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of trouble, depriving the people of their rest; and they plundered the country houses in the neighbourhood of the city. In the neighbourhood of Dehli there were large and dense jungles, through which many roads passed. The disaffected in the Doáb, and the outlaws towards
Hindustan grew bold and took to robbery on the highway, and they so beset the roads that caravans and merchants were unable to pass. The daring of the Mewatis in the neighbourhood of Dehli was carried to such an extent that the western gates of the city were shut at afternoon prayer, and no one dared to go out of the city in that direction after that hour, whether he travelled as a pilgrim or with the display of a sovereign. At afternoon prayer the Mewatis would often come to the Sar-hauz, and assaulting the water-carriers and the girls who were fetching water, they would strip them and carry off their clothes. These daring acts of the Mewatis had caused a great ferment in Delhi.
574:, or maintained their hold of the Iqta even after they ceased to serve in the military. The old Muqta's, who could not serve as military commanders (emirs) for their revenue, were to be dismissed from their fief and settled with a pension of forty to fifty tankas. The younger Muqtas had been taxed for the surplus revenue (which was not taken from them as it should have) and the children and women who took possession of the Iqta of their forebears, were to be deprived of their Iqtas and compensated with the money required to sustain them. However, he was partially dissuaded from this ruling due to the advice of the old Kotwal, Fakhr ud-din, and the old nobles retained their lands.
536:
593:
96:
513:
581:"Balban's court was an austere assembly where zest and laughter were unknown and where wine and gambling were banished." He "introduced rigorous court discipline such as prostration before the king and kissing his feet." Nevertheless, Ghiyasuddin Balban still went on hunting expeditions, though these were more frequently used as a form of military training. There were large scale conversions to
27:
387:(who revoked Islam), although some claim him to be of Turkic origin as well. Imad ud-din managed to persuade the Sultan that Balban was an usurper. Balban and his kin were dismissed and even challenged in combat. However, negotiations between Balban and the Sultan had brought to the dismission of Imad ud din at 1254, and Balban was reinstalled.
567:, was punished for ordering one of his slaves to be beaten to death, apparently when being drunk. Another governor, Haibat Khan, was handed over to the slave's widow for punishment. About his justice Dr. Ishwari Prasad remarked "So great was the dread of Sultan's inexorable justice that no one dared to ill-treat his servant and slaves."
462:
The turbulence of the
Mewatis had increased, and their strength had grown in the neighbourhood of Dehli, through the dissolute habits and negligence of the elder sons of Shams ud-dín, and the incapacity of the youngest, Násiru-d dín. At night they used to come prowling into the city, giving all kinds
498:
Balban's military reign also distinguished with his success repelling Mongol army. This could be achieved because his cavalry horses were better suited to Indian climate and naturally bred larger than Mongol's horses. The extreme heat of summer constituted the
Mongols' problem in India, as the
616:
on 9 March 1285. His other son, Bughra Khan, was reluctant to assume the throne, and sought to remain the ruler of Bengal instead. Balban, therefore, chose his grandson, Kaikhasrau, son of
Muhammad, as heir apparent. However, after his death his nobles nominated
411:, was to install 'Fear of the governing power, which is the basis of all good government.' Furthermore, he "maintained that the Sultan was the 'shadow of God' and introduced rigorous court discipline." He depended upon Turkish nobility but formed an army of 2
577:
Balban's steps against the nobility were so extreme as to raise suspicion from his brother, Sher Khan, who is said to have never visited Delhi. It appears that resentment between the brothers had to come to a degree that made the Sultan poison his brother.
374:
as Sultan and himself as his Vizier from 1246 to 1265. Mahmud married one of Balban's daughters. Balban also installed Kishlu Khan, his younger brother, as lord chamberlain (Amir-i Hajib) and appointed his cousin, Sher Khan, to the Jagir of Lahore and
476:, destroying strongholds and villages. He then built military outposts, gave land to soldiers and Afghans to settle. He garrisoned forts at key locations, cleared forests and ensured safe roads. He also unsuccessfully laid siege to the fortress of
647:
in Delhi, adjacent to which stands that of his son Khan Shahid and a walled mosque. The domes of both the tombs have collapsed and the structures were mostly ruined until restored in recent years when the conservation work began in the park.
503:
indicates. Their incursions seem to have been brief, even when not defeated by the forces of Delhi, and to have taken place in winter, because only then was it cool enough for the comfort of the
Mongols' horses
395:
382:
Balban's position did not go unnoticed by the other nobles and there was some resentment. His main antagonist was Imad ud-din Raihan, who in works written after Balban's time, is characterized as a Hindu
351:
or lord of the hunt, a position of some importance at the time, having military and political responsibilities. After her overthrow, he made rapid strides in the subsequent reigns, earning the fief of
570:
Balban re-organised the military against the threat of the
Mongols. He re-organised the revenues of the Iqatadars, which have been passed on to the children of their original holders from the time of
547:', a group of the forty most important nobles in the court. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown by establishing an efficient espionage system, in the style of the
301:
In spite of having only a few military achievements, Balban reformed civil and military lines that earned him a stable and prosperous government granting him the position, along with
339:
Balban was first appointed as a simple water carrier, but quickly rose to the position of
Khasdar (king's personal attendant) by the Sultan. He became one of the most notable of the
457:
who used to plunder the people of Delhi even in the daylight. The distress caused by the Meo is well described in Barani's words: He has killed many Mayos in his military campaign.
438:
and then a second army, both of which met with failure. Balban then accompanied a third army which reconquered the countryside, killing
Tughral and his followers. His son,
563:
Furthermore, Balban had his nobles punished most harshly for any mishap, including severe treatment of their own slaves. One of his nobles, Malik Baqbaq, the governor of
560:, to inform on his officials. He placed secret reporters and news-writers in every department. The spies were independent authority who were only answerable to Sultan.
37:
628:, asserted independence in Bengal. Qaiqubad was very weak and incompetent and eventually fell to stroke and had to pass the rule to his three years old son,
738:
Cambridge
University Press,Expanding frontiers in South Asian and world history Edited by:Richard M.Eaton,Munis D. Faruqui,David Gilmartin,Sunil Kumar
612:
Ghiyas ud din Balban ruled as the Sultan from 1265 until his death in 1287. Balban's heir was his older son, Muhammad Khan, but he perished in a
48:
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1029:
521:
371:
249:
122:
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and sold as a slave to Khwaja Jamal ud-din Basri. Khwaja brought him to Delhi where he and the other slaves were bought by Sultan
949:
Boyle, John Andrew (June 1963). "The Mongol
Commanders in Afghanistan and India According to the Ṭabaqāt-I NāṢirī of Jūzjānī".
1084:
806:
779:
66:
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446:, as governor. However, Bughra declared independence after Balban's death, which he maintained for 40 years.
1079:
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He started Iranian method Sijda and Paibos to the sultan in India. He also introduced the Persian festival
173:
271:. The latter then brought him to Delhi in 1232 along with other slaves, and all of them were purchased by
596:
The old gate of Lakhnauti, an evidence of the city's strong fortifications, easily overcome by Balban.
633:
255:
His original name was Baha-ud-Din. He was an Ilbari Turk. When he was young he was captured by the
41:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
298:
was nominated sultan, though his rule undermined the success made under his grandfather's reign.
1036:
525:
439:
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209:
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under his reign. Balban was the first who introduced the famous Persian Festival of Nauroz.
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Columbia University press,Slavery&South Asian history Indrani Chatterjee,Richard M.Eaton
554:. Sultan Balban had a strong and well-organized intelligence system. Balban employed spies,
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8:
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Smith Jr., John Masson (December 1984). "Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure?".
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until the latter's death in 1266, following which, he declared himself sultan of Delhi.
958:
901:
866:
450:
399:
Gold coinage of Ghiyath al-din Balban (AH 664-686 AD 1266-1287). Citing Abbasid caliph
356:
884:
Smith Jr., John Masson (January–March 1998). "Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses".
923:. Translated by Boyle, John Andrew. Columbia University Press. p. 52 and n. 197.
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423:. Balban had several military achievements during his vizierhood, first raising the
938:. Vol. II. Translated by Gibb, H.A.R. Cambridge University Press. p. 478.
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Ghiyas made several conquests, some of them as vizier. He routed the people of
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434:, revoked the authority of Delhi in 1275, Balban first sent the governor of
528:. Balban ascended the throne in 1266 at the age of fifty with the title of
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did not have a male heir, so after his death, Balban declared himself the
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threat, during which his son died. After his death in 1287, his grandson
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711:. Vol. Part II (4th ed.). Lahore: Aziz Publisher. p. 57.
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advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, vol 2 page 71 L.Mehta
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During his reign, Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up the '
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Balban took upon himself the exterminating the turbulent tribes of
442:, assisted him in this mission. Balban then placed his second son,
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275:. Balban belonged to the famous group of 40 Turkic slaves of
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604:(meaning New year). He himself called the Niyabat-i-Khudai.
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One of the famous military campaigns of Balban was against
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268:
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
424:
1006:. Dr. K.M. Ashraf Memorial Lecture (Delhi, 1966) p.20.
336:, himself a captured Ilbari Turk in origin in 1232.
1004:
Some Aspects of the Foundation of the Delhi Sultanate
665:
1056:
832:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
632:, who was eventually dethroned by his guardian,
636:in 1290, bringing an end to the Slave dynasty.
624:Qaiqubad reign (1287–1290), while his father,
341:forty Turkic nobles of Delhi, or the Chalissa
366:Balban was instrumental in the overthrow of
16:Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate (r. 1266–1287)
491:In 1247, Balban suppressed a rising of the
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328:noble. As a child, he was captured by the
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419:. A portion of this army was made up of
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
886:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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1016:Nasiruddin Bughra Khan#cite note-sen2-2
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403:. Delhi mint. Dated AH 677 (AD 1278-9).
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359:, and later became the Jagir(lord) of
1065:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
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795:Rizvi, S. A. A. (29 September 2022).
794:
772:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
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309:, one of the most powerful rulers of
984:. University of California, Berkeley
978:"MONGOL ARMIES AND INDIAN CAMPAIGNS"
290:, all while successfully facing the
286:that harassed Delhi and reconquered
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774:. Primus Books. pp. 76–79.
114:18 February 1266–13 January 1287
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683:. ORIENT BLACKSWAN. p. 80.
516:Coin during the reign of Balban
363:, which was an important fief.
921:The Successors of Genghis Khan
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741:
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709:A New History of Indo-Pakistan
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919:Ṭabīb, Rashid al-Din (1971).
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430:When the governor of Bengal,
407:Balban's reign, according to
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1085:13th-century Indian monarchs
822:Ali, Muhammad Ansar (2012).
645:Mehrauli Archaeological Park
174:Mehrauli Archaeological Park
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530:Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban
248:of the last Shamsi sultan,
240:; 1216–1287) was the ninth
10:
1101:
936:The Travels of Ibn Battuta
830:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
614:battle against the Mongols
493:Chandela Chief of Kalinjar
427:under Masud Shah in 1246.
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343:. During the reign of
334:Shams-ud-din Iltutmish
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196:Nasiruddin Bughra Khan
47:by rewriting it in an
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539:Silver coin of Balban
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1080:Indian Sunni Muslims
1047:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
480:, but did recapture
321:He was the son of a
228:Ghiyas-ud-din Balban
133:Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
1070:13th-century births
934:Ibn Batuta (1962).
834:(Second ed.).
630:Shamsuddin Kayumars
432:Tughral Tughan Khan
425:Mongol siege of Uch
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391:Military campaigns
244:. He had been the
49:encyclopedic style
36:is written like a
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1002:Habib, Mohammad.
982:mongolian culture
808:978-93-95624-33-6
801:. Pan Macmillan.
781:978-9-38060-734-4
707:Ali, K. (1978) .
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237:غیاث الدین بلبن
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160:(aged 71—72)
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1075:1287 deaths
626:Bughra Khan
621:as Sultan.
478:Ranthambore
444:Bughra Khan
401:al-Mustasim
357:Bahram Shah
259:, taken to
220:Sunni Islam
119:Predecessor
1059:Categories
1041:1266–1287
988:4 November
693:Bhat, R.A
652:References
545:Chahalgani
522:Nasiruddin
317:Early life
697:pp. 66-68
484:from the
421:commandos
277:Iltutmish
273:Iltutmish
129:Successor
57:July 2014
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717:59726645
619:Qaiqubad
377:Bhatinda
296:Qaiqabad
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871:2719035
639:Today,
549:Umayyad
501:Juvaini
486:Rajputs
482:Gwalior
330:Mongols
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257:Mongols
232:Persian
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288:Bengal
261:Ghazni
250:Mahmud
246:regent
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82:Balban
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902:JSTOR
867:JSTOR
826:. In
608:Death
583:Islam
552:Barid
474:Awadh
470:Mewat
455:Mewat
436:Awadh
361:Hansi
284:Mewat
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186:Issue
178:Delhi
149:Delhi
111:Reign
990:2015
803:ISBN
776:ISBN
713:OCLC
472:and
413:lakh
269:Sufi
155:Died
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