759:, but recent evidence suggests that oxpeckers may be parasites instead. Oxpeckers do eat ticks, but often the ticks have already fed on the ungulate host, and no statistically significant link has been shown between oxpecker presence and reduced ectoparasite load. Oxpeckers have been observed to open new wounds and enhance existing ones in order to drink the blood of their perches. Oxpeckers also feed on the earwax and dandruff of mammals; less is known about the possible benefits of this to the mammal, but it is suspected that this is also a parasitic behaviour. Some oxpeckers' hosts are intolerant of their presence. Elephants and some antelope will actively dislodge the oxpeckers when they land. However there have been noted instances of elephants allowing oxpeckers to eat parasites off of them. Other species tolerate oxpeckers while they search for ticks on their faces, which one author says "appears ... to be an uncomfortable and invasive process."
593:
238:
491:
64:
709:
614:
552:
768:
90:
694:
808:
Red-billed oxpeckers have been known to roost in reeds and trees. Studies of large savanna herbivores using cameras at night have shown that both species of oxpecker (but more often in yellow-billed oxpecker) may also roost on the bodies of herbivores, hanging under the insides of the thighs of
787:
occur on their hosts as well. They nest in holes, usually in trees but sometimes in other types of cavity, including holes in walls. The nests are lined with grasses and often with hair plucked from their hosts and even livestock such as sheep which are not usually used. The typical
1022:
Lovette, I.J.; Rubenstein, D.R. (2007). "A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) and mockingbirds (Aves: Mimidae): congruent mtDNA and nuclear trees for a cosmopolitan avian radiation".
752:, particularly ticks, as well as insects infesting wounds and the flesh and blood of some wounds as well. They are sometimes classified as parasites, because they open wounds on the animals' backs.
783:
of the oxpeckers, in at least one location, is linked to the rainy season, which affects the activity of their mammalian hosts and the tick loads of those hosts. Both courtship and
429:
of these groups, the most plausible explanation seems that the oxpecker lineage originated in
Eastern or Southeastern Asia like the other two. This would make the two species of
987:
Zuccon, Dario; Cibois, Anne; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G.P. (2006). "Nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data reveal the major lineages of starlings, mynas and related taxa".
748:, probably because of the heavy tick load and social nature of that species. In many parts of their range they now feed on cattle, but avoid camels. They feed on
949:
Cibois, A.; Cracraft, J. (2004). "Assessing the passerine 'tapestry': phylogenetic relationships of the
Muscicapoidea inferred from nuclear DNA sequences".
3559:
3189:
5410:
4120:
2565:
2432:
852:
3628:
2645:
2531:
1239:
1211:
McElligott, A.G.; Maggini, I.; Hunziker, L.; Konig, B. (2004). "Interactions between red-billed oxpeckers and black rhinos in captivity".
3476:
2006:
685:
over much of East Africa and may even occur on the same host animal. The nature of the interactions between the two species is unknown.
1125:"Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos"
5531:
5371:
3237:
755:
Oxpecker/mammal interactions are the subject of some debate and ongoing research. They were originally thought to be an example of
592:
5557:
5397:
878:
237:
724:
Oxpeckers graze exclusively on the bodies of large mammals. Certain species are seemingly preferred, whereas others, like the
1107:
5562:
5402:
5618:
1263:"Giraffe bed and breakfast: Camera traps reveal Tanzanian yellow-billed oxpeckers roosting on their large mammalian hosts"
1328:
1097:
901:
Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
5415:
490:
63:
1092:
5623:
725:
826:
5484:
5479:
5324:
5319:
708:
1058:
425:(mockingbirds and thrashers) and starlings but not particularly close to either. Considering the known
166:
17:
347:
larvae, and other parasites, as well as the animals' blood. The behaviour of oxpeckers towards large
89:
922:
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
896:
460:
383:
227:
185:
2602:
1321:
600:
1306:
5272:
712:
387:
281:
202:
71:
31:
5613:
5575:
637:
575:
285:
5428:
5505:
5470:
5345:
2779:
1764:
1274:
784:
46:
8:
5603:
5598:
3882:
3387:
797:
756:
697:
352:
1278:
5310:
2256:
1314:
1147:
1124:
498:
301:
221:
84:
5608:
5570:
5492:
5423:
5332:
4665:
4566:
3520:
2737:
1292:
1152:
1103:
1040:
1004:
966:
923:
5337:
4328:
2723:
1282:
1220:
1188:
1142:
1132:
1032:
996:
958:
363:
308:
266:
30:"Papolocioara" redirects here. This term is also applied to other birds, e.g. the
5497:
5455:
5225:
4039:
3709:
2835:
2574:
2137:
1947:
780:
1036:
1000:
962:
908:
904:
5005:
4956:
4746:
4651:
4471:
4363:
4256:
4211:
4183:
3675:
3394:
3378:
3271:
2943:
2540:
1828:
1817:
613:
1193:
1176:
1062:
767:
5592:
5295:
5218:
5190:
5059:
5023:
4914:
4858:
4830:
4816:
4404:
4381:
4293:
4169:
4141:
4068:
4048:
3924:
3730:
3644:
3541:
3127:
3120:
3078:
3071:
2828:
2772:
2730:
2511:
2405:
2363:
2278:
2207:
2200:
2128:
2108:
2054:
2016:
1877:
1837:
1672:
1596:
1571:
1423:
1296:
879:"These Birds Protect Black Rhinos From Poachers (but Also Drink Their Blood)"
793:
789:
749:
434:
415:
395:
151:
39:
5176:
5153:
5121:
5107:
5093:
5012:
4998:
4865:
4851:
4844:
4786:
4755:
4728:
4700:
4693:
4642:
4617:
4494:
4432:
4307:
4300:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4059:
4019:
3854:
3847:
3824:
3792:
3637:
3582:
3506:
3456:
3449:
3433:
3415:
3292:
3230:
3141:
3026:
2984:
2901:
2716:
2547:
2522:
2504:
2483:
2462:
2423:
2242:
2214:
2158:
2144:
2077:
1936:
1897:
1681:
1617:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1474:
1156:
1063:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers"
1044:
1008:
970:
701:
537:
426:
391:
328:
289:
194:
284:
studies have consistently shown that they form a separate lineage that is
5544:
5464:
5384:
5304:
5246:
5162:
5128:
4963:
4935:
4907:
4766:
4721:
4658:
4624:
4526:
4508:
4460:
4418:
4411:
4390:
4356:
4349:
4245:
4238:
4218:
4155:
4134:
3994:
3987:
3945:
3875:
3861:
3744:
3686:
3666:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3499:
3207:
3040:
3012:
2950:
2929:
2849:
2842:
2707:
2682:
2609:
2497:
2469:
2441:
2398:
2327:
2249:
2235:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2165:
1985:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1929:
1789:
1753:
1713:
1647:
1606:
1529:
1515:
1402:
551:
442:
5536:
5376:
5197:
5169:
5079:
5070:
5032:
4970:
4949:
4900:
4879:
4823:
4809:
4795:
4714:
4672:
4501:
4487:
4425:
4265:
4127:
4096:
4028:
4001:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3903:
3840:
3764:
3737:
3716:
3702:
3548:
3513:
3442:
3401:
3366:
3306:
3278:
3244:
3196:
3155:
3134:
3113:
3099:
3064:
2977:
2960:
2936:
2915:
2870:
2793:
2765:
2744:
2661:
2623:
2588:
2490:
2448:
2287:
2228:
2221:
2117:
2070:
2063:
2027:
1906:
1886:
1846:
1733:
1702:
1688:
1585:
1578:
1494:
1444:
1433:
1137:
681:, and the animal hosts of those ticks. The two species of oxpecker are
670:
356:
332:
5549:
1287:
1262:
1224:
673:. Their distribution is restricted by the presence of their preferred
5518:
5358:
5239:
5135:
5043:
4942:
4837:
4707:
4686:
4582:
4546:
4515:
4480:
4453:
4439:
4397:
4370:
4335:
4321:
4314:
4075:
3973:
3896:
3889:
3868:
3813:
3806:
3778:
3755:
3695:
3575:
3467:
3408:
3313:
3299:
3223:
3092:
3057:
3050:
3033:
2998:
2892:
2877:
2821:
2807:
2786:
2696:
2616:
2581:
2554:
2476:
2412:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2307:
2151:
2043:
1810:
1801:
1654:
1638:
1627:
1557:
1501:
1390:
1375:
1338:
682:
438:
418:
277:
273:
141:
101:
45:"Buphagus" redirects here. For the Greek mythological character, see
5266:
693:
296:(mockingbirds, thrashers, and allies). Oxpeckers are endemic to the
5523:
5449:
5363:
5289:
5211:
5114:
5100:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4921:
4886:
4872:
4775:
4735:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4446:
4286:
4229:
4103:
4089:
4082:
3938:
3931:
3917:
3785:
3723:
3527:
3492:
3422:
3334:
3264:
3255:
3216:
3173:
3019:
3005:
2908:
2863:
2856:
2814:
2800:
2758:
2751:
2654:
2595:
2455:
2336:
2296:
2263:
2179:
2088:
1920:
1465:
1412:
1357:
741:
121:
5389:
5350:
5142:
5086:
5052:
4893:
4802:
4679:
4631:
4575:
4555:
4535:
4204:
4148:
4110:
4008:
3651:
3568:
3534:
3320:
3162:
3148:
3106:
2991:
2922:
2689:
2675:
2668:
2630:
2356:
2347:
2316:
2036:
1857:
1695:
1564:
1485:
1454:
1369:
1336:
882:
662:
658:
422:
336:
311:
and scientific names arise from their habit of perching on large
297:
293:
253:
5510:
1122:
853:"Those Little Birds On The Backs Of Rhinos Actually Drink Blood"
5232:
5183:
4162:
3980:
3910:
3833:
3771:
3485:
3327:
3285:
3085:
2967:
1351:
1123:
Mikula, P.; Hadrava, J.; Albrecht, T.; Tryjanowski, P. (2018).
1095:. In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
772:
745:
737:
733:
666:
367:
348:
344:
324:
316:
312:
111:
1210:
5204:
4342:
4279:
4272:
3799:
2391:
2097:
1866:
1661:
1550:
1363:
744:
are also avoided; the smallest regularly used species is the
405:
320:
257:
1237:
4928:
729:
678:
674:
340:
131:
986:
355:, though recent research suggests the relationship can be
661:
to sub-Saharan Africa, where they occur in most open
4116:
3185:
3046:
2973:
2956:
2012:
2002:
1917:
903:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
771:
Clutch of red-billed oxpeckers in a nest lined with
272:. The oxpeckers were formerly usually treated as a
1021:
5590:
732:are generally avoided. Smaller antelope such as
1100:. Volume 14, Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows
421:, the oxpeckers are an ancient line related to
382:was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist
1177:"Red-billed oxpeckers: vampires or tickbirds?"
1102:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 642–653.
948:
437:, and demonstrates that such remnants of past
1322:
1260:
1261:Palmer, Meredith S.; Packer, Craig (2018).
1238:National Geographic Creative (2014-04-28).
1057:
652:
1329:
1315:
809:giraffe and on top of impala and buffalo.
276:, Buphaginae, within the starling family,
62:
1286:
1192:
1146:
1136:
1170:
1168:
1166:
982:
980:
928:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
924:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
766:
707:
692:
414:According to the more recent studies of
236:
921:
895:
850:
14:
5591:
1206:
1204:
1116:
1086:
1084:
1015:
5271:
5270:
3364:
1787:
1388:
1310:
1174:
1163:
1090:
1069:. International Ornithologists' Union
1025:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
989:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
977:
951:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
942:
915:
876:
482:IUCN status and estimated population
315:(both wild and domesticated) such as
366:name for the red-billed oxpecker is
1201:
1081:
719:
24:
1098:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1051:
851:Eschner, Kat (22 September 2017).
819:
665:. They are absent from the driest
25:
5635:
833:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
292:containing the Sturnidae and the
612:
591:
550:
489:
448:The genus contains two species:
441:can possess striking and unique
88:
1788:
1254:
1231:
1093:"Family Buphagidae (Oxpeckers)"
1061:; Donsker, David, eds. (2018).
473:Scientific name and subspecies
370:wa kifaru (the rhino's guard).
3365:
889:
877:Shoot, Britta (10 June 2020).
870:
844:
351:was thought to be exclusively
13:
1:
1389:
1241:Odzala: Islands In The Forest
812:
688:
406:
76:Buphagus africanus africanus
7:
5619:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
1067:World Bird List Version 8.1
1037:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.017
1001:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.007
963:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.002
803:
762:
373:
10:
5640:
1267:African Journal of Ecology
548:most of sub-Saharan Africa
256:of bird which make up the
44:
29:
5439:
5279:
5152:
5069:
5042:
5022:
4785:
4765:
4745:
4641:
4565:
4545:
4525:
4470:
4380:
4255:
4228:
4058:
4038:
4018:
3823:
3754:
3685:
3665:
3627:
3558:
3475:
3466:
3432:
3377:
3373:
3360:
3254:
3206:
3181:
3172:
2891:
2706:
2644:
2564:
2530:
2521:
2431:
2422:
2346:
2326:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2053:
2026:
1993:
1984:
1946:
1916:
1896:
1876:
1856:
1836:
1827:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1752:
1732:
1712:
1671:
1637:
1616:
1595:
1484:
1464:
1443:
1422:
1401:
1397:
1384:
1346:
897:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
800:may lay up to five eggs.
792:is between two and three
726:Lichtenstein's hartebeest
588:
486:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
218:
213:
200:
193:
85:Scientific classification
83:
70:
61:
56:
1341:and their extinct allies
653:Distribution and habitat
394:. The name combines the
384:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
242:Buphagus erythrorhynchus
228:Buphagus erythrorhynchus
1194:10.1093/beheco/11.2.154
601:Buphagus erythrorynchus
487:Yellow-billed oxpecker
72:Yellow-billed oxpeckers
1091:Craig, Adrian (2009).
776:
716:
713:Yellow-billed oxpecker
705:
677:, specific species of
388:yellow-billed oxpecker
282:molecular phylogenetic
245:
79:on a zebra in Senegal
32:yellow-headed caracara
5624:Parasitic vertebrates
770:
711:
696:
240:
1250:– via YouTube.
831:aviansystematics.org
698:Red-billed oxpeckers
589:Red-billed oxpecker
47:Buphagus (mythology)
1279:2018AfJEc..56..882P
798:red-billed oxpecker
466:
359:in nature as well.
1181:Behavioral Ecology
1175:Weeks, P. (2000).
1138:10.7717/peerj.4520
1131:. 6:e4520: e4520.
777:
717:
706:
657:The oxpeckers are
610:mainly east Africa
499:Buphagus africanus
451:
302:Sub-Saharan Africa
246:
222:Buphagus africanus
36:Milvago chimachima
5586:
5585:
5571:Open Tree of Life
5424:Open Tree of Life
5273:Taxon identifiers
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
4567:Paradoxornithidae
3661:
3660:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
2887:
2886:
2640:
2639:
2273:
2272:
1980:
1979:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1288:10.1111/aje.12505
1225:10.1002/zoo.20013
1109:978-84-96553-50-7
650:
649:
607:
541:
526:
505:
479:Size and ecology
464:
343:, small insects,
235:
234:
189:
170:
16:(Redirected from
5631:
5579:
5578:
5566:
5565:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5513:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5418:
5406:
5405:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5379:
5367:
5366:
5354:
5353:
5341:
5340:
5328:
5327:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5268:
5267:
4118:
3473:
3472:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3187:
3179:
3178:
3048:
2975:
2958:
2528:
2527:
2429:
2428:
2284:
2283:
2014:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1919:
1834:
1833:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1784:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1031:(3): 1031–1056.
1019:
1013:
1012:
984:
975:
974:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
919:
913:
912:
909:Volume 2, p. 436
893:
887:
886:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
848:
842:
841:
839:
838:
823:
720:Diet and feeding
641:
616:
605:
595:
579:
554:
536:
524:
503:
493:
467:
459:
450:
409:
203:Buphaga africana
184:
165:
93:
92:
66:
54:
53:
21:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5561:
5556:
5548:
5543:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5483:
5478:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5435:
5427:
5422:
5414:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5375:
5370:
5362:
5357:
5349:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5323:
5318:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5275:
5265:
5252:
5226:Tephrozosterops
5148:
5065:
5038:
5018:
4781:
4761:
4741:
4637:
4561:
4541:
4521:
4466:
4376:
4251:
4224:
4054:
4040:Erythrocercidae
4034:
4014:
3819:
3750:
3710:Cryptosylvicola
3681:
3657:
3623:
3554:
3462:
3428:
3369:
3340:
3250:
3202:
3168:
2883:
2702:
2636:
2560:
2517:
2418:
2342:
2322:
2302:
2269:
2138:Campylorhynchus
2123:
2103:
2083:
2049:
2022:
1976:
1948:Ptiliogonatidae
1942:
1912:
1892:
1872:
1852:
1823:
1792:
1771:
1748:
1728:
1708:
1667:
1633:
1612:
1591:
1480:
1460:
1439:
1418:
1393:
1380:
1342:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1209:
1202:
1173:
1164:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1089:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1052:
1020:
1016:
985:
978:
947:
943:
933:
931:
930:. Lynx Edicions
920:
916:
905:Volume 1, p. 32
894:
890:
875:
871:
861:
859:
849:
845:
836:
834:
825:
824:
820:
815:
806:
781:breeding season
765:
722:
715:on a wildebeest
691:
655:
645:
639:
630:
629:
624:
623:
611:
606:(Stanley, 1814)
604:
583:
577:
568:
567:
562:
561:
549:
545:
544:
514:
513:
507:
506:
502:
433:something like
376:
225:
209:
206:
183:
164:
87:
78:
74:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5637:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5567:
5554:
5541:
5528:
5515:
5502:
5489:
5476:
5461:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5420:
5407:
5394:
5381:
5368:
5355:
5342:
5329:
5316:
5301:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5006:Thescelocichla
5002:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4957:Phyllastrephus
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4751:
4749:
4747:Phylloscopidae
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4652:Gampsorhynchus
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4474:
4472:Macrosphenidae
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4364:Trochalopteron
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4257:Leiothrichidae
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4212:Stelgidopteryx
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4184:Pseudochelidon
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3562:
3560:Certhilaudinae
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3395:Calamonastides
3391:
3383:
3381:
3379:Acrocephalidae
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3272:Chlamydochaera
3268:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2964:
2954:
2947:
2944:Cinnyricinclus
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1999:
1997:
1995:incertae sedis
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1829:Bombycilloidea
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1273:(4): 882–884.
1253:
1230:
1219:(4): 347–354.
1200:
1187:(2): 154–160.
1162:
1115:
1108:
1080:
1050:
1014:
995:(2): 333–344.
976:
957:(1): 264–273.
941:
914:
888:
869:
843:
817:
816:
814:
811:
805:
802:
764:
761:
721:
718:
690:
687:
654:
651:
648:
647:
640: LC
635:
617:
608:
597:
586:
585:
578: LC
573:
555:
546:
543:
542:
527:
525:Linnaeus, 1766
512:Two subspecies
511:
510:
509:
508:
504:Linnaeus, 1766
495:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
465:– two species
435:living fossils
375:
372:
329:hippopotamuses
233:
232:
216:
215:
211:
210:
208:Linnaeus, 1766
207:
198:
197:
191:
190:
176:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
81:
80:
68:
67:
59:
58:
27:Genus of birds
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5636:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5219:Sterrhoptilus
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:Megazosterops
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5024:Scotocercidae
5021:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:Calyptocichla
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4831:Arizelocichla
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:Altimastillas
4814:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:Cincloramphus
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4382:Locustellidae
4379:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:Grammatoptila
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:Psalidoprocne
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:Petrochelidon
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4069:Alopochelidon
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4049:Erythrocercus
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:Micromacronus
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:Heteromirafra
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:Melanocorypha
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:Meridiocichla
3184:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3128:Speculipastor
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:Scissirostrum
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:Onychognathus
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:Myrmecocichla
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:Heteroxenicus
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2731:Campicoloides
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2512:Xenocopsychus
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:Ramphocinclus
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:Cinclocerthia
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Muscicapoidea
2276:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:Odontorchilus
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:Microcerculus
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2129:Troglodytidae
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2109:Tichodromidae
2106:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2055:Polioptilidae
2052:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2017:Kischinskinia
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1878:Hylocitreidae
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1838:Bombycillidae
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1673:Stenostiridae
1670:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:Picathartidae
1594:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:Pseudopodoces
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:Chloropseidae
1421:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
981:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
929:
925:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
884:
880:
873:
858:
854:
847:
832:
828:
822:
818:
810:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
774:
769:
760:
758:
753:
751:
750:ectoparasites
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
714:
710:
703:
699:
695:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
646:
643:
642:
636:
633:
627:
621:
618:
615:
609:
603:
602:
598:
596:
594:
587:
584:
581:
580:
574:
571:
565:
559:
556:
553:
547:
539:
535:
531:
528:
523:
519:
516:
515:
501:
500:
496:
494:
492:
485:
468:
462:
457:
456:
449:
446:
445:adaptations.
444:
443:autapomorphic
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:Muscicapoidea
412:
410:
408:
401:
397:
396:Ancient Greek
393:
389:
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:sister clades
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
239:
231:
230:
229:
224:
223:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
196:
192:
187:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
168:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:Muscicapoidea
150:
148:Superfamily:
147:
146:
143:
142:Passeriformes
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
91:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
41:
40:Latin America
37:
33:
19:
5614:Hematophages
5440:
5280:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5177:Dasycrotapha
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:Zosteropidae
5141:
5134:
5127:
5122:Pomatorhinus
5120:
5113:
5108:Melanocichla
5106:
5099:
5094:Erythrogenys
5092:
5085:
5078:
5058:
5051:
5031:
5013:Tricholestes
5011:
5004:
4999:Stelgidillas
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4866:Chlorocichla
4864:
4857:
4852:Brachypodius
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:Pycnonotidae
4774:
4756:Phylloscopus
4754:
4734:
4729:Schoeniparus
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4701:Malacopteron
4699:
4694:Malacocincla
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:Pellorneidae
4630:
4623:
4618:Paradoxornis
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4554:
4534:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4495:Macrosphenus
4493:
4486:
4479:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4308:Ianthocincla
4306:
4301:Heterophasia
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4244:
4237:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:Pygochelidon
4196:
4191:Ptyonoprogne
4189:
4182:
4177:Pseudhirundo
4175:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:Hirundinidae
4047:
4027:
4020:Donacobiidae
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3855:Calamonastes
3853:
3848:Bathmocercus
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:Cisticolidae
3812:
3805:
3798:
3793:Phyllergates
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3674:
3650:
3643:
3638:Calendulauda
3636:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3583:Ammomanopsis
3581:
3574:
3567:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3507:Chersophilus
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3457:Psaltriparus
3455:
3450:Leptopoecile
3448:
3441:
3434:Aegithalidae
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3388:Acrocephalus
3386:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3293:Entomodestes
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3236:
3231:Neocossyphus
3229:
3222:
3215:
3195:
3188:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3142:Streptocitta
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3039:
3032:
3027:Lamprotornis
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2985:Goodfellowia
2983:
2976:
2966:
2959:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2902:Acridotheres
2900:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2717:Brachypteryx
2715:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2553:
2548:Cercotrichas
2546:
2539:
2523:Muscicapinae
2510:
2505:Swynnertonia
2503:
2496:
2489:
2484:Pogonocichla
2482:
2475:
2468:
2463:Cossyphicula
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2424:Muscicapidae
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2335:
2315:
2295:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2243:Thryorchilus
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2215:Pheugopedius
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2159:Cinnycerthia
2157:
2150:
2145:Cantorchilus
2143:
2136:
2116:
2096:
2078:Ramphocaenus
2076:
2069:
2062:
2042:
2035:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1905:
1898:Hypocoliidae
1885:
1865:
1845:
1816:
1809:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1682:Chelidorhynx
1680:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1618:Promeropidae
1605:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1544:Pardaliparus
1542:
1537:Melanochlora
1535:
1528:
1523:Machlolophus
1521:
1514:
1509:Cephalopyrus
1507:
1500:
1493:
1473:
1453:
1432:
1411:
1374:Infraorder:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1245:. Retrieved
1240:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1184:
1180:
1128:
1118:
1096:
1071:. Retrieved
1066:
1053:
1028:
1024:
1017:
992:
988:
954:
950:
944:
932:. Retrieved
927:
917:
900:
891:
872:
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
835:. Retrieved
830:
827:"Buphagidae"
821:
807:
778:
754:
723:
702:greater kudu
656:
644:
638:
631:
625:
619:
599:
590:
582:
576:
569:
563:
557:
533:
529:
521:
517:
497:
488:
470:Common name
454:
453:
447:
430:
427:biogeography
413:
403:
399:
392:type species
379:
377:
361:
333:rhinoceroses
306:
269:
261:
260:
249:
247:
244:on an impala
241:
226:
220:
219:
201:
195:Type species
179:
178:
161:
75:
51:
35:
5545:iNaturalist
5465:Wikispecies
5385:iNaturalist
5305:Wikispecies
5247:Zosterornis
5163:Apalopteron
5129:Spelaeornis
4964:Poliolophus
4936:Microtarsus
4767:Pnoepygidae
4722:Ptilocichla
4659:Graminicola
4625:Rhopophilus
4527:Nicatoridae
4509:Sphenoeacus
4461:Schoenicola
4419:Helopsaltes
4412:Elaphrornis
4391:Bradypterus
4357:Pterorhinus
4350:Montecincla
4246:Pholidornis
4219:Tachycineta
4156:Phedinopsis
4135:Orochelidon
4121:Miochelidon
3995:Schistolais
3988:Scepomycter
3946:Oreophilais
3876:Drymocichla
3862:Camaroptera
3745:Xanthomixis
3687:Bernieridae
3667:Alcippeidae
3618:Ramphocoris
3611:Pinarocorys
3604:Eremopterix
3597:Chersomanes
3590:Certhilauda
3500:Calandrella
3208:Myadestinae
3013:Hartlaubius
2951:Creatophora
2930:Arizelopsar
2850:Pinarochroa
2843:Phoenicurus
2708:Saxicolinae
2683:Leucoptilon
2610:Melaenornis
2566:Muscicapini
2498:Stiphrornis
2470:Dessonornis
2442:Chamaetylas
2433:Erithacinae
2399:Oreoscoptes
2328:Elachuridae
2257:Troglodytes
2250:Thryothorus
2236:Thryophilus
2194:Hylorchilus
2187:Henicorhina
2173:Cyphorhinus
2166:Cistothorus
1986:Certhioidea
1971:Ptiliogonys
1964:Phainoptila
1957:Phainopepla
1930:Chaetoptila
1790:Muscicapida
1765:Passeroidea
1754:Passeroidea
1743:See below ↓
1723:See below ↓
1714:Muscicapida
1648:Anthoscopus
1607:Picathartes
1530:Melaniparus
1516:Lophophanes
1403:Chaetopidae
1213:Zoo Biology
1059:Gill, Frank
857:Smithsonian
775:hair, Kenya
671:rainforests
5604:Buphaginae
5599:Buphagidae
5593:Categories
5471:Buphagidae
5441:Buphagidae
5198:Parayuhina
5170:Cleptornis
5080:Cyanoderma
5071:Timaliidae
5033:Scotocerca
4971:Pycnonotus
4901:Hypsipetes
4880:Euptilotus
4824:Andropadus
4810:Alophoixus
4796:Acritillas
4715:Pellorneum
4673:Illadopsis
4666:Gypsophila
4502:Melocichla
4488:Cryptillas
4426:Locustella
4266:Actinodura
4128:Neophedina
4097:Cheramoeca
4029:Donacobius
4002:Spiloptila
3967:Phyllolais
3960:Phragmacia
3953:Orthotomus
3904:Hypergerus
3841:Artisornis
3765:Abroscopus
3738:Thamnornis
3717:Hartertula
3703:Crossleyia
3629:Mirafrinae
3549:Spizocorys
3521:Eremophila
3514:Eremalauda
3443:Aegithalos
3402:Chloropeta
3367:Sylvioidea
3307:Hylocichla
3279:Cichlopsis
3245:Stizorhina
3197:Pinarornis
3156:Sturnornis
3135:Spodiopsar
3114:Saroglossa
3100:Rhabdornis
3065:Notopholia
2978:Fregilupus
2961:Cryptopsar
2937:Basilornis
2916:Ampeliceps
2871:Thamnolaea
2794:Leonardina
2766:Heinrichia
2745:Emarginata
2738:Cinclidium
2662:Cyanoptila
2646:Niltavinae
2624:Namibornis
2589:Empidornis
2532:Copsychini
2491:Sheppardia
2449:Cichladusa
2288:Buphagidae
2229:Thryomanes
2222:Salpinctes
2118:Tichodroma
2071:Polioptila
2064:Microbates
2028:Certhiidae
1907:Hypocolius
1887:Hylocitrea
1847:Bombycilla
1734:Sylvioidea
1703:Stenostira
1689:Culicicapa
1586:Sylviparus
1579:Sittiparus
1495:Baeolophus
1445:Hyliotidae
1434:Chloropsis
1368:Suborder:
1339:passerides
1337:Genera of
1247:2024-09-13
837:2023-07-15
813:References
796:, but the
785:copulation
700:on female
411:"eating".
378:The genus
270:Buphagidae
162:Buphagidae
57:Oxpeckers
18:Buphaginae
5456:Q13971067
5240:Zosterops
5136:Stachyris
5044:Sylviidae
4943:Neolestes
4838:Baeopogon
4708:Napothera
4687:Laticilla
4583:Chrysomma
4547:Panuridae
4516:Sylvietta
4481:Achaetops
4454:Robsonius
4440:Megalurus
4398:Catriscus
4371:Turdoides
4336:Liocichla
4329:Leiothrix
4322:Leioptila
4315:Laniellus
4076:Atronanus
3974:Poliolais
3897:Euryptila
3890:Eremomela
3869:Cisticola
3814:Urosphena
3807:Tickellia
3779:Hemitesia
3756:Cettiidae
3696:Bernieria
3576:Ammomanes
3477:Alaudinae
3468:Alaudidae
3409:Hippolais
3314:Ridgwayia
3300:Geokichla
3224:Myadestes
3093:Poeoptera
3058:Neocichla
3051:Necropsar
3034:Leucopsar
2999:Gracupica
2893:Sturnidae
2878:Vauriella
2822:Myophonus
2808:Monticola
2787:Larvivora
2697:Sholicola
2617:Muscicapa
2603:Humblotia
2582:Bradornis
2555:Copsychus
2477:Erithacus
2413:Toxostoma
2385:Melanotis
2378:Margarops
2371:Dumetella
2308:Cinclidae
2152:Catherpes
2044:Salpornis
2007:Certhiops
1811:Corthylio
1802:Regulidae
1655:Auriparus
1639:Remizidae
1628:Promerops
1558:Periparus
1502:Cyanistes
1391:Passerida
1376:Passerida
1350:Kingdom:
1297:0141-6707
757:mutualism
689:Behaviour
683:sympatric
522:africanus
439:evolution
419:phylogeny
402:"ox" and
386:with the
357:parasitic
339:, eating
307:Both the
278:Sturnidae
274:subfamily
250:oxpeckers
108:Kingdom:
102:Eukaryota
5609:Buphagus
5450:Wikidata
5351:45514681
5311:Buphagus
5290:Wikidata
5281:Buphagus
5212:Staphida
5115:Mixornis
5101:Macronus
4992:Spizixos
4985:Setornis
4978:Rubigula
4922:Ixonotus
4887:Eurillas
4873:Criniger
4776:Pnoepyga
4736:Turdinus
4611:Myzornis
4604:Moupinia
4597:Lioparus
4590:Fulvetta
4447:Poodytes
4287:Garrulax
4230:Hyliidae
4104:Delichon
4090:Cecropis
4083:Atticora
3939:Oreolais
3932:Neomixis
3918:Malcorus
3786:Horornis
3724:Oxylabes
3528:Galerida
3493:Alaudala
3423:Nesillas
3335:Zoothera
3265:Catharus
3256:Turdinae
3217:Grandala
3174:Turdidae
3020:Hylopsar
3006:Grafisia
2909:Agropsar
2864:Tarsiger
2857:Saxicola
2836:Oenanthe
2815:Myiomela
2801:Luscinia
2759:Ficedula
2752:Enicurus
2724:Calliope
2655:Anthipes
2596:Fraseria
2575:Agricola
2456:Cossypha
2337:Elachura
2297:Buphagus
2264:Uropsila
2180:Ferminia
2089:Sittidae
1921:Mohoidae
1466:Irenidae
1413:Chaetops
1358:Chordata
1356:Phylum:
1352:Animalia
1157:29576981
1045:17502157
1009:16806992
971:15186812
899:(1760).
804:Roosting
763:Breeding
742:reedbuck
669:and the
663:habitats
455:Buphagus
431:Buphagus
380:Buphagus
374:Taxonomy
337:giraffes
262:Buphagus
252:are two
214:Species
180:Buphagus
158:Family:
122:Chordata
118:Phylum:
112:Animalia
98:Domain:
5576:3599680
5537:6100965
5511:4422798
5377:2489051
5296:Q644442
5143:Timalia
5087:Dumetia
5053:Curruca
4894:Hemixos
4803:Alcurus
4680:Kenopia
4632:Suthora
4576:Chamaea
4556:Panurus
4536:Nicator
4205:Riparia
4149:Phedina
4111:Hirundo
4009:Urolais
3676:Alcippe
3652:Mirafra
3569:Alaemon
3535:Lullula
3321:Ixoreus
3163:Sturnus
3149:Sturnia
3107:Sarcops
2992:Gracula
2923:Aplonis
2690:Niltava
2676:Eumyias
2669:Cyornis
2631:Sigelus
2357:Allenia
2348:Mimidae
2317:Cinclus
2037:Certhia
1858:Dulidae
1818:Regulus
1696:Elminia
1565:Poecile
1486:Paridae
1455:Hyliota
1370:Passeri
1362:Class:
1275:Bibcode
1148:5863707
883:Audubon
862:9 March
738:duikers
667:deserts
659:endemic
626:Habitat
564:Habitat
532:subsp.
520:subsp.
461:Brisson
423:Mimidae
390:as the
364:Swahili
349:mammals
325:impalas
313:mammals
309:English
298:savanna
294:Mimidae
288:to the
254:species
186:Brisson
175:Genus:
138:Order:
128:Class:
5563:915688
5550:200987
5524:1BPHGF
5485:743399
5429:968672
5416:245047
5403:557461
5364:1BPHGG
5325:119684
5233:Yuhina
5184:Heleia
5060:Sylvia
4915:Ixodia
4163:Progne
3981:Prinia
3911:Incana
3883:Eminia
3834:Apalis
3772:Cettia
3731:Randia
3486:Alauda
3328:Turdus
3286:Cochoa
3238:Sialia
3086:Pholia
3079:Pastor
2968:Enodes
2780:Irania
2541:Alethe
1295:
1155:
1145:
1106:
1073:11 May
1043:
1007:
969:
934:11 May
790:clutch
773:impala
746:impala
734:lechwe
540:, 1921
538:Chapin
476:Range
463:, 1760
452:Genus
407:phagos
398:words
368:Askari
353:mutual
345:botfly
335:, and
321:zebras
317:cattle
280:, but
267:family
265:, and
188:, 1760
169:, 1828
167:Lesson
5338:62HY4
5205:Rukia
4845:Bleda
4433:Malia
4343:Minla
4280:Cutia
4273:Argya
4239:Hylia
3800:Tesia
3416:Iduna
2392:Mimus
2098:Sitta
1867:Dulus
1662:Remiz
1551:Parus
1475:Irena
1129:PeerJ
679:ticks
534:langi
530:B. a.
518:B. a.
341:ticks
286:basal
258:genus
38:) of
5558:ITIS
5532:GBIF
5519:EPPO
5480:BOLD
5411:NCBI
5398:ITIS
5372:GBIF
5359:EPPO
5320:BOLD
4929:Ixos
4908:Iole
3041:Mino
1937:Moho
1763:See
1364:Aves
1293:ISSN
1153:PMID
1104:ISBN
1075:2018
1041:PMID
1005:PMID
967:PMID
936:2018
864:2019
794:eggs
779:The
740:and
730:topi
675:prey
632:Diet
620:Size
570:Diet
558:Size
400:bous
362:The
248:The
132:Aves
5506:EoL
5498:7GC
5493:CoL
5346:EoL
5333:CoL
4950:Nok
1283:doi
1221:doi
1189:doi
1143:PMC
1133:doi
1033:doi
997:doi
959:doi
728:or
304:.
300:of
5595::
5573::
5560::
5547::
5534::
5521::
5508::
5495::
5482::
5467::
5452::
5426::
5413::
5400::
5390:46
5387::
5374::
5361::
5348::
5335::
5322::
5307::
5292::
1291:.
1281:.
1271:56
1269:.
1265:.
1217:23
1215:.
1203:^
1185:11
1183:.
1179:.
1165:^
1151:.
1141:.
1127:.
1083:^
1065:.
1039:.
1029:44
1027:.
1003:.
993:41
991:.
979:^
965:.
955:32
953:.
926:.
907:;
881:.
855:.
829:.
736:,
634::
628::
622::
572::
566::
560::
458:–
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
4117:â€
3186:â€
3047:â€
2974:â€
2957:â€
2013:â€
2003:â€
1918:â€
1620:?
1599:?
1447:?
1426:?
1405:?
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1299:.
1285::
1277::
1227:.
1223::
1197:.
1191::
1159:.
1135::
1112:.
1077:.
1047:.
1035::
1011:.
999::
973:.
961::
938:.
911:.
885:.
866:.
840:.
704:.
404:-
49:.
42:.
34:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_on_zebra.jpg)
_on_impala_(Aepyceros_melampus).jpg)