682:. In 2021 the German government agreed to pay 1.1 billion Euros as a ‘gesture of reconciliation’. This was the result of negotiations between the German and Namibian government which started in 2015. The United Nations have criticised both governments because they have not included the Herero and Nama people in the reparation discussions and therefore have violated the rights of the Nama and Herero ethnic groups. Furthermore, the declaration of reconciliation in 2021 has not yet been signed by various Nama and Herero organisations due to the criticism that the reparations will be paid to the Namibian government, rather than directly to the Nama and Herero descendants, as well as their demand to be included in the reparation talks.
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419:, which started in 1904 and lasted until 1907, led to the decimation of the Herero society. It is estimated that the Herero population consisted of roughly 80000 – 100000 Herero people before the German-Herero War, however only roughly 16000 Herero people survived. Between 1904 and 1908, tens of thousands of Herero and Nama people were tortured, starved in the Kalahari desert or shot as retaliation for the Herero rebellion which is known as the
3161:
2290:
270:
27:
559:, worked together with Martti Ahtisaari, who worked as a representative of the United Nations, to ensure the transition of the independence for Namibia. They accomplished the transition from South African control to agreements on electoral processes and peacekeeping for Namibia in 1989. This change in policy then led to the abolition of the homelands, such as Hereroland, and to the Namibian
455:
531:(SWAPO) did not attend this conference due to the lack of autonomy, as well as the United Nations (UN) condemning the creation of the constitution due to the lack of its independence from South Africa. However, while this conference was critiqued by various institutions and political parties, it also was an important step for the constitutional development in Namibia.
423:. After this war, the surviving Herero people were prohibited from practising their religion, were barred from possessing livestock or land, as well as unable to have chiefs as per their traditional customs. Most of the survivors were made up of children and women and they were either conscripted to forced labour or were imprisoned in camps.
542:(DTA) which was promoted by the apartheid regime in South Africa. The new constitution set up a parliamentary regime, a decentralised government that was based on ethnic authorities, as well as a bill of rights. The UN and SWAPO did not recognise the new South-West African constitution which had been supported by
472:
in 1968. Because of internal strife among different Herero groups, no unified institutions were established for the Herero people until 1980. Two districts of
Hereroland (West and East) were formed in 1970. The chief of Hereroland West, Clemens Kapuuo, claimed to be the paramount chief of all Hereros
611:
and later trained as a teacher. He became one of Hosea Kutako's representatives and secretaries. The new chief and politician fought against colonial rule, however later he became controversial due to his involvement in the
Turnhalle Conference in 1975 which was sponsored by apartheid South Africa.
595:
was a figurehead of the nationalist resistance against South Africa. Chief Hosea Kuatko was born in 1870 in
Okahurimehi and he fought in the German – Herero War (1904 – 1907). He later worked various jobs, amongst them as a teacher and a miner. He was appointed as the headman of the Herero tribe in
517:
For most local observers
Clemens Kapuuo's decision to participate in the Turnhalle constitutional conference came as a surprise, for here was a man openly opposed to South Africa's policies of ethnic fragmentation in Namibia. Furthermore, he had gone so far as to petition South Africa at the United
578:
The United
Nations (UN) created the United Nations Resolution Plan 435 which implemented democratic elections and the first president Sam Nujoma and his party, the South-West African People's Organisation, was elected in 1989. The independence of Namibia ended after more than 100 years of colonial
508:
was called together on 1 September 1975, supported and sponsored by apartheid South Africa. The target of the
Conference was to develop a constitution for South-West Africa, while still being under the control of South Africa. This unique moment in Namibia's history was the first time that leaders
495:
As second-tier authorities, forming an intermediate tier between central and local government, the representative authorities had responsibility for land tenure, agriculture, education up to primary level, teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions and their
Legislative
509:
and chiefs from different ethnic and tribal groups were allowed to come together and have political discussions about the future of
Namibia's constitution. Many religious institutions in Namibia were opposed to this because it was organised by Apartheid South Africa.
554:
After the
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, South Africa introduced a General Administrator who abolished white representation within the Namibian government, as well as other apartheid laws. In 1985 the last South-West African General Administrator,
631:(NUDO) in 1964. He was forced into exile in 1964, but returned in 1977. Riruako was known for fighting for the restitution and acknowledgment of the Herero genocide from the German government. The chief died at the age of 79 in 2014.
665:
was born in 1935 and was elected as the chairman of the executive committee of the
Hereroland from August 1987 until October 1987 and from February 1988 until May 1989. He also worked as a Non-European clerk in 1960.
653:
was born in 1936 and twice became the chairman of the executive committee for the Hereroland: the first time was from September 1984 until August 1987 and the second time was from October 1987 until February 1988.
518:
Nations, and had previously rejected the Prime Minister's Advisory Council (the institutional predecessor of the constitutional conference) on the grounds that South Africa had no right to establish such a body.
2163:
678:
which led to the death of roughly 80% of the Ovaherero and the death of over 40% of the Nama people, as well as the loss of their lands. In 2004 the German development minister gave an apology for the
2168:
492:
The Representative Authority of the Hereros had executive and legislative competencies, being made up of elected Legislative Assemblies which would appoint Executive Committees led by chairmen.
596:
1917. He became a founding member of the South-West African National Union (SWANU), as well as being considered one of the early leaders of Namibia. He died at 100 years old in 1970.
616:. This was a result of the rivalry between the SWAPO, which was supported by the USSR, and the party known as the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, of which Kapuuo was president.
2530:
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454:
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was replaced in 1980 by Representative Authorities which functioned on the basis of ethnicity only and were no longer based on geographically defined areas.
3364:
2757:
2733:
2706:
989:
Jan-Bart Gewald, ‘The Road of the Man Called Love and the Sack of Sero: The Herero-German War and the Export of Herero Labour to the South African Rand’,
3349:
3020:
3012:
2436:
415:, rebelled against the German colonisers. In reaction to this rebellion, Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha was sent to end the Herero uprising. The
3359:
3075:
2965:
2749:
2444:
3067:
1901:"Reparations for colonial crimes - the negotiations between Germany and Namibia as an example for the ambivalent role of the law in these cases"
3295:
571:
In 1960, as part of a liberation movement, the South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) was created and SWAPO's military, known as the
1447:
Molly McCullers, 'The Time of the United Nations in South West Africa is Near': Local Drama and Global Politics in Apartheid-Era Hereroland’,
3193:
2741:
607:, who was born on 16 March 1923 in Teufelsbach in Okahandja, was a Namibian nationalist and the successor to Chief Hosea Kutako. He went to
1886:(2023) <UN representatives criticise Germany over reparations for colonial crimes in Namibia | Global development | The Guardian>
1008:"THE ROAD OF THE MAN CALLED LOVE AND THE SACK OF SERO: THE HERERO–GERMAN WAR AND THE EXPORT OF HERERO LABOUR TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN RAND"
575:(PLAN), started a guerilla war in 1966 which led to the end of the illegal occupation of South Africa over South-West Africa in 1988.
627:, who was born in 1935 at Aminius in Omaheke, became an Ovaherero chief in 1978. He also co-founded the political party known as the
946:"The return of Herero and Nama bones from Germany: the victims' struggle for recognition and recurring genocide memories in Namibia"
3339:
1394:
Dag Henrichsen, et al., ‘Building Bridges: Namibian Nationalists Clemens Kapuuo, Hosea Kutako, Brendan Simbwaye, Samuel Witbooi.’,
628:
572:
1858:
1772:
1671:
1432:
1374:
965:
1463:"'The Time of the United Nations in South West Africa is Near': Local Drama and Global Politics in Apartheid-Era Hereroland"
1344:
Namibia: AG Pienaar Remembered As a Gentleman (2012) <Namibia: AG Pienaar Remembered As a Gentleman - allAfrica.com>
1956:
505:
482:
91:
1056:
1640:(1978) <Black Leader of Nationalist Group Shot to Death in South‐West Africa - The New York Times (nytimes.com)>
1066:
809:""The Devil's Handwriting": Precolonial Discourse, Ethnographic Acuity, and Cross-Identification in German Colonialism"
63:
1934:
110:
1058:
Ruling Nature, Controlling People: Nature Conservation, Development and War in North-Eastern Namibia since the 1920s
929:(2021) < Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide | Germany | The Guardian>
70:
2804:
2268:
2263:
2117:
513:, a Namibian political scientist, stated on the involvement of the Herero through the Chief Clemens Kapuuo that:
384:
848:
The Holocaust Explained <The Herero and Namaqua Genocide – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools>
2242:
48:
539:
77:
44:
902:
Tilman Dedering, ‘The German-Herero War of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?’,
642:
was the chairman of the executive committee from December 1980 until September 1984 for the Hereroland.
59:
3248:
3240:
2820:
1949:
679:
675:
420:
404:
1850:
538:, who was the chairman of the conference and an associate of the white minority rule, formed the
37:
1838:
957:
499:
141:
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2337:
2223:
945:
1090:
1764:
674:
For the last couple of decades, the Herero people have been fighting for reparations for the
560:
1752:
3138:
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1827:(2021) <Viewpoint: Why Germany's Namibia genocide apology is not enough - BBC News>
8:
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2461:
2376:
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1942:
608:
1803:
84:
3028:
2883:
2659:
1594:(1978) <Moderate Political Leader Assassinated in Namibia - The Washington Post>
639:
216:
1964:
1219:
510:
1983:
1920:
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1604:
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1428:
1370:
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1083:
1062:
1037:
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882:
828:
432:
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352:
250:
1884:
UN representatives criticise Germany over reparations for colonial crimes in Namibia
1616:
379:
Hereroland can be found in present-day eastern Namibia and encompassed parts of the
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2938:
2891:
2538:
1967:
1912:
1846:
1760:
1659:
1612:
1567:
1526:
1474:
1420:
1362:
1317:
1309:
1231:
1181:
1027:
1019:
953:
874:
820:
783:
650:
439:(1914–1918). This later led to the creation of bantustans, such as the Hereroland.
1793:
United Nations Organisation (1961) <S-0443-0062-0001-00011 UC.tif (un.org)>
1462:
3256:
3201:
2899:
2643:
2483:
1805:
United Nations Organisation (1961) <S-0443-0062-0001-00011 UC.tif (un.org)>
1651:
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662:
412:
380:
364:
321:
1900:
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2008:
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1007:
808:
624:
604:
1549:
Kapuuo, Clemens (2021) <Kapuuo, Clemens – Basler Afrika Bibliographien>
1366:
1023:
863:"Cash for Genocide? The Politics of Memory in the Herero Case for Reparations"
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723:
3333:
2946:
2812:
2546:
2215:
1924:
1486:
1331:
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832:
556:
500:
The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference and the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
469:
460:
408:
368:
308:
1559:
1518:
1413:
Henrichsen, Dag; Jacobson, Naomi; Marshall, Karen, eds. (29 December 2010).
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2859:
2765:
2689:
2684:
2651:
2522:
2091:
1979:
1571:
1530:
1185:
775:
592:
468:
Hereroland was established as a geographically defined bantustan under the
787:
473:
since 1970, but this claim was not recognized by the other Herero groups.
2995:
2990:
2306:
2246:
2096:
1414:
927:
Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide
878:
436:
416:
1424:
862:
3223:
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3050:
3045:
2842:
2587:
2582:
2359:
2354:
2314:
2147:
2122:
2101:
2049:
535:
1355:"'I beg to be remembered': Lister, Public History and Popular Culture"
566:
2787:
2782:
2398:
2393:
2132:
2039:
1975:
1972:
1322:
1032:
691:
543:
486:
360:
344:
170:
157:
1638:
Black Leader of Nationalist Group Shot to Death in South‐West Africa
1525:, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, pp. 111–114, 29 December 2010,
496:
Assemblies had the ability to pass legislation known as Ordinances.
26:
2921:
2916:
2505:
2500:
2419:
2414:
2137:
2044:
2018:
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and later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the
1513:
1511:
782:, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, pp. 23–32, 29 December 2008,
780:
Women Journalists in Namibia's Liberation Struggle Women 1985-1990
3121:
3116:
2054:
356:
263:
1204:
Elizabeth S. Landis, ‘The Turnhalle Constitution: An Analysis’,
612:
On the 27 March 1978 Chief Clemens Kapuuo was assassinated near
3278:
3273:
3160:
3155:
2289:
2284:
2064:
2059:
2013:
1825:
Viewpoint: Why Germany's Namibia genocide apology is not enough
1566:, Basler Afrika Bibliographien, p. 110, 29 December 2010,
1508:
1100:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1976. p. 340.
669:
1719:(2014) < Namibia's chief Kuaima Riruako dies | News24 >
2626:
2621:
2023:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
528:
1089:. South African Institute of Race Relations. 1973. pp.
713:(1998) <https://www.britannica.com/place/Hereroland>
1505:<Bust of Chief Hosea Kutako | United Nations Gifts>
1412:
759:
407:
in 1884 by the decree of Otto von Bismarck. In 1904, the
1839:"Can an Apology Ever Be Enough for Crimes of the Past?"
476:
431:
South African forces took control of the German colony
756:
Namibia’s History, <History (namibiahc.org.uk)>
549:
534:
Clemens Kapuuo, the chief of the Herero, as well as
1658:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 15–42,
1408:
1406:
1404:
567:
Fight for liberation and transition to independence
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Former bantustan in South-West Africa (now Namibia)
1899:Imani, Sarah; Theurer, Karina (5 September 2022).
1736:, <Namibian Homelands (worldstatesmen.org)>
1082:
856:
854:
459:Allocation of Land to bantustans according to the
1592:Moderate Political Leader Assassinated in Namibia
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1180:, Langaa RPCIG, pp. 129–152, 22 April 2019,
3331:
1401:
1905:Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung
1269:Jan-Bart Gewald, ‘Who Killed Clemens Kapuuo?’,
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
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1152:
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1098:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1975
1085:A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1972
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3170:
3131:
3060:
3005:
2797:
2186:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1276:
1174:"States and Namibia's long march to statehood"
724:"Hereroland | Namib Desert, Wildlife, Culture"
3355:States and territories disestablished in 1989
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2597:
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2429:
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1950:
1898:
1701:(2014) < The Herald - Breaking news.>
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1054:
996:
944:Shigwedha, Vilho Amukwaya (5 January 2017),
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937:
935:
670:Reparations for the Herero and Nama Genocide
3365:1989 disestablishments in South West Africa
1759:, Cornell University Press, pp. 8–34,
1739:
1144:, < Chapter4_Framing.pdf (usip.org)>
3350:States and territories established in 1968
1957:
1943:
1851:10.1332/policypress/9781529227956.003.0003
1652:"The Black Nationalist Movement in Azania"
1111:https://www.lac.org.na/laws/1982/whi23.pdf
813:Comparative Studies in Society and History
453:
1656:Black Nationalist Thought in South Africa
1460:
1321:
1031:
958:10.7228/manchester/9781526107381.003.0009
943:
932:
806:
442:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
3360:1968 establishments in South West Africa
2852:
1894:
1892:
1061:. African Books Collective. p. 96.
860:
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582:
529:South-West African People's Organisation
447:
426:
383:Desert. The bantustan was located under
1218:Whelan, Elizabeth M. (September 1977).
349:Representative Authority of the Hereros
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1765:10.7591/cornell/9780801453489.003.0002
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629:National Unity Democratic Organisation
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1938:
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2569:(1987–94) (Head of Military Council)
1449:Journal of Southern African Studies,
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477:Representative authority (1980–1989)
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
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1837:Sooka, Yasmin (29 September 2022),
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1722:
1717:Namibia's chief Kuaima Riruako dies
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1493:
1467:Journal of Southern African Studies
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1338:
1302:Journal of Southern African Studies
1296:Gewald, Jan-Bart (September 2004).
1271:Journal of Southern African Studies
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1115:
980:
645:
573:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
550:South African General Administrator
506:Turnhalle Constitutional Conference
483:Turnhalle Constitutional Conference
463:. Hereroland is in the north-east.
387:and bordered Botswana to the east.
13:
807:Steinmetz, George (January 2003).
741:
657:
200:• Re-integrated into Namibia
14:
3376:
2407:No central government established
2277:No central government established
1751:Shelef, Nadav G. (15 July 2020),
1519:"Biography of Chief Hosea Kutako"
912:
893:
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162:Second-tier authority (1989-1989)
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2418:
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2267:
2197:
1966:
1845:, Policy Press, pp. 29–52,
1419:. Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
1236:10.1097/00017285-197709000-00010
909:, 19. 1 (1993), pp. 80-88 (p.82)
861:Bargueno, D. (1 December 2012).
411:, under the leadership of Chief
403:, present day Namibia, became a
268:
243:
140:
25:
3340:Bantustans in South West Africa
2805:Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi
1830:
1796:
1699:Namibia’s Ovaherero leader dies
1643:
1617:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0564-1162
1597:
1552:
1454:
1347:
1273:, 30. 3 (2004), 559-576 (p.563)
1211:
1104:
1075:
1048:
1006:GEWALD, JAN-BART (March 1999).
952:, Manchester University Press,
587:
36:needs additional citations for
1650:Tafira, Hashi Kenneth (2016),
1461:McCullers, Molly (June 2013).
1142:Namibia’s Long Walk to Freedom
1012:The Journal of African History
991:The Journal of African History
867:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
716:
1:
1609:Human Rights Documents online
1605:"farmers-leader-assassinated"
1451:39. 2 (2013), 371-389 (p.372)
1396:Basler Afrika Bibliographien,
1055:Lenggenhager, Luregn (2018).
697:
540:Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
390:
1479:10.1080/03057070.2013.795810
1298:"Who killed Clemens Kapuuo?"
1208:, 24. 3 (1977), 12-23 (p.12)
1178:International Law in Namibia
374:
7:
1664:10.1057/978-1-137-58650-6_2
1314:10.1080/0305707042000254100
993:, 40. 1 (1999),21-40 (p.21)
685:
10:
3381:
2531:Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla
2484:Johannes "Hans" Diergaardt
2334:Pieter van Rensburg Goosen
2187:Leaders and Administrators
1917:10.1007/s42597-022-00076-6
1503:Bust of Chief Hosea Kutako
3272:
3249:Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba
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2001:
1994:
1990:
1753:"Understanding Homelands"
1367:10.1017/9781009280723.017
1361:: 217–268. 13 July 2023.
1024:10.1017/s0021853798007294
825:10.1017/s0010417503000045
776:"Namibia's Media History"
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3241:Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa
3202:Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike
2821:Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo
950:Human Remains in Society
907:Southern African Studies
676:Herero and Nama genocide
663:Gottlob Hengombe Mbaukua
363:-era government to be a
3178:Mokgama Maurice Matlala
3084:George Majozi Mahlangu
2715:Richard Muhinda Mamili
2338:Bongani Blessing Finca
2224:Rocky Malebane-Metsing
1572:10.2307/j.ctvh9vw19.13
1531:10.2307/j.ctvh9vw19.14
1186:10.2307/j.ctvhn07sv.12
544:Apartheid South Africa
525:
443:Administrative history
3304:Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli
3186:Cedric Namedi Phatudi
788:10.2307/j.ctvh9vts1.7
583:Leaders of Hereroland
515:
448:Bantustan (1968–1980)
427:South African control
3139:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
2947:Mangisi Cephas Zitha
2605:Constance Kgosiemang
2002:Nominal independence
1843:Unsettling Apologies
1359:Decoding Anne Lister
45:improve this article
3092:Jonas Masana Mabena
2668:Tshamano Ramabulana
2243:Tjaart van der Walt
1560:"Political Parties"
1425:10.2307/j.ctvh9vw19
609:St Barnabas College
417:German – Herero War
405:German protectorate
359:), intended by the
190:• Established
3029:Sebastian Kamwanga
2942:(1970–81, 1984–91)
2884:Thimoteus Tjamuaha
2758:I.J. van der Merwe
2734:Josiah Moraliswane
2707:Josiah Moraliswane
2660:Gabriel Ramushwana
2111:No self-governance
1734:Namibian Homelands
1140:Marinus Wiechers,
925:Philip Oltermann,
879:10.1093/hgs/dcs053
728:www.britannica.com
640:Thimoteus Tjamuaha
635:Thimoteus Tjamuaha
396:German colonialism
217:South African rand
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3268:
3267:
3213:
3212:
3150:
3149:
3111:
3110:
3040:
3039:
3021:Alfons Shashipapo
2985:
2984:
2911:
2910:
2832:
2831:
2777:
2776:
2679:
2678:
2616:
2615:
2577:
2576:
2495:
2494:
2456:
2455:
2388:
2387:
2349:
2348:
2258:
2257:
2177:
2176:
2078:South West Africa
2073:
2072:
1984:South West Africa
1860:978-1-5292-2795-6
1774:978-0-8014-5348-9
1673:978-1-137-59087-9
1434:978-3-905758-45-0
1376:978-1-009-28072-3
967:978-1-5261-0738-1
433:South-West Africa
401:South-West Africa
367:homeland for the
353:South West Africa
338:
337:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
256:
255:
251:South West Africa
121:
120:
113:
95:
3372:
3308:
3300:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3143:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3013:Linus Shashipapo
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2974:Enos John Mabuza
2970:
2951:
2943:
2939:Enos John Mabuza
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2896:
2892:Erastus Tjejamba
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2719:
2711:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2570:
2551:
2543:
2539:Kaiser Matanzima
2535:
2527:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2441:
2437:Cornelius Cloete
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2402:
2401:
2381:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2319:
2311:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2228:
2220:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2183:
2182:
2082:
2081:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1720:
1713:
1702:
1695:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1564:Building Bridges
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1523:Building Bridges
1515:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1458:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1416:Building Bridges
1410:
1399:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1293:
1274:
1267:
1248:
1247:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1170:
1145:
1138:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1003:
994:
987:
978:
977:
976:
974:
941:
930:
923:
910:
900:
891:
890:
858:
849:
846:
837:
836:
804:
798:
797:
796:
794:
772:
757:
754:
739:
738:
736:
734:
720:
714:
708:
651:Erastus Tjejamba
646:Erastus Tjejamba
523:
457:
286:
285:
272:
271:
260:
259:
247:
246:
240:
239:
224:
223:
144:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3289:Chief Minister:
3276:
3264:
3259:
3257:Peter Kalangula
3251:
3243:
3234:Chief Minister:
3221:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3171:Chief Minister:
3158:
3146:
3141:
3132:Chief Minister:
3119:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3076:Klaas Mtshiweni
3070:
3061:Chief Minister:
3048:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3006:Chief Minister:
2993:
2981:
2976:
2969:(June–Dec 1982)
2968:
2966:N.J. Badenhorst
2954:
2949:
2941:
2932:Chief Minister:
2919:
2907:
2902:
2900:Gottlob Mbaukua
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2840:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2798:Chief Minister:
2785:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2722:
2717:
2710:(Mar–Sept 1976)
2709:
2700:Chief Minister:
2687:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2644:Patrick Mphephu
2624:
2612:
2607:
2585:
2573:
2568:
2554:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2464:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2417:
2409:
2396:
2384:
2379:
2357:
2345:
2341:(Mar–Apr 1994)
2340:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2287:
2279:
2266:
2254:
2250:(Mar–Apr 1994)
2249:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2196:
2188:
2173:
2152:
2106:
2085:Self-governance
2069:
2033:Self-governance
2028:
1986:
1965:
1963:
1933:
1932:
1897:
1890:
1882:Kate Connolly,
1881:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1648:
1644:
1636:John F. Burns,
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1590:Caryle Murohy,
1589:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1294:
1277:
1268:
1251:
1224:Nutrition Today
1216:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1148:
1139:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1004:
997:
988:
981:
972:
970:
968:
942:
933:
924:
913:
901:
894:
859:
852:
847:
840:
805:
801:
792:
790:
774:
773:
760:
755:
742:
732:
730:
722:
721:
717:
709:
705:
700:
688:
680:Herero genocide
672:
660:
658:Gottlob Mbaukua
648:
637:
622:
602:
590:
585:
569:
552:
524:
522:
511:Andre du Pisani
502:
479:
466:
465:
464:
450:
445:
429:
421:Herero genocide
413:Samuel Maharero
398:
393:
377:
269:
244:
201:
191:
161:
149:
146:
145:
128:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:James Mahlangu
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2960:
2959:Administrator:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2876:Kuaima Riruako
2873:
2868:Clemens Kapuuo
2865:
2856:
2854:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2816:(Mar–Apr 1993)
2810:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2761:(Mar–Aug 1986)
2755:
2750:F.P.J. Visagie
2747:
2745:(Jul–Aug 1984)
2739:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2694:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2671:(Jan–Apr 1994)
2665:
2657:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2637:Head of State:
2631:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2598:Head of State:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:Bantu Holomisa
2562:
2560:
2559:Administrator:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2516:Head of State:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2477:Head of State:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:Daniel Luipert
2442:
2433:
2431:
2430:Head of State:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:Justus ǁGaroëb
2373:
2371:
2370:Head of State:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2330:
2328:
2327:Administrator:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2300:Head of State:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2239:
2237:
2236:Administrator:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2209:Head of State:
2203:
2194:Bophuthatswana
2190:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Bophuthatswana
2005:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1911:(2): 209–227.
1888:
1872:
1859:
1829:
1817:
1795:
1786:
1773:
1738:
1721:
1703:
1685:
1672:
1642:
1629:
1596:
1583:
1551:
1542:
1507:
1492:
1473:(2): 371–389.
1453:
1440:
1433:
1400:
1382:
1375:
1346:
1337:
1308:(3): 559–576.
1275:
1249:
1210:
1197:
1146:
1114:
1103:
1074:
1068:978-3906927015
1067:
1047:
995:
979:
966:
931:
911:
892:
873:(3): 394–424.
850:
838:
799:
758:
740:
715:
702:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
687:
684:
671:
668:
659:
656:
647:
644:
636:
633:
625:Kuaima Riruako
621:
620:Kuaima Riruako
618:
605:Clemens Kapuuo
601:
600:Clemens Kapuuo
598:
589:
586:
584:
581:
568:
565:
551:
548:
520:
501:
498:
485:the system of
481:Following the
478:
475:
458:
452:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
428:
425:
397:
394:
392:
389:
376:
373:
365:self-governing
336:
335:
332:
328:
327:
319:
315:
314:
306:
302:
301:
295:
291:
290:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
266:
257:
254:
253:
248:
236:
235:
230:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
155:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3377:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Herero people
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3068:Simon Skosana
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2813:Edward Mhinga
2811:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2547:Tutor Ndamase
2545:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2216:Lucas Mangope
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
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101:February 2022
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3296:Wessel Motha
2860:Hosea Kutako
2837:
2766:A. G. Visser
2685:East Caprivi
2652:Frank Ravele
2523:Botha Sigcau
2406:
2276:
2127:
2092:East Caprivi
1995:South Africa
1980:South Africa
1908:
1904:
1883:
1864:, retrieved
1842:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1809:, retrieved
1804:
1798:
1789:
1778:, retrieved
1756:
1733:
1716:
1698:
1697:The Herald,
1677:, retrieved
1655:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1608:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1575:, retrieved
1563:
1554:
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1534:, retrieved
1522:
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1415:
1395:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1305:
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1270:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1206:Africa Today
1205:
1200:
1189:, retrieved
1177:
1141:
1106:
1097:
1084:
1077:
1057:
1050:
1018:(1): 21–40.
1015:
1011:
990:
971:, retrieved
949:
926:
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903:
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866:
816:
812:
802:
791:, retrieved
779:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
710:
706:
673:
661:
649:
638:
623:
603:
593:Hosea Kutako
591:
588:Hosea Kutako
577:
570:
561:independence
553:
533:
526:
516:
503:
494:
491:
480:
467:
430:
399:
378:
348:
340:
339:
322:
309:
297:
233:Succeeded by
232:
227:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
60:"Hereroland"
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3194:Z.T. Seleka
2991:Kavangoland
2742:H.J. Becker
2307:Lennox Sebe
2264:Bushmanland
2247:Job Mokgoro
2118:Bushmanland
2097:Kavangoland
385:Bushmanland
228:Preceded by
160:(1968-1980)
3334:Categories
3219:Ovamboland
3197:(Oct 1987)
3079:(Nov 1986)
3046:KwaNdebele
2838:Hereroland
2583:Tswanaland
2380:(1980–89)
2355:Damaraland
2315:Oupa Gqozo
2227:(Feb 1988)
2148:Tswanaland
2128:Hereroland
2123:Damaraland
2102:Ovamboland
2050:KwaNdebele
1976:Bantustans
904:Journal of
711:Hereroland
698:References
536:Dirk Mudge
487:Bantustans
391:Background
341:Hereroland
334:Hereroland
127:Hereroland
71:newspapers
3307:(1975–94)
3299:(1974–75)
3260:(1981–89)
3252:(1975–81)
3244:(1973–75)
3205:(1987–94)
3189:(1973–87)
3181:(1972–73)
3142:(1977–94)
3103:(1990–94)
3095:(1989–90)
3087:(1986–89)
3071:(1981–86)
3032:(1981–89)
3024:(1977–81)
3016:(1973–77)
2977:(1982–84)
2950:(1991–94)
2903:(1984–89)
2895:(1987–88)
2887:(1980–84)
2879:(1978–80)
2871:(1970–78)
2863:(1968–70)
2853:Chairman:
2824:(1993–94)
2808:(1973–93)
2783:Gazankulu
2769:(1986–89)
2753:(1984–86)
2737:(1981–84)
2727:Chairman:
2718:(1976–81)
2663:(1990–94)
2655:(1988–90)
2647:(1978–88)
2608:(1980–89)
2550:(1986–94)
2542:(1979–86)
2534:(1978–79)
2526:(1976–78)
2487:(1979–89)
2448:(1985–89)
2440:(1980–85)
2394:Kaokoland
2318:(1990–94)
2310:(1981–90)
2219:(1968–94)
2164:Coloureds
2157:Post-1980
2133:Kaokoland
2040:Gazankulu
1973:Apartheid
1925:2192-1741
1757:Homelands
1487:0305-7070
1332:0305-7070
1323:1887/4851
1244:0029-666X
1230:(5): 44.
1042:0021-8537
1033:1887/4826
887:8756-6583
833:0010-4175
692:Apartheid
563:in 1990.
375:Geography
361:apartheid
345:bantustan
171:Okakarara
158:Bantustan
133:1968–1989
2917:KaNgwane
2501:Transkei
2462:Rehoboth
2415:Namaland
2143:Rehoboth
2138:Namaland
2045:KaNgwane
2019:Transkei
1866:22 March
1811:19 March
1780:22 March
1715:News24,
1679:22 March
1622:22 March
1577:22 March
1536:22 March
1191:22 March
973:22 March
793:22 March
733:22 March
686:See also
614:Windhoek
521:—
381:Kalahari
318:Language
213:Currency
204:May 1989
3117:KwaZulu
2055:KwaZulu
435:during
357:Namibia
331:Country
264:Namibia
177:History
167:Capital
85:scholar
3274:QwaQwa
3156:Lebowa
2285:Ciskei
2169:Whites
2065:QwaQwa
2060:Lebowa
2014:Ciskei
1923:
1857:
1771:
1670:
1485:
1431:
1398:(2010)
1373:
1330:
1242:
1065:
1040:
964:
885:
831:
579:rule.
409:Herero
343:was a
325:Herero
312:Herero
305:People
300:Herero
294:Person
289:Herero
180:
154:Status
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2622:Venda
2024:Venda
819:(1).
351:, in
92:JSTOR
78:books
2336:and
2245:and
1982:and
1921:ISSN
1868:2024
1855:ISBN
1813:2024
1782:2024
1769:ISBN
1681:2024
1668:ISBN
1624:2024
1579:2024
1538:2024
1483:ISSN
1429:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1328:ISSN
1240:ISSN
1193:2024
1063:ISBN
1038:ISSN
975:2024
962:ISBN
883:ISSN
829:ISSN
795:2024
735:2024
527:The
504:The
323:Otji
194:1968
148:Flag
64:news
1978:in
1913:doi
1847:doi
1761:doi
1660:doi
1613:doi
1568:doi
1527:doi
1475:doi
1421:doi
1363:doi
1318:hdl
1310:doi
1232:doi
1182:doi
1091:449
1028:hdl
1020:doi
954:doi
875:doi
821:doi
784:doi
310:Ova
298:Omu
47:by
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