577:"C'est alors que Saint-Calais, prétendant garder la place contre un gage, rappela d'une manière inattendue l'arrangement passé avec le comte Alain. Ainsi mis en cause, et sans se laisser émouvoir par une remarque de Lanfranc ni par les clameurs des laïcs, Alain répéta bravement, dans un discours bref et net, les termes de la convention du 8 septembre. Il avait donné sa parole et entendait la tenir. Sous sa garde, l'évêque était venu de Durham juqu'à la cour du roi, afin de plaider sa cause. Si l'évoque avait la justice pour lauui, Alain devait le ramener sain et sauf à Durham; que si, au contraire, les torts étaient de son côté, on le conduirait de même outre-mer, par Exeter et Sandwich. Quant à lui, Alain, pour conclure, il suppliait son maître de ne le point forcer au parjure; sinon, il se croirait obligé, pour l'avenir, de refuser au roi tout service."
193:
365:, and Walter d'Aincourt were sent to persuade St-Calais to surrender. After a lengthy parley during which they waited outside the castle, St-Calais agreed to surrender his person and stand trial, but only once they signed a complex document promising safe conduct before, during, and after the trial. Alan Rufus played a significant role in the subsequent trial of St-Calais, which commenced on 2 November 1088 at
420:
Wilmart thought Alan Rufus's death was sudden and unexpected. There are conflicting sources for the year of its occurrence. Two medieval sources (the 12th century Margam Annals and
Stephen of Whitby's brief history of St Mary's, York) indicate that he died in 1089 or shortly thereafter, but scholars
282:
was besieged by the king's army. King
William I established a fortified camp at Beugy, about 800 metres north of the castle, manned by William's best household knights under the command of Alan Rufus. The siege did not go well, the castle proving to be well-defended. Wealthy Norman and English lords
549:
According to a "narratio" in the Sibton Abbey
Cartularies (specifically, charter 515 written by John de Gislingham), Orwen came to England after the Norman Conquest and asked Alan to repay her for nourishing him as an infant with her own milk. He responded by giving her Sibton Manor and its estates
221:
Ego Wil(el)mus cognomine
Bastardus Rex Anglie do et concedo tibi Nepoti meo Alano Britannie Comiti et heredibus tuis imperpetuum omnes uillas et terras que nuper fuerunt Comitis Edwyni in Eboraschira cum feodis Militum et ecclesiis et aliis libertat(ibus) et consuetudinibus ita libere et honorifice
203:
In
January 1069, Earl Edwin in Yorkshire and his brother Earl Morcar in Northumberland rebelled. In late 1069, the King brought an army north to combat the rebels and recover York. According to the Register of Richmond, it was at the instigation of Queen Matilda, during the Siege of York, that King
231:
I William surnamed
Bastard, King of England, doe give and grant unto thee my Nephew Alane Earle of Britaine, and to thine heires for ever, all and every the manour houses and lands which late belonged to Earle Eadwine in Yorkeshire, with the knights fees and other liberties and customes, as freely
568:"Alain fut aussi l'un des mandataires du roi, qui, le 8 septembre, signèrent une convention assez compliquée, établie vraisemblablement par l'évêque, aux termes de laquelle la sécurité de Guillaume de Saint-Calais était garantie jusqu'à son jugement, et même au delà , quelle que fût la sentence."
376:
Wilmart's interpretation is that in exchange for St-Calais agreeing to submit to the King's judgement, Alan and the other royal officers signed a document guaranteeing St-Calais's safety before and after the trial. When St-Calais cited this in court, there was uproar, but Alan calmly confirmed
286:
It is likely that Alan was with King
William I and the other members of the King's Council at Gloucester in Christmas 1085 when they discussed preparations for the extensive survey of England, later known as the Domesday Survey. On this survey was based the Domesday Book, which comprises two
417:. In the same article, Sharpe also cited Trevor Foulds's suggestion that Matilda may have been a daughter of King William I and Queen Matilda; although Orderic Vitalis does not mention her name in his list of their daughters, Domesday does name a "Matilda, the King's daughter".
22:
142:
in
October 1066. On the journey to the battle site near Hastings, the Breton forces formed the vanguard, arriving a good half-hour before the rest of William's army. In the battle formation, Bretons are mentioned variously as in the left-wing or in the rear-guard of the army.
134:
before
September 1066. In 1066 or 1067, William of Normandy assented to the gift by Alan Comes (i.e. Alan Rufus) to St-Ouen de Rouen of the church of Saint-Sauveur without Rouen, and of the nearby church of Sainte Croix des Pelletiers, which had been his gift to Alan.
377:
St-Calais's statement and then said that if there were any fault here, it was his (Alan's). Alan concluded by begging the king not to attempt to coerce him into committing perjury; otherwise, he (Alan) would believe himself obliged to refuse to serve the king.
255:
In
Richmondshire, the Domesday Book's "Land of Count Alan", many of the Anglo-Dane lords, or their heirs, were retained in their pre-1066 positions of authority. The locations where this was done were complementary to those owned by the deceased
347:, and joined by several major magnates. Beginning in March 1088, Alan was granted additional territory by King William from the confiscated lands of his neighbours who had rebelled. In or before 1089, Alan Rufus issued a charter at
283:
were frequently captured. After a year, Alan handed command to another Breton, who was later slain, along with many of the king's knights, aggrieving William sufficiently to come to terms with the commander of the castle.
106:
Alan Rufus is first mentioned as a witness (along with his mother Orguen and brothers Gausfridus, Willelmus, Rotbertus, Ricardus) to a charter dated to 1056/1060, issued by his father Eozen to the Abbey of Saint-Aubin in
240:
in 1071, to be the principal manor and center of his honour. As the first constable of his new castle, Alan chose Enisant Musard, the husband of one of his half-sisters. Richmond Castle overlooks the old Roman fort at
321:), and in Brittany. Alan Rufus is third (not including the King and his immediate family) among the barons in terms of annual income, which was about ÂŁ1,200. His income in the year of his death, 1093, was ÂŁ1,100.
425:
in Suffolk where he was buried in the cemetery outside the south door. Subsequently, his family and the monks of the Abbey of St Mary in York succeeded in their petition to have him reburied inside Bury Abbey.
523:
In fact, both Alan Rufus and Conan II were William's double-second-cousins, as the three fathers (Count Eozen, his brother Duke Alan III and their double-cousin Duke Robert) shared all four grandparents:
1645:
The History and Antiquities of Boston, and the villages of Skirbeck, Fishtoft, Freiston, Butterwick, Benington, Leverton, Leake and Wrangle; comprising the hundred of Skirbeck in the country of Lincoln
159:
both assert Alan Rufus's presence as Breton commander in the battle, and praise his contribution: Gaimar says "Alan and his men struck well" and Wace states that they did the English "great damage".
216:
received only one manor each: William sharing one with Alan at Ainderby Steeple, on the eastern fringe of the Land, while Robert held one on its southern edge. The wording of the proclamation is:
550:
in coastal Suffolk. Later, Alan's chamberlain Mainard received Alan's permission to marry Orwen; they had two daughters, one of whom, Gemma, was the ancestor of the later lords of Sibton.
1280:. Department of History and the Centre for Computing in the Humanities, at King's College, London, and in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge
768:. Department of History and the Centre for Computing in the Humanities, at King's College, London, and in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, at the University of Cambridge
387:
According to Christopher Clarkson, in 1089 Count Alan persuaded King William II to convene ("assemble") England's very first "High Court of Parliament" ("under that name") at York.
481:
Another painting of Alan Rufus from the Register of the Honour of Richmond, this from the latter 15th century, is at the Bodleian archive, and visible on the internet at
401:, reprimanded her for abandoning her vocation as a nun at Wilton Abbey to live with Alan Rufus, intending to marry him, and after his death living with his brother
182:
Almer of Bourn as a tenant of Edith the Fair. Alan's early acquisitions in England included many land titles that had been in the possession of King Harold's wife
245:. Alan's properties extended over the entire length of Earningas Street, the old Roman road from London to the North, heading to Edinburgh; this road was renamed
212:(the Hundred of the "Land of Count Alan" in Yorkshire) in North Yorkshire. Unusually, within the land of Count Alan, King William himself and his half-brother
252:
In folklore, Alan has an association with King Arthur: in the tale of Potter Thompson, Arthur and his knights are said to lie at rest under Richmond Castle.
1481:
482:
301:
By 1086 Alan had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England. Alan is mentioned as a lord or tenant-in-chief in 1,017 entries of the
1792:
313:
in the number of holdings. The most powerful magnate in East Anglia and Yorkshire, he also possessed property in London, in Normandy (e.g. in
357:
had been in the army led by the king against Bishop Odo, but suddenly fled north to his castle at Durham. After the rebellion was defeated,
595:
The epitaph uses the word "cineratur" to describe Alan's death; he was often in London and the city suffered a major conflagration in 1093.
765:
1787:
1596:
893:
559:
An in-depth study of the writing of the Domesday Book (a summary of the results of this survey) has been conducted by David Roffe
1782:
260:, whereas many of those where Edwin had been Overlord were given to Alan's Breton relatives: his half-brothers Ribald, Lord of
166:
area in late 1066 and built a castle on the hill just north of the river crossing. Alan's first possessions in England were in
942:
1068:
1700:
1662:
792:
1419:
1111:
653:
324:
Alan donated large sums to a number of religious houses, but most famously founded, with King William II, the Benedictine
275:
In the 1080s, Alan witnessed several documents of King William in England and Ghent, and one of Queen Matilda in England.
186:, including all but one of her holdings in Cambridgeshire.) Alan later favored Almer by giving him two additional manors.
1713:
1089:
1387:
898:
75:
1629:
1533:
1408:
279:
483:
http://bodley30.bodley.ox.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/detail/ODLodl~1~1~47787~127458:Register-of-the-Honour-of-Richmond-
1277:
1437:
174:, west of Cambridge and due north of London, along with several other towns in the area were according to the
438:
529:
533:
421:
have concluded that 1093, perhaps on 4 August, is more likely. His body was transported to the abbey at
232:
and in as honorable wise as the said Eadwin held the same. Given at our leaguer before the City of Yorke.
227:
Philemon Holland's English translation of William Camden's "Brittania" (1607) renders the proclamation:
87:
1704:
1696:
1137:
787:
406:
242:
272:, and their wet-nurse, Orwen. Other tenants of Alan in Yorkshire were English lords from East Anglia.
525:
511:
450:
318:
127:
66:
586:
His epitaph implies that his death was a shock as it describes England as "turbatur" because of it.
325:
310:
213:
362:
968:
514:; Fergant was a child in 1066, so even if present he could not have held a leadership position
1772:
1767:
1398:
306:
257:
189:
In 1067, Alan witnessed a charter of King William to the monks of St Peter's at Westminster.
26:
1438:"The Bretons and Normans of England 1066-1154: the family, the fief and the feudal monarchy"
723:
506:
Wace confuses Alan Rufus with his cousin Alan called "Fergant" (French for "Iron-Glove") of
380:
St-Calais was held in custody at Wilton Abbey until 14 November. Alan escorted St-Calais to
192:
1777:
875:
410:
390:
354:
94:). William the Conqueror granted Alan Rufus a significant English fief, later known as the
8:
1616:
Sharpe, Richard (2007). Stephen Morillo; William North (eds.). "King Harold's Daughter".
946:
1643:
1726:
1560:
920:
830:
358:
209:
139:
95:
1005:
744:
1625:
1529:
1404:
1383:
414:
394:
340:
332:
112:
1556:
331:
Alan was among the first four magnates to support William II of England against the
1739:
1677:
1552:
1486:
1452:
889:
430:
344:
278:
For the period from about 1083-1086 (the exact dates are uncertain) the formidable
1498:
1717:
1639:
1523:
422:
348:
336:
237:
196:
144:
83:
56:
48:
1749:
1490:
1115:
701:
494:
454:
434:
398:
183:
167:
131:
1710:
618:
1761:
1311:
302:
246:
175:
894:"Richmond Castle: eleventh to fourteenth century enclosure castle (1010627)"
222:
sicut idem Edwinus ea tenuit. Dat(um) in obsidione coram Ciuitate Ebor(aci).
1681:
290:
Through 1086, Alan and Robert of Mortain attended on King William, e.g. at
170:, so he may have obtained them about this time. The Cambridgeshire town of
156:
507:
381:
269:
91:
1597:"PASE Domesday: Cambridge University connects communities with Domesday"
1456:
25:
Alan Rufus, from a larger 14th century illumination, swearing fealty to
1460:
679:
402:
1564:
1040:
The Collected Historical Works of Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H., Volume 3
462:
458:
370:
366:
295:
261:
163:
660:. Printed for H. M . Stationery off., by Eyre and Spottiswoode. 1889
291:
1507:
123:
86:
of England. He was the second son of Eozen Penteur (also known as
79:
1528:. Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, United Kingdom. p. 98.
1421:
On the Abbey of S. Edmund at Bury: I. The library. II. The church
71:
1141:
656:
L'estoire Des Engles Solum la Translacion Maistre Geffrei Gaimar
1207:
537:
265:
108:
1581:
1292:
314:
179:
171:
119:
40:
21:
1543:
Mason, J. F. A. (1963). "The 'Honour of Richmond' in 1086".
1025:
Robert the Burgundian and the Counts of Anjou, Ca. 1025-1098
510:(Breton: Kernev), grandson of Conan II, who in 1084 became
152:
1325:
1219:
1038:
Francis Palgrave (2013) . Sir R.H. Inglis Palgrave (ed.).
813:
811:
1618:
The Haskins Society Journal. Studies in Medieval History
1156:
844:
1236:
1234:
1197:
1195:
444:
1258:
1246:
1180:
808:
393:, in two letters addressed (perhaps in 1093–1094) to
1663:"Alain Le Roux et Alain Le Noir, Comtes de Bretagne"
1576:. Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, London.
1373:. Thomas Bowman, Richmond, North Yorkshire, England.
1337:
1231:
1192:
1140:. domesdaynow.co.uk. 6 February 2011. Archived from
992:
The Death of Kings: Royal deaths in medieval England
433:, Alan Rufus was succeeded by his younger brothers:
888:
856:
449:Beneath Richmond Castle, Alan founded the town of
1759:
1648:. Boston, Lincolnshire, England: John Noble, Jnr
1168:
1037:
637:
1574:The Ecclesiastical History of Ordericus Vitalus
1022:
1004:
409:has theorised that Matilda d'Aincourt, wife of
1371:The History of Richmond, in the County of York
339:. The uprising was led by the recently freed
989:
943:"Église Saint-Martin, Lamballe - Topic-Topos"
413:, was the natural daughter of Alan Rufus and
287:volumes, Little Domesday and Great Domesday.
1485:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1479:Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. (2004). "Alan Rufus".
969:"Eglise Saint-Martin de Lamballe (Bretagne)"
453:. He also built the original manor house of
397:the youngest daughter of King Harold II and
1505:
1478:
1435:
1090:"Sainte Suzanne, Mayenne, Pays de la Loire"
1052:
850:
680:"List of on-line Anglo-Norman Source Texts"
90:) by Orguen Kernev (also known as Agnes of
1042:. Cambridge University press. p. 314.
162:A column of Norman cavalry swept into the
1571:
1298:
497:but genealogical documentation is sparse.
437:who also died without issue, followed by
1638:
1521:
1368:
1252:
384:to await passage to Normandy and exile.
191:
20:
1660:
1482:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1331:
1225:
1186:
1010:Orderic Vital, Histoire de la Normandie
817:
627:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
493:Agnes is thought to be the daughter of
351:, Bishop Odo's former principal manor.
88:Eudon, Eudo or Odo, Count of Penthièvre
1760:
1615:
1359:
1343:
1278:"Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England"
1264:
1240:
1213:
1201:
1057:. Oxford University press. p. 82.
766:"Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England"
613:
611:
1793:People from Richmond, North Yorkshire
1542:
1417:
1396:
1162:
921:"Enisant Musard | Domesday Book"
862:
461:in Norfolk, on the north side of the
1701:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1377:
1174:
793:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
495:Alain Canhiart, Count of Cornouaille
445:Other activities of Count Alan Rufus
608:
335:in favour of the Duke of Normandy,
118:Alan already held some property in
13:
1023:W. Scott Jessee (1 October 2000).
1012:. Vol. III. pp. 170–172.
899:National Heritage List for England
805:(Charters witnessed by Alan Rufus)
76:companion of William the Conqueror
14:
1804:
1690:
1400:The Aristocracy of Norman England
1364:. University of California Press.
236:Alan Rufus began construction on
138:Alan was probably present at the
1788:English people of Breton descent
16:Breton nobleman (c. 1040 – 1093)
1506:Keats-Rohan, Katherine (2012).
1418:James, Montague Rhodes (1895).
1352:
1304:
1270:
1130:
1104:
1082:
1061:
1055:Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum
1046:
1031:
1016:
998:
983:
961:
935:
913:
882:
868:
831:"Hundred of Land of Count Alan"
823:
780:
758:
737:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
543:
517:
429:Alan Rufus died childless. As
1522:Liddiard, Robert, ed. (2003).
1436:Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. (1991).
1369:Clarkson, Christopher (1814).
716:
694:
672:
646:
640:Domesday People: Domesday book
631:
500:
487:
475:
1:
1783:11th-century English nobility
1557:10.1093/ehr/lxxviii.cccix.703
1545:The English Historical Review
602:
405:("the Black"). The historian
1624:. Boydell and Brewer: 1–27.
1499:UK public library membership
702:"Bourn | Domesday Book"
530:Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou
101:
7:
1508:"Domesday People Revisited"
1445:Nottingham Medieval Studies
945:(in French). Archived from
534:Richard I, Duke of Normandy
10:
1809:
1572:Forrester, Thomas (1854).
439:Stephen, Count of Tréguier
243:Catterick, North Yorkshire
178:held in 1066 by the royal
1746:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1397:Green, Judith A. (2002).
1312:"Open Domesday: Names: M"
526:Conan I, Duke of Brittany
512:Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
451:Richmond, North Yorkshire
199:first built by Alan Rufus
1216:, p. 2, footnote 5.
468:
311:Robert, Count of Mortain
214:Robert, Count of Mortain
1661:Wilmart, André (1928).
328:in York in early 1088.
298:in south-west England.
268:, and Bardolf, Lord of
1682:10.3406/abpo.1928.4288
1491:10.1093/ref:odnb/52358
1360:Barlow, Frank (1983).
990:Michael Evans (2007).
638:K. S. B. Keats-Rohan.
540:, Duchess of Normandy.
234:
225:
200:
74:nobleman, kinsman and
29:
1716:1 August 2007 at the
1707:for Domesday holdings
1382:. The History Press.
1378:Dean, Gareth (2008).
1301:, p. 22, Vol. 2.
280:Sainte-Suzanne Castle
258:Edwin, Earl of Mercia
229:
218:
195:
27:William the Conqueror
24:
1525:Anglo-Norman Castles
1053:David Bates (1998).
355:William de St-Calais
326:St Mary's Abbey
149:L'Estoire des Engles
78:(Duke William II of
1670:Annales de Bretagne
1457:10.1484/J.NMS.3.202
1334:, pp. 595–597.
1228:, pp. 592–595.
1165:, pp. 703–704.
1118:on 19 December 2013
1027:. pp. 129–134.
949:on 21 December 2013
923:. Domesdaymap.co.uk
704:. Domesdaymap.co.uk
642:. pp. 127–130.
465:in Costessey Park.
294:in Normandy and in
1727:Peerage of England
682:. Anglo-norman.net
658:, lines 5315-5334"
457:, Alan's caput at
210:Honour of Richmond
201:
140:Battle of Hastings
126:, and was lord of
96:Honour of Richmond
63:(c. 1040 – 1093),
30:
1756:
1755:
1747:Succeeded by
1497:(Subscription or
1092:. 20 October 2009
724:"Parishes: Bourn"
411:Walter d'Aincourt
341:Odo, Earl of Kent
333:Rebellion of 1088
264:, Bodin, Lord of
122:, the capital of
113:Albinus of Angers
98:, in about 1071.
1800:
1740:Earl of Richmond
1723:
1722:
1685:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1640:Thompson, Pishey
1635:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1603:. 10 August 2010
1592:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1551:(309): 703–704.
1539:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1494:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1459:. Archived from
1442:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1393:
1374:
1365:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1274:
1268:
1267:, pp. 1–27.
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1114:. Archived from
1112:"Sainte Suzanne"
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1069:"Sainte-Suzanne"
1065:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1002:
996:
995:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
890:Historic England
886:
880:
879:
872:
866:
860:
854:
851:Keats-Rohan 1991
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
827:
821:
815:
806:
804:
802:
800:
784:
778:
777:
775:
773:
762:
756:
755:
753:
751:
745:"Almer of Bourn"
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
720:
714:
713:
711:
709:
698:
692:
691:
689:
687:
676:
670:
669:
667:
665:
650:
644:
643:
635:
629:
615:
596:
593:
587:
584:
578:
575:
569:
566:
560:
557:
551:
547:
541:
521:
515:
504:
498:
491:
485:
479:
431:Lord of Richmond
363:Odo of Champagne
345:Bishop of Bayeux
35:, alternatively
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1718:Wayback Machine
1693:
1688:
1665:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1582:"PASE Domesday"
1580:
1536:
1512:
1510:
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1138:"Domesday Now"
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307:King William I
305:, behind only
184:Edith the Fair
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1461:the original
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1353:Bibliography
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1332:Wilmart 1928
1327:
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1187:Wilmart 1928
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157:Roman de Rou
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65:1st Lord of
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61:Alan the Red
60:
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45:Alan ar Rouz
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37:Alanus Rufus
36:
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18:
1778:1093 deaths
1652:5 September
1587:19 December
1513:3 September
1344:Sharpe 2007
1265:Sharpe 2007
1241:Barlow 1983
1214:Sharpe 2007
1202:Barlow 1983
1122:19 December
1096:19 December
1074:19 December
975:21 December
971:(in French)
953:21 December
799:19 December
508:Cornouaille
382:Southampton
270:Ravensworth
92:Cornouaille
1762:Categories
1744:1071–1093
1501:required.)
1317:8 December
1163:Mason 1963
876:"Yorkseng"
863:Green 2002
772:21 January
603:References
435:Alan Niger
403:Alan Niger
33:Alan Rufus
1734:New title
1607:30 August
1451:: 42–78.
1284:28 August
1175:Dean 2008
836:29 August
664:29 August
463:River Tud
459:Costessey
371:Wiltshire
367:Salisbury
319:Richemont
296:Wiltshire
262:Middleham
164:Cambridge
128:Richemont
102:Biography
1714:Archived
1642:(1856).
1601:BBC News
1470:10 March
1148:6 August
927:6 August
905:10 March
788:"Alan 1"
708:6 August
686:6 August
415:Gunnhild
395:Gunnhild
206:conceded
204:William
124:Normandy
80:Normandy
70:, was a
67:Richmond
1711:patp.us
1703:; also
623:. 1093)
1705:Alan 3
1697:Alan 1
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1565:561220
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750:21 May
729:21 May
538:Gunnor
292:FĂ©camp
266:Bedale
111:(q.v.
109:Angers
72:Breton
57:French
49:Breton
1666:(PDF)
1561:JSTOR
1464:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
469:Notes
315:Rouen
180:thane
172:Bourn
120:Rouen
59:) or
41:Latin
1654:2013
1626:ISBN
1609:2013
1589:2013
1530:ISBN
1515:2013
1472:2012
1429:2013
1405:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1319:2014
1286:2013
1150:2013
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955:2013
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838:2013
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688:2013
666:2013
536:and
317:and
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153:Wace
151:and
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