Although Asad managed to save most of his force, he suffered heavy losses, and lost most of his army's baggage train and its escort in the
671:
in
Tokharistan, where they were joined by Ibn Surayj. As the Arabs customarily did not campaign during winter, Asad demobilized his men. On Ibn Surayj's urging, on the other hand, the Türgesh
264:
752:
257:
644:, whose rulers had supported the Türgesh and Ibn Surayj's rebellion. Asad was initially successful, but the Khuttalans called on the Türgesh for aid. The Türgesh
800:. He remained at the site of his victory for five days, before returning to Balkh, nine days after his departure. From there he set out for Jazzah, where the
723:
According to the report of Amr ibn Musa, relayed by al-Tabari, Asad gave command of his battle line to al-Qasim ibn
Bukhayt al-Muraghi. The latter placed the
507:
While the Arab army demobilized and returned to their homes for winter, the Türgesh ruler Suluk, now advised by Ibn Surayj, launched an invasion of Lower
250:
1622:
1480:
889:
The exact location of Jazza is unknown. It appears only in al-Tabari's report on the events of 737, where it is described as a fortress belonging to
1602:
1617:
1565:(2002). "Nouveaux documents bactriens du Guzgan (note d'information)" [New Bactrian documents of Guzgan (informational note)].
511:. This left Asad with far fewer men to confront the Türgesh invasion, but when the Türgesh ruler dispersed his army to raid and gather
897:
suggests it might be identifiable with the village of Darra Gaz, mentioned in the mountains south of Balkh in the 14th–19th centuries.
208:
759:(under Sulayman ibn Amr al-Muqri). Mansur al-Bajali commanded the vanguard as before, reinforced by the troops of the district of
1607:
570:
populations to the
Umayyads remained questionable, however, and in 719 the various Transoxianian princes sent a petition to the
1632:
1460:
1436:
229:
691:, but after being repelled marched on to Peroz Nakhsher/Peroz Bakhshin. Bypassing Balkh, the Türgesh seized the capital of
637:
troops, managed to reverse the tide and suppress Ibn Surayj's revolt, although the rebel leader himself managed to escape.
1516:
804:
had fled. Suluk fled before the Umayyad pursuit, but the Arabs were soon hampered by heavy rain and snow, allowing the
585:
the Türgesh launched a series of attacks against the Umayyads in Transoxiana, coupled with uprisings among the native
78:
1552:
543:
274:
32:
1428:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120
616:
was severely curtailed, with the Umayyads focusing their efforts at keeping control of the principalities of
487:
Türgesh nomads from the north, and revolts of the native princes of Transoxiana. After a major defeat in the
695:, and then dispersed and sent out mounted raiding parties in all directions, with some reaching as far as
526:
had restored the Arab position in Transoxiana almost to what it had been before the Türgesh intervention.
630:
448:
162:
633:, who had served as governor of Khurasan in 724–727 and now brought with him 20,000 veteran and loyal
555:
294:
650:
620:
in the upper Oxus valley. In addition, the Umayyad authorities were preoccupied by the rebellion of
458:
167:
1446:
1422:
344:
1452:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
1612:
837:
641:
1562:
894:
699:, some 350 kilometres (220 miles) south and east of Balkh. This was possibly done in search of
473:
790:
Asad divided the spoils among his men, sending the captive Türgesh women to the local Iranian
1431:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
915:
The unnamed "capital of Juzjan" is variously given by medieval Muslim authors as Anbar (mod.
659:
497:
374:
298:
621:
605:
488:
462:
393:
368:
331:
171:
8:
1474:
302:
870:
589:. The Umayyad governors initially managed to suppress the unrest, but control over the
551:
325:
1498:
1548:
1526:
1484:
1456:
1432:
547:
425:
356:
130:
113:
1574:
866:
362:
1627:
1542:
1450:
1426:
862:
851:
791:
776:
743:(under Maghra ibn Ahmar al-Numayri) on the right, while the left was held by the
590:
563:
516:
405:
399:
242:
1511:
1507:
916:
756:
740:
567:
484:
429:
306:
578:
vassals for military aid against the caliphate's governors. In response, from
1591:
1538:
1530:
1503:
1488:
1470:
824:
736:
731:
tribal contingents, as well as the ruler of Juzjan and his personal retinue (
711:
655:
634:
594:
350:
93:
80:
1578:
1597:
1567:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
760:
696:
571:
40:
763:(under Hamlah ibn Nu'aym al-Kalbi) and the personal retinue of Asad. The
617:
612:
regained their independence, while Muslim military activity north of the
535:
508:
469:
444:
150:
71:
1181:
1179:
924:
893:, apparently on the eastern edge of that principality, close to Balkh.
744:
728:
613:
18:
Battle fought in 737 between Caliphate and Türgesh tribal confederation
747:
tribe (under Yahya ibn Hudayn) and the contingent of the districts of
575:
432:
139:
1176:
1164:
772:
748:
707:
598:
142:
710:
of the ensuing battle is confused and, according to the Orientalist
936:
Identified by Gibb with San, a town in the mountains near Maymanah.
920:
768:
586:
559:
440:
67:
720:—roughly 10–12 kilometres (6–7 miles)—from the capital of Juzjan.
716:
493:
1280:
949:
890:
796:
700:
692:
682:
646:
609:
608:
in 731, after which Samarkand too was lost. The Sogdians under
512:
483:, Umayyad rule was increasingly challenged by attacks from the
468:
The Arab armies of the Umayyad Caliphate had conquered most of
453:
436:
146:
134:
1376:
1316:
1304:
1268:
1203:
1096:
1084:
1057:
593:
was lost and in 724 the Arabs suffered a major disaster (the "
1152:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1021:
997:
973:
961:
688:
501:
1544:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
562:
in the mid-7th century. The loyalty of Transoxiana's native
626:
1400:
1340:
1256:
1244:
1120:
1045:
724:
1455:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1364:
1009:
1191:
783:
encampment with their women, including the wife of the
1328:
1292:
854:, the Umayyad armies recovered most of Transoxiana by
519:
was able to use the collapse of Türgesh power, and by
472:
in the early years of the 8th century, as part of the
1388:
1352:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1142:
1140:
1108:
1074:
1072:
906:
Exact spelling uncertain, and otherwise unidentified.
1033:
985:
1547:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
658:, which Asad had sent off ahead, in the so-called "
1497:
1227:
1137:
1069:
604:The Umayyads suffered another major defeat in the
45:Map of Khurasan and Transoxiana in the 8th century
735:) and the contingents of the Syrian districts of
447:). The Umayyads, under the governor of Khurasan,
272:
1589:
435:in December 737 near the town of Kharistan in
1561:
1158:
451:, managed to surprise and defeat the Türgesh
258:
1445:
1421:
1406:
1382:
1346:
1322:
1310:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1209:
1185:
1170:
1131:
1102:
1090:
1063:
1051:
1027:
1003:
979:
967:
955:
215:
1517:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
927:, or the city of Kundaram (mod. Gurziwan).
640:In 737, Asad launched a campaign into the
265:
251:
1525:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 608–609.
1495:
1197:
1623:Battles involving the Türgesh Khaganate
1603:Battles involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1537:
1370:
1590:
739:(under Mus'ab ibn Amr al-Khuza'i) and
832:Asad's resolution in confronting the
504:, leaving the field to the Türgesh.
424:was fought between the forces of the
246:
1618:Khurasan under the Umayyad Caliphate
1469:
1394:
1358:
1334:
1298:
1238:
1221:
1146:
1114:
1078:
1039:
1015:
991:
13:
1476:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
500:on 30 September. Asad withdrew to
461:, and his ally, the Arab renegade
14:
1644:
873:that toppled the Umayyad regime.
629:. The arrival of the experienced
214:
207:
39:
930:
909:
900:
883:
842:
1608:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
865:in 751 and the turmoil of the
753:Ja'far ibn Hanzalah al-Bahrani
33:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1:
1633:730s in the Umayyad Caliphate
943:
855:
579:
529:
520:
492:restore Umayyad control over
477:
400:Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar
394:Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj
192:
183:
876:
812:
7:
546:by the Muslim Arabs of the
233:Location within Afghanistan
10:
1649:
1415:
631:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
554:in 705–715, following the
449:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
163:Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri
1481:The Royal Asiatic Society
1447:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1423:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1188:, p. 143 (note 514).
1173:, p. 140 (note 503).
687:meantime, Suluk attacked
665:
556:Muslim conquest of Persia
284:
202:
177:
156:
124:
49:
38:
30:
25:
850:Under Asad's successor,
1579:10.3406/crai.2002.22500
1563:Sims-Williams, Nicholas
919:), al-Yahudiyyah (mod.
838:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
642:principality of Khuttal
895:Nicholas Sims-Williams
821:
157:Commanders and leaders
135:Principality of Juzjan
1496:Hartmann, R. (1965).
1018:, pp. 72–76, 79.
958:, pp. 19, 29–30.
817:
777:Yabghu of Tokharistan
660:Battle of the Baggage
498:Battle of the Baggage
1289:, pp. 144, 145.
622:al-Harith ibn Surayj
606:Battle of the Defile
489:Battle of the Defile
463:al-Harith ibn Surayj
339:Umayyad–Türgesh wars
299:Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad
230:class=notpageimage|
172:al-Harith ibn Surayj
1385:, pp. 182–185.
1325:, pp. 146–147.
1313:, pp. 145–146.
1277:, pp. 144–145.
1212:, pp. 181–182.
1105:, pp. 180–181.
1093:, pp. 135–139.
1066:, pp. 131–135.
1030:, pp. 176–180.
1006:, pp. 155–161.
982:, pp. 125–128.
970:, pp. 109–110.
775:, Khuttal, and the
422:Battle of Kharistan
222:Battle of Kharistan
90: /
26:Battle of Kharistan
1539:Hawting, Gerald R.
1337:, pp. 84, 85.
1301:, pp. 83, 84.
1159:Sims-Williams 2002
871:Abbasid Revolution
552:Qutayba ibn Muslim
70:, modern northern
1462:978-0-7914-1827-7
1438:978-0-88706-569-9
1397:, pp. 88–98.
1373:, pp. 87–88.
1361:, pp. 84–85.
1224:, pp. 83–84.
1117:, pp. 82–83.
1042:, pp. 76–78.
994:, pp. 61–70.
548:Umayyad Caliphate
443:(modern northern
426:Umayyad Caliphate
415:
414:
326:Qutayba b. Muslim
241:
240:
131:Umayyad Caliphate
120:
119:
94:35.933°N 64.750°E
1640:
1582:
1573:(3): 1047–1058.
1558:
1534:
1501:
1492:
1466:
1442:
1410:
1407:Blankinship 1994
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1383:Blankinship 1994
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1347:Blankinship 1994
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1323:Blankinship 1989
1320:
1314:
1311:Blankinship 1989
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1287:Blankinship 1989
1284:
1278:
1275:Blankinship 1989
1272:
1266:
1263:Blankinship 1989
1260:
1254:
1251:Blankinship 1989
1248:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1210:Blankinship 1994
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1186:Blankinship 1989
1183:
1174:
1171:Blankinship 1989
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1132:Blankinship 1994
1129:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1103:Blankinship 1994
1100:
1094:
1091:Blankinship 1989
1088:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1064:Blankinship 1989
1061:
1055:
1052:Blankinship 1994
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1028:Blankinship 1994
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1004:Blankinship 1994
1001:
995:
989:
983:
980:Blankinship 1994
977:
971:
968:Blankinship 1994
965:
959:
956:Blankinship 1994
953:
937:
934:
928:
913:
907:
904:
898:
887:
867:An Shi Rebellion
860:
857:
846:
844:
828:
584:
581:
540:Ma wara' al-nahr
525:
522:
482:
479:
474:Muslim conquests
319:Initial conquest
279:
267:
260:
253:
244:
243:
218:
217:
211:
197:
194:
188:
185:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
66:Kharistan (near
51:
50:
43:
23:
22:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1588:
1587:
1555:
1463:
1439:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1161:, p. 1054.
1157:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
946:
941:
940:
935:
931:
914:
910:
905:
901:
888:
884:
879:
863:Battle of Talas
861:, and with the
858:
852:Nasr ibn Sayyar
841:
830:
823:
815:
792:landed nobility
706:The account in
668:
591:Ferghana Valley
582:
532:
523:
517:Nasr ibn Sayyar
480:
418:
417:
416:
411:
402: (738–741)
396: (734–736)
328: (705–715)
303:Sa'id b. Uthman
288:Early invasions
280:
276:
275:Muslim conquest
273:
271:
237:
236:
235:
234:
232:
226:
225:
224:
223:
219:
195:
186:
170:
145:
133:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
75:
44:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:730s conflicts
1610:
1605:
1600:
1584:
1583:
1559:
1553:
1535:
1493:
1471:Gibb, H. A. R.
1467:
1461:
1443:
1437:
1425:, ed. (1989).
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:, p. 185.
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 182.
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1265:, p. 143.
1255:
1253:, p. 142.
1243:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1200:, p. 608.
1190:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1136:
1134:, p. 181.
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 180.
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
960:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
929:
908:
899:
881:
880:
878:
875:
845: 724–743
816:
814:
811:
667:
664:
534:The region of
531:
528:
413:
412:
410:
409:
403:
397:
390:
389:
385:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
345:Qasr al-Bahili
341:
340:
336:
335:
329:
321:
320:
316:
315:
313:Musa al-Sulami
309:
290:
289:
285:
282:
281:
277:of Transoxiana
270:
269:
262:
255:
247:
239:
238:
228:
227:
221:
220:
213:
212:
206:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
190:
180:
179:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
154:
153:
137:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
117:
111:
107:
106:
99:35.933; 64.750
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:(in French).
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:0-415-24072-7
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 84.
1240:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:Hartmann 1965
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1149:, p. 83.
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 82.
1080:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
976:
969:
964:
957:
952:
948:
933:
926:
922:
918:
912:
903:
896:
892:
886:
882:
874:
872:
868:
864:
853:
848:
839:
835:
829:
826:
825:H. A. R. Gibb
820:
810:
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
788:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
718:
713:
712:H. A. R. Gibb
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
684:
677:
674:
663:
661:
657:
656:al-Saghaniyan
652:
649:
648:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
595:Day of Thirst
592:
588:
577:
573:
572:Chinese court
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
486:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:Day of Thirst
349:
347: (720/1)
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:Campaigns of
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
310:
308:
307:Salm b. Ziyad
304:
300:
296:
295:Rabi b. Ziyad
293:Campaigns of
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
278:
268:
263:
261:
256:
254:
249:
248:
245:
231:
210:
201:
191:
182:
181:
176:
173:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
148:
144:
141:
138:
136:
132:
129:
128:
123:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
73:
69:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
16:
1585:
1570:
1566:
1543:
1522:
1515:
1475:
1451:
1427:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1371:Hawting 2000
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
932:
911:
902:
885:
849:
833:
831:
822:
818:
805:
801:
795:
789:
784:
781:
764:
732:
722:
715:
705:
697:Marw al-Rudh
681:
678:
672:
669:
645:
639:
603:
539:
533:
506:
467:
452:
421:
419:
380:
196: 4,000
187: 7,000
125:Belligerents
57:December 737
31:Part of the
15:
1512:Schacht, J.
1508:Pellat, Ch.
618:Tokharistan
542:) had been
536:Transoxiana
509:Tokharistan
470:Transoxiana
445:Afghanistan
408: (751)
383: (737)
377: (737)
375:The Baggage
371: (731)
365: (729)
359: (729)
353: (724)
334: (717)
151:Transoxiana
149:princes of
97: /
72:Afghanistan
1592:Categories
1521:Volume II:
1499:"Djūzdjān"
1479:. London:
944:References
925:Shibarghan
859: 743
733:shakiriyya
614:Oxus River
583: 720
574:and their
530:Background
524: 743
481: 720
439:, eastern
369:The Defile
311:Revolt of
1531:495469475
1504:Lewis, B.
1489:499987512
1395:Gibb 1923
1359:Gibb 1923
1335:Gibb 1923
1299:Gibb 1923
1239:Gibb 1923
1222:Gibb 1923
1147:Gibb 1923
1115:Gibb 1923
1079:Gibb 1923
1040:Gibb 1923
1016:Gibb 1923
992:Gibb 1923
917:Sar-i-Pul
877:Footnotes
813:Aftermath
773:Usrushana
741:Qinnasrin
708:al-Tabari
599:Samarkand
544:conquered
538:(Arabic:
381:Kharistan
143:Khaganate
1541:(2000).
1514:(eds.).
1473:(1923).
1449:(1994).
921:Maymanah
769:Tashkent
761:Damascus
737:Filastin
717:farsakhs
587:Sogdians
560:Khurasan
441:Khurasan
428:and the
178:Strength
68:Maymanah
62:Location
1416:Sources
797:dehgans
785:khaghan
751:(under
745:Rabi'ah
683:dirhams
576:Türgesh
564:Iranian
558:and of
494:Khuttal
476:. From
433:Türgesh
363:Kamarja
357:Baykand
147:Sogdian
140:Türgesh
116:victory
114:Umayyad
85:64°45′E
82:35°56′N
1628:Guzgan
1551:
1529:
1510:&
1487:
1459:
1435:
891:Juzjan
834:khagan
806:khagan
802:khagan
794:, the
765:khagan
757:Jordan
755:) and
729:Tamimi
701:forage
693:Juzjan
673:khagan
666:Battle
647:khagan
635:Syrian
610:Ghurak
568:Turkic
550:under
513:forage
485:Turkic
454:khagan
437:Juzjan
430:Turkic
110:Result
1502:. In
689:Khulm
651:Suluk
502:Balkh
459:Suluk
406:Talas
388:Other
168:Suluk
1549:ISBN
1527:OCLC
1485:OCLC
1457:ISBN
1433:ISBN
749:Homs
727:and
725:Azdi
627:Marw
566:and
420:The
332:Aksu
305:and
54:Date
1598:737
1575:doi
1571:146
1523:C–G
923:),
771:),
662:".
198:men
189:men
1594::
1519:.
1506:;
1483:.
1229:^
1178:^
1139:^
1122:^
1071:^
856:c.
843:r.
779:.
601:.
580:c.
521:c.
478:c.
465:.
457:,
301:,
297:,
193:c.
184:c.
1581:.
1577::
1557:.
1533:.
1491:.
1465:.
1441:.
840:(
827:.
266:e
259:t
252:v
74:)
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