818:, had long remained an indomitable thorn in the Arabs' side and menaced their province of Sistan. Repeated expeditions against the Zunbil had failed, and a truce had been agreed in exchange for tribute. In addition, the existence of a free Zabulite kingdom was a threat to the security of Muslim control over the Hephthalite principalities of Tokharistan, who might be encouraged to seek support from it. Thus Qutayba led a large army south, but the Zunbil readily offered his submission and the payment of tribute. Satisfied with this easy success, and unwilling to hazard a campaign in the mountains of Zabulistan, Qutayba departed. No garrisons were installed, and after the Arab army departed, the Zunbil ceased the payment of tribute.
1158:
terms: the payment of an annual tribute and the provision of an auxiliary corps as with
Bukhara and Khwarizm, as well as the construction of a mosque inside the city and the celebration of prayers there by the Arab army. Once inside the city however, Qutayba proceeded to occupy and garrison it. One of his brothers (accounts differ between Abd al-Rahman and Abdallah) was left as governor, and orders were given prohibiting any non-Muslim access to the city citadel. Ghurak and his retinue left the city and founded a new town, Farankath, further to the north. This treachery enabled Qutayba to bring most of Transoxiana under his (albeit tentative) control, but it also considerably tarnished his prestige among the Sogdians.
1192:
powerful Arab tribal groups. He was generally popular among the native
Iranians, but the leader of the native auxiliaries, Hayyan an-Nabati, had secretly turned against him. Qutayba was completely unaware of the situation however, and began preparations for the campaign of 715, during which he intended to finally capture the Ferghana Valley and complete the subjugation of the Jaxartes valley. His only concern was that his old rival, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, might be restored to the Caliph's favour after al-Hajjaj's death, and he took few precautions except for removing his family and belongings from Merv to Shash and placing a guard on the Oxus.
784:. This measure was later expanded to include the newly conquered territories in Sogdia and Khwarizm. Gibb suggests that this move may be seen as an answer to the need for more troops to control the conquered territories and continue Muslim expansion, as well as a means of placing the local manpower in Arab service and depleting it at the same time, reducing the risk of anti-Arab revolts. Gibb also suggests that the creation of an indigenous force may have been an attempt by Qutayba to establish a power base of his own. From
563:
774:
were executed. Qutayba then marched west over the Iron Gate, taking Kish and Nasaf and visiting
Bukhara, where he settled relations between the Arabs and the locals, installed Tughshada in the position of Bukhar Khudah and established an Arab military colony in the city. Later, in 712/13, Qutayba built a mosque in the city's citadel, but although the Arab authorities encouraged the conversion of the native population by paying them to attend prayers, Islamization proceeded slowly.
761:, some 12,000 men, and head to Balkh to secure the Muslim position there. This move proved effective in discouraging the rebellion of more local princes, and in spring 710, Abd al-Rahman was able to re-establish Muslim control over Tokharistan almost without bloodshed. Most of the rebel rulers fled or capitulated, and finally, Nizak was captured with the assistance of some native princes and executed on al-Hajjaj's orders, despite promises of pardon. The Yabghu was exiled to
160:
1137:
672:
1100:, faced a rebellion by his younger brother Khurrazadh and a powerful rival, the king of Khamjird, and asked Qutayba for help, offering recognition of the Caliphate's suzerainty, money, livestock and the payment of tribute in exchange. Qutayba, after announcing that he would head for Sogdia, advanced with his troops in a lightning campaign to the Khwarizmian capital
1200:
Damascus failed, Qutayba resolved to rebel. The
Khurasani Arabs refused to support him, and the native auxiliaries, although favourably disposed towards him, were prevented from declaring their support by Hayyan al-Nabati. Only his family, his fellow Bahili tribesmen and his bodyguard, the Archers, remained faithful. The opposition, led by the
531:) tribal confederations in Khurasan by providing a governor who did not belong to either. The Bahila were neutral between the two groups, but generally allied themselves to the Qays, thus furthering al-Hajjaj's policy of emasculating Azdi power, which had been dominant in Khurasan during the governorship of al-Mufaddal's brother,
1183:, but this claim is dismissed by modern scholars. In 714, Qutayba renewed his expeditions along the Jaxartes, probably with Shash as his base, but his campaign was cut short upon receiving the news of the death of al-Hajjaj. Unsure of his position now that his patron was gone, he disbanded the army and returned to Merv.
1157:
for aid. The ruler of Shash indeed sent a strong army to aid them, but it was ambushed and destroyed by the Arabs. The news of this arrived at the time where the Arab siege weapons had effected a breach in the city walls, forcing Ghurak to sue for peace. Qutayba initially granted surprisingly lenient
1152:
After leaving
Khwarizm, Qutayba initially turned towards Merv, for his army had grown weary and demanded an end to the campaign. During the march, however, Qutayba suddenly turned the army around towards Samarkand. The Sogdians had disbanded most of their forces, and the Arabs, reinforced with levies
647:. One version of events holds that the city surrendered peacefully, but another suggests it was violently captured, which seems likely as the city is mentioned as ruined a few years later. Qutayba then secured the submission of the local princes in the upper Oxus valley, most notably of Tish, king of
618:
for his own domain, they managed to eject the Arabs from their holdings. Nevertheless, the
Transoxianian princes remained riven by their own feuds, and failed to unite in the face of the Arab conquest, a fact which would be suitably exploited by Qutayba after 705. The international situation was also
777:
At the same time, Qutayba had adopted a measure that marked a radical departure from previous practice in the East and had long-term repercussions: the raising of native
Khurasani auxiliary levies, usually some ten to twenty thousand strong and mostly composed of non-converts, to supplement the Arab
443:
To increase his strained manpower, Qutayba initiated the wide-scale levy of native
Khurasani and Transoxianian soldiers who fought alongside the Arab Muslim troops. Following Walid's death, Qutayba, insecure of his position under the new regime, rebelled but failed to secure the support of his army,
1199:
to the throne. The new Caliph was a bitter enemy of
Qutayba, for the latter had argued in favour of excluding him from the succession. Although Sulayman re-confirmed him in his position as governor, Qutayba feared that he would soon be removed. At the last, after negotiations with the new regime in
718:
united behind the Wardan Khudah. Bahili accounts extolling
Qutayba's achievements mention the participation of 200,000 Türgesh troops as well, but this is evidently an exaggerated anachronism. In the campaign of 707, Qutayba was able to capture two outlying towns, Tumuskath and Ramithana, before he
1211:
After Qutayba's death, the Arab position in Transoxiana swiftly crumbled. His successors did not command his prestige among the local population and were unable to maintain his conquests in the face of local revolts and invasion by the Türgesh, and most of Transoxiana was abandoned or became hotly
773:
Despite the swift end of Nizak's revolt, the diversion of Arab resources for its suppression encouraged the king of Shuman and Akharun decided to rebel as well. Qutayba led his forces against him, and captured his citadel after a brief and violent siege. The king fell in battle, and his supporters
1191:
Caliph Walid quickly re-confirmed Qutayba as governor, and even made his province independent from the governor of Iraq, but Qutayba's position was not secure: the Arab army was tired of constant campaigning and was still riven by factional rivalries, while Qutayba himself had alienated the most
765:
and kept there as a hostage (possibly with the ruler of Chaghaniyan acting as regent in his stead). Lower Tokharistan was more firmly incorporated into the Caliphate, as Arab district representatives were appointed alongside the local princes, who were gradually relegated to secondary positions.
1161:
Arab sources indicate that at about his time, the Sogdian princes called upon the Turkic Khaganate or the Türgesh for help against the Arabs, although the chronology and veracity of these accounts is open to question. At any rate, over the next two years Qutayba engaged in an effort to push the
706:
after a two-month siege. He left a small garrison there and departed, but the inhabitants launched a revolt soon after. The Arab army then turned back and proceeded to sack the city. The men of fighting age were executed, the women and children sold off as slaves, and enormous booty amassed,
723:
to beyond the Oxus, crossing the river at Tirmidh. The campaign of 708 was also a failure against the united Sogdian forces, which drew the ire of al-Hajjaj. For 709, al-Hajjaj drew up a new plan for his subordinate: the Arabs launched a direct attack on Bukhara, which caught the Sogdian
744:
This success was followed however by the rebellion in the autumn of 709 of much of Lower Tokharistan under Nizak of Badhgis. Leaving Qutayba's camp on a pretext of going to Balkh and escaping to his native lands, Nizak quickly managed to gain the support of the principalities of
1104:. His brother Abd al-Rahman defeated and killed Khamjird's troops in battle and took 4,000 prisoners, who were then executed. Khurrazadh and his followers were also captured and executed. The Khwarizmians however rebelled shortly after Qutayba's departure and killed the
1153:
from Bukhara and Khwarizm, were able to brush aside the local resistance and advance straight to the city itself and lay siege to it. Ghurak and the inhabitants of the city resisted the Arabs with determination, and called upon the rulers of Shash and the
542:, consolidating and expanding Muslim rule there. In this endeavour, both his military and diplomatic and organisational abilities came him in good stead; most importantly, he was able to enlist the support of the local Iranian population and the powerful
1166:
valley. A large force, supported by some 20,000 Transoxianian levies, marched into the valley in early 713. The native levies were dispatched against Shash, which was reportedly taken, while Qutayba with the Arabs marched in the direction of
801:
emerged as the foremost leader, and appears frequently in Tabari's account both as the main military leader of the Khurasani conscripts and as chief negotiator with the Sogdians, for example during the 709 treaty with Tarkhun.
766:
Qutayba's brother Abd al-Rahman was installed with a garrison near Balkh to oversee the affairs of the province. From this point on, Balkh began developing "as a centre of Arab power and Islamic culture", in the words of
651:, who invited Qutayba to aid him in his dispute with the ruler of nearby Akharun (or Akhrun) and Shuman, in the northern mountainous districts of Tokharistan. After extensive negotiations led by Sulaym the Persian, the
1132:
compares the events with a barbarian sack, as the Arabs proceeded to massacre most of the upper classes who had fomented the revolt, and destroyed a great many objects of Khwarizmian culture, including manuscripts.
691:, the Wardan Khudah, had seized most of Tughshada's territories, including Bukhara itself, while the remainder was ruled by another local magnate, Khunuk Khudah, who had usurped the title of king of Bukhara (
1310:, however, rejected al-Biruni's tale of a deliberate eradication of Khwarizmian culture due to the lack of mention of these events in any previous source, and quotes al-Biruni's first modern editor,
264:
444:
and was killed. Most of his conquests in Transoxiana were lost in the years after his death; only in the 740s was the Muslim position restored to the line reached by Qutayba, and only after the
1208:), Qutayba and other members of his family were killed at Ferghana by Arab soldiers. Waki ibn Abi Sud succeeded him as governor, and ordered the army to return to Merv, where it was disbanded.
1252:
216:
791:, Qutayba also appears to have recruited a special corps, known as the "Archers", from among the Khurasani, Tokharian and Sogdian nobility. Their skill was such that they were known as
610:, made attempts to conquer territory across the river, but they failed. The native princes, for their part, tried to exploit the Arabs' rivalries, and with the aid of the Arab renegade
1071:
Taking advantage of Qutayba's absence in the south, the inhabitants of Samarkand overthrew their ruler Tarkhun due to his passive stance towards the Arabs, and installed the prince
1239:
Qutayba's role in the conquest and gradual Islamization of Central Asia was crucial, and in later times, a number of locations in Ferghana where his tomb was supposedly located (
719:
was threatened in his rear by the united Sogdian army. Qutayba avoided a battle, and engaged in negotiations to gain time, before executing a rapid retreat to safety through the
611:
866:
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especially in armour and weapons, which equipped the Arab army. The high quality of the Sogdian craftmanship became proverbial as the "forging of Sughd" in Arabic accounts.
598:, but they were little more than raids aiming at seizing booty and extracting tribute, and were interrupted by the intertribal warfare that broke out in Khurasan during the
401:(705–715). A capable soldier and administrator, he consolidated Muslim rule in the area and expanded the Caliphate's border to include most of Transoxiana. From 705 to
754:
1113:
209:
753:, to join the uprising. The year was too advanced for a direct confrontation and the Muslim levy-based army mostly disbanded, but Qutayba ordered his brother
1204:
tribe, coalesced around their leader Waki ibn Abi Sud al-Tamimi. In August 715 (according to al-Tabari) or early 716 (according to the 9th-century historian
1109:
485:
1244:
202:
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859:
938:
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and Faryab, and the city of Balkh. In an effort to raise the entire region in revolt, Nizak also forced the nominal suzerain of Tokharistan, the
1075:
in his stead. As Qutayba prepared to march against Samarkand during the winter of 711/712, he received envoys from the king of Khwarizm (the
852:
497:
683:. Bukhara was at the time weakened by civil war: royal power had been weakened in favour of ambitious nobles during the minority of King
724:
alliance—possibly weakened by the death of its leader, the Wardan Khudah—by surprise. The city was taken by storm, a tribute of 200,000
2672:
688:
1224:, were the Umayyads able to restore the Caliphate's control over most of Transoxiana, and only with the decisive victory of the new
2348:
1054:
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710:
The brutal punishment meted out to Baykand shocked the region: the Sogdians patched up their quarrels and the Sogdian princes of
535:. Furthermore, as Qutayba lacked a strong tribal base of his own, he could be expected to remain firmly attached to his patron.
1195:
His campaign against Ferghana was under way when news reached the army of Caliph Walid's death and the accession of his brother
2677:
797:("archers who pierce the pupils of the eyes"), and they apparently served as a bodyguard. Among the local Khurasani converts,
2479:
2429:
2384:
2333:
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and Ferghana. Little is known of these expeditions, although successful battles are recorded before Khujand and at Minak in
770:; within a generation, it was Islamicized to the extent of briefly replacing Marw as the provincial capital of Khurasan.
2370:
981:
957:
2589:
Stark, Sören (2018). "The Arab Conquest of Bukhārā: Reconsidering Qutayba b. Muslim's Campaigns 87‒90 H/706‒709 CE".
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of Zanbulistan ceased his payment of tribute to the Caliphate and remained resolutely independent for decades after.
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valley, and during the last years of his life Qutayba led annual campaigns there, extending Muslim control up to the
2642:
2637:
1212:
contested territory in the years after his death. During this period, the Arabs suffered the grave defeats of the "
943:
895:
480:. He was killed in the fighting, but while he lay wounded he obtained assurances of safety for Qutayba from Caliph
1243:
and Jamal Qarsh) were venerated by pilgrims. His descendants too continued to hold influential positions: his son
833:, awoke such enthusiasm and hopes among the Muslims that al-Hajjaj is reputed to have offered the governorship of
996:
515:. The choice of Qutayba, who hailed from the relatively weak Bahila tribe, was intended by al-Hajjaj to heal the
1255:
was governor of Balkh. His grandsons, especially the numerous sons of Salm, continued in high office under the
1049:
933:
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226:
181:
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had renounced the treaty, and subsequent efforts by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab against Khwarizm had failed. The
991:
648:
512:
176:
1128:, but the conquest of Khwarizm was accompanied by great brutality: the 11th-century Khwarizmian scholar
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1008:
924:
123:
2492:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
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The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
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1013:
907:
624:
481:
469:
1035:
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919:
900:
876:
2424:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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326:
250:
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73
1175:, and the dispatch of an Arab embassy to the Chinese court is verified by Chinese sources.
1023:
1018:
928:
345:
320:
283:
628:
8:
2632:
2627:
2443:
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1280:, the regular Muslim forces in the region mustered 47,000 Arabs (9,000 from Basra, 7,000
603:
493:
332:
254:
2564:
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1217:
1112:, but the revolt persisted until, after the capture of Samarkand, a strong force under
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The first task which Qutayba set himself was the suppression of the rebellion in Lower
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The Arabs had reached Central Asia in the decade after their decisive victory in the
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Later in 711, al-Hajjaj ordered Qutayba to march against the Hephthalite kingdom of
695:). Taking advantage of the conflict, Qutayba was able to easily capture the city of
2598:
2519:
Jalilov, A. H. "The Arab Conquest, Part Two: The Arab Conquest of Transoxiana". In
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1307:
1248:
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in 751 did the local princes accept Muslim control as final. In the south too, the
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1108:. Qutayba replaced the governor, Iyas ibn Abdallah ibn Amr, with his own brother
750:
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445:
374:
357:
351:
98:
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194:
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692:
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258:
2528:
Litvinsky, B. A. "The Arab Conquest, Part One: The Arab Conquest of Iran". In
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The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
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Then, in late 704 or early 705, Abd al-Malik appointed Qutayba as governor of
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668:, surrendered to Qutayba, and pledged to accompany him in his expeditions.
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from the rebel Umar ibn Abi'l-Salt in 701, and became the city's governor.
477:
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In 706–709, Qutayba occupied himself with the long and bloody conquest of
562:
844:
736:, sent envoys to Qutayba and became a tributary vassal to the Caliphate.
661:
640:
409:
2569:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
2489:
Litvinsky, B. A.; Zhang, Guang-da; Samghabadi, R. Shabani, eds. (1996).
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and were weakened by internal conflicts as well. Only after 738, under
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421:
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408:, he consolidated Muslim control over the native principalities of
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imposed, and an Arab garrison installed. In its direct aftermath,
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tribe. His father, Muslim ibn ʿAmr, had enjoyed the favour of the
1180:
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696:
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Bulgakov, P. G. "Khwarizm, Part Two: Al-Biruni on Khwarizm". In
1314:, who considered this passage as an evocation of the burning of
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reports that Qutayba marched into Chinese-held territory up to
1072:
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Conquest of Khwarizm and the expeditions in the Jaxartes valley
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in 751 did the region come solidly under Muslim control.
16:
Umayyad Caliphate Arab commander and governor (669-715/6)
2529:
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2328:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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Khwarizm had been previously subdued in the mid-690s by
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Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī
2240:
2024:
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1251:, another son, governed Basra and Rayy, and his nephew
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Qutayba would spend the next ten years of his life in
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Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
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Caliphate's borders further and gain control of the
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1284:, 10,000 Tamim, 4,000 Qays, 10,000 Azd and 7,000
500:in 700/701. Under al-Hajjaj's patronage, he took
224:
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586:and Khurasan. The first Arab attacks across the
1116:could be sent to subdue the region. The local
805:
602:(683–692). Subsequent governors, most notably
488:, but was noticed by the powerful governor of
379:أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلم بن عمرو الباهلي
2474:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
860:
210:
110:Abd al-Rahman, Abdallah, Amr, Salih (brother)
1096:, whose name is given as Jigan or Chigan by
814:, whose rulers, referred to by their title,
627:(682–744) was embroiled in warfare with the
566:Map of Khurasan, Transoxiana and Tokharistan
557:
113:Muslim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim (nephew)
2318:
2306:(Second ed.). London: Luzac & Co.
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740:Consolidation of Arab rule over Tokharistan
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2371:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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1088:, but as soon as his forces departed, the
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867:
853:
496:, during the suppression of the revolt of
484:. Qutayba rose at first as the protege of
217:
203:
2545:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2527:
2403:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2379:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 541–542.
1457:
498:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath
2530:Litvinsky, Zhang & Samghabadi (1996)
2521:Litvinsky, Zhang & Samghabadi (1996)
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821:Qutayba's victories, parallel with the
675:Coin of Khunuk Khudah, ruler of Bukhara
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2304:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
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2165:, pp. 125–129, 155–161, 176–182.
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1124:, the son of Azkajwar II, as the new
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1737:
1713:
1701:
1662:
1631:
1619:
1604:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1532:
1517:
1505:
1445:
1409:
614:, who in 689 seized the fortress of
519:between the South Arab or "Yemeni" (
428:. The latter opened the road to the
1259:until well into the ninth century.
635:Conquest of Tokharistan and Bukhara
378:
13:
2582:
2445:The Arab Conquests in Central Asia
1228:against the Chinese armies at the
460:, to an influential family of the
412:and conquered the principality of
14:
2689:
2673:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
1276: According to the historian
393:and distinguished himself in the
416:, while in 710–712 he conquered
158:
2418:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
1247:served as governor of Bukhara,
2658:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
456:Qutayba was born in 669 CE in
420:and completed the conquest of
182:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
1:
2678:Umayyad governors of Khurasan
2566:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
1327:
785:
612:Musa ibn Abd Allah ibn Khazim
468:, but fought for their enemy
402:
352:Reconquests of Nasr b. Sayyar
346:Revolt of al-Harith b. Surayj
2495:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
1298:
1268:
25:Qutayba ibn Muslim al-Bahili
7:
1290:
806:Campaign against the Zunbil
793:
780:
544:
513:al-Mufaddal ibn al-Muhallab
177:Muslim conquest of Khorasan
10:
2694:
2292:
2450:The Royal Asiatic Society
2320:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1197:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
886:
608:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
558:Conquests in Central Asia
236:
189:
170:
153:
143:
135:
130:
119:
104:
92:
71:
66:
62:
52:
41:
34:
30:
23:
1262:
1140:Coin of the 8th-century
1120:was left in place, with
757:to take the garrison of
590:ranged as far as Shash (
576:completed their conquest
476:during the close of the
2643:8th-century Arab people
2638:7th-century Arab people
2603:10.1515/islam-2018-0027
2542:The ʿAbbāsid Revolution
625:Second Turkic Khaganate
619:favourable to Qutayba.
482:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
478:Second Muslim Civil War
395:conquest of Transoxiana
389:who became governor of
2539:Shaban, M. A. (1970).
1388:, p. 181, n. 649.
1306: The Orientalist
1149:
1114:al-Mughir ibn Abdallah
878:Early Muslim conquests
687:. The ruler of nearby
676:
623:was weakened, and the
567:
2153:, pp. 55, 61–87.
1791:, pp. 65–66, 70.
1139:
827:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
674:
565:
533:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
452:Origin and early life
136:Years of service
96:715/6 (aged 45 to 47)
470:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
424:with the capture of
397:during the reign of
381:; 669–715/6) was an
291:Umayyad–Türgesh wars
251:Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad
36:Governor of Khorasan
2532:, pp. 449–456.
2523:, pp. 456–465.
2514:, pp. 222–231.
2349:"Ḳutayba b. Muslim"
2273:, pp. 137–138.
2213:, pp. 461–462.
2201:, pp. 182–184.
2177:, pp. 459–461.
2141:, pp. 439–444.
2105:, pp. 441–443.
1974:, pp. 230–231.
1938:, pp. 229–230.
1926:, pp. 228–229.
1851:, pp. 541–542.
1595:, pp. 434–435.
1547:, pp. 457–458.
1496:, pp. 456–457.
1484:, pp. 243–254.
1472:, pp. 236–243.
1460:, pp. 453–456.
1436:, pp. 429–430.
1376:, pp. 136–137.
1320:Alexander the Great
1296:or native converts.
1187:Rebellion and death
1110:Abdallah ibn Muslim
1086:Umayya ibn Abdallah
1055:Visigothic Hispania
494:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
80:, Umayyad Caliphate
2561:Wellhausen, Julius
1218:Battle of the Pass
1150:
831:northwestern India
677:
574:in 642, when they
572:Battle of Nihavend
568:
527:) and North Arab (
2663:People from Basra
2481:978-0-306-81740-3
2431:978-0-7914-0221-4
2386:978-90-04-07819-2
2335:978-0-7914-1827-7
2189:, pp. 88–95.
2117:, pp. 52–54.
2093:, pp. 51–52.
2057:, pp. 48–51.
2045:, pp. 45–47.
2033:, pp. 69–71.
2021:, pp. 44–45.
1950:, pp. 42–43.
1863:, pp. 41–42.
1839:, pp. 67–69.
1815:, pp. 71–72.
1803:, pp. 40–41.
1752:, pp. 38–39.
1728:, pp. 66–67.
1716:, pp. 37–38.
1704:, pp. 36–37.
1665:, pp. 35–36.
1622:, pp. 34–35.
1583:, pp. 33–34.
1520:, pp. 31–32.
1508:, pp. 30–31.
1448:, pp. 29–30.
1412:, pp. 24–28.
1226:Abbasid Caliphate
1068:
1067:
1014:Caucasian Albania
778:tribal army, the
629:Türgesh Khaganate
511:in succession to
438:Chinese Turkestan
387:Umayyad Caliphate
385:commander of the
367:
366:
278:Qutayba b. Muslim
193:
192:
165:Umayyad Caliphate
2685:
2614:
2578:
2556:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2485:
2461:
2435:
2414:
2390:
2351:
2339:
2315:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2235:Blankinship 1994
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2199:Blankinship 1994
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2163:Blankinship 1994
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1308:Wilhelm Barthold
1301:
1295:
1271:
1118:Afrighid dynasty
1024:Khazar Khaganate
1019:Caucasian Iberia
908:Byzantine Empire
881:
879:
869:
862:
855:
846:
845:
799:Hayyan al-Nabati
796:
790:
787:
783:
705:
664:principality of
604:Sa'id ibn Uthman
549:
517:destructive feud
486:Anbasa ibn Sa'id
474:Battle of Maskin
407:
404:
380:
271:Initial conquest
231:
219:
212:
205:
196:
195:
163:
162:
161:
139:Before 700 – 715
131:Military service
88:
67:Personal details
46:
21:
20:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2618:
2617:
2585:
2583:Further reading
2553:
2503:
2482:
2432:
2411:
2395:Crone, Patricia
2387:
2354:Bosworth, C. E.
2344:Bosworth, C. E.
2336:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2139:Wellhausen 1927
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2103:Wellhausen 1927
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1912:Wellhausen 1927
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1690:Wellhausen 1927
1688:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1593:Wellhausen 1927
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1434:Wellhausen 1927
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1297:
1265:
1230:Battle of Talas
1222:Nasr ibn Sayyar
1189:
1155:Ferghana Valley
1069:
1064:
982:Northern Persia
965:Sassanid Persia
882:
877:
875:
873:
843:
808:
788:
742:
732:, the ruler of
699:
660:, ruler of the
637:
580:Sassanid Empire
560:
454:
446:Battle of Talas
405:
399:al-Walid I
368:
363:
354: (738–741)
348: (734–736)
280: (705–715)
255:Sa'id b. Uthman
240:Early invasions
232:
228:
227:Muslim conquest
225:
223:
159:
157:
97:
82:
81:
76:
47:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2597:(2): 367–400.
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2557:
2551:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2462:
2440:Gibb, H. A. R.
2436:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2391:
2385:
2358:van Donzel, E.
2340:
2334:
2316:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2249:, p. 160.
2239:
2237:, p. 110.
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
2009:, p. 542.
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1914:, p. 436.
1901:
1889:
1887:, p. 185.
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1692:, p. 435.
1682:
1667:
1655:
1653:, p. 458.
1636:
1624:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1458:Litvinsky 1996
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1400:, p. 137.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1364:, p. 541.
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1188:
1185:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1036:Makurian Nubia
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
961:
960:
958:Southern Italy
951:
946:
944:Constantinople
941:
936:
931:
922:
917:
904:
903:
898:
887:
884:
883:
872:
871:
864:
857:
849:
842:
839:
807:
804:
794:rumāt al-buduq
768:C. E. Bosworth
741:
738:
636:
633:
578:of the former
559:
556:
550:(the Iranian "
492:and the East,
453:
450:
434:Fergana Valley
365:
364:
362:
361:
355:
349:
342:
341:
337:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
297:Qasr al-Bahili
293:
292:
288:
287:
281:
273:
272:
268:
267:
265:Musa al-Sulami
261:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:
229:of Transoxiana
222:
221:
214:
207:
199:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
172:
168:
167:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
128:
127:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
111:
106:
102:
101:
94:
90:
89:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
39:
38:
32:
31:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2690:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Arab generals
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:0-521-29534-3
2548:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:92-3-103211-9
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2466:Kennedy, Hugh
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2410:0-521-52940-9
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2283:Barthold 1928
2279:
2272:
2267:
2261:, p. 56.
2260:
2255:
2248:
2247:Barthold 1928
2243:
2236:
2231:
2225:, p. 54.
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2129:, p. 75.
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2081:, p. 74.
2080:
2075:
2069:, p. 51.
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2007:Bosworth 1986
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1986:, p. 44.
1985:
1980:
1973:
1972:Bulgakov 1996
1968:
1962:, p. 43.
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1936:Bulgakov 1996
1932:
1925:
1924:Bulgakov 1996
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1899:, p. 42.
1898:
1893:
1886:
1885:Barthold 1928
1881:
1875:, p. 69.
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1849:Bosworth 1986
1845:
1838:
1833:
1827:, p. 36.
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1779:, p. 40.
1778:
1773:
1771:
1764:, p. 67.
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1740:, p. 38.
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1680:, p. 65.
1679:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1634:, p. 35.
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1607:, p. 34.
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1571:, p. 33.
1570:
1565:
1559:, p. 31.
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1535:, p. 32.
1534:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1424:, p. 61.
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1386:Fishbein 1990
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1362:Bosworth 1986
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Eduard Sachau
1309:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Day of Thirst
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1061:
1060:Frankish Gaul
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:Other regions
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:
966:
959:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
891:
885:
880:
870:
865:
863:
858:
856:
851:
850:
847:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
803:
800:
795:
782:
775:
771:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:Abd al-Rahman
752:
748:
737:
735:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
708:
703:
698:
694:
693:Bukhar Khudah
690:
686:
682:
673:
669:
667:
663:
659:
656:
655:
650:
649:al-Saghaniyan
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
555:
553:
548:
547:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
449:
447:
441:
439:
436:and parts of
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:Day of Thirst
301:
299: (720/1)
298:
295:
294:
290:
289:
285:
282:
279:
276:Campaigns of
275:
274:
270:
269:
266:
262:
260:
259:Salm b. Ziyad
256:
252:
248:
247:Rabi b. Ziyad
245:Campaigns of
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
230:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
201:
200:
197:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
169:
166:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
122:
118:
112:
109:
108:
107:
103:
100:
95:
91:
86:
83:(present-day
79:
74:
70:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2594:
2590:
2565:
2541:
2491:
2470:
2444:
2420:
2399:
2376:
2369:
2324:
2303:
2300:Barthold, W.
2285:, p. 1.
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2211:Jalilov 1996
2206:
2194:
2182:
2175:Jalilov 1996
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1919:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1658:
1651:Jalilov 1996
1627:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1545:Jalilov 1996
1540:
1513:
1501:
1494:Jalilov 1996
1489:
1482:Kennedy 2007
1477:
1470:Kennedy 2007
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1303:
1299:
1288:) and 7,000
1273:
1269:
1267:
1238:
1233:
1210:
1206:Ibn Qutaybah
1194:
1190:
1160:
1151:
1143:Khwarizmshah
1141:
1126:Khwarizmshah
1125:
1122:Askajamuk II
1106:Khwarizmshah
1105:
1094:Khwarizmshah
1093:
1090:Khwarizmshah
1089:
1083:
1078:Khwarizmshah
1076:
1070:
1029:
1028:
1002:
1001:
963:
962:
934:North Africa
906:
905:
888:
820:
809:
776:
772:
743:
709:
678:
652:
638:
600:Second Fitna
569:
540:Central Asia
537:
506:
455:
442:
370:
369:
277:
171:Battles/wars
43:
18:
2668:Arab rebels
2366:Pellat, Ch.
2127:Shaban 1970
2079:Shaban 1970
2031:Shaban 1970
1873:Shaban 1970
1837:Shaban 1970
1813:Shaban 1970
1789:Shaban 1970
1762:Shaban 1970
1726:Shaban 1970
1678:Shaban 1970
1422:Shaban 1970
1050:Transoxiana
997:Afghanistan
700: [
662:Hephthalite
641:Tokharistan
631:(699–766).
582:by seizing
554:") class.
410:Tokharistan
360: (751)
335: (737)
329: (737)
327:The Baggage
323: (731)
317: (729)
311: (729)
305: (724)
286: (717)
2633:715 deaths
2628:669 births
2622:Categories
2448:. London:
2271:Crone 1980
1398:Crone 1980
1374:Crone 1980
1328:References
1316:Persepolis
1216:" and the
812:Zabulistan
789: 712
621:Tang China
406: 710
321:The Defile
263:Revolt of
154:Allegiance
57:Al-Walid I
2611:165333714
2591:Der Islam
2575:752790641
2458:499987512
2375:Volume V:
2362:Lewis, B.
2259:Gibb 1923
2223:Gibb 1923
2187:Gibb 1923
2151:Gibb 1923
2115:Gibb 1923
2091:Gibb 1923
2067:Gibb 1923
2055:Gibb 1923
2043:Gibb 1923
2019:Gibb 1923
1984:Gibb 1923
1960:Gibb 1923
1948:Gibb 1923
1897:Gibb 1923
1861:Gibb 1923
1825:Gibb 1923
1801:Gibb 1923
1777:Gibb 1923
1750:Gibb 1923
1738:Gibb 1923
1714:Gibb 1923
1702:Gibb 1923
1663:Gibb 1923
1632:Gibb 1923
1620:Gibb 1923
1605:Gibb 1923
1581:Gibb 1923
1569:Gibb 1923
1557:Gibb 1923
1533:Gibb 1923
1518:Gibb 1923
1506:Gibb 1923
1446:Gibb 1923
1410:Gibb 1923
1278:al-Tabari
1241:Narshakhi
1177:Al-Tabari
1173:Ushrusana
1147:Sawashfan
1130:al-Biruni
823:conquests
734:Samarkand
721:Iron Gate
685:Tughshada
426:Samarkand
333:Kharistan
148:Commander
105:Relations
44:In office
2563:(1927).
2468:(2007).
2442:(1923).
2397:(1980).
2377:Khe–Mahi
2368:(eds.).
2346:(1986).
2322:(1994).
2302:(1928).
1257:Abbasids
1164:Jaxartes
1102:Hazarasp
1003:Caucasus
992:Khorasan
781:muqatila
763:Damascus
596:Khwarizm
592:Tashkent
509:Khurasan
466:Umayyads
430:Jaxartes
422:Sogdiana
418:Khwarizm
391:Khurasan
120:Children
99:Ferghana
2312:4523164
2293:Sources
1181:Kashgar
1169:Khujand
1098:Bal'ami
1009:Armenia
929:Georgia
925:Armenia
901:Quraysh
747:Talaqan
730:Tarkhun
726:dirhams
697:Baykand
689:Wardana
681:Bukhara
666:Badghis
654:tarkhan
616:Tirmidh
525:Rabi'ah
472:at the
414:Bukhara
315:Kamarja
309:Baykand
126:, Qatan
48:705–715
2653:Bahila
2609:
2573:
2549:
2499:
2478:
2456:
2428:
2407:
2383:
2364:&
2332:
2310:
1302:
1292:mawali
1286:Kufans
1272:
1253:Muslim
1234:Zunbil
1073:Ghurak
987:Sistan
977:Kerman
954:Sicily
939:Cyprus
890:Arabia
816:Zunbil
751:Yabghu
594:) and
584:Sistan
552:gentry
546:dihqan
462:Bahila
375:Arabic
53:Leader
2607:S2CID
2352:. In
1263:Notes
1245:Qatan
1202:Tamim
949:Crete
920:Egypt
915:Syria
896:Mecca
835:China
716:Nasaf
704:]
658:Nizak
645:Balkh
529:Qaysi
458:Basra
358:Talas
340:Other
78:Basra
2571:OCLC
2547:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2454:OCLC
2426:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2308:OCLC
1282:Bakr
1249:Salm
1042:and
972:Fars
956:and
927:and
759:Merv
714:and
712:Kish
606:and
588:Oxus
523:and
502:Rayy
490:Iraq
383:Arab
284:Aksu
257:and
144:Rank
124:Salm
93:Died
85:Iraq
72:Born
2599:doi
1318:by
1081:).
1044:2nd
1040:1st
829:in
825:of
521:Azd
75:669
2624::
2605:.
2595:95
2593:.
2452:.
2373:.
2360:;
2356:;
1991:^
1904:^
1769:^
1670:^
1639:^
1612:^
1525:^
1336:^
1304:b:
1274:a:
786:c.
702:uz
440:.
403:c.
377::
253:,
249:,
2613:.
2601::
2577:.
2555:.
2505:.
2484:.
2460:.
2434:.
2413:.
2389:.
2338:.
2314:.
1322:.
1046:)
1038:(
868:e
861:t
854:v
373:(
218:e
211:t
204:v
87:)
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