Bantustan - Knowledge

1258:"While apartheid was an ideology born of the will to survive or, put differently, the fear of extinction, Afrikaner leaders differed on how best to implement it. While some were satisfied with segregationist policies placing them at the top of a social and economic hierarchy, others truly believed in the concept of 'separate but equal'. For the latter, the ideological justification for the classification, segregation, and denial of political rights was the plan to set aside special land reserves for black South Africans, later called 'bantustans' or 'homelands'. Each ethnic group would have its own state with its own political system and economy, and each would rely on its own labour force. These independent states would then coexist alongside white South Africa in a spirit of friendship and collaboration. In their own areas, black citizens would enjoy full rights." 1871:

rejection of "separate development" and a professed commitment to "opposing apartheid from within the system", whilst others believed that nominal independence could serve to consolidate their power bases (to an even higher degree than the status they enjoyed as rulers of self-governing homelands) and presented an opportunity to build a society relatively free from racial discrimination. The leaders of the Bantustans, despite their collaboration with the apartheid regime, occasionally criticized the South African government's racial policies and called for the repeal or softening of apartheid laws (most of which were repealed in nominally independent states). Various plans for a federal solution were at times mooted, both by the Bantustan governments and by opposition parties in South Africa as well as circles inside the white ruling National Party.

4461:, the renaming of the Province of Natal to KwaZulu/Natal (nowadays written with a hyphen instead of a slash), an extension of the powers of the provinces vis-à-vis the national government and also intended to satisfy the demands of segments of the white (especially Afrikaans-speaking) population by establishing a 20-member "Volkstaat Council" to look into the possibility of creating a "Volkstaat" as an autonomous territory for Afrikaans speakers. The second amendment (promulgated on 26 April 1994, only hours before the constitution abolishing apartheid came into force and the elections began) was part of the deal arranged at the last minute to ensure the participation of the 135: 6101: 2214: 1425: 1254:, (c) Partition was submitted to and approved by both parties, or at any rate fairly widespread and Influential sections of each. The Government's plans do not envisage the partitioning of this country into separate, self-governing States. They do not envisage equal rights, or any rights at all, for Africans outside the reserves. Partition has never been approved of by Africans and never will be. For that matter it has never been really submitted to or approved of by the Whites. The term "Bantustan" is therefore a complete misnomer, and merely tends to help the Nationalists perpetrate a fraud. 7024: 2478: 1646: 7181: 6529: 2447: 1612: 6490: 6301: 6824: 2262: 1462: 3122: 3055: 2554: 1714: 5870: 6369: 1148: 6592: 2953: 2119: 2886: 1926:

institutions charged with mutual consultation, deliberation and a number of executive functions in relation to "general affairs" common to all population groups, insofar as these institutions would pose no threat to apartheid and the preservation of overall white rule. This "confederation" would include the so-called "common area"—meaning the bulk of South African territory outside of the homelands—under continued white-minority rule and limited power-sharing arrangements with the segregated

6171: 1316:, as part of his "enlightened" approach to apartheid. However, the true intention of this policy was to fulfill Verwoerd's original plan to make South Africa's blacks nationals of the homelands rather than of South Africa—thus removing the few rights they still had as citizens. The homelands were encouraged to opt for independence, as this would greatly reduce the number of black citizens of South Africa. The process of creating the legal framework for this plan was completed by the 2639: 6898: 6262: 7126: 6953: 6745: 1856:. The Bantustans' governments were invariably corrupt and little wealth trickled down to the local populations, who were forced to seek employment as "guest workers" in South Africa proper. Millions of people had to work in often appalling conditions, away from their homes for months at a time. On the other hand, only 40% of Bophuthatswana's population worked outside the 'homeland' because the homeland was able to create industrial sites like Zone 15 and Babelegi. 3088: 2852: 2652: 1915:"Separate development" as a principle remained in force, and the apartheid regime went on to rely on the Bantustans as one of the main pillars of its policy in dealing with the black population. Until 1990, attempts continued to urge self-governing homelands to opt for independence (e.g. Lebowa, Gazankulu and KwaZulu) and on occasion the governments of self-governing homelands (e.g. KwaNdebele) themselves expressed interest in obtaining eventual independence. 2617:(formerly known as Swaziland) were not Bantustans; they have been independent countries and former British protectorates. These countries are mostly or entirely surrounded by South African territory and are almost totally dependent on South Africa. They have never had any formal political dependence on South Africa and were recognised as sovereign states by the international community from the time they were granted their independence by the UK in the 1960s. 10633: 9865: 7755: 6690: 947: 2987: 2679:—was to separate the white and the non-white population, grant self-government to the isolated black territories, and thus make whites the majority population in the vast remainder of the country. Moreover, it was envisaged that, by separating each ethnic group and confining people by law to their restricted areas, discrimination by race would automatically disappear. The inspiration for the Odendaal Plan came, in part, from South African anthropologists. 3021: 2818: 2516: 1680: 6408: 6322: 1999:(ANC) as a central element of its programme of reform. Reincorporation was mostly achieved peacefully, although there was some resistance from the local elites, who stood to lose out on the opportunities for wealth and political power provided by the homelands. The dismantling of the homelands of Bophuthatswana and Ciskei was particularly difficult. In Ciskei, South African security forces had to intervene in March 1994 to defuse a political crisis. 2419: 1575: 2920: 2183: 1388: 7063: 6192: 36: 2381: 1538: 2310: 1499: 1863:. Their working conditions were often equally poor, as they were denied any significant rights or protections in South Africa proper. The allocation of individuals to specific homelands was often quite arbitrary. Many individuals were assigned to homelands they did not originate from, and the designation of an individual as part of a particular ethnic group was often arbitrary, especially for individuals with mixed ancestry. 365: 7784: 1082:. The Pretoria government established ten Bantustans in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating autonomous nation states for South Africa's different 2738:

and pensions) on the basis of ethnicity only and no longer based on geographically defined areas. Building upon institutions that had already been in existence since 1925 and 1962, respectively, representative authorities were also instituted for the white and Coloured population groups. No such representative authorities were established for the

1908:

homelands even in the long run. It was hoping to "pacify" the black urban population by developing various plans to confer upon them limited rights at the local level (but not the upper levels of government). Furthermore, the urban (and rural) residential areas remained segregated based on race in accordance with the

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also known as the TBVC states) were intended to be fully sovereign. These areas received little attention from the colonial and later South African governments however, and were still very undeveloped. This greatly decreased these states' ability to govern and made them very reliant on the South African government.

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of the negotiations to end apartheid, and the focus shifted to securing "minority rights" (having in mind primarily the white population in particular) after an expected handover of power to the black majority. Federalist plans also met with support from some homeland governments and parties, most importantly the

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The Machanga Territorial Authority was declared, under the new name Gazankulu, to be a self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa with effect from 1 February 1973 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act No. 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. R.15 in SA

2737:

In July 1980, the system was changed to one of separate governments ("representative authorities") as second-tier administrative units (responsible for a number of affairs like land tenure, agriculture, education up to the level of primary school teachers' training, health services and social welfare

4482:

Act to introduce a new Constitution for the Republic of South Africa and to provide for matters incidental thereto (Act No. 200 of 1993), as amended before coming into force by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, No. 2 of 1994 and the Constitution of the Republic of South

4013:

The KaNgwane Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 October 1977 by Proclamation No. R. 214 in SA Government Gazette No. 5742 of 16 September 1977. Called the KaNgwane Constitution Proclamation, 1977. The KaNgwane Government departments were established by Proclamation No. R.215 in

3980:

The KwaNdebele Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 October 1979, by Proclamation No. R.205 of 1979 in SA Government Gazette No. 6661 of 14 September 1979. Called the KwaNdebele Constitution Proclamation, 1979. KwaNdebele Government departments were established by Proclamation No.

1941:

From 1990 to 1994, these "confederational" ideas were in principle still entertained by large parts of the National Party (and in various forms also by certain parties and groups of the white liberal opposition), but their overtly race-based foundations gradually became less pronounced in the course

1786:

Bantustans within the borders of South Africa were classified as "self-governing" or "independent". In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but were not yet sovereign nations. Independent Bantustans (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei;

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that reshaped South African society such that whites would be the demographic majority. The creation of the homelands or Bantustans was a central element of this strategy, as the long-term goal was to make the Bantustans independent. As a result, blacks would lose their South African citizenship and

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Because of internal strife among different Herero groups, no unified institutions were established for the Herero people before 1980. Two districts of Hereroland (West and East) were formed in 1970. The chief of Hereroland West, Clemens Kapuuo, claimed to be the paramount chief of all Hereros since

4656:

The legal framework between 1968 and 1980 of "separate development" (from the establishment of territorial authorities, legislative assemblies, to the granting of self-government and eventual "independence") for the homelands in South West Africa, closely following the model in South Africa proper,

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The Territory was proclaimed a self-governing territory within the Republic, under the name of KwaZulu, in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act, 1971 (Act 21 of 1971), by Proclamation No. R.11, 1977, in SA Government Gazette No. 5387 of 28 January 1977, with effect

3948:

The KwaZulu Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 April 1972 by Proclamation No. R.70, 1972 in SA Government Gazette No. 3436 of 30 March 1972. Called the KwaZulu Constitution Proclamation, 1972. The KwaZulu Government departments were established by Proclamation No. R.73, 1972 in

3726:

The name of the Territorial Authority was changed to the Venda Territorial Authority by Government Notice No. R.837 in SA Government Gazette No. 2406 of 23 May 1969. The government departments of the Venda Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.168 in SA Government Gazette No.

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If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship ... Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer

5372:

This checkpoint system enabled Israel to severely curtail Palestinians' freedom of movement within the Occupied Territories, particularly during the second intifida. Oslo thus transformed Palestinian cities into enclaves, which are often referred to as Bantustans to invoke explicit comparison with

3929:

QwaQwa was established as a self-governing territory within the Republic in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971 by Proclamation No. R.203 of 1974, with effect from 1 November 1974. The reorganised QwaQwa Legislative Assembly was established by the same

3758:

Ciskei became a self-governing territory within the Republic with effect from 1 August 1972 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971 by Proclamation No. R.187 in SA Government Gazette No. 2622 of 28 July 1972. Called the Ciskei Constitution Proclamation,

3651:

The Tswana Territorial Authority was declared a self-governing territory within the Republic, under the new name Bophuthatswana, in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act No. 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. R.131 of 26 May 1972, with effect from 1 June 1972. Called

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that "every effort to turn the tide streaming into the urban areas failed. It does not help to bluff ourselves about this. The economy demands the permanent presence of the majority of blacks in urban areas ... They cannot stay in South Africa year after year without political representation." In

2701:

The combined territory of all bantustans was roughly equal in size to the Police Zone. However, all bantustans were predominantly rural and excluded major towns. All harbours, most of the railway network and the tarred road infrastructure, all larger airports, the profitable diamond areas and the

1822:

The Bantustans were generally poor, with few local employment opportunities. However, some opportunities did exist for advancement for blacks and some advances in education and infrastructure were made. The four Bantustans which attained nominal independence (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and

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to establish "homelands" allocated to the country's black ethnic groups. These amounted to 13% of the country's land, the remainder being reserved for the white population. The homelands were run by cooperative tribal leaders, while uncooperative chiefs were forcibly deposed. Over time, a ruling

1975:

With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, all Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994 (the day on which the Interim Constitution, which

1907:

The government was forced to accept the permanent presence of blacks in urban areas as well as the practical unfeasibility of the hitherto very strict forms of "influx control" (replacing it by "softer" means of control), not to mention the impossibility of a total removal of all blacks to the

1903:

These remarks were however by no means meant as a rejection of the Bantustan system in general: the goal of the apartheid regime during the second half of the 1980s was to "modernize" the organisational framework of apartheid while leaving its fundamental principles (including the homelands)

1870:

with the apartheid system, although some were successful in acquiring a following. Most homeland leaders had an ambivalent stance regarding the independence of their homelands: a majority was sceptical, remained cautious and avoided a definite decision, some outright rejected it due to their

1925:

The long-term vision during this time was the creation of some form of a multi-racial "confederation of South African states" with a common citizenship, but separated into racially defined areas. Plans were made (of which only very few were realised) for the development of different "joint"

1749:

In parallel with the creation of the homelands, South Africa's black population was subjected to a massive programme of forced relocation. It has been estimated that 3.5 million people were forced from their homes from the 1960s through the 1980s, many being resettled in the Bantustans.

1238:, after the reluctant departure of the British, and as a condition thereof, into two separate States, Hindustan and Pakistan. There is no real parallel with the Nationalists' proposals, for (a) India and Pakistan constitute two completely separate and politically independent States, (b) 5538:"Gaurav Apartments came up 15 years ago as the realisation of the dream of Ram Din Rajvanshi to carve out secure, dignified residential space for dalit families that can afford to buy a two or three-bedroom flat rather than as a "bantustan" for low-caste people." Devraj, Ranjit. 3993:

KwaNdebele was established as a self-governing territory within the Republic with effect from 1 April 1981 in accordance with the provisions of the National States Constitution Act, 1971 (Act 21 of 1971), by Proclamation No. R.60 in SA Government Gazette No. 7499 of 20 March

3704:

Venda was declared a self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa with effect from 1 February 1973 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. R.12 in SA Government Gazette No. 3769 of 26 January

3829:

Lebowa was declared a self-governing territory within the Republic with effect from 2 October 1972 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act, 1971 (Act 21 of 1971), by Proclamation No. R.225 in SA Government Gazette No. 3666 of 29 September

5092:

Self-government in terms of the pre-1980 homelands system was provided for in the Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976), but was only partially implemented before 1980. A "Kaptein's Council" as the executive and a Legislative Council were established in

10407: 4003:

The Swazi Territorial Authority was established with effect from 1 January 1976 in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act 68 of 1951, by Government Notice No. R.2249 in SA Government Gazette No. 4913 of 28 November 1975. The Territorial Authority was inaugurated on 23 April

5102:

The institutional framework established according to the Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976)—a "Kaptein's Council" as the executive and a Legislative Council—remained in force as amended in 1980 and served as the basis of the Rehoboth Representative

5385:). (2016). Evicting Palestine. State Crime Journal, 5(1), 81-108. doi:10.13169/statecrime.5.1.0081 "what are popularly described as "Bantustans", those Palestinian villages fragmented, encircled and isolated from the West Bank by the wall and its checkpoints" 5162:

The Damara council established in 1977 was the first institution to receive the title "Representative Authority", already before this designation was introduced in 1980 under the new ethnic second-tier government system also for the other population groups:

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served in many regards as a "testing ground" for apartheid policies; its institutional development started already before the 1959 act, and its attainment of self-government and independence were therefore implemented earlier than for the other homelands.

5426:"Even the term "bantustan" that is frequently applied to Palestinian enclaves like Gaza is, after all, an explicit reference to the little "homelands" with which South Africa experimented at one point in order to artificially reduce its black population." 4026:

KaNgwane was established as a self-governing territory within the Republic in accordance with the provisions of the National States Constitution Act 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. R.148 in SA Government Gazette No. 9408 of 31 August 1984 with immediate

4526:, the so-called "Interim Constitution" which abolished apartheid in South Africa. The text of this Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, coinciding with the beginning of the first democratic elections, is available online at 1963:), who did not wish to relinquish their power, vehemently opposed the dismantling of the Bantustans and, in doing so, received support from white far-right parties, sections of the apartheid state apparatus and radical pro-apartheid groups like the 4657:

was laid down in the Development of Self-Government for Native Nations in South-West Africa Act, 1968 (Act No. 54 of 1968) and the Development of Self-Government for Native Nations in South-West Africa Amendment Act, 1973 (Act No. 20 of 1973).

3898:

At the beginning of 1969, plans were published to unite the existing Southern Sotho tribal authorities into a homeland under the name of KwaKwa. Shortly thereafter, the name of this soon-to-be Territorial Authority was changed to Basotho ba

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never accepted these stations as legitimate. Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals.

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The Ciskeian General Council was established with effect from 1 April 1934, in terms of the Native Affairs Act 23 of 1920 and the Native Administration Act 38 of 1927, by Proclamation No. 34 in SA Government Gazette No. 2177 of 9 March

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black elite emerged with a personal and financial interest in the preservation of the homelands. While this aided the homelands' political stability to an extent, their position was still entirely dependent on South African support.

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The Thoho-ya-Ndou Territorial Authority was established, in terms of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971, by Government Notice No. R.1864 in SA Government Gazette No. 370 of 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 December

3638:

The Tswana Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 May 1971, in terms of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act No. 21 of 1971 (Act 21 of 1971), by Proclamation No. R.87 in SA Government Gazette No. 3083 of 30 April

4457:(the "Interim Constitution" that ended apartheid) already before this constitution came into force on 27 April 1994 (the first day of the first democratic elections). The first amendment (promulgated on 3 March 1994) contained, 4450: 1138:

were declared to be self-governing, with a handful of other ostensible homelands never being given autonomy. A new constitution effectively abolished the Bantustans with the complete end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994.

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of 1970, the government stripped black South Africans of their South African citizenship, depriving them of their few remaining political and civil rights in South Africa, and declared them to be citizens of these homelands.

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The Transkeian Territorial Authority was established to replace the United Transkeian Territories General Council, by Proclamation No. R.180 in SA Government Gazette No. 5736 of 31 August 1956 with effect from 1 September

1226:"), which had taken place just a few months before at the end of 1947, and was coined by supporters of the policy. However, it quickly became a pejorative term, with the National Party preferring the term "homelands". As 3848:

The Matshangana Territorial Authority was established in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act 68 of 1951, by Government Notice No. R.1863 in SA Government Gazette No. 370 of 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 December

1950:

made it clear that the principles of "one man - one vote" and a unitary state were non-negotiable, (con-)federal schemes were eventually dropped. Because of this, the Inkatha Freedom Party threatened to boycott the

1790:

Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans, South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence. The South African government lobbied for their recognition. In 1976, leading up to a

4446: 4519: 1985: 1183:, limited blacks to seven percent of the land in the country. In 1936 the government planned to raise this to 13.6 percent of the land, but it was slow to purchase land and this plan was not fully implemented. 4515: 3736:

The Ciskeian Territorial Authority was established in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act 68 of 1951, by Government Notice No. R.496 in SA Government Gazette No. 6656 of 24 March 1961 with effect from 1 April

1981: 1955:

that ended apartheid and decided only in the last minute to participate in them after concessions had been made to them and as well as to the still-ruling National Party and several white opposition groups.

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The Tswana Territorial Authority was established in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act No. 68 of 1951 by Government Notice No. 585 in SA Government Gazette No. 6666 of 21 April 1961 with effect from 1 May

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General Council were amalgamated to become the United Transkeian Territories General Council, with effect from 1 January 1931, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 1911 of 28 November 1930.

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The Basotho-QwaQwa Legislative Assembly was established by Proclamation No. R.225 of 1 October 1971 with immediate effect. At the same date, the government departments of Basotho-QwaQwa were established.

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The Transkei was granted self-government by the Transkei Constitution Act 48 of 1963. This Act established the Transkei Legislative Assembly and the government departments with effect from 30 May 1963.

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of 1971, which provided a general blueprint for the stages of constitutional development of all homelands (except Transkei) from the establishment of Territorial Authorities up to full independence.

3389:, "1. one of the areas in South Africa where black people lived during the apartheid system; 2. SHOWING DISAPPROVAL any area where people are forced to live without full civil and political rights." 6070: 1320:

of 1970, which formally designated all black South Africans as citizens of the homelands, even if they lived in "white South Africa", and cancelled their South African citizenship, and the

4527: 4484: 4454: 4311:"Apartheid's 'Sovereign' Offspring: 'Independent' black homelands have become a battleground in the struggle for power in South Africa. The dispute could threaten the nation's future" 10043: 1770:

But this goal was not achieved. Only a minority (about 39% in 1986) of South Africa's black population lived in the Bantustans; the remainder lived in South Africa proper, many in

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each segment of the "state" would be further subdivided into enclaves ("Bantustans", as they have been widely called) by the Israeli settlements, highways and military positions.

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All Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms of

10334: 9674: 2094: 2066: 6432: 6235: 2009:

Nevertheless, many leaders of former Bantustans or Homelands have had a role in South African politics since their abolition. Some had entered their own parties into the

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The following table shows the time-frame of the institutional and legal development of the ten South African Bantustans in light of the above-mentioned four major steps:

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Laws in the Bantustans differed from those in South Africa proper. The South African elite often took advantage of these differences, for example by constructing large

4098: 3808:

The Lebowa Territorial Authority was established by Government Notice No. R.1274 in SA Government Gazette No. 310 of 10 August 1962 with effect from 1 September 1962.

2638: 8452: 7079: 4897: 6985: 6616: 4183: 1795:

resolution urging the President not to recognise Transkei, the South African government intensely lobbied lawmakers to oppose the bill. Arbitrary and unrecognized

5774:"Israeli annexation of parts of the Palestinian West Bank would break international law – UN experts call on the international community to ensure accountability" 4052: 10324: 3889:

The Government departments of the Matshangana Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.95 in SA Government Gazette No. 2362 of 25 April 1969.

4132: 3790:

The Ciskeian General Council was disestablished with effect from 1 January 1956, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 5600 of 23 December 1955.

2675:, came under increased international pressure regarding its minority white rule over the majority black population. The solution envisaged by South Africa—the 2126:

The homelands are listed below with the ethnic group for which each homeland was designated. Four were nominally independent (the so-called TBVC states of the

3858:

The Machangana Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 July 1971, by Proclamation No. R.148 in SA Government Gazette No. 3163 of 25 June 1971.

3799:

The Government departments of the Ciskeian Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.143 in SA Government Gazette No. 2092 of 12 June 1968.

9241: 6993: 6569: 5332:

Palestinians noted that Israel's proposal for the West Bank left Palestinians with three unconnected cantons (often referred to pejoratively as "Bantustans")

1281:". This enabled the homelands to establish themselves in the long term as self-governing territories and ultimately as nominally fully "independent" states. 3971:

The Ndebele Territorial Authority was established by Government Notice No. R.2021 in SA Government Gazette No. 5766 of 7 October 1977 with immediate effect.

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The Zulu Territorial Authority was established with effect from 1 June 1970 by Government Notice No. R.762 of 22 May 1970 in SA Government Gazette No. 2713.

10486: 10033: 6659: 6635: 6608: 3817:

The Lebowa Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 July 1971, by Proclamation No. R.156 in SA Government Gazette No. 3177 of 30 June 1971.

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The Ciskeian Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 June 1971 by Proclamation No. R.118 in SA Government Gazette No. 3110 of 21 May 1971.

10434: 6922: 1416:

A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly existed since 1931 under the name "United Transkeian Territories General Council".

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The newspapers have christened the Nationalists' plan as one for "Bantustans". The hybrid word is, in many ways, extremely misleading. It relates to the

10392: 9901: 8699: 8403: 6914: 6338: 1022: 3908:

The Basotho by Borwa Territorial Authority was established with effect from 1 April 1969, by Proclamations No. R.59 and R.60 in SA Government Gazette.

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A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly previously existed from 1934 to 1955 under the name "Ciskeian General Council".

9844: 9778: 6977: 6867: 9851: 7359: 6651: 6346: 4161: 3692:

The Venda Legislative Assembly was established by Proclamation No. R.119 in SA Government Gazette 3110 of 21 May 1971 with effect from 1 June 1971.

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The unification of the reserves set aside for the various "tribes" (officially called "nations" since 1959) under a single "Territorial Authority"

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Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in

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Kaokoland was very scarcely populated and greatly affected by the struggle for independence of Namibia, and most specifically by the so-called "

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in 1994. Lucas Mangope, former chief of the Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane tribe of the Tswana and head of Bophuthatswana is president of the

10685: 10665: 10458: 10083: 9660: 9639: 9500: 8417: 7369: 7197: 5112:

On 20 March 1990, one day before Namibia finally became independent on 21 March, Rehoboth unilaterally declared its independence from Namibia:

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in favour of Bantustan citizenship and that black citizens within the independent Bantustans could reapply for South African citizenship;

9632: 8498: 8459: 5319: 5283: 4353: 5359: 3541: 1301:

This general framework was not in each case followed in a clear-cut way, but often with a number of intermediate and overlapping steps.

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province and, in general, provided for the institution, role, authority and status of traditional monarchs in provincial constitutions.

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the Bophuthatswana Constitution Proclamation, 1972. The Bophuthatswana Legislative Assembly was established by the same proclamation.

377: 4256: 10680: 10314: 9959: 9837: 9625: 9360: 8692: 7434: 5539: 5255:" that was fought across the border with Angola. No unified institutions were established in Kaokoland either before or after 1980. 3867:

The name "Machangana" was substituted for "Matshangana" by Proclamation No. R.113 in SA Government Gazette No. 3098 of 14 May 1971.

532: 4726: 1164: 10094: 9618: 9465: 9423: 9171: 9052: 8635: 8170: 8108: 7454: 7439: 3508:

in 1947. However, it quickly became pejorative in left and anti-apartheid usage, where it remained, while being abandoned by the

917: 10608: 10304: 9894: 9716: 9681: 9199: 8396: 7384: 5812: 5114: 1792: 1321: 1261:

Verwoerd argued that the Bantustans were the "original homes" of the black peoples of South Africa. In 1951, the government of

833: 582: 567: 4375: 1938:

population groups, the independent and self-governing homelands as well as possible additional black entities in urban areas.

1848:

However, the homelands were only kept afloat by massive subsidies from the South African government; for instance, by 1985 in

10189: 10088: 9590: 9157: 8251: 5796: 5742: 5721: 5673: 5646: 5407: 5353: 5313: 5277: 3567: 3535: 3469: 3320: 3196: 1804: 138:

Map of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia). This map shows the bantustans that were present in both territories.

5413: 1959:

In the period leading up to the elections in 1994, several leaders in the independent and self-governing homelands (e.g. in

10480: 10003: 9964: 9806: 9597: 9507: 9129: 7291: 7231: 5858: 4842: 4090: 1892: 607: 387: 3424:"1949 A great Bantu State or a group of States to which at least one ingenious thinker has affixed the term 'Bantustan'." 10675: 9743: 9688: 9604: 9451: 9115: 8678: 8345: 8315: 7518: 5339: 4908: 4594:"How Good People Become Absurd: J.P. van S. Bruwer, the Making of Namibian Grand Apartheid and the Decline of Volkekunde" 4523: 3839:

Lebowa Government departments were established by Proclamation No. R.115 in SA Government Gazette No. 2377 of 2 May 1969.

3163:

to refer in a disapproving sense to any area in which people are forced to live without full civil and political rights.

2078: 2010: 1989: 1977: 1952: 1922:

to create additional nominally independent entities in the urban areas in the form of "independent" black "city states".

976: 487: 392: 4187: 3438: 100: 10464: 10152: 9969: 9702: 9667: 9611: 9136: 9101: 8790: 8239: 8228: 2151: 2098: 950: 517: 10294: 3300:

are often compared to Bantustans due to the shared relationship between the countries' systems of racial segregation.

72: 9887: 9486: 9353: 9332: 9290: 8832: 8505: 7246: 5836: 4347: 4121: 4062: 3501: 2054: 592: 562: 119: 10596: 10344: 10053: 9998: 9981: 9939: 9934: 9416: 9255: 8424: 8338: 8281: 3664:

The Status of Bophuthatswana Act 89 of 1977 granted Bophuthatswana "independence" with effect from 6 December 1977.

3606:

The Transkei was granted "independence" by the Status of Transkei Act 100 of 1976 with effect from 26 October 1976.

3200: 907: 537: 10618: 10164: 9646: 9409: 9325: 9206: 9192: 9164: 8431: 8375: 7508: 7281: 6706: 6170: 6165: 6019: 4749: 3093: 2102: 1897: 1753:

The government made clear that its ultimate aim was the total removal of the black population from South Africa.

1317: 1087: 897: 522: 417: 208: 79: 8584: 10670: 10528: 10251: 10038: 9395: 9304: 9059: 8818: 7498: 7344: 6144: 4220: 3673:

Government departments established by Proclamation No. R.141 in SA Government Gazette No. 2091 of 12 June 1968.

1203: 1191: 1078:). It subsequently came to be regarded as a disparaging term by some critics of the apartheid-era government's 587: 57: 10591: 10359: 9549: 9535: 9458: 9339: 9297: 9276: 9150: 8713: 8359: 8081: 4445:

The most important concessions to Zulu separatist as well as white government and opposition forces were the

3509: 3230:, and Sharon's vision of a Palestinian state have proposed an enclave-type territory, as has the more recent 1919: 1884: 1187: 1014: 740: 617: 602: 577: 10408:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

8591: 4425: 2631: 10543: 10518: 9813: 9757: 9583: 9472: 9444: 9381: 9073: 8931: 7788: 7513: 7493: 7239: 3717:

Venda was granted "independence" by the Status of Venda Act 107 of 1979 with effect from 13 September 1979.

2717:). The term "Bantustan" is somewhat inappropriate in this context, since some of the peoples involved were 1964: 1083: 882: 497: 86: 8598: 7311: 5773: 3504:(Routledge UK, 1998) p. 122: "The term 'Bantustan' was used by apartheid's apologists in reference to the 1859:

The homelands were extremely unpopular among the urban black population, many of whom lived in squalor in

10339: 10199: 10073: 9750: 9653: 9528: 9437: 9283: 8642: 7775: 7643: 7460: 5378: 2038: 1152: 755: 597: 542: 452: 447: 4157: 2784:

The land in the Bantustan territories fell to the Namibian state, and is today called "Communal Areas".

10636: 9220: 8741: 8649: 8605: 8382: 8260: 8159: 7354: 7301: 5558: 4865: 4554: 4310: 3215: 2030: 1960: 457: 53: 5381:(Professor of Law and Globalisation at Queen Mary University of London) & Amelia Smith (author of 4278:

Brownell, Josiah (2021). "Putting Bop on the Map: Sun City and the Nonrecognition of Bophuthatswana".

785: 68: 10028: 9764: 9402: 9234: 9227: 9185: 8899: 8846: 8734: 8685: 8466: 8124: 7326: 7321: 7150: 5665: 5399: 3880:

Government Gazette No. 3772 of 26 January 1973. Called the Gazankulu Constitution Proclamation, 1973.

3406: 2761:

abolished on 21 March 1990 (the day Namibia became independent) in accordance with Schedule 8 of the

2672: 2003: 1996: 1947: 1274: 705: 552: 547: 527: 502: 482: 3771:

The Status of Ciskei Act 110 of 1981 granted Ciskei "independence" with effect from 4 December 1981.

134: 10642: 10369: 9576: 8839: 8491: 7770: 7142: 6722: 5851: 5252: 3350: 2770: 2568: 1796: 1195: 1160: 1094:

The government of South Africa declared that four of the South African Bantustans were independent—

892: 512: 5764: 5236:"The Bushmen were excluded because they had evinced no interest in having a governing authority." 1262: 715: 10563: 10349: 9213: 9108: 8975: 8825: 8706: 8438: 8221: 8131: 7638: 7503: 3411: 3184: 3160: 2762: 2541: 1771: 1690: 1111: 969: 922: 690: 46: 7409: 4210: 2021:

homeland from 1976 until 1994. In post-apartheid South Africa he has served as president of the

10548: 10499:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

10147: 10078: 9944: 9879: 8783: 8748: 7950: 7729: 7648: 7349: 6239: 6125: 5685: 3562:

Norman, Kajsa. Into the laager. Afrikaners living on the edge. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2016.

3227: 3203:, or the existing 165 "islands" which first took official form as Areas A and B under the 1995 1180: 622: 5786: 5657: 5636: 5303: 5267: 5198: 5002: 4337: 2029:, who was a general in the homeland of Transkei from 1987, has served as the president of the 1291:

The establishment of a legislative assembly for each homeland with limited powers of self-rule

10553: 10174: 9976: 9318: 9248: 9143: 9038: 8892: 8542: 8322: 8235: 8030: 7850: 7698: 7631: 7399: 7268: 5732: 5713: 5343: 4462: 3523: 3419: 2022: 1943: 1931: 1266: 1018: 887: 877: 572: 492: 437: 7379: 7261: 1900:

in 1989, announced that his government would not grant independence to any more Bantustans.

10523: 10234: 10123: 9986: 9066: 8952: 8720: 8656: 8389: 8152: 8145: 8097: 7880: 7759: 7708: 7703: 7394: 7040: 6506: 5015:

Representative Authority of the Caprivians Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 29 of 1980)

3309: 3274: 3172: 2644: 2604: 2014: 1935: 1831: 1278: 1251: 1172: 854: 655: 612: 462: 402: 5817: 4797:

Representative Authority of the Coloureds Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 14 of 1980)

3258:

areas into "bantustans". The term has also been used to refer to the living conditions of

1327:

By 1984, all ten homelands in South Africa had attained self-government and four of them (

8: 10229: 10128: 9949: 9521: 9493: 9367: 8885: 8878: 8811: 8776: 8727: 8207: 8014: 7678: 7603: 7581: 7576: 7523: 6368: 6363: 6278: 6044: 5844: 4969:

Representative Authority of the Kavangos Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 26 of 1980)

4870: 4465:

in the elections; it modified the future constitution to ensure a special status for the

4248: 3243: 2958: 2766: 2026: 1176: 932: 226: 7389: 5227:

Representative Authority of the Tswanas Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 47 of 1980)

5218:

Representative Authority of the Hereros Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 50 of 1980)

5178:

Representative Authority of the Damaras Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 32 of 1980)

4946:

Representative Authority of the Ovambos Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 23 of 1980)

4718: 10613: 10603: 10204: 10169: 10113: 9954: 8214: 7466: 7449: 7444: 7419: 7404: 7336: 7316: 7306: 7276: 6930: 6785: 6561: 5694: 5613: 5522: 4788:

Representative Authority of the Whites Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 12 of 1980)

4613: 4574: 4566: 4466: 4291: 4091:"Demographic Characteristics of South Africa in the late 1980s - The O'Malley Archives" 3505: 3325: 3297: 3223: 2787: 2725:

are a complex case. Of these ten South West African homelands, only three were granted

2070: 2050: 1235: 1223: 1168: 1006: 962: 397: 348: 93: 5866: 5823: 5038:

Representative Authority of the Namas Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 35 of 1980)

640: 10439: 10048: 9911: 9799: 9785: 9122: 8938: 8762: 8352: 7942: 7872: 7673: 7554: 5885: 5792: 5738: 5717: 5669: 5642: 5617: 5605: 5544: 5403: 5349: 5309: 5273: 5191: 5047:

An elected Advisory Council for the Rehoboth Basters had already existed since 1928:

4995: 4617: 4578: 4343: 4315: 4295: 4252: 4216: 4058: 3563: 3531: 3497: 3475: 3465: 3400: 3335: 3212: 2963: 2710: 2668: 2600: 1758: 1026: 843: 557: 10284: 7800: 5526: 5126: 4545:

D'Amato, Anthony A (October 1966). "The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa".

10568: 10538: 10533: 10492: 10414: 10241: 9929: 9723: 9087: 8797: 8577: 8267: 8022: 7990: 7926: 7724: 7608: 7549: 7539: 6875: 6840: 6793: 6440: 5869: 5597: 5586:"Terminologies of Control: Tracing the Canadian-South African Connection in a Word" 4879: 4605: 4558: 4283: 3345: 3247: 3231: 2778: 2596: 2588: 2034: 1284:

This process was to be achieved in a series of four major steps for each homeland:

1126:) were assigned "autonomy" but never granted "independence". In South West Africa, 1059: 795: 745: 675: 4609: 2705:

Beginning in 1968, following the 1964 recommendations of the commission headed by

10476: 9915: 9045: 8959: 8853: 8521: 8445: 8366: 8090: 7974: 7966: 7958: 7934: 7713: 7485: 7374: 7158: 7103: 6801: 6545: 6385: 5758: 5707: 5393: 5269:

Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020

4432: 3386: 2726: 1909: 1199: 1045: 912: 902: 412: 4838: 4593: 4451:

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, No. 3 of 1994

2746:

peoples (mainly occupying their former homelands of Kaokoland and Bushmanland).

1147: 10586: 10558: 10399: 10246: 10214: 10179: 10140: 9792: 9514: 9388: 9031: 8945: 8628: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8274: 8200: 8046: 8006: 7765: 7683: 7658: 7653: 7566: 7205: 7087: 7001: 6777: 6769: 6467: 6100: 6095: 5910: 4280:

Struggles for Self-Determination: The Denial of Reactionary Statehood in Africa

3293: 3219: 3204: 2867: 2457: 2219: 2131: 2046: 1888: 1845:, and other natural resources, which made it the wealthiest of the Bantustans. 1835: 1430: 1332: 1243: 1227: 1099: 1075: 775: 765: 735: 720: 700: 695: 685: 660: 256: 5601: 4562: 4287: 2002:

From 1994, most parts of the country were constitutionally redivided into new

1198:

built on this, introducing a series of "grand apartheid" measures such as the

10659: 10209: 9993: 9709: 9430: 8535: 8514: 8484: 8477: 8186: 7748: 7668: 7544: 7429: 7286: 6848: 6714: 6448: 6117: 5609: 5389: 4470: 3479: 3434: 3289: 3069: 3036: 3002: 2896: 2833: 2676: 2592: 2434: 2246: 2118: 2042: 1867: 1754: 1742:

The homeland status was temporarily suspended between June and December 1982.

1585: 1435: 1211: 994: 927: 800: 750: 422: 407: 5830:

Pelliccioni Franco, LO SVILUPPO DELLE "BANTU HOMELANDS" NEL SUDAFRICA, 1974

5585: 1766:

be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.

1110:(the so-called "TBVC States"), but this declaration was never recognised by 10023: 9374: 8983: 8804: 8755: 7918: 7832: 6761: 6667: 6591: 6586: 6553: 6424: 5993: 5881: 4883: 3355: 3340: 3278: 3192: 3183:, are often described as bantustans by critics of Israel's policies in the 3137: 2929: 2891: 2774: 2754: 2739: 2706: 2664: 2576: 2465: 2342: 2294: 2198: 2082: 1883:

declared that blacks in South Africa proper would no longer be deprived of

1724: 1622: 1509: 1472: 1398: 1313: 1135: 1114:

in South Africa or by any international government. Other Bantustans (like

1067: 1063: 998: 828: 790: 780: 770: 670: 199: 10219: 5754:"Israel's annexation plan: the 'existential threat' to Palestinian dreams" 4779:

Representative Authorities Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. 8 of 1980)

2765:. The Basters lobbied unsuccessfully to maintain the autonomous status of 2122:

Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the end of apartheid in 1994

10118: 8967: 7910: 7424: 6897: 6892: 6208: 6148: 5998: 5345:

Spacing Debt: Obligations, Violence, and Endurance in Ramallah, Palestine

4447:

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, No. 2 of 1994

3255: 2934: 2901: 2857: 2643:

Allocation of land to bantustans according to the Odendaal Plan. Grey is

2503: 2406: 2391: 2275: 1880: 1775: 1656: 1548: 1131: 730: 725: 710: 645: 190: 7262:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

5698: 2651: 10573: 10256: 9542: 9080: 8193: 8138: 7998: 7982: 7734: 7591: 7586: 7571: 7125: 7120: 6952: 6947: 6744: 6739: 6489: 6484: 6261: 6256: 6216: 6049: 6029: 6024: 6003: 5951: 3208: 3180: 3103: 3059: 3026: 2992: 2823: 2743: 2564: 2526: 2521: 2090: 2058: 1852:, 85% of the homeland's income came from direct transfer payments from 1685: 1312:

This plan was stepped up under Verwoerd's successor as prime minister,

1273:

The role of the homelands was expanded in 1959 with the passage of the

1127: 1071: 838: 805: 680: 665: 650: 507: 265: 235: 217: 181: 172: 5788:

Dispatches from Palestine: The Rise and Fall of the Oslo Peace Process

5709:

The Impossibility of Palestine: History, Geography, and the Road Ahead

5683:

Harris, Brice Jr (Summer 1984). "The South Africanization of Israel".

4570: 4528:

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994

4485:

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994

2729:(comparable to the Bantustans in South Africa) between 1973 and 1976. 1603:

The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.

1566:

The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.

1529:

The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.

1490:

The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.

1453:

The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.

10224: 10135: 9001: 8992: 8923: 8329: 8306: 7626: 7414: 6689: 6684: 6300: 6295: 6034: 5941: 5874: 4483:

Africa Second Amendment Act, No. 3 of 1994, text available online at

3981:

R.206 of 1979 in SA Government Gazette No. 6661 of 14 September 1979.

3616: 3330: 3315: 3251: 3188: 3176: 3127: 3031: 2709:, ten homelands similar to those in South Africa were established in 2695: 2690:. Forthwith, all non-white people employed in the Police Zone became 2533: 2424: 2331: 1927: 1800: 1580: 1207:

voting rights, allowing whites to remain in control of South Africa.

1034: 859: 760: 356: 292: 163: 5188:

1970, but this claim was not recognized by the other Herero groups:

5082:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1978. pp. 601–602. 5075:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. pp. 463–465. 4936:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1969. pp. 309–310. 4810:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1981. pp. 648–649. 4646:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1969. pp. 307–308. 4040:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1983. pp. 375–379. 2788:

Homelands (until 1980) / Representative Authorities (1980–1989/1990)

2587:

The first Bantustan was the Transkei, under the leadership of Chief

35: 10184: 9771: 9269: 8914: 8038: 7895: 7719: 6823: 6818: 6407: 6402: 6321: 6316: 6039: 5946: 5920: 3360: 2997: 2924: 2828: 2614: 2559: 2235: 2227: 2188: 2127: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1817: 1719: 1393: 1328: 1305: 1215: 1095: 1055: 328: 301: 244: 5559:"A call to justice (2) By Bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah - Blueprint" 5527:

Sri Lanka: The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle

4741: 2698:

were established to police movement in and out of the bantustans.

2057:, effectively a continuation of the ruling party of the homeland. 1946:, which was the ruling party of KwaZulu. But since especially the 10157: 10044:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

8179: 7693: 7663: 7023: 7018: 5956: 4054:

The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa

3270: 3098: 3064: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2656: 2610: 2495: 2483: 2398: 2193: 2018: 1651: 1294:

The establishment of the homeland as a "self-governing territory"

1239: 1115: 1030: 1002: 364: 310: 9909: 3187:. The term is used to refer to either the proposed areas in the 10335:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

8906: 8062: 7841: 7688: 7180: 7175: 7062: 7057: 6191: 6186: 5966: 5961: 5915: 5241:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1981. p. 648. 5208:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1976. p. 340. 5168:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1978. p. 602. 5152:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1971. p. 286. 5052:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 463. 5028:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 465. 4983:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1975. p. 419. 4959:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1971. p. 285. 4707:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1977. p. 466. 4690:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1974. p. 392. 4673:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1974. p. 384. 4426:

South Africa's Bantustans: From Dumping Grounds to Battlefronts

3285: 3259: 2968: 2488: 2452: 2429: 2386: 2323: 2315: 2283: 2139: 2086: 2085:, which ruled Gazankulu, has a presence in local government in 2074: 2062: 1827: 1617: 1543: 1504: 1340: 1247: 1214:

homelands was intended to draw a parallel with the creation of

1123: 1119: 1107: 849: 337: 319: 274: 5638:

Seeking Mandela: Peacemaking Between Israelis and Palestinians

5503: 5431: 4866:"Beyond Black and White: Ethnicity and Land Reform in Namibia" 1190:

came to power in 1948, Minister for Native Affairs (and later

8054: 6528: 6523: 5925: 5777: 5662:

The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993-2005

4414:. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. 1997. pp. 71–72. 3464:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. 3263: 3132: 2862: 2267: 2135: 1757:, the Minister of Plural Relations and Development, told the 1467: 1343:) had been declared fully independent between 1976 and 1981. 1336: 1219: 1103: 1050: 283: 5197:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1973. pp. 5001:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1973. pp. 4241: 10471:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

5479: 1860: 2595:

for the Xhosa nation. KwaZulu, for the Zulu nation in the

5443: 4902:

in: The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa, p 179"

4209:

Hanf, Theodor; Weiland, Heribert; Vierdag, Gerda (1981).

2753:

suspended in May 1989, at the start of the transition to

1297:

The granting of full nominal independence to the homeland

1163:

South African governments established "reserves" for the

27:

Territory created by the Apartheid regime of South Africa

4412:

Politicians and Apartheid: Trailing in the People's Wake

3494:

Multicultural States: Rethinking Difference and Identity

3435:"Bantustan | Definition, History, Map, & Facts" 1151:

Racial-demographic map of South Africa published by the

1040:

The term, first used in the late 1940s, was coined from

5455: 5062:

Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. 56 of 1976)

4271: 5147:

An Advisory Council had been in existence since 1970:

3459: 3234:. This has been criticized as the "Bantustan option". 3154: 2081:

council where it is the largest opposition party. The

7830: 2105:(encompassing the territory of the former homeland). 2093:

chief minister George Mahlangu and others formed the

10034:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

5491: 4158:"S8 - Transkei(Entité DXCC ayant changé de préfixe)" 4014:

SA Government Gazette No. 5742 of 16 September 1977.

3398: 1778:

and slums on the outskirts of South African cities.

1155:

in 1979 with data from the 1970 South African census

10459:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

4176: 3615:The Transkeian Territories General Council and the 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5763: 5731:Loewenstein, Antony; Moor, Ahmed (25 March 2013). 5467: 5190: 4994: 4524:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 4455:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 4208: 3462:South Africa : the rise and fall of apartheid 3399: 2620: 1990:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 1976:formally ended apartheid, came into force and the 1918:It was also contemplated in circles of the ruling 1891:stated on behalf of the National Party during the 10487:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 5734:After Zionism: One State for Israel and Palestine 2781:in an attempt to gain independence from Namibia. 2702:national parks were situated in the Police Zone. 1995:The drive to achieve this was spearheaded by the 10657: 5338:Harker, Christopher (Associate Professor at the 4376:"Survey of race relations in South Africa: 1983" 4342:. University of California Press. January 1981. 4282:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–283. 3949:SA Government Gazette No. 3436 of 30 March 1972. 2097:which is one of the major opposition parties in 2069:in the 1994 elections but was unsuccessful. The 10393:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 10064:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 8620:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 5730: 5658:"35: Walling in People Walling out Sovereignty" 5509: 5305:The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader 5239:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1980 5206:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1975 5193:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1972 5166:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1977 5150:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1970 5080:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1977 5073:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976 5050:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976 5026:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976 4997:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1972 4981:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1974 4957:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1970 4934:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1968 4808:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1980 4705:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1976 4688:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1973 4671:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1973 4644:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1968 4038:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1982 3281:as "one huge Bantustan of government neglect." 2686:, and the remainder of the land was called the 2632:South West Africa § Bantustans (1968-1980) 2145: 10084:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 7190: 7135: 7072: 7033: 6962: 6907: 6699: 6088: 4212:South Africa, the Prospects of Peaceful Change 3521: 3207:. The Israeli-U.S. peace plans, including the 2142:). The other six had limited self-government: 9895: 7816: 7247: 6538: 6499: 6378: 6331: 6271: 5852: 5660:. In Beinin, Joel; Stein, Rebecca L. (eds.). 2773:, and Basterland. In the former Bantustan of 2769:, which had previously been autonomous under 2732: 2113: 1896:March 1990, de Klerk, who succeeded Botha as 970: 10069:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 10059:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 7599:Residential segregation in the United States 5824:Divide & Rule: South Africa's Bantustans 5395:Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation 4540: 4538: 4536: 1823:Ciskei) repealed all apartheid legislation. 1799:were created for the independent states and 1781: 5634: 5529:, Chapter 8.3, Zed Books Ltd, London, 1983. 5485: 4544: 3460:Clark, Nancy L.; William H. Worger (2016). 3378: 3376: 2779:in 1999 launched an unsuccessful insurgency 2682:The demarcated territories were called the 1866:Bantustan leaders were widely perceived as 1803:were sent by operators using them, but the 9902: 9888: 7823: 7809: 7254: 7240: 5859: 5845: 5751: 5655: 5461: 5437: 4302: 3515: 2749:These ethnic second-tier governments were 2637: 2356: 2041:, sent 1,500 of his militiamen to protect 2037:, an Afrikaner who served as chief of the 1841:Bophuthatswana also possessed deposits of 977: 963: 10325:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 4533: 4383:South African Institute of Race Relations 4050: 3427: 1811: 1062:and some Persian-influenced languages of 156:Bantustan territories (South West Africa) 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 10315:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 8693:Reconstruction and Development Programme 6754: 5635:Adam, Heribert; Moodley, Kogila (2005). 5272:. Oxford University Press. p. 256. 4863: 4277: 3373: 2650: 2117: 1146: 133: 10435:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 8289:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 5705: 5584:Cambre, Maria-Carolina (1 April 2007). 5449: 5373:the Apartheid geography of South Africa 3166: 918:Music in the movement against apartheid 14: 10691:1994 disestablishments in South Africa 10658: 10305:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 8770:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 5682: 5656:Cook, Catherine; Hanieh, Adam (2006). 5583: 5342:at University College London) (2020). 4900:South-West Africa, Proposed Homelands. 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4762:The information given on the websites 4591: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4436:. Sweden: Motala Grafiska. 1991. p. 6. 4022: 4020: 3989: 3987: 3957: 3955: 3925: 3923: 3875: 3873: 3825: 3823: 3767: 3765: 2049:as a homeland in 1994. He founded the 1793:United States House of Representatives 10686:Political terminology in South Africa 10666:Lands reserved for indigenous peoples 10190:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 10089:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 9883: 7804: 7235: 6087: 5840: 5791:. University of Alberta. p. 35. 5784: 5772: 5497: 5473: 4839:"Constitution of Namibia – Schedules" 4699: 4697: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4663: 4547:The Journal of Modern African Studies 4392:from the original on 27 November 2018 4308: 4259:from the original on 11 November 2021 4138:from the original on 18 December 2019 4119: 3754: 3752: 3713: 3711: 3700: 3698: 3660: 3658: 3647: 3645: 3602: 3600: 3321:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act, 1970 2108: 1874: 1805:International Telecommunication Union 1005:state or simply known as a homeland; 7783: 6471:(1987–94) (Head of Military Council) 4752:from the original on 5 November 2019 4101:from the original on 17 October 2017 3590: 3588: 3586: 3420:participating institution membership 2572:(provisionally, until the mid-1980s) 249:Bantustan territories (South Africa) 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 8700:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 8346:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 7604:Segregation academy (United States) 7519:Sex segregation in public restrooms 5340:UCL Institute for Global Prosperity 4814: 4598:Journal of Southern African Studies 4489: 4017: 3984: 3952: 3920: 3870: 3820: 3762: 3155:Usage in non-South African contexts 393:Coloured vote constitutional crisis 24: 10465:Convention on Biological Diversity 5818:Encyclopædia Britannica, Bantustan 5752:Srivastava, Mehul (17 June 2020). 5540:Dalits create space for themselves 5362:from the original on 17 April 2021 5322:from the original on 17 April 2021 5286:from the original on 17 April 2021 5125:. 24 November 2019. Archived from 4729:from the original on 3 August 2019 4694: 4677: 4660: 4624:from the original on 30 April 2022 4356:from the original on 30 April 2022 4309:Kraft, Scott (18 September 1992). 4071:from the original on 30 April 2022 3749: 3708: 3695: 3655: 3642: 3597: 3544:from the original on 30 April 2022 3159:The term "bantustan" has become a 2152:List of leaders of the TBVC states 2099:Thembisile Hani Local Municipality 2045:and to contest the termination of 25: 10702: 10493:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 9852:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 9487:South African Party (Cape Colony) 6309:No central government established 6179:No central government established 5806: 5641:. Psychology Press. p. 104. 5117:Declaration of Independence 1990. 4845:from the original on 21 June 2020 4229:from the original on 7 April 2022 4164:from the original on 8 March 2021 4051:Söderbaum, F. (29 October 2004). 3583: 3441:from the original on 25 July 2019 3237: 2055:United Christian Democratic Party 1879:In January 1985, State President 1044:(meaning "people" in some of the 10632: 10631: 10345:Government of the Sakha Republic 10054:Indigenous Environmental Network 9935:Free, prior and informed consent 9864: 9863: 7782: 7754: 7753: 7179: 7124: 7061: 7022: 6951: 6896: 6822: 6743: 6688: 6590: 6527: 6488: 6406: 6367: 6320: 6299: 6260: 6190: 6169: 6099: 5868: 5577: 5565:from the original on 24 May 2019 5551: 5532: 5515: 5416:from the original on 18 May 2021 5258: 5245: 5230: 5221: 5212: 5181: 5172: 5119:Rehoboth Basters, 20 March 1990" 3120: 3086: 3053: 3019: 2985: 2951: 2918: 2884: 2850: 2816: 2804:Legislative Council established 2599:, was headed by a member of the 2552: 2514: 2476: 2445: 2417: 2379: 2308: 2260: 2212: 2181: 1712: 1678: 1644: 1610: 1573: 1536: 1497: 1460: 1423: 1386: 1322:Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 946: 945: 908:Internal resistance to apartheid 363: 34: 10681:Bantustans in South West Africa 10619:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 10481:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 10165:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 9501:South African Party (1977–1980) 9494:South African Party (1911–1934) 9410:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 9207:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 6707:Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi 5628: 5156: 5141: 5106: 5096: 5086: 5065: 5056: 5041: 5032: 5018: 5009: 4987: 4972: 4963: 4949: 4940: 4926: 4890: 4857: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4711: 4650: 4636: 4585: 4476: 4439: 4417: 4404: 4368: 4330: 4202: 4150: 4113: 4083: 4044: 4030: 4007: 3997: 3974: 3965: 3942: 3933: 3911: 3902: 3892: 3883: 3861: 3852: 3842: 3833: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3774: 3740: 3730: 3720: 3686: 3676: 3667: 3632: 3622: 3609: 2810:Representative Authority years 2621:Bantustans in South West Africa 2605:Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi 2461:(until 1974 called Witsieshoek) 2103:Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality 1318:Black Homelands Citizenship Act 1277:, which set out a plan called " 1088:Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act 418:Church Street, Pretoria bombing 45:needs additional citations for 18:Bantustans in South West Africa 10529:2009 Peruvian political crisis 10039:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 8819:2019 service delivery protests 8805:#FeesMustFall student protests 8550:1983 constitutional referendum 4339:South Africa: Time Running Out 4186:. Colorado.edu. Archived from 3573: 3556: 3486: 3453: 3392: 3197:U.S. and Israeli-led proposals 2721:, not Bantu, and the Rehoboth 2655:Map of the black homelands in 2607:in the name of the Zulu king. 2025:and Minister of Home Affairs. 1970: 1204:Natives Resettlement Act, 1954 1192:Prime Minister of South Africa 1159:Beginning in 1913, successive 1033:), as a part of its policy of 13: 1: 10360:Council of Indigenous Peoples 9277:Johannesburg Reform Committee 8506:Israel–South Africa Agreement 7899: 7884: 7861: 7854: 5785:Usher, Graham (20 May 1999). 5383:The Arab Spring Five Years On 4610:10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 3366: 2013:while others joined the ANC. 1230:explained in a 1959 article: 1210:The term "Bantustan" for the 1175:, similar to the creation of 10544:Expulsion of the Chagossians 8932:Black Consciousness Movement 8686:Government of National Unity 4215:. Indiana University Press. 4129:Southern Africa Perspectives 3254:has been accused of turning 3201:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2625: 2146:Nominally independent states 2095:Sindawonye Progressive Party 1965:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging 883:Apartheid in popular culture 7: 10340:Government of Bashkortostan 10205:American Indian reservation 10074:Native American Rights Fund 8643:Saint James Church massacre 8529:Weapons of mass destruction 7461:Brown v. Board of Education 5510:Loewenstein & Moor 2013 4122:"A Fine Face for Apartheid" 3303: 2537:(provisionally, until 1986) 2499:(provisionally, until 1980) 2402:(provisionally, until 1974) 2335:(provisionally, until 1981) 2287:(provisionally, until 1979) 2239:(provisionally, until 1977) 2067:African Democratic Movement 2039:South African Defence Force 1142: 1013:) was a territory that the 453:Saint James Church massacre 448:Assassination of Chris Hani 10: 10707: 10676:Bantustans in South Africa 10295:Fundação Nacional do Índio 8383:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 8261:South West Africa campaign 8160:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 8125:French Huguenot settlement 7370:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 6433:Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla 6386:Johannes "Hans" Diergaardt 6236:Pieter van Rensburg Goosen 6089:Leaders and Administrators 5400:W. W. Norton & Company 4555:Cambridge University Press 4249:"Ciskei's Independent Way" 3512:in favour of 'homelands'." 3226:'s "Allon Plus" plan, the 3216:World Zionist Organization 2733:Representative Authorities 2667:, which was administering 2629: 2589:Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima 2149: 2114:Bantustans in South Africa 2031:United Democratic Movement 2017:was chief minister of his 1992:("Interim Constitution"). 1978:first democratic elections 1815: 1179:in the United States. The 458:1994 Bophuthatswana crisis 10627: 10511: 10448: 10423: 10380: 10272: 10265: 10106: 10029:Assembly of First Nations 10014: 9922: 9861: 9838:African National Congress 9827: 9733: 9566: 9298:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 9021: 9012: 8870: 8666: 8636:1992 apartheid referendum 8305: 8250: 8169: 8107: 8080: 8073: 7839: 7743: 7617: 7532: 7484: 7415:Apartheid in South Africa 7335: 7267: 7174: 7151:Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba 7119: 7056: 7017: 6946: 6891: 6860: 6833: 6817: 6738: 6683: 6628: 6601: 6585: 6522: 6483: 6460: 6417: 6401: 6362: 6315: 6294: 6255: 6228: 6201: 6185: 6164: 6137: 6110: 6094: 6083: 6058: 6012: 5986: 5979: 5934: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5666:Stanford University Press 5602:10.1080/02589340701336211 5348:. Duke University Press. 4864:Gargallo, Eduard (2010). 4563:10.1017/S0022278X00013239 4288:10.1017/9781108966825.008 3530:. Heinemann. p. 68. 3407:Oxford English Dictionary 3312:, often called bantustans 3277:has referred to southern 2673:League of Nations mandate 2077:, remains a force in the 2011:first non-racial election 1997:African National Congress 1948:African National Congress 1885:South African citizenship 1782:International recognition 1275:Bantu Self-Government Act 706:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 141:Non-bantustan territories 10519:Chechen–Russian conflict 10370:Bureau of Indian Affairs 9291:Labour Party (1969–1994) 9284:Labour Party (1910–1958) 8840:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 8798:#RhodesMustFall protests 8397:1960 republic referendum 7143:Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa 7104:Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike 6723:Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo 5827:by Barbara Rogers (1980) 5706:Kamrava, Mehran (2016). 5308:. Taylor & Francis. 4978:Renamed "Lozi" in 1975. 4770:is partially inaccurate. 3496:edited by David Bennett 3351:War Relocation Authority 3171:In the Middle East, the 2089:. Similarly, the former 1797:amateur radio call signs 1252:equal rights in Pakistan 1196:Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd 893:Cape Qualified Franchise 10564:Little Danes experiment 10350:Government of Tatarstan 10017:political organizations 9736:terrorist organisations 8826:2019 Johannesburg riots 8439:Constructive engagement 8404:International isolation 8222:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 7639:Anti-miscegenation laws 7474:Anti-miscegenation laws 7080:Mokgama Maurice Matlala 5486:Adam & Moodley 2005 3528:No Easy Walk to Freedom 3522:Nelson Mandela (1973). 3412:Oxford University Press 3385:15 October 2017 at the 3185:Palestinian territories 2801:Most represented tribe 2763:Constitution of Namibia 2357:Self-governing entities 923:Nostalgia for apartheid 153: South West Africa 10549:High Arctic relocation 10451:Declarations of Rights 10148:Cultural appropriation 10079:Survival International 8749:Attack on Kennedy Road 8360:Congress of the People 7951:South African Republic 7730:White Australia policy 7649:Corporative federalism 6986:George Majozi Mahlangu 6617:Richard Muhinda Mamili 6240:Bongani Blessing Finca 6126:Rocky Malebane-Metsing 5686:Arab Studies Quarterly 5438:Cook & Hanieh 2006 5302:Yambert, Karl (2012). 5266:Jerome Slater (2020). 4884:10.3917/polaf.120.0153 4431:18 August 2019 at the 3524:"Verwoerd's Grim Plot" 3228:2000 Camp David Summit 2660: 2123: 1812:Life in the Bantustans 1768: 1256: 1181:Natives Land Act, 1913 1156: 1010: 898:Disinvestment campaign 623:State Security Council 341: 10671:South African English 10554:Human rights in Tibet 10281:Aotearoa-New Zealand 10175:Fortress conservation 9977:Traditional knowledge 9940:Intellectual property 9319:Natal Indian Congress 9039:Afrikaner Broederbond 8893:Afrikaner nationalism 8679:1994 general election 8650:Bophuthatswana crisis 8543:Church Street bombing 8323:Apartheid legislation 8316:1948 general election 8236:South Africa Act 1909 8031:Union of South Africa 7851:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 7831:Political history of 7699:Religious intolerance 7206:Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli 7088:Cedric Namedi Phatudi 5714:Yale University Press 4463:Inkatha Freedom Party 4095:www.nelsonmandela.org 3962:from 1 February 1977. 3727:2440 of 20 June 1969. 2654: 2407:Northern Sotho (Pedi) 2173:Nominal independence 2121: 2023:Inkatha Freedom Party 1944:Inkatha Freedom Party 1893:1987 general election 1763: 1549:Northern Sotho (Pedi) 1267:Bantu Authorities Act 1263:Daniel François Malan 1244:equal rights in India 1236:partitioning of India 1232: 1150: 1112:anti-apartheid forces 888:Apartheid legislation 878:Afrikaner nationalism 438:Cape Town peace march 428:Trojan Horse Incident 388:1948 general election 137: 10578:Residential schools 10524:Sri Lankan Civil War 10266:Legal representation 10235:Urban Indian reserve 10124:Internal colonialism 10015:Non-governmental and 9970:in the United States 8953:Greater South Africa 8791:2014 platinum strike 8657:Shell House massacre 8585:Transkei coup d'état 8390:Sharpeville massacre 8153:Battle of Blaauwberg 8146:Battle of Muizenberg 8098:Battle of Salt River 7881:Mthethwa Paramountcy 7709:Second-class citizen 7704:Reservation in India 7430:United Arab Emirates 7360:Bulgaria and Romania 7041:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 6849:Mangisi Cephas Zitha 6507:Constance Kgosiemang 5904:Nominal independence 5768:on 10 December 2022. 5737:. Saqi. p. 14. 5668:. pp. 338–347. 5129:on 23 September 2020 4748:. 23 November 2019. 4742:"Namibian Homelands" 4725:. 23 November 2019. 4719:"Namibian Homelands" 4453:, which amended the 3310:Palestinian enclaves 3275:Matthew Hassan Kukah 3173:Palestinian enclaves 3167:Palestinian enclaves 2777:, Lozi nationalists 2645:Etosha National Park 2061:, the last ruler of 2033:since 1997. General 2015:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 1953:April 1994 elections 1761:on 7 February 1978: 1279:Separate Development 1025:of South Africa and 786:Eugène Terre'Blanche 656:Mangosuthu Buthelezi 463:Shell House massacre 433:Khotso House bombing 403:Sharpeville massacre 54:improve this article 10129:Settler colonialism 9845:Democratic Alliance 9022:Civic and political 8886:Afrikaner Calvinism 8879:African nationalism 8728:African Renaissance 8418:UNSC Resolution 591 8339:Internal resistance 8240:National Convention 8208:Transvaal Civil War 8132:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 8015:Orange River Colony 7577:Exclusionary zoning 7524:Separatist feminism 7302:Partition of Bengal 6994:Jonas Masana Mabena 6570:Tshamano Ramabulana 6145:Tjaart van der Walt 5523:Ponnambalam, Satchi 5440:, pp. 346–347. 4871:Politique africaine 4592:Gordon, R. (2018). 4120:Pitterman, Shelly. 3410:(Online ed.). 3298:Indian reservations 3244:Indian subcontinent 3195:under a variety of 2027:Bantubonke Holomisa 1980:began) in terms of 1834:in the homeland of 1350: 1177:Indian reservations 1084:black ethnic groups 933:Sullivan Principles 10614:Stolen Generations 10415:BBNJ ABS Committee 10170:Discovery doctrine 10114:Civilizing mission 9955:Self-determination 8592:Ciskei coup d'état 8411:UN Resolution 1761 8376:Women's March 1956 8229:South African Wars 8215:Mineral Revolution 7467:Massive resistance 7455:School segregation 7450:Separate but equal 7375:Dominican Republic 7277:Partition of India 6931:Sebastian Kamwanga 6844:(1970–81, 1984–91) 6786:Thimoteus Tjamuaha 6660:I.J. van der Merwe 6636:Josiah Moraliswane 6609:Josiah Moraliswane 6562:Gabriel Ramushwana 6013:No self-governance 5548:, 26 January 2005. 4190:on 3 December 2012 3506:partition of India 3326:Racial segregation 3273:, Catholic bishop 3224:Benjamin Netanyahu 2661: 2124: 2109:List of Bantustans 2071:Dikwankwetla Party 1875:Later developments 1349: 1169:racially segregate 1157: 1054:(a suffix meaning 1017:administration of 518:Conservative Party 398:1956 Treason Trial 342: 147: South Africa 10653: 10652: 10638:Indigenous rights 10507: 10506: 10440:Indigenous Caucus 10381:Intergovernmental 10230:Russian republics 10200:Autonomous okrugs 10049:Cultural Survival 9877: 9876: 9830:political parties 9823: 9822: 9800:Orde van die Dood 9417:Progressive Party 9123:Congress Alliance 8939:Cape Independence 8871:Political culture 8866: 8865: 8833:COVID-19 pandemic 8763:Marikana massacre 8599:Venda coup d'état 8353:Defiance Campaign 7943:Orange Free State 7873:Dutch Cape Colony 7798: 7797: 7674:Majority minority 7555:Ethnic federalism 7337:Ethnic and racial 7297:Greece and Turkey 7229: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7170: 7169: 7115: 7114: 7052: 7051: 7013: 7012: 6942: 6941: 6923:Alfons Shashipapo 6887: 6886: 6813: 6812: 6734: 6733: 6679: 6678: 6581: 6580: 6518: 6517: 6479: 6478: 6397: 6396: 6358: 6357: 6290: 6289: 6251: 6250: 6160: 6159: 6079: 6078: 5980:South West Africa 5975: 5974: 5886:South West Africa 5798:978-0-7453-1337-5 5744:978-0-86356-739-1 5723:978-0-300-22085-8 5675:978-0-8047-5365-4 5648:978-1-84472-130-6 5545:Asia Times Online 5452:, pp. 79–80. 5409:978-0-393-06996-9 5355:978-1-4780-1247-4 5315:978-0-429-97253-9 5279:978-0-19-045908-6 4316:Los Angeles Times 3568:978-1-86842-736-9 3537:978-0-435-90782-2 3471:978-1-138-12444-8 3418:(Subscription or 3336:Internal passport 3179:, as well as the 3152: 3151: 3080:1980–1989 (1990) 3047:1980–1989 (1990) 3013:1980–1989 (1990) 2979:1980–1989 (1990) 2945:1980–1989 (1990) 2912:1980–1989 (1990) 2878:1980–1989 (1990) 2844:1980–1989 (1990) 2711:South West Africa 2669:South West Africa 2601:Zulu royal family 2597:Province of Natal 2585: 2584: 2435:Tsonga (Shangaan) 2354: 2353: 1759:House of Assembly 1747: 1746: 1586:Tsonga (Shangaan) 1027:South West Africa 1023:black inhabitants 993:(also known as a 987: 986: 844:South-West Africa 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 10698: 10635: 10634: 10569:Mapuche conflict 10539:Chiapas conflict 10534:Alta controversy 10512:Historical cases 10270: 10269: 10252:Rainbow Warriors 10242:Manifest destiny 9930:Ancestral domain 9904: 9897: 9890: 9881: 9880: 9867: 9866: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9734:Paramilitary and 9726: 9724:Umkosi Wezintaba 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9569:social movements 9567:Trade unions and 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9088:Boerestaat Party 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9019: 9018: 9005: 8996: 8987: 8978: 8971: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8918: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8859: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8578:Dakar Conference 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8508: 8501: 8499:Israeli alliance 8494: 8487: 8480: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8453:Sporting boycott 8448: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8425:Academic boycott 8420: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8282:Great Depression 8277: 8270: 8268:Maritz rebellion 8263: 8243: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8162: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8118:Dutch settlement 8100: 8093: 8091:Bantu migrations 8078: 8077: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8042: 8034: 8026: 8023:Transvaal Colony 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7991:Nieuwe Republiek 7986: 7978: 7970: 7962: 7954: 7946: 7938: 7930: 7927:Natalia Republic 7922: 7914: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7896:Ndwandwe Kingdom 7891: 7889: 7886: 7876: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7802: 7801: 7786: 7785: 7757: 7756: 7725:Social apartheid 7609:Social exclusion 7582:Forced migration 7550:Ethnic cleansing 7540:Auto-segregation 7282:Northern Ireland 7256: 7249: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7210: 7202: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7163: 7155: 7147: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7045: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7006: 6998: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6935: 6927: 6919: 6915:Linus Shashipapo 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6880: 6876:Enos John Mabuza 6872: 6853: 6845: 6841:Enos John Mabuza 6831: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6806: 6798: 6794:Erastus Tjejamba 6790: 6782: 6774: 6766: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6727: 6719: 6711: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6621: 6613: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6574: 6566: 6558: 6550: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6511: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6472: 6453: 6445: 6441:Kaiser Matanzima 6437: 6429: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6390: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6351: 6343: 6339:Cornelius Cloete 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6304: 6303: 6283: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6244: 6221: 6213: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6174: 6173: 6153: 6130: 6122: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6084: 5984: 5983: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5873: 5872: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5838: 5837: 5813:Bantustan policy 5802: 5781: 5769: 5767: 5762:. Archived from 5748: 5727: 5702: 5679: 5652: 5622: 5621: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5561:. 9 April 2018. 5555: 5549: 5536: 5530: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5123:Rehoboth Basters 5110: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5000: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4907:. Archived from 4906: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4835: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4542: 4531: 4512: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4137: 4126: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3595: 3592: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3519: 3513: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3380: 3346:Ethnic cleansing 3232:Trump peace plan 3126: 3124: 3123: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3025: 3023: 3022: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2807:Self-government 2792: 2791: 2641: 2573: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2538: 2531: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2500: 2493: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2462: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2403: 2396: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2361: 2360: 2336: 2328: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2288: 2280: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2240: 2232: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2168:Self-government 2156: 2155: 2079:Maluti a Phofung 2035:Constand Viljoen 1743: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1567: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1491: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1454: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1417: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1351: 1348: 1304:The homeland of 1200:Group Areas Acts 1173:white population 1165:black population 1060:Persian language 979: 972: 965: 949: 948: 746:Albertina Sisulu 741:Benjamin Moloise 676:Arthur Goldreich 367: 344: 343: 335: 326: 317: 308: 299: 290: 281: 272: 263: 254: 242: 233: 224: 215: 206: 197: 188: 179: 170: 161: 152: 146: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10644:Minority rights 10623: 10609:San controversy 10503: 10477:Nagoya Protocol 10450: 10444: 10427: 10425: 10419: 10382: 10376: 10274: 10261: 10102: 10016: 10010: 9918: 9916:minority rights 9908: 9878: 9873: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9541: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9235:HNP (Herstigte) 9233: 9228:HNP (Herenigde) 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9046:Afrikaner Party 9044: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9014: 9008: 8999: 8990: 8981: 8974: 8965: 8960:Honorary whites 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8921: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8862: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8721:Soweto bombings 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8522:Soweto Uprising 8520: 8513: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8446:Tar Baby Option 8444: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367:Freedom Charter 8365: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8246: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7967:Griqualand West 7965: 7959:Griqualand East 7957: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7917: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7887: 7879: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7835: 7829: 7799: 7794: 7739: 7714:Separate school 7619: 7613: 7528: 7480: 7331: 7263: 7260: 7230: 7213: 7208: 7200: 7191:Chief Minister: 7178: 7166: 7161: 7159:Peter Kalangula 7153: 7145: 7136:Chief Minister: 7123: 7111: 7106: 7098: 7090: 7082: 7073:Chief Minister: 7060: 7048: 7043: 7034:Chief Minister: 7021: 7009: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6978:Klaas Mtshiweni 6972: 6963:Chief Minister: 6950: 6938: 6933: 6925: 6917: 6908:Chief Minister: 6895: 6883: 6878: 6871:(June–Dec 1982) 6870: 6868:N.J. Badenhorst 6856: 6851: 6843: 6834:Chief Minister: 6821: 6809: 6804: 6802:Gottlob Mbaukua 6796: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6742: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6709: 6700:Chief Minister: 6687: 6675: 6670: 6662: 6654: 6646: 6638: 6624: 6619: 6612:(Mar–Sept 1976) 6611: 6602:Chief Minister: 6589: 6577: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6548: 6546:Patrick Mphephu 6526: 6514: 6509: 6487: 6475: 6470: 6456: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6405: 6393: 6388: 6366: 6354: 6349: 6341: 6319: 6311: 6298: 6286: 6281: 6259: 6247: 6243:(Mar–Apr 1994) 6242: 6224: 6219: 6211: 6189: 6181: 6168: 6156: 6152:(Mar–Apr 1994) 6151: 6133: 6128: 6120: 6098: 6090: 6075: 6054: 6008: 5987:Self-governance 5971: 5935:Self-governance 5930: 5888: 5867: 5865: 5809: 5799: 5780:. 16 June 2020. 5759:Financial Times 5745: 5724: 5676: 5649: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5537: 5533: 5520: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5462:Srivastava 2020 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5419: 5417: 5410: 5388: 5365: 5363: 5356: 5337: 5325: 5323: 5316: 5301: 5289: 5287: 5280: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5204: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4914:on 26 June 2016 4911: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4764:World Statesmen 4755: 4753: 4740: 4732: 4730: 4723:World Statesmen 4717: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4590: 4586: 4543: 4534: 4513: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4444: 4440: 4433:Wayback Machine 4422: 4418: 4410:Gardner, John. 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4350: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3763: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3538: 3520: 3516: 3491: 3487: 3472: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3417: 3397: 3393: 3387:Wayback Machine 3381: 3374: 3369: 3306: 3294:Indian reserves 3240: 3191:designated for 3169: 3157: 3121: 3119: 3087: 3085: 3054: 3052: 3020: 3018: 2986: 2984: 2952: 2950: 2919: 2917: 2885: 2883: 2851: 2849: 2817: 2815: 2790: 2735: 2727:self-government 2692:migrant workers 2649: 2648: 2647: 2634: 2628: 2623: 2571: 2567: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2477: 2475: 2460: 2446: 2444: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2380: 2378: 2359: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2286: 2278: 2261: 2259: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2213: 2211: 2182: 2180: 2174: 2169: 2154: 2148: 2116: 2111: 1973: 1910:Group Areas Act 1898:State President 1877: 1820: 1814: 1784: 1741: 1713: 1711: 1679: 1677: 1645: 1643: 1611: 1609: 1602: 1574: 1572: 1565: 1537: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1498: 1496: 1489: 1461: 1459: 1452: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1387: 1385: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1265:introduced the 1145: 1046:Bantu languages 983: 938: 937: 913:Kairos Document 903:Freedom Charter 873: 865: 864: 848: 819: 811: 810: 641:Vernon Berrangé 636: 628: 627: 588:Security Branch 478: 468: 467: 413:Soweto uprising 383: 382: 340: 333: 331: 324: 322: 315: 313: 306: 304: 297: 295: 288: 286: 279: 277: 270: 268: 261: 259: 252: 247: 240: 238: 231: 229: 222: 220: 213: 211: 204: 202: 195: 193: 186: 184: 177: 175: 168: 166: 159: 154: 150: 148: 144: 139: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10704: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10559:Indian removal 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10454: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10429: 10424:Indigenous-led 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10402: 10400:Arctic Council 10397: 10396: 10395: 10389:African Union 10386: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10372: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10285:Te Puni Kōkiri 10278: 10276: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10247:Plastic shaman 10244: 10239: 10238: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10215:Indian reserve 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10187: 10182: 10180:Green grabbing 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10155: 10153:Sports mascots 10145: 10144: 10143: 10141:Bioprospecting 10133: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10004:in New Zealand 10001: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9910:International 9907: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9884: 9875: 9874: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9833: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9793:Ossewabrandwag 9789: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9572: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9536:Unionist Party 9532: 9525: 9518: 9515:Torch Commando 9511: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9389:Orde Boerevolk 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9165:DP (1989–2000) 9161: 9158:DP (1973–1977) 9154: 9151:Dominion Party 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9032:Afrikaner Bond 9027: 9025: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8997: 8988: 8979: 8972: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8946:Day of the Vow 8942: 8935: 8928: 8919: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8714:Floor crossing 8710: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8674: 8672: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8629:Bisho massacre 8625: 8624: 8623: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8571:Operation Vula 8567: 8564:Rubicon speech 8560: 8557:Langa massacre 8553: 8546: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8463: 8449: 8442: 8435: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8319: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8275:Rand Rebellion 8271: 8264: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8211: 8204: 8201:Boer Republics 8197: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8113: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8084: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8059: 8051: 8047:Bophuthatswana 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8007:Klein Vrystaat 8003: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7955: 7947: 7939: 7931: 7923: 7915: 7907: 7892: 7877: 7869: 7846: 7844: 7837: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7805: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7751: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7684:Nuremberg Laws 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7659:Ghetto benches 7656: 7654:Discrimination 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7623: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7567:Ethnopluralism 7564: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7452: 7447: 7437: 7435:United Kingdom 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7227: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7194: 7192: 7185: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002:James Mahlangu 6999: 6991: 6983: 6975: 6966: 6964: 6957: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6928: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6873: 6864: 6862: 6861:Administrator: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6837: 6835: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6783: 6778:Kuaima Riruako 6775: 6770:Clemens Kapuuo 6767: 6758: 6756: 6749: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6720: 6718:(Mar–Apr 1993) 6712: 6703: 6701: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6665: 6663:(Mar–Aug 1986) 6657: 6652:F.P.J. Visagie 6649: 6647:(Jul–Aug 1984) 6641: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6573:(Jan–Apr 1994) 6567: 6559: 6551: 6542: 6540: 6539:Head of State: 6533: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6500:Head of State: 6494: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6468:Bantu Holomisa 6464: 6462: 6461:Administrator: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6421: 6419: 6418:Head of State: 6412: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6382: 6380: 6379:Head of State: 6373: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347:Daniel Luipert 6344: 6335: 6333: 6332:Head of State: 6326: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279:Justus ǁGaroëb 6275: 6273: 6272:Head of State: 6266: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6232: 6230: 6229:Administrator: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6222: 6214: 6205: 6203: 6202:Head of State: 6196: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6141: 6139: 6138:Administrator: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6123: 6114: 6112: 6111:Head of State: 6105: 6096:Bophuthatswana 6092: 6091: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5911:Bophuthatswana 5907: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5889: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5807:External links 5805: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5782: 5770: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5703: 5693:(3): 169–189. 5680: 5674: 5653: 5647: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5576: 5550: 5531: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5488:, p. 104. 5478: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5408: 5390:Makdisi, Saree 5386: 5376: 5354: 5335: 5314: 5278: 5257: 5244: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5180: 5171: 5155: 5140: 5105: 5095: 5085: 5064: 5055: 5040: 5031: 5017: 5008: 4986: 4971: 4962: 4948: 4939: 4925: 4889: 4878:(4): 153–173. 4856: 4813: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4710: 4693: 4676: 4659: 4649: 4635: 4584: 4532: 4488: 4475: 4438: 4423:Bertil Egerö. 4416: 4403: 4367: 4348: 4329: 4301: 4270: 4255:. April 1985. 4240: 4221: 4201: 4175: 4149: 4112: 4082: 4063: 4043: 4029: 4016: 4006: 3996: 3983: 3973: 3964: 3951: 3941: 3932: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3891: 3882: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3841: 3832: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3773: 3761: 3748: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3707: 3694: 3685: 3675: 3666: 3654: 3641: 3631: 3621: 3608: 3596: 3582: 3572: 3555: 3536: 3514: 3510:National Party 3485: 3470: 3452: 3426: 3391: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3302: 3250:government of 3239: 3238:Other examples 3236: 3220:Menachem Begin 3205:Oslo II Accord 3168: 3165: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2734: 2731: 2663:In the 1960s, 2642: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2562: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2539: 2524: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2486: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2466:Southern Sotho 2463: 2458:Phuthaditjhaba 2455: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2389: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2272: 2270: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2220:Bophuthatswana 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2144: 2132:Bophuthatswana 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2073:, which ruled 2065:, entered his 2047:Bophuthatswana 1972: 1969: 1920:National Party 1889:F. W. de Klerk 1876: 1873: 1836:Bophuthatswana 1813: 1810: 1783: 1780: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1654: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623:Southern Sotho 1620: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1431:Bophuthatswana 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1396: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1228:Nelson Mandela 1188:National Party 1171:them from the 1161:white-minority 1144: 1141: 1100:Bophuthatswana 1076:Eastern Europe 1021:set aside for 1015:National Party 985: 984: 982: 981: 974: 967: 959: 956: 955: 954: 953: 940: 939: 936: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 874: 872:Related topics 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 852: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 820: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 798: 796:H. F. Verwoerd 793: 788: 783: 778: 776:Adelaide Tambo 773: 768: 766:Robert Sobukwe 763: 758: 756:J. G. Strijdom 753: 748: 743: 738: 736:Raymond Mhlaba 733: 728: 723: 721:Nelson Mandela 718: 713: 708: 703: 701:Albert Luthuli 698: 696:Ahmed Kathrada 693: 688: 686:Bantu Holomisa 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 661:F. W. de Klerk 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 578:National Party 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 360: 359: 353: 352: 332: 323: 314: 305: 296: 287: 278: 269: 260: 257:Bophuthatswana 251: 239: 230: 221: 212: 203: 194: 185: 176: 167: 158: 149: 143: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10703: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10639: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10597:United States 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10500: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10466: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10426:international 10422: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10210:Indian colony 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10098: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9994:Treaty rights 9992: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9905: 9900: 9898: 9893: 9891: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9872: 9871: 9860: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9826: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9732: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9710:Die Spoorbund 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9565: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9550:Workers Party 9547: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9431:Radio Freedom 9428: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9382:Oranjewerkers 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024:organisations 9020: 9017: 9015:organisations 9011: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8858: 8856: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8812:Tshwane riots 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8665: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536:Project Coast 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515:Mafeje affair 8512: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485:Durban Moment 8482: 8479: 8478:Rivonia Trial 8475: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8432:Disinvestment 8429: 8426: 8422: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8187:1820 Settlers 8184: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7897: 7893: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7791: 7790: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7752: 7750: 7749:Pillarisation 7746: 7745: 7742: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7669:Jim Crow laws 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Balkanization 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7440:United States 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7252: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7207: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7105: 7102: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7003: 7000: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6984: 6979: 6976: 6971: 6970:Simon Skosana 6968: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6932: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6890: 6877: 6874: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6724: 6721: 6716: 6715:Edward Mhinga 6713: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6669: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6653: 6650: 6645: 6642: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6618: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6571: 6568: 6563: 6560: 6555: 6552: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6450: 6449:Tutor Ndamase 6447: 6442: 6439: 6434: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6348: 6345: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6218: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6124: 6119: 6118:Lucas Mangope 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5512:, p. 14. 5511: 5506: 5500:, p. 35. 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5261: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5059: 5051: 5044: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4966: 4958: 4952: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4910: 4903: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4604:(1): 97–113. 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4471:KwaZulu-Natal 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4371: 4355: 4351: 4349:9780520045477 4345: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4134: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4064:9780230513716 4060: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4010: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3977: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3945: 3936: 3930:Proclamation. 3926: 3924: 3914: 3905: 3895: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3855: 3845: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3755: 3753: 3743: 3733: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3648: 3646: 3635: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502:0-415-12159-0 3499: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3290:United States 3287: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:Katima Mulilo 2895: 2893: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2713:(present-day 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2677:Odendaal Plan 2674: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:Cape Province 2590: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2333: 2330: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2178: 2172: 2167: 2165:Ethnic group 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:Freedom Front 2048: 2044: 2043:Lucas Mangope 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1961:Boputhatswana 1957: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1869: 1868:collaborators 1864: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755:Connie Mulder 1751: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1377:independence 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357:Tribe/Nation 1356: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Boputhatswana 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:southern Asia 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 980: 975: 973: 968: 966: 961: 960: 958: 957: 952: 944: 943: 942: 941: 934: 931: 929: 928:Project Coast 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 869: 868: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 834:Robben Island 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 815: 814: 807: 804: 802: 801:B. J. Vorster 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 751:Walter Sisulu 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476:Organisations 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 423:Vaal uprising 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 408:Rivonia Trial 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 379: 376: 375: 371: 370: 366: 362: 361: 358: 355: 354: 350: 346: 345: 339: 330: 321: 312: 303: 294: 285: 276: 267: 258: 250: 246: 237: 228: 219: 210: 201: 192: 183: 174: 165: 157: 142: 136: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 10643: 10637: 10592:South Africa 10449:Treaties and 10321:Philippines 10273:Governmental 10194: 10095: 10024:Amazon Watch 9999:in Australia 9960:in Australia 9868: 9828:Histories of 9529:United Party 9438:Reform Party 9375:Orangia Unie 9000: 8991: 8984:Swart gevaar 8982: 8966: 8922: 8913: 8854: 8756:Blikkiesdorp 8295: 8082:Pre-colonial 7935:Natal Colony 7919:Zulu Kingdom 7833:South Africa 7787: 7758: 7559: 7509:Saudi Arabia 7459: 7425:Saudi Arabia 7312:Saudi Arabia 7198:Wessel Motha 6762:Hosea Kutako 6668:A. G. Visser 6587:East Caprivi 6554:Frank Ravele 6425:Botha Sigcau 6308: 6178: 5994:East Caprivi 5897:South Africa 5882:South Africa 5877: 5822: 5787: 5765:the original 5757: 5733: 5708: 5690: 5684: 5661: 5637: 5629:Bibliography 5596:(1): 19–34. 5593: 5589: 5579: 5567:. Retrieved 5553: 5543: 5534: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5457: 5450:Kamrava 2016 5445: 5433: 5418:. Retrieved 5394: 5382: 5371: 5364:. Retrieved 5344: 5331: 5324:. Retrieved 5304: 5295: 5288:. Retrieved 5268: 5260: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5127:the original 5122: 5116: 5108: 5098: 5088: 5079: 5072: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5020: 5011: 4996: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4909:the original 4899: 4892: 4875: 4869: 4859: 4847:. Retrieved 4807: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4754:. Retrieved 4745: 4731:. Retrieved 4722: 4713: 4704: 4687: 4670: 4652: 4643: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4601: 4597: 4587: 4550: 4546: 4516:section 1(2) 4478: 4467:Zulu Monarch 4458: 4441: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4370: 4360:13 September 4358:. Retrieved 4338: 4332: 4320:. Retrieved 4314: 4304: 4279: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4211: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188:the original 4184:"Bantustans" 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4152: 4140:. Retrieved 4128: 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4094: 4085: 4073:. Retrieved 4057:. Springer. 4053: 4046: 4037: 4032: 4009: 3999: 3976: 3967: 3944: 3935: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3863: 3854: 3844: 3835: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3776: 3742: 3732: 3722: 3688: 3678: 3669: 3634: 3624: 3611: 3575: 3558: 3546:. Retrieved 3527: 3517: 3493: 3488: 3461: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3429: 3405: 3394: 3356:Oslo Accords 3341:Hukou system 3283: 3279:Kaduna State 3268: 3241: 3193:Palestinians 3170: 3161:generic term 3158: 2930:Keetmanshoop 2892:East Caprivi 2783: 2775:East Caprivi 2758: 2755:independence 2750: 2748: 2736: 2707:Fox Odendaal 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2665:South Africa 2662: 2609: 2586: 2569:Schoemansdal 2125: 2083:Ximoko Party 2008: 2001: 1994: 1982:section 1(2) 1974: 1958: 1940: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1878: 1865: 1861:slum housing 1858: 1847: 1840: 1825: 1821: 1789: 1785: 1776:shanty-towns 1769: 1764: 1752: 1748: 1345: 1326: 1314:John Vorster 1311: 1303: 1300: 1283: 1272: 1260: 1257: 1233: 1209: 1185: 1167:in order to 1158: 1136:East Caprivi 1093: 1086:. Under the 1079: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1019:South Africa 1001:homeland, a 997:homeland, a 990: 988: 829:District Six 823: 791:Desmond Tutu 781:Oliver Tambo 771:Helen Suzman 671:Bram Fischer 248: 200:East Caprivi 155: 140: 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 10604:Rubber boom 10587:New Zealand 10119:Colonialism 9945:Land rights 8968:Rooi gevaar 8847:2021 unrest 8777:Nkandlagate 8606:Third Force 8467:Rugby union 8065:(1981–1994) 8057:(1979–1994) 8049:(1977–1994) 8041:(1976–1994) 8033:(1910–1961) 8025:(1902–1910) 8017:(1902–1910) 8009:(1886–1891) 8001:(1885–1887) 7993:(1884–1888) 7985:(1882–1885) 7977:(1882–1883) 7969:(1870–1873) 7961:(1861–1879) 7953:(1856–1902) 7945:(1854–1902) 7937:(1843–1910) 7929:(1839–1843) 7921:(1816–1897) 7913:(1795–1910) 7911:Cape Colony 7903: 1780 7888: 1780 7875:(1652–1806) 7865: 1220 7858: 1075 7644:Black Codes 7592:labor camps 7499:Afghanistan 7096:Z.T. Seleka 6893:Kavangoland 6644:H.J. Becker 6209:Lennox Sebe 6166:Bushmanland 6149:Job Mokgoro 6020:Bushmanland 5999:Kavangoland 5379:Penny Green 5133:24 November 4756:23 November 4733:23 November 4557:: 177–192. 4263:11 November 3570:. Page 106. 3401:"Bantustan" 3199:to end the 3094:Bushmanland 2998:Welwitschia 2858:Kavangoland 2771:German rule 2688:Police Zone 2530:(1986–1994) 2492:(1980–1994) 2395:(1974–1994) 2392:Lebowakgomo 2327:(1981–1994) 2279:(1979–1994) 2276:Thohoyandou 2231:(1977–1994) 1971:Dissolution 1904:unchanged. 1881:P. W. Botha 1372:government 1365:Legislative 1360:Territorial 1132:Kavangoland 731:Thabo Mbeki 726:Govan Mbeki 716:D. F. Malan 711:Mac Maharaj 646:P. W. Botha 573:Broederbond 209:Bushmanland 191:Kavangoland 110:August 2020 69:"Bantustan" 10660:Categories 10574:Oka Crisis 10257:Two-spirit 9982:ecological 9912:Indigenous 9779:Greyshirts 9543:Volksparty 9081:Black Sash 8742:Xenophobia 8735:Travelgate 8492:Border War 8296:Bantustans 8194:Great Trek 8139:Xhosa Wars 7999:Upingtonia 7983:Stellaland 7747:See also: 7735:Xenophobia 7587:Internment 7572:Ethnocracy 7121:Ovamboland 7099:(Oct 1987) 6981:(Nov 1986) 6948:KwaNdebele 6740:Hereroland 6485:Tswanaland 6282:(1980–89) 6257:Damaraland 6217:Oupa Gqozo 6129:(Feb 1988) 6050:Tswanaland 6030:Hereroland 6025:Damaraland 6004:Ovamboland 5952:KwaNdebele 5878:Bantustans 5569:10 January 5498:Usher 1999 5474:UNHRC 2020 4520:Schedule 1 4459:inter alia 4396:10 January 4322:8 November 4233:25 October 4222:0253353947 4168:30 January 4142:10 January 4105:10 January 4075:25 October 3548:12 January 3422:required.) 3367:References 3209:Allon Plan 3181:Gaza Strip 3060:Tswanaland 3027:Hereroland 2993:Damaraland 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War 7269:Religious 7209:(1975–94) 7201:(1974–75) 7162:(1981–89) 7154:(1975–81) 7146:(1973–75) 7107:(1987–94) 7091:(1973–87) 7083:(1972–73) 7044:(1977–94) 7005:(1990–94) 6997:(1989–90) 6989:(1986–89) 6973:(1981–86) 6934:(1981–89) 6926:(1977–81) 6918:(1973–77) 6879:(1982–84) 6852:(1991–94) 6805:(1984–89) 6797:(1987–88) 6789:(1980–84) 6781:(1978–80) 6773:(1970–78) 6765:(1968–70) 6755:Chairman: 6726:(1993–94) 6710:(1973–93) 6685:Gazankulu 6671:(1986–89) 6655:(1984–86) 6639:(1981–84) 6629:Chairman: 6620:(1976–81) 6565:(1990–94) 6557:(1988–90) 6549:(1978–88) 6510:(1980–89) 6452:(1986–94) 6444:(1979–86) 6436:(1978–79) 6428:(1976–78) 6389:(1979–89) 6350:(1985–89) 6342:(1980–85) 6296:Kaokoland 6220:(1990–94) 6212:(1981–90) 6121:(1968–94) 6066:Coloureds 6059:Post-1980 6035:Kaokoland 5942:Gazankulu 5875:Apartheid 5618:144893432 5610:0258-9346 5590:Politikon 5103:Authority 4918:19 August 4618:148593350 4579:154050355 4296:244677820 3617:Pondoland 3480:883649263 3331:Volkstaat 3316:Apartheid 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