Battle of Hastings

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although some were removed by relatives later. The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave, which has not been found. Exact casualty figures are unknown. Of the Englishmen known to be at the battle, the number of dead implies that the death rate was about 50 per cent of those engaged, although this may be too high. Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings, one in seven is stated to have died, but these were all noblemen, and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher. Although Orderic Vitalis's figures are highly exaggerated, his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate. Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings. Reports stated that some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside years later. Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view. One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century

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archers, as there were few English arrows to be gathered up and reused. After the attack from the archers, William sent the spearmen forward to attack the English. They were met with a barrage of missiles, not arrows but spears, axes and stones. The infantry was unable to force openings in the shield wall, and the cavalry advanced in support. The cavalry also failed to make headway, and a general retreat began, blamed on the Breton division on William's left. A rumour started that the duke had been killed, which added to the confusion. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive. The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces; some of the English rallied on a hillock before being overwhelmed.

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gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings, although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William's forces. Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march. Tied in with the speed of Harold's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once their enemy Tostig had been defeated, and declined to bring them and their forces south. Modern historians have pointed out that one reason for Harold's rush to battle was to contain William's depredations and keep him from breaking free of his beachhead.

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cavalry against the shield wall and then draw the English into more pursuits, breaks in the English line might form. William of Poitiers says the tactic was used twice. Although arguments have been made that the chroniclers' accounts of this tactic were meant to excuse the flight of the Norman troops from battle, this is unlikely as the earlier flight was not glossed over. It was a tactic used by other Norman armies during the period. Some historians have argued that the story of the use of feigned flight as a deliberate tactic was invented after the battle; however most historians agree that it was used by the Normans at Hastings.

1127: 310: 1019: 752: 303: 50: 1181:, and the shield wall held. Archers appear to have been used again before and during an assault by the cavalry and infantry led by the duke. Although 12th-century sources state that the archers were ordered to shoot at a high angle to shoot over the front of the shield wall, there is no trace of such an action in the more contemporary accounts. It is not known how many assaults were launched against the English lines, but some sources record various actions by both Normans and Englishmen that took place during the afternoon's fighting. The 945:

during the march. Harold stopped in London for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about 27 mi (43 km) per day, for the approximately 200 mi (320 km). Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near a "hoar-apple tree", about 8 mi (13 km) from William's castle at Hastings. Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely, though nothing came of it.

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wood with metal reinforcement. Horsemen changed to a kite-shaped shield and were usually armed with a lance. The couched lance, carried tucked against the body under the right arm, was relatively new and probably not used at Hastings, as the terrain was unfavourable for long cavalry charges. Both infantry and cavalry usually fought with a straight sword, long and double-edged. The infantry could also use javelins and long spears. Some of the cavalry may have used a mace instead of a sword. Archers would have used a

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favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876. Another possibility is the Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield. Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumièges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before. Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumièges's account is correct.

733:. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces. Hardrada invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Hardrada's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the 838: 1257: 1063: 5083: 1237:

by the rumoured death of William early in the battle. The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. Whether this was due to the inexperience of the English commanders or the indiscipline of the English soldiers is unclear. In the end, Harold's death appears to have been decisive, as it signalled the break-up of the English forces in disarray. The historian

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falling fighter being hit with a sword. Over both figures is a statement "Here King Harold has been killed". It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold, or if both are meant. The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk,

1368:, the abbey's lands passed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence. The battlefield and abbey grounds are currently owned and administered by 880:, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at 582:

lines had little effect. Therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.

1114:. The front lines were made up of archers, with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind. There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers. The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting. 916:

have offered a range of estimates for the size of William's forces: 7,000–8,000 men including 1,000–2,000 cavalry; 10,000–12,000 men; 10,000 men including 3,000 cavalry; or 7,500 men. The army consisted of about one half infantry, one quarter cavalry, and one quarter archers or crossbowmen. Later lists of

1477:. After his family's eventual return to England and his father's death in 1057, Edgar had by far the strongest hereditary claim to the throne, but he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, and with little family to support him, his claim was passed over by the 1343:

Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued for several years. There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068. In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet,

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Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William's army advanced from his castle towards the enemy. Harold had taken a

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After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably

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on 25 September. Harald Hardrada and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory came at great cost, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state, and far from the

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Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory. William of Poitiers only mentions his death, without giving any details on how it occurred. The Tapestry is not helpful, as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a

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William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat. The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to

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Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle. William was the more experienced military leader, and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options. Some writers have criticised Harold for not exploiting the opportunity offered

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relates a different story for the death of Gyrth, stating that the duke slew Harold's brother in combat, perhaps thinking that Gyrth was Harold. William of Poitiers states that the bodies of Gyrth and Leofwine were found near Harold's, implying that they died late in the battle. It is possible that

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Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide an authoritative description of the battle. The only undisputed facts are that fighting began at 9 am Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk. Sunset on the day of the battle

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The English army consisted entirely of infantry. It is possible that some of the higher-class members of the army rode to battle, but then dismounted when battle was joined to fight on foot. The core of the army was made up of housecarls, full-time professional soldiers. Their armour consisted of a

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The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall, to little effect. The uphill angle meant that the arrows either bounced off the shields of the English or overshot their targets and flew over the top of the hill. The lack of English archers hampered the Norman

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may have been made of scales attached to a tunic, with the scales made of metal, horn or hardened leather. Headgear was usually a conical metal helmet with a vertical band guarding the bridge of the nose. Horsemen and infantry carried shields. The infantryman's shield was usually round and made of

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Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering

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There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William

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Harold's defeat was probably due to several circumstances. One was the need to defend against two almost simultaneous invasions. The fact that Harold had dismissed his forces in southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat. Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not

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states that no one knew who killed Harold, as it happened in the press of battle. A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the

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The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 776 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers for the size of the army are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to 150,000. Modern historians

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Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation at the top of a steep slope, with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them. The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream. The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their

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The sun rose at 6:48 am that morning, with the day unusually bright. The weather conditions are not recorded. The precise route of the English army southward to the battlefield is not known. Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been

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and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle

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Harold's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse. Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold's body and fought to the end. The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops, and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the

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spent many years in exile in Normandy, and succeeded to the English throne in 1042. This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to

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The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or by marks on his body. His personal standard was presented to William, and later sent to the papacy. The bodies of the English dead, including some of Harold's brothers and housecarls, were left on the battlefield,

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A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon, and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed. William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. If the Normans could send their

1224:"Malfosse", the battle was over. Exactly what happened at the Malfosse, or "Evil Ditch", and where it took place, is unclear. It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans. 961:

The exact number of soldiers in Harold's army at Hastings is unknown, as contemporary records do not give reliable figures. Some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 on Harold's side, while English sources seem to underestimate Harold's army, perhaps to make the English defeat seem less

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relates that Harold ordered his men to stay in their formations but no other account gives this detail. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine occurring just before the fight around the hillock. This may mean that the two brothers led the pursuit. The

1276:, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but was refused. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff. 861:. He spent almost nine months on his preparations, as he had to construct a fleet from nothing. According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope 1045:

as "Senlac", a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu", which means "sandy water". This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield. The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Haestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1086, in the

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in 1070. The topography of the battlefield has been altered by subsequent construction work for the abbey, and the slope defended by the English is now much less steep than it was at the time of the battle; the top of the ridge has also been built up and levelled. After the

1035:, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south. The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby. The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings. The 1094:, a relative of the Breton count. The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party. The final division, on the right, consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from 1706:. The story has two versions, in one of which Taillefer entertained the Norman army prior to the battle by juggling a sword but then killed an English soldier sent to kill him. Another version has the jongleur charging the English and killing two before dying himself. 1358:

was founded by William at the site of the battle. According to 12th-century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the site where Harold had died. More likely, the foundation was imposed on William by

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This skeleton, numbered 180, sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. Analysis continues on the other remains to try to build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals

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The first recorded mention of the tapestry is from 1476, but it is similar in style to late Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations and may have been composed and executed in England. The Tapestry now is displayed at the former Bishop's Palace at

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states that Duke William killed Harold, but this is unlikely, as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere. The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely, as it has Harold dying in the morning, during the first fighting. The

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shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack. Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on: some sources state the site of the abbey, but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill.

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said of the battle that William's army "demonstrated – not without difficulty – the superiority of Norman-French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic-Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo-Saxons."

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stating that if in a wargame he allowed Harold to pursue the Normans, his opponent "promptly, and rightly, punished such rashness with a brisk counter-attack with proved to be the turning point of the battle – just as in

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five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at

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was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm. Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.

1543:, where it is connected with Harold's coronation, although the appearance of the comet was later, from 24 April to 1 May 1066. The image on the tapestry is the earliest pictorial depiction of Halley's Comet to survive. 1826:

William appears to have taken this route to meet up with reinforcements that had landed by Portsmouth and met him between London and Winchester. By swinging around to the north, William cut off London from

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The issue is further confused by the fact that there is evidence that the 19th-century restoration of the Tapestry changed the scene by inserting or changing the placement of the arrow through the eye.

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reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise attack for the entire night before. The battle took place 7 mi (11 km) north of Hastings at the present-day town of

1280:, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there. Other legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester. 1210:. William of Malmesbury stated that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the brain, and that a knight wounded Harold at the same time. Wace repeats the arrow-to-the-eye account. The 820:

and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarls' superior armour. The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers.

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and housecarls. Few individual Englishmen are known to have been present; about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including Harold's brothers

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in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother

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More is known about the Norman deployment. Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins. The left units were the

691:, whereby, if either died without heir, the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions. 675:. Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. 569:

The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown as even modern estimates vary considerably. The composition of the forces is clearer: the English army was composed almost entirely of

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devastating. Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5,000 and 13,000, while most argue for a figure of 7,000–8,000 English troops. These men would have been a mix of the

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if the two brothers died early in the fighting their bodies were taken to Harold, thus accounting for their being found near his body after the battle. The military historian

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Of these named persons, eight died in the battle – Harold, Gyrth, Leofwine, Godric the sheriff, Thurkill of Berkshire, Breme, and someone known only as "son of Helloc".

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Although the feigned flights did not break the lines, they probably thinned out the housecarls in the English shield wall. The housecarls were replaced with members of the

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with the Norman conquerors calling it (in French) "sanguelac". Freeman regarded this use as a pun because the English translation of "sanguelac" is "blood lake".

1332:, before advancing towards London from the north-west, fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at 873:

appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England.

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There is some slight confusion in the original sources about the exact date; it was most likely 5 January, but a few contemporaneous sources give 4 January.

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King Edward's death on 5 January 1066 left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the

655:, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the 566:

on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.

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within the ruins of the Roman fort. While the outermost walls date from the Roman period, the surviving buildings of the inner bailey post-date William.

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to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065. The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as

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are extant, but most are padded with extra names; only about 35 named individuals can be reliably identified as having been with William at Hastings.

1497:'s attacks in early 1066 may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but threw in his lot with Harald Hardrada after defeat at the hands of 784:

was composed of men who owned their own land, and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king's demands for military forces. For every five

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eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.

1473:. He was the son of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, and was born in Hungary where his father had fled after the conquest of England by 1580:

Of those 35, 5 are known to have died in the battle: Robert of Vitot, Engenulf of Laigle, Robert fitzErneis, Roger son of Turold, and Taillefer.

816:, the local landowning elites, either fought with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate. The 1185:

claims that Duke William had two horses killed under him during the fighting, but William of Poitiers's account states that it was three.

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The surviving ship list gives 776 ships, contributed by 14 different Norman nobles. This list does not include William's flagship, the

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William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from

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Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting mounted Norman soldiers attacking Anglo-Saxons who are fighting on foot in a shield wall

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was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and

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speculates that if Gyrth and Leofwine died early in the battle, that may have influenced Harold to stand and fight to the end.

1005:, in which the front ranks locked their shields together. Behind them would have been axemen and javelins as well as archers. 5169: 4635: 4616: 4572: 4553: 4398: 4360: 4223: 4201: 4182: 4139: 4109: 491: 214: 4078: 1571:

giving the landing as taking place at Hastings. Most modern accounts also state that William's forces landed at Pevensey.

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Amatus' account is less than trustworthy because it also states that Duke William commanded 100,000 soldiers at Hastings.

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called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree". Within 40 years, the battle was described by the Anglo-Norman chronicler

917: 622:, and intermarrying with the local population. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west. In 1002, King 20: 1644:

record that when English soldiers were forced to fight on horseback, they were usually routed, as in 1055 near Hereford.

904: 5134: 4676: 4654: 4594: 4534: 4512: 4490: 4471: 4436: 4417: 4379: 4339: 4320: 4298: 4161: 4067: 4045: 4023: 4001: 788:, or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household, one man was supposed to serve. It appears that the 763: 1552:

Most modern historians agree on this date, although a few contemporary sources have William landing on 29 September.

1251: 1001:, also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals. Most of the infantry would have formed part of the 5000: 639:

positions of power, particularly in the Church. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable

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of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle.

5159: 1589:"Hoar" means grey, and probably refers to a crab-apple tree covered with lichen that was likely a local landmark. 1344:

and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the

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at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.

4862: 4857: 4725: 1111: 789: 643:, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne. 149: 5005: 4923: 3919: 1395: 1297:

William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead

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The Vikings in the region became known as the "Northmen", from which "Normandy" and "Normans" are derived.

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also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor

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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries

993:, and a shield, which might be either kite-shaped or round. Most housecarls fought with the two-handed 1348:

in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England. A further rebellion in 1070 by

1336:, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in 5194: 5015: 4791: 1798:

He states that there were 15,000 casualties out of 60,000 who fought on William's side at the battle.

825: 756: 746: 614:. Their settlement proved successful, and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing 558: 257: 953:(present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 mi (9.7 km) from William's castle at Hastings. 5129: 4872: 4718: 4664: 4211: 4011: 3989: 1325: 812:, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. 672: 553:(Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the 5020: 4928: 4269: 4055: 4033: 1724: 1654: 927:

hauberks, usually knee-length, with slits to allow riding, some with sleeves to the elbows. Some

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soon after the battle, perhaps to hang at the bishop's palace at Bayeux. In modern times annual

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Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World AD 500–AD 1500: Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics

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Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing mounted Norman cavalrymen fighting Anglo-Saxon infantry

1028: 4995: 4985: 4842: 4755: 1640: 1567: 1498: 1407: 1345: 1305:, the Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced on London, marching around the coast of 1277: 1126: 1037: 896:, from which they raided the surrounding area. More fortifications were erected at Pevensey. 726: 577:, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between 507: 277: 137: 1298: 1141:

It is not known whether the English pursuit was ordered by Harold or if it was spontaneous.

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is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by

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has demonstrated the correctness of not pursuing the fleeing Normans, with the historian

1703: 1519: 1482: 1032: 997:, but they could also carry a sword. The rest of the army was made up of levies from the 866: 804:

usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national

751: 599: 531: 287: 94: 5087: 4832: 4118: 1107: 1103: 971: 664: 603: 178: 125: 49: 1328:, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the 5154: 4837: 4786: 4672: 4650: 4631: 4612: 4590: 4568: 4549: 4530: 4508: 4486: 4467: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4375: 4356: 4335: 4316: 4294: 4277: 4241: 4219: 4197: 4178: 4157: 4135: 4105: 4063: 4041: 4019: 3997: 1692:

named Taillefer and some of the English fighters which comes from three sources: the

1349: 1337: 870: 862: 734: 700: 554: 252: 120: 4918: 4630:. Critical Issues in History. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1780:, was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew. 1466: 4852: 4760: 4582: 4233: 3975: 1494: 1490: 1369: 1302: 1099: 1087: 706: 627: 546: 515: 182: 170: 158: 154: 86: 58: 1817:Ætheling is the Anglo-Saxon term for a royal prince with some claim to the throne. 5036: 4964: 4867: 4822: 4765: 4741: 4698: 4172: 1631: 1540: 1527: 1486: 1470: 1432: 1391: 1376: 1266: 1079: 1042: 909: 846: 684: 676: 550: 519: 238: 166: 62: 41: 5111: 4913: 1773: 1772:

A 12th-century tradition stated that Harold's face could not be recognised and

1657:, a Victorian historian who wrote one of the definitive accounts of the battle. 1474: 1469:, Edward the Confessor's great nephew who was a patrilineal descendant of King 652: 824:

forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the

5123: 5041: 4877: 4827: 4604: 4522: 4500: 4281: 4127: 1380: 1314: 1256: 1238: 1075: 1047: 987: 837: 4485:. Translated by Rex, Richard (New ed.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 4288: 5082: 4949: 4459: 4123: 3894: 1561:

Most contemporary accounts have William landing at Pevensey, with only the

1360: 1355: 1291: 1198: 1154: 1062: 885: 884:

in Sussex on 28 September. A few ships were blown off course and landed at

722: 619: 587: 511: 4245: 1634:

made in the 13th century, that the English army did occasionally fight as

5055: 4703: 1676: 1478: 1333: 1131: 1002: 950: 908:

Norman knights and archers at the Battle of Hastings, as depicted in the

785: 718: 656: 1165: 977: 667:, although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by 1091: 688: 141: 4293:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4274:

The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Results

3964:"The Medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, East Sussex: Excavations 1994" 1789:

It is possible the grave site was located where the abbey now stands.

1755: 1329: 1310: 924: 809: 3980: 3963: 4959: 4329: 1689: 1688:

There is a story that the first fighting at Hastings was between a

994: 933: 893: 881: 869:'s account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 858: 854: 842: 710: 615: 607: 570: 563: 527: 90: 4710: 4154:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

1283: 1118:

break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.

526:. It took place approximately 7 mi (11 km) northwest of 206: 4908: 1635: 1095: 990: 928: 865:

gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in

777: 772:, or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an 717:. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in 668: 578: 574: 557:

on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the

541:

The background to the battle was the death of the childless King

535: 523: 1390:

Some English veterans of the battle left England and joined the

506:

was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of

4847: 1838: 1502: 1321: 1317:, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route. 1193: 1083: 730: 714: 680: 4352:

Battle Abbey: The Eastern Range and the Excavations of 1978–80

1666:"Sandlacu" can be rendered into Modern English as "sandlake". 967: 813: 796:. As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the 709:

raided southeastern England with a fleet he had recruited in

611: 4699:

Origins of the conflict, the battle itself and its aftermath

4505:

Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom

4446:

Livesay, Edwina (2014). "Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result".

4289:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

3170: 1599: 1398:

in 1081, and were defeated again in similar circumstances.

1306: 1142: 892:. After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at 773: 768: 4464:

1066: The Battles of York, Stamford Bridge & Hastings

4177:. English Heritage Guidebooks. London: English Heritage. 1493:, but he did not make his bid for the throne until 1069. 1269:, now is thought to be associated with Hastings instead. 740: 65:

depicting the Battle of Hastings and the death of Harold.

4628:

The Norman Conquest: England after William the Conqueror

1394:

in Constantinople. They fought the Normans again at the

4611:(Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 3961: 1465:

Other contenders later came to the fore. The first was

5071: 4238:

William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England

1675:

Freeman suggested that "Senlac" meant "sand lake" in

1057: 832: 4307: 4191: 3692:

Barber and Sibun "Medieval Hospital of St Nicholas"

1309:. He defeated an English force that attacked him at 1485:, who had a claim to the throne as the grandson of 936:or a crossbow, and most would not have had armour. 4466:. Battleground Britain. Barnsley, UK: Leo Cooper. 4268: 4196:(Reprint ed.). Woodbridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. 1715:Examples of the use of feigned flight include the 1630:Some historians have argued, based on comments by 725:. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers 694: 4581: 4407: 4388: 4232: 5121: 4991:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda 4240:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4148: 4096: 3996:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3158: 4445: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3507: 3505: 3503: 646: 4603: 4521: 4499: 4480: 4330:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith (2001). 4315:. Campaign. Vol. 13. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 4276:. Vol. III. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 4170: 4076: 3730: 3728: 2377: 2375: 2015: 1505:and the desertion of most of his followers he. 1252:Norman conquest of England § Consequences 4726: 4669:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King 4663: 4458: 4426: 4210: 4010: 3988: 3659: 3657: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3625: 3623: 3539: 3537: 3523: 3521: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3471: 3469: 3400: 3398: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3242: 3240: 3226: 3224: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3106: 3104: 3090: 3088: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 2409: 2407: 1947: 1260:Ruins of the monks' dormitory at Battle Abbey 956: 766:was organised along regional lines, with the 495:Site of the Battle of Hastings in East Sussex 222: 201:Unknown, estimates range from 5,000 to 13,000 198:Unknown, estimates range from 7,000 to 12,000 4625: 4369: 4252: 4194:A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases 4054: 4032: 3602: 3500: 3072: 2941: 2939: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2851: 2849: 2767: 2765: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2587: 2585: 2454: 2452: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2199: 2197: 2195: 1197:Stone marking the spot of the high altar at 899: 5185:Registered historic battlefields in England 5046: 4644: 4543: 4348: 4104:. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 3754: 3725: 3712: 3679:Livesay "Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result" 3563: 2970: 2968: 2794: 2783: 2781: 2751: 2749: 2733: 2707: 2504: 2425: 2423: 2393: 2391: 2372: 2333: 2307: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2150: 2148: 2067: 1991: 1989: 1871: 1869: 1539:The comet's appearance was depicted on the 4733: 4719: 4562: 4255:"Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield" 3874: 3863: 3861: 3845: 3793: 3780: 3767: 3741: 3699: 3654: 3636: 3620: 3576: 3550: 3534: 3518: 3482: 3466: 3453: 3440: 3429: 3427: 3411: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3334: 3321: 3301: 3288: 3266: 3253: 3237: 3221: 3195: 3182: 3117: 3101: 3085: 3056: 3040: 3020: 2994: 2875: 2436: 2404: 2346: 2320: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2080: 2054: 1960: 1227: 1121: 1013: 229: 215: 16:Battle between English and Normans in 1066 4130:; Dickie, Iain; Jestice, Phyllis (2006). 3979: 3675: 3673: 3007: 2981: 2952: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2892: 2846: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2762: 2694: 2681: 2668: 2650: 2637: 2624: 2582: 2569: 2556: 2530: 2478: 2465: 2449: 2359: 2267: 2223: 2210: 2192: 2132: 2119: 2002: 1973: 1606:and the 1,200,000 figure coming from the 4355:. London: English Heritage. p. 11. 4313:Hastings 1066: The Fall of Saxon England 3166:Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield 2965: 2862: 2778: 2746: 2720: 2611: 2598: 2491: 2420: 2388: 2289: 2187:Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases 2161: 2145: 2106: 2093: 2041: 2028: 1986: 1921: 1866: 1638:. Contemporary accounts, such as in the 1282: 1255: 1192: 1164: 1130:View of the battlefield looking towards 1125: 1061: 1017: 976: 903: 836: 750: 606:allowed a group of Vikings to settle in 4391:The Norman Conquest: A New Introduction 4016:The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042–1216 3858: 3832: 3819: 3806: 3686: 3589: 3424: 3145: 2517: 2249: 2179: 1352:was also defeated by the king, at Ely. 705:In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother 5122: 4334:(Second ed.). New York: Longman. 4018:(Fourth ed.). New York: Longman. 3895:"Normans fight Saxons... and the rain" 3670: 2543: 1934: 1908: 1895: 1882: 741:English army and Harold's preparations 421: 4714: 4365:– via Archaeology Data Service. 4216:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty 4079:"Battle of Hastings: 14 October 1066" 1853: 939: 888:, where the Normans fought the local 792:was the main organising unit for the 210: 4888:Companions of William the Conqueror 4740: 4649:. Gloucestershire, UK: Wrens Park. 3920:"King Harold and William square up" 1022:The battlefield from the north side 918:companions of William the Conqueror 713:, later joined by other ships from 530:, close to the present-day town of 393: 236: 21:Battle of Hastings (disambiguation) 13: 5140:Battles involving the Anglo-Saxons 4671:. London: Hambledon & London. 4218:. London: Hambledon & London. 3962:Barber, Luke; Sibun, Lucy (2010). 1702:, and the 12th-century account of 1188: 1160: 1058:Dispositions of forces and tactics 833:William's preparations and landing 477: 435: 337: 14: 5206: 4687: 3968:Sussex Archaeological Collections 3694:Sussex Archaeological Collections 1653:This was the name popularised by 949:defensive position at the top of 5105: 5093: 5081: 4647:Harold the Last Anglo-Saxon King 4565:Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King 4372:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England 4102:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3938: 3912: 3887: 3801:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3788:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3775:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3749:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3707:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3316:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3248:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3216:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 3096:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2606:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2577:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 2473:Campaigns of the Norman Conquest 1830: 1820: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1766: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1709: 1682: 687:and the earlier King of England 510:, and an English army under the 476: 462: 449: 448: 434: 420: 407: 406: 392: 378: 365: 364: 350: 336: 323: 322: 308: 301: 48: 4134:. New York: St Martin's Press. 4083:UK Battlefields Resource Centre 3946:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 2236: 1669: 1660: 1647: 1624: 1615: 1598:The 400,000 figure is given in 1592: 1583: 1574: 1555: 1546: 1533: 1508: 1459: 1450: 876:William mustered his forces at 695:Tostig and Hardrada's invasions 463: 4694:Official English Heritage site 4291:Handbook of British Chronology 3002:History of the Norman Conquest 1968:Handbook of British Chronology 1441: 1419: 1366:Dissolution of the Monasteries 800:, when it was called out. The 309: 1: 5145:Battles involving the Normans 4507:. Dubai: Brockhampton Press. 4192:Coredon, Christopher (2007). 3954: 1324:valley to cross the river at 1106:. The right was commanded by 593: 379: 150:Eustace II, Count of Boulogne 5170:Military history of Hastings 4548:. London: English Heritage. 4429:The Battle of Hastings: 1066 4174:Battle Abbey and Battlefield 3869:Battle Abbey and Battlefield 3840:Battle Abbey and Battlefield 3827:Battle Abbey and Battlefield 3814:Battle Abbey and Battlefield 2036:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1997:Death of Anglo-Saxon England 1847: 1518:, given to him by his wife, 1372:and are open to the public. 1245: 671:, the uncanonically elected 647:Succession crisis in England 632:Richard II, Duke of Normandy 7: 5049:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 4981:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065 4412:. London: Pearson/Longman. 2156:Medieval Warfare Sourcebook 1695:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 1609:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 1401: 1149:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio 1090:. This division was led by 731:Morcar, Earl of Northumbria 351: 61:is killed". Scene from the 10: 5211: 5180:Norman conquest of England 5175:Military history of Sussex 4408:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 4389:Huscroft, Richard (2009). 1249: 957:English forces at Hastings 744: 698: 659:of England and crowned by 55:Harold Rex Interfectus Est 18: 5135:Battles involving England 5029: 4973: 4942: 4896: 4815: 4792:Battle of Stamford Bridge 4779: 4748: 4589:. London: Edward Arnold. 1217:Chronicle of Battle Abbey 1008: 974:and two other relatives. 900:Norman forces at Hastings 826:Battle of Stamford Bridge 757:Battle of Stamford Bridge 747:Battle of Stamford Bridge 559:Battle of Stamford Bridge 549:, and the Norwegian King 508:William, Duke of Normandy 248: 192: 131: 114: 93:, Sussex, England (today 69: 47: 39: 34: 4410:Ruling England 1042–1217 4332:Capetian France 987–1328 3944:Norwich, John J. (1995) 2512:Unification and Conquest 2088:Unification and Conquest 1955:Unification and Conquest 1481:. Another contender was 1413: 1313:but was unable to storm 1078:, along with those from 845:, William established a 673:Archbishop of Canterbury 5021:Trial of Penenden Heath 4929:Malcolm III of Scotland 4481:Musset, Lucien (2005). 4448:Sussex Past and Present 4171:Coad, Jonathan (2007). 3948:, London: Viking, p. 19 3681:Sussex Past and Present 1530:with a lion figurehead. 1436: 1429: 1272:One story relates that 1228:Reasons for the outcome 1122:Beginning of the battle 1014:Background and location 5160:History of East Sussex 5047: 4807:Siege of Exeter (1068) 4567:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 4529:. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 4431:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 4427:Lawson, M. K. (2002). 4374:. Stroud, UK: Sutton. 4062:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 2817:p. 128 and footnote 32 1294: 1261: 1208:Amatus of Montecassino 1202: 1170: 1134: 1112:Eustace II of Boulogne 1067: 1023: 982: 912: 878:Saint-Valery-sur-Somme 850: 759: 641:Godwin, Earl of Wessex 132:Commanders and leaders 5190:William the Conqueror 5006:Council of Winchester 4996:Harrying of the North 4986:Council of Lillebonne 4756:William the Conqueror 4626:Thomas, Hugh (2007). 4393:. New York: Longman. 4370:Higham, Nick (2000). 4156:. New York: Penguin. 4060:William the Conqueror 3762:William the Conqueror 3736:William the Conqueror 3720:William the Conqueror 2525:William the Conqueror 2444:William the Conqueror 2354:William the Conqueror 2330:p. 181 and footnote 1 2328:William the Conqueror 2262:William the Conqueror 2101:William the Conqueror 2023:William the Conqueror 1983:p. 250 and footnote 1 1641:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1568:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1408:Ermenfrid Penitential 1396:Battle of Dyrrhachium 1346:Harrying of the North 1320:William moved up the 1286: 1259: 1196: 1168: 1129: 1065: 1038:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1021: 980: 907: 840: 754: 727:Edwin, Earl of Mercia 534:, and was a decisive 278:Harrying of the North 4904:Edward the Confessor 4802:Burning of Southwark 4645:Walker, Ian (2000). 4544:Porter, Roy (2020). 4349:Hare, J. N. (1984). 4309:Gravett, Christopher 4077:Battlefields Trust. 4038:Normandy Before 1066 3994:Edward the Confessor 2715:Struggle for Mastery 1981:Edward the Confessor 1929:Æthelred the Unready 1903:Normandy Before 1066 1890:Normandy Before 1066 1861:Normandy Before 1066 1430:Gefeoht æt Hæstingum 923:The main armour was 755:The location of the 636:Edward the Confessor 543:Edward the Confessor 492:class=notpageimage| 19:For other uses, see 5100:Anglo-Saxon England 5061:William of Poitiers 5011:Revolt of the Earls 4955:Battle, East Sussex 4934:Matilda of Flanders 4863:Eustace of Boulogne 4771:Sweyn II of Denmark 4609:Anglo-Saxon England 4563:Rex, Peter (2005). 4483:The Bayeux Tapestry 4040:. London: Longman. 3176:Battlefields Trust 2887:Fighting Techniques 2415:Anglo-Saxon England 1914:Hallam and Everard 1760:Christopher Gravett 1704:Henry of Huntingdon 1526:is depicted on the 1520:Matilda of Flanders 1483:Sweyn II of Denmark 1201:, where Harold died 1066:Battle dispositions 1029:William of Jumièges 867:William of Poitiers 610:under their leader 532:Battle, East Sussex 288:Revolt of the Earls 138:William of Normandy 95:Battle, East Sussex 4833:Leofwine Godwinson 4797:Battle of Hastings 4270:Freeman, Edward A. 4253:English Heritage. 3545:Battle of Hastings 3495:Battle of Hastings 3406:Battle of Hastings 3190:Battle of Hastings 3178:Battle of Hastings 3112:Battle of Hastings 3067:Battle of Hastings 2989:Battle of Hastings 2976:Battle of Hastings 2931:Battle of Hastings 2905:Battle of Hastings 2828:Battle of Hastings 2815:Battle of Hastings 2804:p. 128 footnote 32 2802:Battle of Hastings 2773:Battle of Hastings 2564:Battle of Hastings 2460:Battle of Hastings 1437:Batâle dé Hastings 1299:Edgar the Ætheling 1295: 1262: 1203: 1171: 1135: 1108:William fitzOsbern 1068: 1024: 986:conical helmet, a 983: 940:Harold moves south 913: 851: 760: 665:Archbishop of York 604:Charles the Simple 504:Battle of Hastings 179:Leofwine Godwinson 146:William fitzOsbern 126:Kingdom of England 35:Battle of Hastings 5165:History of Sussex 5150:Conflicts in 1066 5069: 5068: 5016:Council of London 4897:Associated people 4883:Roger de Breteuil 4873:Robert of Mortain 4838:Hereward the Wake 4787:Battle of Fulford 4637:978-0-7425-3840-5 4618:978-0-19-280139-5 4583:Stafford, Pauline 4574:978-0-7394-7185-2 4555:978-1-910907-41-2 4400:978-1-4058-1155-2 4362:978-1-84802-134-1 4234:Douglas, David C. 4225:978-1-85285-595-6 4203:978-1-84384-138-8 4184:978-1-905624-20-1 4141:978-0-312-34820-5 4111:978-1-84176-228-9 3926:. 14 October 2006 3569:Quoted in Marren 3164:English Heritage 1723:in 1060, and the 1721:Battle of Messina 1719:around 1052, the 1350:Hereward the Wake 1338:Westminster Abbey 735:Battle of Fulford 701:Battle of Fulford 555:Battle of Fulford 296: 295: 205: 204: 121:Duchy of Normandy 110: 109: 97:, United Kingdom) 5202: 5195:Harold Godwinson 5110: 5109: 5108: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5052: 4761:Harold Godwinson 4735: 4728: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4682: 4660: 4641: 4622: 4600: 4578: 4559: 4540: 4518: 4496: 4477: 4455: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4345: 4326: 4304: 4285: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4249: 4229: 4207: 4188: 4167: 4150:Carpenter, David 4145: 4120:Bennett, Matthew 4115: 4098:Bennett, Matthew 4093: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4051: 4029: 4007: 3985: 3983: 3949: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3668: 3661: 3652: 3645: 3634: 3627: 3618: 3611: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3509: 3498: 3491: 3480: 3473: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3332: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3279: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3244: 3235: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3115: 3108: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3031: 3018: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2890: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2844: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2753: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2580: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2386: 2379: 2370: 2363: 2357: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2287: 2280: 2265: 2258: 2247: 2240: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2136: 2130: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1951: 1945: 1938: 1932: 1925: 1919: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1857: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725:Battle of Cassel 1717:Battle of Arques 1713: 1707: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1512: 1506: 1495:Tostig Godwinson 1463: 1457: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1423: 1370:English Heritage 995:Danish battleaxe 707:Tostig Godwinson 630:, the sister of 618:, converting to 518:, beginning the 516:Harold Godwinson 480: 479: 466: 465: 452: 451: 438: 437: 424: 423: 410: 409: 396: 395: 382: 381: 368: 367: 354: 353: 340: 339: 326: 325: 312: 311: 305: 243: 241: 231: 224: 217: 208: 207: 187: 175: 163: 155:Harold Godwinson 71: 70: 52: 32: 31: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5130:1066 in England 5120: 5119: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5080: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5037:Bayeux Tapestry 5025: 4969: 4965:Tower of London 4938: 4892: 4868:Eadric the Wild 4823:Gyrth Godwinson 4811: 4775: 4766:Harald Hardrada 4744: 4742:Norman Conquest 4739: 4690: 4685: 4679: 4657: 4638: 4619: 4597: 4575: 4556: 4546:Pevensey Castle 4537: 4515: 4493: 4474: 4439: 4420: 4401: 4382: 4363: 4342: 4323: 4301: 4259: 4257: 4226: 4204: 4185: 4164: 4142: 4112: 4087: 4085: 4070: 4048: 4026: 4004: 3981:10.5284/1085944 3957: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3859: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3621: 3615:Norman Conquest 3612: 3603: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3535: 3526: 3519: 3513:Norman Conquest 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3313: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3267: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3229: 3222: 3213: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3093: 3086: 3080:Norman Conquest 3077: 3073: 3064: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2973: 2966: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2854: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2770: 2763: 2754: 2747: 2741:Norman Conquest 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2695: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2638: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2431:Norman Conquest 2428: 2421: 2412: 2405: 2396: 2389: 2383:Norman Conquest 2380: 2373: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2347: 2341:Bayeux Tapestry 2338: 2334: 2325: 2321: 2315:Norman Conquest 2312: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2244:Pevensey Castle 2241: 2237: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2124: 2120: 2114:Norman Conquest 2111: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2081: 2075:Norman Conquest 2072: 2068: 2062:Norman Conquest 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1922: 1916:Capetian France 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1883: 1874: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1827:reinforcements. 1825: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1778:common-law wife 1771: 1767: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1714: 1710: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1632:Snorri Sturlson 1629: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1541:Bayeux Tapestry 1538: 1534: 1528:Bayeux Tapestry 1513: 1509: 1487:Sweyn Forkbeard 1471:Edmund Ironside 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1404: 1392:Varangian Guard 1377:Bayeux Tapestry 1267:Battle of Lewes 1254: 1248: 1230: 1191: 1189:Death of Harold 1163: 1161:Feigned flights 1124: 1060: 1043:Orderic Vitalis 1016: 1011: 959: 942: 910:Bayeux Tapestry 902: 835: 749: 743: 703: 697: 685:Magnus the Good 677:Harald Hardrada 649: 596: 551:Harald Hardrada 520:Norman Conquest 500: 499: 498: 497: 496: 494: 488: 487: 486: 485: 481: 473: 472: 471: 467: 459: 458: 457: 453: 445: 444: 443: 439: 431: 430: 429: 425: 417: 416: 415: 411: 403: 402: 401: 397: 389: 388: 387: 383: 375: 374: 373: 369: 361: 360: 359: 355: 347: 346: 345: 341: 333: 332: 331: 327: 319: 318: 317: 313: 297: 292: 258:Stamford Bridge 244: 240:Norman Conquest 239: 237: 235: 183: 177: 171: 167:Gyrth Godwinson 165: 159: 148: 144: 140: 98: 77:14 October 1066 63:Bayeux Tapestry 53: 42:Norman Conquest 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5208: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5115: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5001:Danish attacks 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Edgar Ætheling 4916: 4914:Edith the Fair 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4696: 4689: 4688:External links 4686: 4684: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4642: 4636: 4623: 4617: 4605:Stenton, F. M. 4601: 4595: 4579: 4573: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4535: 4523:Nicolle, David 4519: 4513: 4501:Nicolle, David 4497: 4491: 4478: 4472: 4456: 4443: 4437: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4367: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4286: 4266: 4250: 4230: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4140: 4128:DeVries, Kelly 4116: 4110: 4094: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4024: 4008: 4002: 3986: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3937: 3911: 3886: 3873: 3857: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3805: 3792: 3779: 3766: 3753: 3740: 3724: 3711: 3698: 3685: 3669: 3653: 3635: 3619: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3549: 3533: 3517: 3499: 3481: 3465: 3452: 3439: 3423: 3410: 3394: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3333: 3320: 3300: 3287: 3265: 3252: 3236: 3220: 3194: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3144: 3116: 3100: 3084: 3071: 3055: 3039: 3019: 3006: 2993: 2980: 2964: 2951: 2935: 2922: 2909: 2891: 2874: 2861: 2845: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2793: 2777: 2761: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2706: 2693: 2680: 2667: 2649: 2636: 2623: 2610: 2597: 2581: 2568: 2555: 2542: 2529: 2516: 2503: 2499:Ruling England 2490: 2477: 2464: 2448: 2435: 2419: 2403: 2399:Feudal Kingdom 2387: 2371: 2358: 2345: 2332: 2319: 2306: 2288: 2266: 2248: 2235: 2222: 2209: 2191: 2178: 2160: 2144: 2131: 2118: 2105: 2092: 2079: 2066: 2053: 2049:Ruling England 2040: 2027: 2014: 2001: 1985: 1972: 1966:Fryde, et al. 1959: 1946: 1942:Ruling England 1933: 1920: 1907: 1894: 1881: 1865: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1829: 1819: 1810: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1774:Edith the Fair 1765: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1708: 1700:Romance de Rou 1681: 1668: 1659: 1655:Edward Freeman 1646: 1623: 1614: 1604:Romance de Rou 1591: 1582: 1573: 1554: 1545: 1532: 1507: 1489:and nephew of 1475:Cnut the Great 1467:Edgar Ætheling 1458: 1449: 1440: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1247: 1244: 1229: 1226: 1190: 1187: 1162: 1159: 1123: 1120: 1059: 1056: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 958: 955: 941: 938: 901: 898: 871:Halley's Comet 841:On landing at 834: 831: 745:Main article: 742: 739: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 653:Earl of Wessex 648: 645: 595: 592: 490: 489: 483: 482: 475: 474: 469: 468: 461: 460: 455: 454: 447: 446: 441: 440: 433: 432: 428:Bexhill-on-Sea 427: 426: 419: 418: 413: 412: 405: 404: 399: 398: 391: 390: 385: 384: 377: 376: 371: 370: 363: 362: 357: 356: 349: 348: 343: 342: 335: 334: 329: 328: 321: 320: 315: 314: 307: 306: 300: 299: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 283:Danish attacks 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246: 245: 234: 233: 226: 219: 211: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 190: 189: 152: 134: 133: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106:Norman victory 104: 100: 99: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 45: 44: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5207: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5042:Domesday Book 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030:Miscellaneous 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878:Ralph de Gael 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4828:Odo of Bayeux 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4680: 4678:1-85285-382-4 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665:Williams, Ann 4662: 4658: 4656:0-905778-46-4 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4596:0-7131-6532-4 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4536:1-85532-944-1 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4514:1-86019-889-9 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4492:1-84383-163-5 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4473:0-85052-953-0 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460:Marren, Peter 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4438:0-7524-1998-6 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4419:0-582-84882-2 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4381:0-7509-2469-1 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4341:0-582-40428-2 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4322:1-84176-133-8 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4300:0-521-56350-X 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4212:Crouch, David 4209: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4165: 4163:0-14-014824-8 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4124:Bradbury, Jim 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4069:0-7524-1980-3 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4047:0-582-48492-8 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4025:0-582-49504-0 4021: 4017: 4013: 4012:Barlow, Frank 4009: 4005: 4003:0-520-01671-8 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:Barlow, Frank 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3959: 3947: 3941: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3715: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2677: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2188: 2182: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2096: 2089: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1898: 1891: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1840: 1833: 1823: 1814: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1536: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381:Odo of Bayeux 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1361:papal legates 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1315:London Bridge 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1278:Waltham Abbey 1275: 1270: 1268: 1258: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1239:David Nicolle 1234: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1200: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1048:Domesday Book 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 954: 952: 946: 937: 935: 930: 926: 921: 919: 911: 906: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 844: 839: 830: 827: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 776:, bishop, or 775: 771: 770: 765: 758: 753: 748: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 702: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 644: 642: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 591: 589: 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Retrieved 4237: 4215: 4193: 4173: 4153: 4131: 4101: 4086:. Retrieved 4082: 4059: 4056:Bates, David 4037: 4034:Bates, David 4015: 3993: 3971: 3967: 3945: 3940: 3928:. Retrieved 3923: 3914: 3902:. 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Their son 620:Christianity 598:In 911, the 597: 584: 573:and had few 568: 540: 503: 501: 262: 184: 172: 160: 142:Alan the Red 115:Belligerents 87:Hailesaltede 54: 40:Part of the 27: 25: 5088:Middle Ages 5056:Norman yoke 4704:BBC History 4527:The Normans 3790:, pp. 51–53 3738:pp. 205–206 3722:pp. 204–205 3667:pp. 147–149 3560:pp. 180–181 3547:pp. 219–220 3497:pp. 217–218 3463:pp. 179–180 3437:pp. 256–263 3408:pp. 207–210 3366:pp. 131–133 3298:pp. 127–128 3114:pp. 190–191 3082:pp. 125–126 3069:pp. 186–187 3004:pp. 743–751 2933:pp. 212–213 2907:pp. 183–184 2830:pp. 130–133 2775:pp. 180–182 2665:pp. 107–108 2647:pp. 108–109 2595:pp. 163–164 2317:pp. 120–122 2233:pp. 158–165 2220:pp. 144–150 2142:pp. 154–158 2129:pp. 144–145 2103:pp. 103–104 2077:pp. 132–133 2038:pp. 188–190 2012:pp. 136–138 1999:pp. 167–181 1776:, Harold's 1677:Old English 1479:Witenaġemot 1426:Old English 1334:Berkhamsted 1326:Wallingford 1288:Reenactment 1132:Senlac Hill 1003:shield wall 951:Senlac Hill 719:East Anglia 657:Witenagemot 624:Æthelred II 600:Carolingian 588:a monastery 512:Anglo-Saxon 400:Crowborough 5124:Categories 4816:Combatants 4260:21 January 3974:: 79–110. 3955:References 3696:pp. 79–109 2791:pp. 99–100 2713:Carpenter 1841:in France. 1250:See also: 1110:and Count 810:housecarls 689:Harthacnut 594:Background 484:Peacehaven 442:Heathfield 344:Eastbourne 4943:Locations 4282:186846557 4088:5 October 3930:22 August 3904:22 August 3829:pp. 42–46 3803:pp. 57–60 3786:Bennett, 3777:pp. 49–50 3613:Huscroft 3597:Harold II 3511:Huscroft 3435:Harold II 3353:pp. 76–78 3285:pp. 72–73 3234:pp. 65–67 3078:Huscroft 2889:pp. 21–22 2881:Bennett, 2859:pp. 29–31 2759:pp. 94–95 2739:Huscroft 2704:pp. 24–25 2678:pp. 15–19 2621:pp. 89–90 2551:Harold II 2510:Stafford 2497:Huscroft 2488:pp. 47–49 2381:Huscroft 2313:Huscroft 2304:pp. 91–92 2286:pp. 20–21 2264:pp. 79–89 2207:pp. 28–34 2176:pp. 55–57 2158:pp. 69–71 2116:pp. 33–34 2090:pp. 86–87 2086:Stafford 2073:Huscroft 2064:pp. 96–97 2060:Huscroft 2051:pp. 12–14 2047:Huscroft 2025:pp. 73–77 1957:pp. 86–99 1953:Stafford 1940:Huscroft 1927:Williams 1905:pp. 20–21 1879:pp. 15–16 1848:Citations 1756:wargaming 1698:, Wace's 1563:E version 1330:Chilterns 1311:Southwark 1246:Aftermath 925:chainmail 538:victory. 268:Southwark 5155:Hastings 4960:Pevensey 4858:Waltheof 4667:(2003). 4607:(1971). 4585:(1989). 4525:(1987). 4503:(1999). 4462:(2004). 4311:(1992). 4272:(1869). 4236:(1964). 4214:(2007). 4152:(2004). 4100:(2001). 4058:(2001). 4036:(1982). 4014:(1988). 3992:(1970). 3924:BBC News 3899:BBC News 3882:Hastings 3880:Gravett 3799:Bennett 3773:Bennett 3760:Douglas 3747:Bennett 3734:Douglas 3718:Douglas 3705:Bennett 3631:Hastings 3629:Gravett 3582:Nicolle 3477:Hastings 3475:Gravett 3390:Hastings 3388:Gravett 3351:Hastings 3349:Gravett 3314:Bennett 3283:Hastings 3281:Gravett 3261:Hastings 3259:Gravett 3246:Bennett 3232:Hastings 3230:Gravett 3214:Bennett 3140:Hastings 3138:Gravett 3094:Bennett 3035:Hastings 3033:Gravett 3000:Freeman 2947:Hastings 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The 1503:Morcar 1433:Norman 1322:Thames 1212:Carmen 1183:Carmen 1102:, and 1084:Poitou 1033:Battle 1009:Battle 886:Romney 847:castle 814:Thegns 780:. The 715:Orkney 681:Norway 663:, the 602:ruler 547:Tostig 536:Norman 316:Battle 273:Exeter 181: 169: 157: 103:Result 59:Harold 4843:Edwin 3884:p. 99 3871:p. 31 3867:Coad 3842:p. 48 3838:Coad 3825:Coad 3816:p. 32 3812:Coad 3751:p. 45 3709:p. 91 3633:p. 81 3586:p. 20 3479:p. 80 3392:p. 79 3318:p. 43 3263:p. 68 3250:p. 42 3218:p. 41 3155:p. 11 3151:Hare 3142:p. 64 3098:p. 40 3037:p. 59 2978:p. 57 2949:p. 91 2883:et al 2872:p. 52 2730:p. 93 2717:p. 72 2691:p. 22 2634:p. 27 2608:p. 26 2579:p. 25 2527:p. 86 2501:p. 15 2475:p. 37 2433:p. 35 2401:p. 81 2369:p. 50 1970:p. 29 1931:p. 54 1918:p. 53 1892:p. 12 1499:Edwin 1414:Notes 1274:Gytha 1088:Maine 1080:Anjou 968:Gyrth 786:hides 612:Rollo 514:King 386:Lewes 4673:ISBN 4651:ISBN 4632:ISBN 4613:ISBN 4591:ISBN 4569:ISBN 4550:ISBN 4531:ISBN 4509:ISBN 4487:ISBN 4468:ISBN 4454:: 6. 4433:ISBN 4414:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4376:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4336:ISBN 4317:ISBN 4295:ISBN 4278:OCLC 4262:2021 4242:OCLC 4220:ISBN 4198:ISBN 4179:ISBN 4158:ISBN 4136:ISBN 4106:ISBN 4090:2016 4064:ISBN 4042:ISBN 4020:ISBN 3998:ISBN 3932:2013 3906:2013 3853:1066 3683:p. 6 3665:1066 3649:1066 3595:Rex 3571:1066 3529:1066 3448:1066 3433:Rex 3419:1066 3377:1066 3364:1066 3329:1066 3296:1066 3051:1066 3015:1066 2960:1066 2918:1066 2870:1066 2841:1066 2789:1066 2757:1066 2728:1066 2663:1066 2645:1066 2619:1066 2549:Rex 2302:1066 2174:1066 1944:p. 3 1808:are. 1600:Wace 1524:Mora 1516:Mora 1501:and 1491:Cnut 1375:The 1307:Kent 1179:fyrd 1143:Wace 1086:and 999:fyrd 988:mail 970:and 964:fyrd 890:fyrd 857:and 818:fyrd 806:fyrd 802:fyrd 798:fyrd 794:fyrd 782:fyrd 774:earl 769:fyrd 762:The 729:and 721:and 628:Emma 502:The 74:Date 4452:133 3976:doi 3972:148 1602:'s 679:of 522:of 358:Rye 5126:: 4701:, 4450:. 4126:; 4122:; 4081:. 3970:. 3966:. 3922:. 3897:. 3860:^ 3727:^ 3672:^ 3656:^ 3638:^ 3622:^ 3604:^ 3536:^ 3520:^ 3502:^ 3484:^ 3468:^ 3426:^ 3397:^ 3336:^ 3303:^ 3268:^ 3239:^ 3223:^ 3197:^ 3119:^ 3103:^ 3087:^ 3058:^ 3042:^ 3022:^ 2967:^ 2938:^ 2894:^ 2885:. 2848:^ 2780:^ 2764:^ 2748:^ 2652:^ 2584:^ 2451:^ 2422:^ 2406:^ 2390:^ 2374:^ 2291:^ 2269:^ 2251:^ 2194:^ 2163:^ 2147:^ 1988:^ 1868:^ 1435:: 1428:: 1340:. 1098:, 1082:, 1050:. 737:. 5076:: 4734:e 4727:t 4720:v 4681:. 4659:. 4640:. 4621:. 4599:. 4577:. 4558:. 4539:. 4517:. 4495:. 4476:. 4441:. 4422:. 4403:. 4384:. 4344:. 4325:. 4303:. 4284:. 4264:. 4248:. 4228:. 4206:. 4187:. 4166:. 4144:. 4114:. 4092:. 4072:. 4050:. 4028:. 4006:. 3984:. 3978:: 3934:. 3908:. 1612:. 230:e 223:t 216:v 23:.

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Battle of Hastings

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