574:
551:
40:
2955:
31:
3712:
1683:
1643:
1446:
1109:
artesunate or quinine. In both trials, the number of participants treated with artesunate who died in the hospital was significantly lower than the number who died in the control group treated with quinine. Trial 2 was conducted during 2005β2010 in nine
African countries. A third trial, Trial 3, was conducted during 2007β2008 in Gabon and Malawi.
1097:(CDC) to provide IV artesunate to people in the U.S. with severe malaria and to people with uncomplicated malaria who are unable to take oral medications under an investigational new drug (IND) protocol. There has been no FDA-approved drug for treatment of severe malaria in the United States since the marketing of
892:
When given in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy, no artesunate-related adverse pregnancy outcomes have been reported. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the safety of artesunate use in the first trimester of pregnancy. The WHO recommends that artesunate use for severe malaria
901:
Artesunate is safe for use in children. Artesunate + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine should be avoided in the newborns due to sulfadoxine/pyrmethamine effects on bilirubin. Parenteral artesunate dosing for treatment of severe malaria in children less than 20 kg should be higher than that of adults in
818:
Artesunate is preferred over parenteral quinine for severe malaria treatment. Artesunate was shown to prevent more deaths from severe malaria than quinine in two large multicentre randomized controlled trials from Africa and Asia. A subsequent systematic review of seven randomized controlled trials
902:
order to increase exposure. When artesunate cannot be given orally or intramuscularly due to an individual's weakness or inability to swallow, rectal administration may be given as pre-referral treatment as long as parenteral administration is initiated after transfer to a more advanced facility.
1116:
One trial was used to evaluate both, safety and benefits of artesunate. The trial enrolled participants with severe malaria who needed hospitalization because of their condition. Participants received at random either artesunate or a medicine used to treat malaria (quinine). Participants and the
1104:
The safety and efficacy of IV artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria was primarily evaluated in a randomized controlled trial in Asia (Trial 1) and a supportive published randomized controlled trial in Africa (Trial 2). Trial 1 was conducted at 10 sites in
Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, and
1108:
Trial 1 enrolled 1,461 participants who received either IV artesunate or the comparator drug quinine and included 202 pediatric participants younger than 15 years. Trial 2 included 5,425 randomized pediatric participants younger than 15 years of age with severe malaria who were treated with
637:
830:, though artesunate clears more parasites initially. Artesunate combination drugs have a number of advantages over artemether-based drugs in terms of its uptake and administration routes and may be more effective in treatment of severe and complicated malaria in children.
1017:
In 2016, artemisinin has been shown to bind to a large number targets, suggesting that it acts in a promiscuous manner. There is evidence suggesting DHA inhibition of calcium-dependent ATPase on endoplasmic membrane, which disrupts protein folding of parasites.
806:
Artesunate is the first-line treatment for children or adults with severe malaria, usually in combination with another antimalarial drug. There is moderate-quality evidence that treatment with artesunate plus mefloquine is superior to treatment with
913:
Artesunate is generally safe and well tolerated. Artesunate-based regimens are less likely to cause vomiting and tinnitus than quinine plus anti-malarial antibiotic therapy. The best recognised adverse effect of the artemisinins is that they lower
1030:
of artesunate is about 0.22 hours. Its active metabolite, DHA, has a slightly longer half-life of 0.34 hours. Overall, the average half-life ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 hours. Because of its short half-life, its use in malaria prevention is limited.
1112:
In Trial 1, the most common adverse reactions in participants with malaria treated with IV artesunate were acute renal failure requiring dialysis, hemoglobinuria and jaundice. The safety profile in Trial 2 was generally similar to Trial 1.
2228:
Song T, Chen J, Huang L, Gan W, Yin H, Jiang J, et al. (March 2016). "Should we abandon quinine plus antibiotic for treating uncomplicated falciparum malaria? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
1123:
The benefit of artesunate was supported by the data from Trial 2 in which pediatric participants younger than 15 years of age with severe malaria were randomly assigned treatment with artesunate or quinine.
1089:
In May 2020, artesunate was approved for medical use in United States. Prior to this approval, intravenous (IV) artesunate was only available through the
Expanded Access program of the U.S.
1208:"Artesunate for injection safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for Artesunate for injection. Artesunate for injection, for intravenous use Initial U.S. Approval: 2020"
2475:
679:
InChI=1S/C19H28O8/c1-10-4-5-13-11(2)16(23-15(22)7-6-14(20)21)24-17-19(13)12(10)8-9-18(3,25-17)26-27-19/h10-13,16-17H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21)/t10-,11-,12+,13+,16-,17-,18-,19-/m1/s1
2687:"Review of the clinical pharmacokinetics of artesunate and its active metabolite dihydroartemisinin following intravenous, intramuscular, oral or rectal administration"
2286:
Clark RL (February 2012). "Effects of artemisinins on reticulocyte count and relationship to possible embryotoxicity in confirmed and unconfirmed malarial patients".
788:. It was approved for medical use in the United States in May 2020. It is in the class of medications known as artemisinins, which are derivatives from "qinghao," or
3001:
1120:
The benefit of artesunate in comparison to quinine was evaluated by comparing the number of participants who died while in the hospital (in-hospital mortality).
3762:
160:
1127:
The application for IV artesunate was granted priority review and orphan drug designations. The FDA granted approval of artesunate for injection to Amivas.
2801:
910:
Artesunate may cause serious side effects including hemolytic anemia (a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed), and severe allergic reactions.
695:
893:
in the first trimester should be based on the individual risks versus benefits. In absence of other viable treatment options, artesunate may be used.
1828:"Efficacy and safety of artesunate-mefloquine therapy for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2211:
1309:
925:(PADH). Delayed haemolysis (occurring around two weeks after treatment) has been observed in people treated with artesunate for severe malaria.
2468:
1278:
78:
3767:
3078:
976:
The mechanisms of action of artesunate remains unclear and debatable. Artesunate is a prodrug that is rapidly converted to its active form
651:
2994:
2364:"Delayed hemolysis after treatment with parenteral artesunate in African children with severe malaria--a double-center prospective study"
1869:"Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT): an open-label, randomised trial"
1274:
1094:
933:
Artesunate is typically a well tolerated medicine. Known contraindications include a previous severe allergic reaction to artesunate.
1652:
867:
While artesunate is used primarily as treatment for malaria, there is some evidence that it may also have some beneficial effects in
1542:
1182:
2987:
2875:
2736:
2668:
2597:
2403:
2272:
2194:
2079:
1916:
2979:
1567:
Artemisinin-Based and Other
Antimalarials: Detailed Account of Studies by Chinese Scientists Who Discovered and Developed Them
3666:
812:
785:
728:
2919:
1455:
1152:
2146:"Antischistosomal efficacy of artesunate combination therapies administered as curative treatments for malaria attacks"
702:
115:
3309:
1750:
1575:
671:
3683:
833:
Artesunate is also used to treat less severe forms of malaria when it can be given orally. It has activity against
769:
it appears to be a safer option, even though animal studies have found harm to the baby. Use is likely fine during
1207:
2889:
2550:"Supergenomic network compression and the discovery of EXP1 as a glutathione transferase inhibited by artesunate"
230:
96:
2793:
1735:. WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee (3rd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
3538:
2454:
3102:
2030:"Randomized controlled trial of artesunate or artemether in Vietnamese adults with severe falciparum malaria"
3732:
2925:
2895:
1694:"Notice to Readers: New Medication for Severe Malaria Available Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol"
1658:
1461:
1090:
569:
386:
2970:
1397:
World Health
Organization (October 2018). Rectal artesunate for pre-referral treatment of severe malaria.
3737:
2750:
Hess KM, Goad JA, Arguin PM (1 July 2010). "Intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria".
762:
530:
471:
463:
2469:"Artesunate Amodiaquine Winthrop (artesunate, amodiaquine) [summary of product characteristics]"
3742:
3702:
2208:
1233:
3777:
3772:
3382:
2145:
1591:
1320:
877:
855:
2362:
Rolling T, Agbenyega T, Issifou S, Adegnika AA, Sylverken J, Spahlinger D, et al. (June 2014).
1867:
Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E, Seni A, Chhaganlal KD, et al. (November 2010).
1800:
546:
1270:
491:
3752:
3671:
3533:
3510:
3277:
1059:
993:
869:
126:
60:
3521:
3397:
3353:
3069:
3009:
1066:
808:
512:
443:
375:
3747:
3527:
2869:
2730:
2662:
2591:
2548:
Lisewski AM, Quiros JP, Ng CL, Adikesavan AK, Miura K, Putluri N, et al. (August 2014).
2397:
2266:
2188:
2073:
1910:
1565:
1002:
936:
Drugs that should be avoided while on artesunate are the drugs that inhibit the liver enzyme
367:
1774:
3447:
2624:
2144:
Boulanger D, Dieng Y, Cisse B, Remoue F, Capuano F, Dieme JL, et al. (February 2007).
403:
395:
286:
278:
2685:
Morris CA, Duparc S, Borghini-Fuhrer I, Jung D, Shin CS, Fleckenstein L (September 2011).
1932:"Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial"
921:
With increased use of I.V. artesunate, there have been reports of post-artesunate delayed
8:
3648:
3014:
847:
841:
269:
133:
88:
2960:
2628:
2323:"Post-artesunate delayed haemolysis β report of four cases and review of the literature"
573:
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3112:
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2827:
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2446:
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2176:
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2094:
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2005:
1980:
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977:
1948:
1931:
1884:
1534:
1174:
3158:
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2857:
2767:
2718:
2650:
2579:
2530:
2438:
2385:
2344:
2303:
2246:
2168:
2126:
2061:
2010:
1953:
1898:
1849:
1756:
1746:
1571:
1516:
1371:
502:
319:
245:
2779:
2450:
2258:
311:
3216:
3195:
2847:
2839:
2759:
2708:
2698:
2640:
2632:
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2520:
2512:
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2238:
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2041:
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1402:
1383:
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781:
586:
213:
203:
193:
183:
173:
2794:"World of Chemicals β online chemical directory, chemistry portal, articles, news"
1965:
1775:"CDC: Artesunate Now First-Line Treatment for Severe Malaria in the United States"
826:, another artemisinin derivative, in treating adults for severe malaria caused by
815:
may be used by mouth in persons that can tolerate it after 24 hours by injection.
3716:
3584:
2826:, Augustin Y, Wang J, Xu C, Staines HM, Platteeuw H, et al. (January 2021).
2823:
2215:
2164:
965:
794:
1730:
3677:
3336:
3187:
3018:
2565:
1063:
996:(ROS), which increases oxidative stress and causes malarial protein damage via
789:
747:
3176:
2613:"Haem-activated promiscuous targeting of artemisinin in Plasmodium falciparum"
2611:
Wang J, Zhang CJ, Chia WN, Loh CC, Li Z, Lee YM, et al. (December 2015).
2242:
2095:"Artesunate: The Best Drug in the Treatment of Severe and Complicated Malaria"
2028:
Phu NH, Tuan PQ, Day N, Mai NT, Chau TT, Chuong LV, et al. (April 2010).
1502:
3726:
3652:
3317:
3120:
3010:
2843:
2703:
1693:
1687:
1647:
1450:
1271:"Intravenous Artesunate for Treatment of Severe Malaria in the United States"
1144:
989:
819:
found this improvement in survival rates to be consistent across all trials.
770:
740:
562:
347:
208:
198:
188:
178:
141:
2380:
2363:
1844:
1827:
3638:
3624:
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3453:
3286:
3272:
3149:
3125:
3083:
3059:
3022:
2861:
2771:
2722:
2654:
2583:
2534:
2442:
2389:
2348:
2339:
2322:
2307:
2250:
2172:
2130:
2065:
2046:
2014:
1957:
1902:
1853:
1760:
1596:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1520:
1375:
988:
enzyme. It is hypothesized that the cleavage of endoperoxide bridge in the
953:
915:
735:. It is not used for the prevention of malaria. Artesunate can be given by
482:
168:
22:
1691:
1366:
1349:
3592:
3502:
3478:
3463:
3458:
3412:
3361:
3322:
3230:
3204:
3199:
3130:
3053:
3042:
1070:
1011:
961:
945:
774:
758:
736:
153:
137:
2636:
2501:"Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin"
1741:
1604:
1407:
876:
Artesunate is used as the treatment of choice for severe malaria by the
746:
The most common side effects include kidney failure requiring dialysis,
339:
3515:
3443:
3407:
3300:
3246:
3220:
3135:
2299:
997:
981:
941:
823:
732:
613:
358:
148:
2763:
2516:
2434:
2111:
39:
3468:
3417:
3366:
3341:
3330:
3256:
3225:
3031:
1098:
1027:
957:
949:
922:
766:
297:
82:
2418:
985:
860:
835:
757:
Artesunate is generally well tolerated. Side effects may include a
751:
423:
330:
110:
2153:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1832:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1034:
DHA is metabolized to an inactive metabolite by the liver enzymes
873:
infection, but has not been evaluated in large randomized trials.
636:
518:
3610:
3251:
2288:
Birth
Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology
1801:"Treatment of Malaria: Guidelines For Clinicians (United States)"
1686:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1646:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1449:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1039:
881:
724:
720:
1487:"Treating severe malaria in pregnancy: a review of the evidence"
2684:
2361:
2320:
1043:
1035:
937:
454:
3500:
2209:
Assessment of the safety of artemisinin compounds in pregnancy
1866:
1007:
627:
434:
30:
2419:"Intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria"
1825:
1117:
health care providers knew which treatment was being given.
535:
2828:"Repurposing Antimalarials to Tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic"
1930:
Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day N, White N (2005).
1929:
1826:
Peixoto HM, Marchesini PB, de
Oliveira MR (November 2016).
1350:"Artesunate for the treatment of severe falciparum malaria"
414:
2547:
1692:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (August 2007).
1000:. In addition, Artesunate potently inhibits the essential
2143:
1978:
1728:
1590:
1396:
1081:
Artesunate is under study for the treatment of COVID-19.
1653:"FDA Approves Only Drug in U.S. to Treat Severe Malaria"
1608:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1981:"Artesunate versus quinine for treating severe malaria"
786:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
2321:
Boillat O, Spechbach H, Chalandon Y, Eperon G (2015).
1979:
Sinclair D, Donegan S, Isba R, Lalloo DG (June 2012).
1484:
3700:
2822:
1805:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1779:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
1485:
Kovacs SD, Rijken MJ, Stergachis A (February 2015).
1411:. WHO/HTM/GMP/2017.19; License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1101:
was discontinued by the manufacturer in March 2019.
864:
is not recommended due to high rates of resistance.
918:counts. This is not usually of clinical relevance.
2920:"Artesunate Orphan Drug Designation and Approval"
3724:
2610:
2227:
1535:"Artesunate use while Breastfeeding | Drugs.com"
727:for severe malaria. Often it is used as part of
318:
310:
1440:
1438:
822:Artesunate's efficacy is comparable to that of
285:
277:
2749:
2417:Hess KM, Goad JA, Arguin PM (1 January 2010).
2416:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
811:or artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
3763:World Health Organization essential medicines
2995:
2680:
2678:
2027:
1564:Li G, Li Y, Li Z, Zeng M (28 November 2017).
659:12CC3(C)OO11()(CC2C)(C)(OC(=O)CCC(O)=O)O1()O3
490:
114:
1985:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1711:
1415:
1202:
1200:
3002:
2988:
2675:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
1637:
1635:
1563:
1343:
1341:
1275:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1095:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
750:(the presence of hemoglobin in urine) and
572:
549:
374:
366:
38:
29:
2851:
2712:
2702:
2644:
2573:
2524:
2379:
2338:
2120:
2110:
2055:
2045:
2004:
1947:
1892:
1843:
1740:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1510:
1406:
1365:
1347:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
402:
394:
1729:World Health Organization (April 2015).
1197:
89:Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
2505:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
2485:
2092:
1767:
1584:
1338:
984:of the 4-carbon ester group via plasma
971:
723:. The intravenous form is preferred to
545:
346:
338:
3725:
2457:from the original on 10 November 2016.
1612:
1293:
1252:
1006:exported protein 1 (EXP1), a membrane
563:
251:
2983:
2804:from the original on 10 November 2016
2498:
2481:from the original on 24 October 2016.
2285:
1598:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1545:from the original on 20 December 2016
1401:(Report). World Health Organization.
1185:from the original on 20 December 2016
1155:from the original on 20 December 2016
1049:
813:Artemisinin-based combination therapy
511:
470:
462:
442:
239:
105:
87:
2218:. World Health Organization, Geneva.
1281:from the original on 29 October 2016
1062:in a basic medium. It is one of few
928:
761:, allergic reaction, dizziness, and
517:
212:
202:
192:
182:
172:
3768:Heterocyclic compounds with 4 rings
2890:"Drug Approval Package: Artesunate"
1732:Guidelines for treatment of malaria
1456:"Drug Trials Snapshots: Artesunate"
1354:The New England Journal of Medicine
1021:
422:
301:
13:
2874:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2735:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2667:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2596:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2402:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2368:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2271:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2193:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
2078:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1915:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
905:
14:
3789:
2946:
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2953:
1681:
1641:
1444:
719:) is a medication used to treat
597:
2912:
2882:
2816:
2786:
2743:
2604:
2541:
2461:
2410:
2355:
2314:
2279:
2221:
2201:
2137:
2086:
2021:
1972:
1923:
1860:
1819:
1793:
1675:
1557:
1527:
1478:
801:
684:Key:FIHJKUPKCHIPAT-AHIGJZGOSA-N
3539:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin
1997:10.1002/14651858.CD005967.pub4
1781:(Press release). 28 March 2019
1390:
1226:
1167:
1137:
603:
591:
1:
3103:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
2752:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
2499:Cui L, Su XZ (October 2009).
2423:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1949:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67176-0
1885:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1
1130:
1026:In infected individuals, the
1010:. As a result, the amount of
980:(DHA). This process involves
3501:Fixed-dose (co-formulated)
2926:Food and Drug Administration
2896:Food and Drug Administration
2165:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.003
1701:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
1663:(Press release). 26 May 2020
1659:Food and Drug Administration
1462:Food and Drug Administration
1319:. March 2013. Archived from
1091:Food and Drug Administration
1014:in the parasite is reduced.
887:
780:Artesunate was developed by
7:
2093:Li Q, Weina P (July 2010).
1348:Rosenthal PJ (April 2008).
1076:
896:
809:artesunate plus amodiaquine
763:low white blood cell levels
743:, by mouth, and by rectum.
10:
3794:
2566:10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.011
1084:
1058:(DHA) by reacting it with
731:, such as artesunate plus
581:Chemical and physical data
3661:
3637:
3609:
3583:
3547:
3491:
3436:
3396:
3383:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
3375:
3352:
3308:
3299:
3265:
3239:
3186:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3111:
3093:
3068:
3052:
3041:
3030:
2243:10.1007/s00436-015-4842-z
1592:World Health Organization
1503:10.1007/s40264-014-0261-9
1317:World Health Organization
1238:European Medicines Agency
1093:(FDA), which allowed the
1008:glutathione S-transferase
878:World Health Organization
856:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
692:
667:
647:
625:
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585:
580:
561:
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453:
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329:
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229:
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159:
147:
125:
95:
77:
69:
59:
51:
46:
37:
28:
2844:10.1016/j.pt.2020.10.003
2798:www.worldofchemicals.com
2704:10.1186/1475-2875-10-263
1399:Global Malaria Programme
1234:"Artesunate Amivas EPAR"
1054:Artesunate is made from
3534:artesunate/pyronaridine
3511:artemether/lumefantrine
1145:"Artesunate definition"
1073:that is water-soluble.
1060:succinic acid anhydride
994:reactive oxygen species
870:Schistosoma haematobium
741:injection into a muscle
3522:artesunate/amodiaquine
2832:Trends in Parasitology
2340:10.4414/smw.2015.14181
2047:10.1186/1475-2875-9-97
940:. These drugs include
784:in 1977. It is on the
3556:artesunate/mefloquine
3528:artesunate/mefloquine
2617:Nature Communications
2381:10.1093/infdis/jit841
2231:Parasitology Research
2214:14 April 2010 at the
1845:10.1093/trstmh/trw077
1367:10.1056/NEJMct0709050
1028:elimination half-life
1003:Plasmodium falciparum
828:Plasmodium falciparum
777:class of medication.
737:injection into a vein
3568:quinine/tetracycline
3240:4-Methanolquinolines
3015:antiprotozoal agents
2327:Swiss Medical Weekly
972:Mechanisms of action
3733:Antimalarial agents
3565:quinine/doxycycline
3562:quinine/clindamycin
3550:(not co-formulated)
2637:10.1038/ncomms10111
2629:2015NatCo...610111W
1879:(9753): 1647β1657.
1326:on 28 December 2013
729:combination therapy
55:ahr-tezβ²Ε-nΔt
25:
3738:Carboxylate esters
3688:Never to phase III
3548:Other combinations
3428:dihydroartemisinin
3210:hydroxychloroquine
2930:. 5 September 2017
2758:(7β8): 1250β1258.
2474:. Sanofi-Aventis.
2429:(7β8): 1250β1258.
2300:10.1002/bdra.22868
1570:. Academic Press.
1240:. 28 February 2020
1056:dihydroartemisinin
1050:Chemical synthesis
978:dihydroartemisinin
21:
3743:Organic peroxides
3698:
3697:
3633:
3632:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3487:
3486:
3392:
3391:
3295:
3294:
3144:
3143:
3070:Cryptosporidiosis
2764:10.1345/aph.1M732
2517:10.1586/eri.09.68
2435:10.1345/aph.1M732
2374:(12): 1921β1928.
2112:10.3390/ph3072322
1942:(9487): 717β725.
1807:. 8 February 2009
1360:(17): 1829β1836.
1214:. 5 November 2021
992:of DHA generates
929:Contraindications
858:for treatment of
710:
709:
638:Interactive image
531:CompTox Dashboard
255:
243:
108:
16:Chemical compound
3785:
3778:Carboxylic acids
3773:Succinate esters
3715:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3498:
3497:
3306:
3305:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3066:
3065:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3021:antiparasitics (
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2957:
2956:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2855:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2658:
2648:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2577:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2333:(4546): w14181.
2318:
2312:
2311:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2225:
2219:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2114:
2105:(7): 2322β2332.
2090:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1951:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1896:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1726:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1369:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1314:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1267:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1141:
1022:Pharmacokinetics
706:
705:
698:
640:
620:
605:
599:
593:
576:
565:
554:
553:
539:
537:
521:
515:
494:
474:
466:
446:
426:
406:
398:
378:
370:
350:
342:
322:
314:
304:
303:
289:
281:
253:
250:
241:
238:
216:
206:
196:
186:
176:
118:
107:
104:
91:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3678:Clinical trials
3657:
3640:
3629:
3612:
3597:
3571:
3549:
3543:
3493:
3483:
3432:
3399:
3388:
3371:
3348:
3310:DHFR inhibitors
3291:
3261:
3235:
3188:Aminoquinolines
3178:
3168:
3140:
3107:
3089:
3057:
3044:
3033:
3026:
3008:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2867:
2866:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2727:
2691:Malaria Journal
2683:
2676:
2660:
2659:
2609:
2605:
2589:
2588:
2546:
2542:
2511:(8): 999β1013.
2497:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2415:
2411:
2395:
2394:
2360:
2356:
2319:
2315:
2284:
2280:
2264:
2263:
2226:
2222:
2216:Wayback Machine
2206:
2202:
2186:
2185:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2099:Pharmaceuticals
2091:
2087:
2071:
2070:
2034:Malaria Journal
2026:
2022:
1991:(6): CD005967.
1977:
1973:
1928:
1924:
1908:
1907:
1865:
1861:
1838:(11): 626β636.
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1727:
1712:
1696:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1613:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1416:
1395:
1391:
1346:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1087:
1079:
1052:
1024:
974:
966:tranylcypromine
931:
908:
906:Adverse effects
899:
890:
804:
795:Artemisia annua
773:. It is in the
701:
699:
696:(what is this?)
693:
688:
685:
680:
675:
674:
663:
660:
655:
654:
643:
618:
608:
602:
596:
557:
533:
525:
497:
477:
449:
429:
409:
381:
353:
325:
300:
292:
259:
220:
128:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Sesquiterpenes
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3720:
3719:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3649:Blastocystosis
3645:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3376:Co-formulation
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3337:chlorproguanil
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3047:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3019:Chromalveolata
3011:Antiparasitics
3007:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:External links
2945:
2942:
2941:
2911:
2900:. 25 June 2020
2881:
2815:
2785:
2742:
2674:
2603:
2560:(4): 916β928.
2540:
2484:
2460:
2409:
2354:
2313:
2278:
2237:(3): 903β912.
2220:
2200:
2159:(2): 113β116.
2136:
2085:
2020:
1971:
1922:
1859:
1818:
1792:
1766:
1751:
1710:
1674:
1611:
1583:
1576:
1556:
1526:
1497:(2): 165β181.
1477:
1414:
1389:
1337:
1292:
1251:
1225:
1196:
1166:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1064:semi-synthetic
1051:
1048:
1023:
1020:
973:
970:
930:
927:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
803:
800:
790:sweet wormwood
759:slow heartbeat
748:hemoglobinuria
708:
707:
690:
689:
687:
686:
683:
681:
678:
670:
669:
668:
665:
664:
662:
661:
658:
650:
649:
648:
645:
644:
642:
641:
633:
631:
623:
622:
616:
610:
609:
606:
600:
594:
589:
583:
582:
578:
577:
567:
559:
558:
556:
555:
542:
540:
527:
526:
524:
523:
507:
505:
499:
498:
496:
495:
487:
485:
479:
478:
476:
475:
469:as salt:
467:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
447:
439:
437:
431:
430:
428:
427:
419:
417:
411:
410:
408:
407:
401:as salt:
399:
391:
389:
383:
382:
380:
379:
373:as salt:
371:
363:
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
345:as salt:
343:
335:
333:
327:
326:
324:
323:
317:as salt:
315:
307:
305:
294:
293:
291:
290:
284:as salt:
282:
274:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
258:
257:
248:
235:
233:
227:
226:
222:
221:
219:
218:
165:
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
131:
129:administration
123:
122:
120:
119:
101:
99:
93:
92:
85:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3790:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3653:metronidazole
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3621:Balantidiasis
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:artesunate/SP
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3398:Sesquiterpene
3395:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:pyrimethamine
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:pyrimethamine
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:Toxoplasmosis
3110:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:Coccidiostats
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2477:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
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52:Pronunciation
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47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3748:Orphan drugs
3625:tetracycline
3518:/piperaquine
3474:pyronaridine
3454:tetracycline
3422:
3354:Sulfonamides
3329:
3287:halofantrine
3278:+ artemether
3273:lumefantrine
3150:Aconoidasida
3126:sulfadiazine
3095:Isosporiasis
3084:nitazoxanide
3077:
2969:
2968:
2967:profile for
2964:
2932:. Retrieved
2923:
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2806:. Retrieved
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2422:
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2371:
2367:
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2291:
2287:
2281:
2267:cite journal
2234:
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2223:
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2203:
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2139:
2102:
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2023:
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1984:
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1656:
1605:10665/325771
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1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
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1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1459:
1408:10665/259356
1398:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1328:. Retrieved
1321:the original
1316:
1310:"Artesunate"
1283:. Retrieved
1242:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1211:
1187:. Retrieved
1178:
1175:"Artesunate"
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1080:
1053:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1001:
975:
954:ketoconazole
935:
932:
920:
916:reticulocyte
912:
909:
900:
891:
875:
868:
866:
859:
853:
846:
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832:
827:
821:
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805:
802:Medical uses
793:
779:
756:
745:
716:
712:
711:
700:
694:
483:NIAID ChemDB
472:ChEMBL207675
464:ChEMBL361497
348:DBSALT001279
231:Legal status
225:Legal status
97:License data
18:
3674:from market
3593:clindamycin
3479:piperaquine
3464:clindamycin
3459:doxycycline
3448:+ proguanil
3413:artemisinin
3362:sulfadoxine
3323:cycloguanil
3301:Antifolates
3231:tafenoquine
3205:chloroquine
3200:amodiaquine
3167:Individual
3131:clindamycin
3079:thiazolides
3054:Conoidasida
2838:(1): 8β11.
2808:10 November
1491:Drug Safety
1105:Indonesia.
1071:artemisinin
1067:derivatives
1012:glutathione
962:methoxsalen
946:desipramine
880:(WHO) over
848:P. knowlesi
842:P. malariae
775:artemisinin
621: gΒ·mol
570:100.106.898
444:CHEBI:63918
264:Identifiers
154:Artemisinin
138:intravenous
70:Other names
61:Trade names
3727:Categories
3585:Babesiosis
3516:arterolane
3444:atovaquone
3423:artesunate
3408:artemether
3331:biguanides
3247:mefloquine
3221:primaquine
3179:inhibitors
3136:atovaquone
2971:Artesunate
1549:7 December
1330:7 December
1285:28 October
1189:7 December
1159:7 December
1131:References
998:alkylation
982:hydrolysis
942:amiodarone
923:haemolysis
824:artemether
733:mefloquine
713:Artesunate
626:3D model (
614:Molar mass
503:PDB ligand
404:CN5E49Z611
396:60W3249T9M
359:ChemSpider
287:82864-68-4
279:88495-63-0
270:CAS Number
149:Drug class
116:Artesunate
23:Artesunate
3758:Trioxanes
3684:Phase III
3672:Withdrawn
3469:mepacrine
3418:artemotil
3367:sulfalene
3342:proguanil
3257:quinidine
3226:pamaquine
2824:Krishna S
2623:: 10111.
2040:(1): 97.
1179:Drugs.com
1149:Drugs.com
1099:quinidine
958:letrozole
950:isoniazid
888:Pregnancy
767:pregnancy
765:. During
127:Routes of
83:Drugs.com
3717:Medicine
3639:Stramen-
3400:lactones
3177:Hemozoin
2862:33153922
2802:Archived
2780:23946665
2772:20551300
2723:21914160
2655:26694030
2584:25126794
2535:19803708
2476:Archived
2455:Archived
2451:23946665
2443:20551300
2390:24376273
2349:26524733
2308:22125126
2259:18501106
2251:26661109
2212:Archived
2173:16765398
2131:27713355
2066:20398339
2015:22696354
1958:16125588
1903:21062666
1854:28039388
1761:26020088
1594:(2019).
1543:Archived
1521:25556421
1376:18434652
1279:Archived
1218:11 March
1212:DailyMed
1183:Archived
1153:Archived
1077:Research
986:esterase
897:Children
861:P. vivax
836:P. ovale
752:jaundice
703:(verify)
376:23269779
331:DrugBank
320:44410736
161:ATC code
134:By mouth
111:DailyMed
3494:nations
3252:quinine
3159:Malaria
3043:Apicom-
2961:Scholia
2853:7572038
2714:3180444
2697:: 263.
2646:4703832
2625:Bibcode
2575:4167585
2526:2778258
2181:1675813
2122:4036668
2057:2873528
2006:6532684
1894:3033534
1785:6 April
1512:4328128
1384:8480109
1277:(CDC).
1273:. U.S.
1244:27 June
1085:History
1040:CYP2C19
882:quinine
792:plant (
725:quinine
721:malaria
619:384.425
587:Formula
368:5293084
340:DB09274
312:6917864
298:PubChem
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201: (
199:P01BF04
191: (
189:P01BF03
181: (
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3667:WHO-EM
3611:Cilio-
3530:(ASMQ)
3524:(ASAQ)
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3169:agents
3032:Alveo-
2963:has a
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1470:5 June
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1042:, and
1036:CYP2B6
938:CYP2A6
782:Liu Xu
652:SMILES
492:112081
455:ChEMBL
424:D02482
246:β-only
244:
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73:SM-804
3641:opile
3613:phora
3437:Other
3266:Other
3045:plexa
2965:topic
2928:(FDA)
2924:U.S.
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2894:U.S.
2776:S2CID
2479:(PDF)
2472:(PDF)
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2255:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2149:(PDF)
1962:S2CID
1697:(PDF)
1661:(FDA)
1657:U.S.
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1460:U.S.
1380:S2CID
1324:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1069:from
672:InChI
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3385:(SP)
3217:(8-)
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2906:2020
2876:link
2858:PMID
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2768:PMID
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1954:PMID
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