1178:
1916:
1911:
1213:
2255:
1035:
2378:
1606:
2580:
1691:
2202:
1462:
1325:
1139:
2332:
2530:
1666:
2743:
2080:
1556:
1282:
1134:
1957:
2312:
1498:
2814:
1207:
1905:
2019:
2559:
2448:
1639:
1345:
1144:
1986:
2407:
139:
2275:
1518:
1753:
2502:
173:
1184:
2138:
1585:
595:
4888:
S.; Han, Y.; Hayashi, C.; Hilbrant, M.; Hughes, D.S.T.; Janssen, R.; Lee, S.L.; Maeso, I.; Murali, S.C.; Muzny, D.M.; da
Fonseca, R.N.; Paese, C.L.B.; Qu, J.; Ronshaugen, M.; Schomburg, C.; Schoenauer, A.; Stollewerk, A.; Torres-Oliva, M.; Turetzek, N.; Vanthournout, B.; Werren, J.H.; Wolff, C.; Worley, K.C.; Bucher, G.; Gibbs, R.A.; Coddington, J.; Oda, H.; Stanke, M.; Ayoub, N.A.; Prpic, N.M.; Flot, J.F.; Posnien, N.; Richards, S.; McGregor, A.P. (July 2017).
2117:
1426:
2989:
2759:
791:
1860:
1394:. The authors favoured relationships shown by more slowly evolving genes, which demonstrated the monophyly of Chelicerata, Euchelicerata and Arachnida, as well as of some clades within the arachnids. The diagram below summarizes their conclusions, based largely on the 200 most slowly evolving genes; dashed lines represent uncertain placements.
1245:
The extant chelicerates comprise two marine groups: Sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and the terrestrial arachnids. These have been thought to be related as shown below. (Pycnogonida (sea spiders) may be excluded from the chelicerates, which are then identified as the group labelled "Euchelicerata".)
4887:
Schwager, E.E.; Sharma, P.P.; Clark, T.; Leite, D.J.; Wierschin, T.; Pechmann, M.; Akiyama-Oda, Y.; Esposito, L.; Bechsgaard, J.; Bilde, T.; Buffry, A.; Chao, H.; Dinh, H.; Doddapaneni, H.V.; Dugan, S.; Eibner, C.; Extavour, C.; Funch, P.; Garb., J.; Gonzalez, L.B.; Gonzalez, V.L.; Griffiths-Jones,
2840:
were treated as a single order, Acari. However, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups do not form a single clade, with morphological similarities being due to convergence. They are now usually treated as two separate taxa â Acariformes, mites, and
Parasitiformes, ticks â which
2723:
More recent phylogenomic analyses that have densely sampled both genomic datasets and morphology have supported horseshoe crabs as nested inside
Arachnida, suggesting a complex history of terrestrialization. Morphological analyses including fossils tend to recover the Tetrapulmonata, including the
1003:
In addition to the eyes, almost all arachnids have two other types of sensory organs. The most important to most arachnids are the fine sensory hairs that cover the body and give the animal its sense of touch. These can be relatively simple, but many arachnids also possess more complex structures,
939:
Arachnids produce digestive enzymes in their stomachs, and use their pedipalps and chelicerae to pour them over their dead prey. The digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients, which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. Behind
712:
The cephalothorax is usually covered by a single, unsegmented carapace. The abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. It is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in
4426:
Meusemann, Karen; Reumont, Björn M. von; Simon, Sabrina; Roeding, Falko; Strauss, Sascha; KĂŒck, Patrick; Ebersberger, Ingo; Walzl, Manfred; Pass, GĂŒnther; Breuers, Sebastian; Achter, Viktor; Haeseler, Arndt von; Burmester, Thorsten; Hadrys, Heike; WĂ€gele, J. Wolfgang & Misof, Bernhard (2010).
3790:
Potapov, Anton M.; Beaulieu, Frédéric; Birkhofer, Klaus; Bluhm, Sarah L.; Degtyarev, Maxim I.; Devetter, Miloslav; Goncharov, Anton A.; Gongalsky, Konstantin B.; Klarner, Bernhard; Korobushkin, Daniil I.; Liebke, Dana F.; Maraun, Mark; Mc
Donnell, Rory J.; Pollierer, Melanie M.; Schaefer, Ina;
786:
extend their knees by the use of highly elastic thickenings in the joint cuticle. Scorpions, pseudoscorpions and some harvestmen have evolved muscles that extend two leg joints (the femur-patella and patella-tibia joints) at once. The equivalent joints of the pedipalps of scorpions though, are
1377:
Discovering relationships within the arachnids has proven difficult as of March 2016, with successive studies producing different results. A study in 2014, based on the largest set of molecular data to date, concluded that there were systematic conflicts in the phylogenetic information,
878:
Arachnid blood is variable in composition, depending on the mode of respiration. Arachnids with an efficient tracheal system do not need to transport oxygen in the blood, and may have a reduced circulatory system. In scorpions and some spiders, however, the blood contains
1816:, and analyses support pseudoscorpions as the sister group of scorpions. Genetic analysis has not yet been done for Ricinulei, Palpigradi, or Solifugae, but horseshoe crabs have gone through two whole genome duplications, which gives them five Hox clusters with 34
1088:
relationships among the main subdivisions of arthropods have been the subject of considerable research and dispute for many years. A consensus emerged from about 2010 onwards, based on both morphological and molecular evidence; extant (living) arthropods are a
4471:
Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Zwick, Andreas; Hussey, April; Ball, Bernard; Wetzer, Regina; Martin, Joel W. & Cunningham, Clifford W. (2010). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences".
840:
with the air. While the tracheae are often individual systems of tubes, similar to those in insects, ricinuleids, pseudoscorpions, and some spiders possess sieve tracheae, in which several tubes arise in a bundle from a small chamber connected to the
709:, there is currently neither fossil nor embryological evidence that arachnids ever had a separate thorax-like division. Likewise, the 'abdomen' of many arachnids contains organs atypical of an abdomen, such as a heart and respiratory organs.
988:, which enhances the ability to collect light. With the exception of scorpions, which can have up to five pairs of lateral ocelli, there are never more than three pairs present. The median ocelli develop from a transverse fold of the
1071:, depending on species, and bear live young. Also some mites are ovoviviparous and viviparous, even if most lay eggs. In most arachnids only the females provide parental care, with harvestmen being one of the few exceptions.
5228:
3351:
1056:. The males in harvestmen and some mites have a penis. Complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female. Members of many orders exhibit sexual dimorphism.
1011:
Finally, slit sense organs are slit-like pits covered with a thin membrane. Inside the pit, a small hair touches the underside of the membrane, and detects its motion. Slit sense organs are believed to be involved in
4355:
Quesada-Hidalgo, Rosannette; Solano-Brenes, Diego; Requena, Gustavo S.; Machado, Glauco (April 2019). "The good fathers: efficiency of male care and the protective role of foster parents in a
Neotropical arachnid".
4827:
Gainett, Guilherme; GonzĂĄlez, Vanessa L.; Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Setton, Emily V. W.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Barolo
Gargiulo, Leonardo; Santibåñez-López, Carlos E.; Coddington, Jonathan A.; Sharma, Prashant P. (2021).
931:
to kill prey or defend themselves. Their venom also contains pre-digestive enzymes that helps breaking down the prey. The saliva of ticks contains anticoagulants and anticomplements, and several species produce a
4575:
Campbell, Lahcen I.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Marchioro, Trevor; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Telford, Maximilian J.; Philippe, Hervé; Rebecchi, Lorena; Peterson, Kevin J. & Pisani, Davide (2011).
959:
extending throughout the body. The stomach and its diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. It extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised
1052:, which are located in the abdomen. The genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. In most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or
3791:
Shrubovych, Julia; Semenyuk, Irina I.; Sendra, Alberto; Tuma, Jiri; TĆŻmovĂĄ, Michala; Vassilieva, Anna B.; Chen, Ting-Wen; Geisen, Stefan; Schmidt, Olaf; Tiunov, Alexei V.; Scheu, Stefan (2022).
4526:
Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Campbell, Lahcen; Brinkmann, Henner; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide; Philippe, Hervé & Telford, Maximilian J. (2010).
1915:
1177:
3142:
4941:"Spectacular alterations in the female reproductive system during the ovarian cycle and adaptations for matrotrophy in chernetid pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae)"
871:, emptying into the gut. Many arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both. The primary nitrogenous waste product in arachnids is
614:
which all have six legs. However, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. The first pair, the
5045:
Shingate, Prashant; Ravi, Vydianathan; Prasad, Aravind; Tay, Boon-Hui; Garg, Kritika M.; Chattopadhyay, Balaji; Yap, Laura-Marie; Rheindt, Frank E.; Venkatesh, Byrappa (2020).
3513:
Sensenig, Andrew T. & Shultz, Jeffrey W. (February 15, 2003). "Mechanics of
Cuticular Elastic Energy Storage in Leg Joints Lacking Extensor Muscles in Arachnids".
903:, feeding on the pre-digested bodies of insects and other small animals. But ticks, and many mites, are parasites, some of which are carriers of disease. The diet of
919:, are also the only arachnids able to ingest solid food, which exposes them to internal parasites, although it is not unusual for spiders to eat their own silk. And
4329:
4642:
Sharma, Prashant P.; Kaluziak, Stefan T.; PĂ©rez-Porro, Alicia R.; GonzĂĄlez, Vanessa L.; Hormiga, Gustavo; Wheeler, Ward C. & Giribet, Gonzalo (2014-01-11).
4391:
Nazareth, Tais M.; Machado, Glauco (March 2010). "Mating system and exclusive postzygotic paternal care in a
Neotropical harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones)".
5167:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Santibåñez-LĂłpez, Carlos E.; Baker, Caitlin M.; Benavides, Ligia R.; Cunha, Tauana J.; Gainett, Guilherme; et al. (2022-02-03).
1390:, which have had much faster evolutionary rates. Analyses of the data using sets of genes with different evolutionary rates produced mutually incompatible
817:
There are characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of
6241:
1812:
to produce a clade called
Arachnopulmonata was also well supported. Pseudoscorpiones may also belong here, as all six orders share the same ancient whole
1000:
and, if present, the tapetum. In most arachnids, the retina probably does not have enough light sensitive cells to allow the eyes to form a proper image.
2923:(also called Thelyphonida) â whip scorpions or vinegaroons, forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip (120 species)
6474:
663:
3906:
Machado, Glauco; Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo & Giribet, Gonzalo (2007). Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco & Giribet, Gonzalo (eds.).
1820:, the highest number found in any invertebrate, yet it is not clear if the oldest genome duplication is related to the one in Arachnopulmonata.
725:. At the base of the flagellum in the two latter groups there are glands which produce acetic acid as a chemical defense. Except for a pair of
6500:
911:, where we will find predators, decomposers and omnivores feeding on decaying plant and animal matter, droppings, animals and mushrooms. The
856:
modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient
1097:
crustaceans plus insects and their allies), and myriapods (centipedes, millipedes and allies). The three groups are related as shown in the
5478:
Selden, P.A.; Shear, W.A. & Sutton, M.D. (2008), "Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets, and a proposed arachnid order",
4732:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2001). "Arthropod phylogeny based on eight molecular loci and morphology".
359:
996:
of the eye also acts as a lens, and is continuous with the cuticle of the body. Beneath this is a transparent vitreous body, and then the
6595:
2841:
may be ranked as orders or superorders. The arachnid subdivisions are listed below alphabetically; numbers of species are approximate.
4578:"MicroRNAs and phylogenomics resolve the relationships of Tardigrada and suggest that velvet worms are the sister group of Arthropoda"
3199:"Morphological support for a clade comprising two vermiform mite lineages: Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) and Nematalycidae (Acariformes)"
1910:
1212:
845:. This type of tracheal system has almost certainly evolved from the book lungs, and indicates that the tracheae of arachnids are not
5112:"Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi"
3566:
Shultz, Jeffrey W. (February 6, 2005). "Evolution of locomotion in arachnida: The hydraulic pressure pump of the giant whipscorpion,
2801:
Uraraneida, some 200 million years after other known fossils with tails. The fossil resembles the most primitive living spiders, the
1804:, as the sister group to Ricinulei. It also grouped pseudoscorpions with mites and ticks, which the authors considered may be due to
6448:
3324:
6487:
3239:
771:
4998:"Taxonomic sampling and rare genomic changes overcome long-branch attraction in the phylogenetic placement of Pseudoscorpions"
3891:
1800:, a combination not found in most other studies. In early 2019, a molecular phylogenetic analysis placed the horseshoe crabs,
6600:
5557:
4339:
3919:
3774:
3361:
3334:
3307:
3274:
3249:
3181:
3152:
147:
6492:
5588:
5110:
Ballesteros, JesĂșs A.; Santibåñez LĂłpez, Carlos E.; KovĂĄÄ, ÄœubomĂr; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (2019-12-18).
3880:
1101:
below. Including fossil taxa does not fundamentally alter this view, although it introduces some additional basal groups.
153:
5889:
1788:
was not included in the study), received strong support. Somewhat unexpectedly, there was support for a clade comprising
3948:"Transcriptomic Analysis of Pseudoscorpion Venom Reveals a Unique Cocktail Dominated by Enzymes and Protease Inhibitors"
4528:"A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics, microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata"
573:
4788:"A critical appraisal of the placement of Xiphosura (Chelicerata) with account of known sources of phylogenetic error"
3465:
Kovoor, J. (1978). "Natural calcification of the prosomatic endosternite in the
Phalangiidae (Arachnida:Opiliones)".
3072:
774:
joints of their appendages. Spiders and whip scorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their
6562:
6427:
4996:
Ontano, A.Z.; Gainett, G.; Aharon, S.; Ballesteros, J.A.; Benavides, L.R.; Corbett, K.F.; et al. (June 2021).
4158:"Molecular basis of anticoagulant and anticomplement activity of the tick salivary protein Salp14 and its homologs"
992:. The ancestors of modern arachnids probably had both types, but modern ones often lack one type or the other. The
2977:
It is estimated that 110,000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be over a million in total.
6505:
6440:
4054:
Delgado-Prudencio, G.; Cid-Uribe, J. I.; Morales, J. A.; Possani, L. D.; Ortiz, E.; Romero-Gutiérrez, T. (2022).
3515:
891:
is located in the forward part of the abdomen, and may or may not be segmented. Some mites have no heart at all.
152:
3672:"Elastic energy storage in the pedipedal joints of scorpions and sun-spiders (Arachnida, Scorpiones, Solifugae)"
5561:
4105:
Walter, A.; Bechsgaard, J.; Scavenius, C.; Dyrlund, T. S.; Sanggaard, K. W.; Enghild, J. J.; Bilde, T. (2017).
2254:
3793:"Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil-associated consumers from protists to vertebrates"
540:. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different
5345:
Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J.A.; Selden, P.A.; Spencer, A.R.T.; Atwood, R.C.; Vo, N.T.; Drakopoulos, M. (2016).
2377:
1605:
151:
5169:"Comprehensive species sampling and sophisticated algorithmic approaches refute the monophyly of Arachnida"
702:
150:
149:
146:
145:
5168:
3934:
3840:
Powell, Erin C.; Painting, Christina J.; Hickey, Anthony J.; Machado, Glauco; Holwell, Gregory I. (2021).
6370:
6357:
1034:
148:
4107:"Characterisation of protein families in spider digestive fluids and their role in extra-oral digestion"
2529:
1665:
143:
2742:
907:
also include tiny animals, fungi, plant juices and decomposing matter. Almost as varied is the diet of
6554:
1093:
group and are divided into three main clades: chelicerates (including arachnids), pancrustaceans (the
555:, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the
172:
6515:
6375:
4997:
3467:
3126:
3017:
2579:
1690:
31:
17:
5047:"Chromosome-level assembly of the horseshoe crab genome provides insights into its genome evolution"
2201:
1461:
6567:
5581:
3911:
3049:
3012:
2331:
1324:
1138:
144:
5882:
3379:"Homeosis in a scorpion supports a telopodal origin of pectines and components of the book lungs"
3045:
2079:
1555:
767:
713:
scorpions, and in some orders, such as the mites, the abdominal sections are completely fused. A
1956:
1281:
1133:
6541:
6310:
4890:"The house spider genome reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication during arachnid evolution"
4156:
Denisov, S. S.; Ippel, J. H.; Castoldi, E.; Mans, B. J.; Hackeng, T. M.; Dijkgraaf, I. (2021).
3842:"Diet, predators, and defensive behaviors of New Zealand harvestmen (Opiliones: Neopilionidae)"
3676:
1805:
142:
5227:
Wang, B.; Dunlop, J.A.; Selden, P.A.; Garwood, R.J.; Shear, W.A.; MĂŒller, P.; Lei, X. (2018).
4830:"The genome of a daddy-long-legs (Opiliones) illuminates the evolution of arachnid appendages"
2813:
2311:
1497:
717:
is present in scorpions, where it has been modified to a stinger, and into a flagellum in the
6536:
3625:"Muscle Firing Patterns in Two Arachnids Using Different Methods of Propulsive Leg Extension"
3572:
1904:
1757:
1206:
842:
799:
6528:
3037:
658:. However, mites are variable: as well as eight, there are adult mites with six or, like in
6479:
6396:
5487:
5299:
5244:
5058:
4952:
4841:
4741:
4696:
4644:"Phylogenomic Interrogation of Arachnida Reveals Systemic Conflicts in Phylogenetic Signal"
4589:
4481:
4010:
3390:
2737:
1025:
818:
38:
5533:
748:, to which certain muscle groups are attached. The endosternite is even calcified in some
8:
6348:
5574:
5566:
3038:
2793:
761:
5491:
5303:
5248:
5062:
4956:
4745:
4700:
4593:
4485:
4014:
3394:
6590:
5875:
5510:
5422:
5395:
5371:
5346:
5322:
5287:
5268:
5201:
5144:
5111:
5087:
5046:
5022:
4973:
4940:
4916:
4889:
4864:
4829:
4765:
4612:
4577:
4552:
4527:
4505:
4408:
4373:
4305:
4270:
4246:
4219:
4184:
4157:
4133:
4106:
4082:
4055:
4031:
3998:
3974:
3947:
3863:
3822:
3701:
3605:
3548:
3492:
3413:
3378:
3220:
3007:
2970:
1813:
846:
552:
167:
4685:"Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies"
2193:
2018:
697:. However, there are questions about the validity of the latter terms. While the term
6523:
6201:
5515:
5463:
5446:
5427:
5376:
5327:
5260:
5206:
5188:
5149:
5131:
5092:
5074:
5027:
4978:
4921:
4869:
4809:
4757:
4714:
4665:
4617:
4557:
4497:
4450:
4335:
4331:
Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features
4310:
4292:
4251:
4189:
4138:
4087:
4036:
3979:
3915:
3867:
3826:
3814:
3770:
3693:
3646:
3597:
3589:
3540:
3532:
3484:
3418:
3357:
3330:
3303:
3270:
3245:
3177:
3148:
3068:
2994:
1391:
920:
868:
833:
670:
4412:
4377:
3705:
3609:
3552:
3496:
3224:
3093:"Grand challenges in research on arachnid diversity, conservation, and biogeography"
2558:
2447:
1638:
1344:
1143:
745:
6284:
5505:
5495:
5458:
5417:
5407:
5366:
5358:
5317:
5307:
5272:
5252:
5196:
5180:
5139:
5123:
5082:
5066:
5017:
5009:
4968:
4960:
4911:
4901:
4859:
4851:
4799:
4769:
4749:
4704:
4655:
4607:
4597:
4547:
4539:
4509:
4489:
4440:
4400:
4365:
4300:
4282:
4241:
4231:
4179:
4169:
4128:
4118:
4077:
4067:
4026:
4018:
3969:
3959:
3853:
3804:
3732:
3685:
3636:
3581:
3524:
3476:
3445:
3437:
3408:
3398:
3299:
3210:
3104:
2945:
2751:
2132:
1579:
1387:
650:
of mites and Ricinulei have only six legs; a fourth pair usually appears when they
646:, the palps are quite leg-like, so that these animals appear to have ten legs. The
454:
302:
124:
5447:"A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters"
5396:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
4404:
4369:
3671:
2406:
1985:
1063:, which hatch into immatures that resemble adults. Scorpions, however, are either
6362:
5347:"Almost a spider: A 305 million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins"
3999:"From father to son: Transgenerational effect of tetracycline on sperm viability"
3292:
2829:
1981:
985:
916:
678:
655:
603:
445:
339:
4206:
2274:
1517:
1029:
923:
of spider is mostly herbivorous. Scorpions, spiders and pseudoscorpions secrete
6435:
6422:
6289:
6193:
6183:
6178:
6038:
6013:
5948:
5070:
4964:
3109:
3092:
2952:
2938:
2890:
2884:
2501:
2420:
2402:
2075:
1765:
1752:
1619:
1551:
1383:
1013:
510:
352:
346:
320:
295:
5312:
5256:
4906:
4846:
4174:
4123:
3737:
3720:
3624:
3403:
669:
Arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have
6584:
5795:
5790:
5760:
5667:
5192:
5184:
5135:
5078:
5013:
4296:
3946:
Santibåñez-López, C. E.; Ontano, A. Z.; Harvey, M. S.; Sharma, P. P. (2018).
3697:
3650:
3593:
3536:
3450:
3002:
1999:
1830:
1304:
1183:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1005:
795:
690:
599:
567:
537:
533:
217:
87:
5500:
5109:
4804:
4787:
4660:
4643:
4602:
4445:
4428:
3585:
6219:
5800:
5775:
5765:
5736:
5519:
5431:
5380:
5362:
5331:
5264:
5210:
5153:
5127:
5096:
5031:
4982:
4925:
4873:
4855:
4813:
4761:
4718:
4669:
4621:
4561:
4543:
4501:
4454:
4314:
4255:
4193:
4142:
4091:
4072:
4040:
3983:
3964:
3818:
3601:
3544:
3422:
1200:
981:
944:, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the
837:
659:
623:
556:
548:
405:
4354:
3997:
Zeh, J. A.; Bonilla, M. M.; Adrian, A. J.; Mesfin, S.; Zeh, D. W. (2012).
3641:
2137:
1584:
6461:
6342:
6333:
6206:
6170:
5923:
5780:
5694:
5645:
5166:
3858:
3841:
3488:
3350:
Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Machado, Glauco; Giribet, Gonzalo (2007-02-28).
2850:
2764:
2116:
2112:
2014:
1952:
1938:
1899:
1855:
1425:
1421:
1379:
1276:
1254:
1157:
1124:
1040:
956:
884:
880:
864:
737:
686:
674:
594:
544:
can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs.
490:
289:
271:
227:
62:
4493:
4053:
3326:
The Colonisation of Land: Origins and Adaptations of Terrestrial Animals
3215:
3198:
2917:â solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders (1,200 species)
6279:
6097:
5956:
5828:
5770:
5746:
5657:
5629:
4709:
4684:
4574:
4525:
4287:
4236:
3480:
2966:
2959:
2905:â "split middle" whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons (350 species)
2902:
2878:
2821:
2802:
2798:
2773:
2554:
2464:
2373:
2250:
1809:
1785:
1601:
1109:
1068:
945:
933:
912:
783:
718:
631:
412:
384:
308:
107:
72:
5412:
4939:
Garbiec, Arnold; ChristophoryovĂĄ, Jana; JÄdrzejowska, Izabela (2022).
4269:
McLean, Callum J.; Garwood, Russell J.; Brassey, Charlotte A. (2018).
4022:
3809:
3792:
3528:
2988:
2859:â "blunt rump" tail-less whip scorpions with front legs modified into
6466:
6409:
6138:
6075:
6021:
5986:
5969:
5917:
5805:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5703:
5675:
5635:
5623:
5617:
5598:
4753:
2934:
2914:
2896:
2872:
2856:
2758:
2725:
2525:
2497:
2327:
2307:
2270:
2197:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1773:
1661:
1513:
1493:
1457:
1319:
1172:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
961:
952:. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.
908:
900:
857:
853:
826:
822:
812:
775:
749:
741:
730:
643:
639:
635:
627:
615:
541:
522:
518:
514:
441:
378:
369:
283:
277:
264:
258:
204:
184:
112:
56:
6304:
4683:
Legg, David A.; Sutton, Mark D. & Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2013).
2863:-like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more (250 species)
790:
6453:
6414:
6388:
6383:
6327:
6063:
5994:
5867:
5815:
5755:
5716:
3769:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 596â604.
3689:
2956:
2908:
2777:
1817:
989:
830:
779:
726:
619:
498:
326:
128:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
4938:
3945:
3719:
Garwood, Russell J. & Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011).
3197:
Bolton, Samuel J.; Chetverikov, Philipp E.; Klompen, Hans (2017).
630:
the pedipalps end in a pair of pinchers, while in whip scorpions,
6105:
5833:
5823:
5785:
4641:
4532:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2920:
2797:, has spinnerets (to produce silk); it also has a tail, like the
2781:
2575:
2443:
1777:
1681:
1634:
949:
941:
872:
722:
694:
682:
651:
583:
560:
526:
390:
242:
117:
92:
4826:
4104:
559:, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named
6050:
5911:
5838:
5611:
5286:
Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J.A.; Knecht, B.J.; Hegna, T.A. (2017).
4429:"A Phylogenomic Approach to Resolve the Arthropod Tree of Life"
2866:
1769:
997:
993:
977:
714:
706:
611:
494:
418:
194:
4995:
1859:
863:
The excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of
6549:
6151:
3789:
2788:
1049:
928:
924:
888:
647:
571:
6401:
4425:
3905:
3349:
2941:, the group including spiders and whip scorpions (1 species)
2728:, but recover other ordinal relationships with low support.
6211:
5776:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
3839:
2875:â phalangids, harvestmen or daddy-long-legs (6,700 species)
2860:
2837:
2833:
965:
904:
662:, even four legs. While the adult males in some members of
506:
502:
481:
457:
5596:
5534:"'Extraordinary' fossil sheds light on origins of spiders"
5344:
2969:â extinct spider-like arachnids, but with a "tail" and no
666:
have six legs, the adult females have only a single pair.
2828:
The subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as
1246:
A 2019 analysis nests Xiphosura deeply within Arachnida.
976:
Arachnids have two kinds of eyes: the lateral and median
860:
structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle.
610:
Almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, unlike adult
598:
Basic characteristics of arachnids include four pairs of
582:, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver
475:
466:
37:"Arachnida" redirects here. For the arachnida curve, see
5801:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
5285:
4886:
4155:
3294:
Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach
3196:
5351:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5226:
5116:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4834:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4731:
4470:
3721:"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"
3176:] (in German). Westarp Wissenschaften. p. 75.
2776:
are an extinct order of spider-like arachnids from the
867:
along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of
4218:
McLean, C. J.; Garwood, R. J.; Brassey, C. A. (2018).
3996:
2948:â extinct arachnids of uncertain affinity (30 species)
5044:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4521:
4519:
4466:
4464:
3670:
Sensenig, Andrew T. & Shultz, Jeffrey W. (2004).
3438:"Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets"
3036:
Cracraft, Joel & Donoghue, Michael, eds. (2004).
472:
469:
162:
Representatives of the 12 extant orders of arachnids
4268:
4217:
2984:
883:, a copper-based pigment with a similar function to
622:, have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or
478:
463:
4682:
618:, serve in feeding and defense. The next pair, the
460:
4628:
4568:
4516:
4461:
4419:
3291:
3140:
3067:. Springer International Publishing. p. 237.
5477:
5387:
5338:
5279:
5222:
5220:
4785:
4262:
3376:
6582:
3718:
3377:Di, Z.; Edgecombe, G. D.; Sharma, P. P. (2018).
3289:
3035:
2787:A fossil arachnid in 100 million year old (mya)
5480:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4582:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4390:
3892:How do harvestmen hunt? - BBC Wildlife Magazine
3508:
3506:
3141:Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (2021-07-08).
2899:â ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders (100 species)
1851:
955:The stomach is tubular in shape, with multiple
141:
5471:
5217:
4725:
4676:
3669:
3512:
3290:Ruppert, E.; Fox, R. & Barnes, R. (2007).
740:, and they also have an internal structure of
626:functions. In scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and
5883:
5582:
5393:
4781:
4779:
3269:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 23.
3144:Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach
5681:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
5233:gen. et sp. nov. illuminates spider origins"
4207:Tick Paralysis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
3901:
3899:
3663:
3503:
3265:Shultz, Stanley; Shultz, Marguerite (2009).
3264:
2390: Pantetrapulmonata
894:
852:Further adaptations to terrestrial life are
3435:
2937:â extinct arachnids apparently part of the
2362: Arachnopulmonata
733:in spiders, the abdomen has no appendages.
606:: the cephalothorax (2) and the abdomen (3)
5890:
5876:
5589:
5575:
5438:
4776:
4271:"Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders"
4220:"Sexual dimorphism in the Arachnid orders"
3616:
3559:
563:, of which 51,000 are species of spiders.
5509:
5499:
5462:
5451:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5421:
5411:
5370:
5321:
5311:
5200:
5143:
5086:
5021:
4972:
4915:
4905:
4863:
4845:
4803:
4708:
4659:
4611:
4601:
4551:
4444:
4304:
4286:
4245:
4235:
4183:
4173:
4132:
4122:
4081:
4071:
4030:
3973:
3963:
3896:
3857:
3808:
3736:
3640:
3449:
3412:
3402:
3258:
3214:
3108:
3090:
3065:Foraging-Inspired Optimisation Algorithms
2431: Serikodiastida
1074:
1026:Spider § Reproduction and life cycle
4786:Ballesteros, J.A.; Sharma, P.P. (2019).
4327:
3161:
3062:
2812:
2757:
2741:
2485: Schizotarsata
1969: Euchelicerata
1751:
1033:
789:
593:
4056:"The Enzymatic Core of Scorpion Venoms"
3881:Common harvestman | The Wildlife Trusts
3712:
3237:
3167:
2542: Thelyphonida
736:Like all arthropods, arachnids have an
14:
6583:
5531:
5444:
5288:"The phylogeny of fossil whip spiders"
3764:
3623:Shultz, Jeffrey W. (January 1, 1992).
3622:
3565:
3464:
3322:
6309:
6308:
6268:
5936:
5871:
5781:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
5570:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3436:Selden, Paul; Shear, William (2008).
1175:(centipedes, millipedes, and allies)
940:the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised
6555:03A187BF-FF84-2F30-A830-475753AEFB31
6516:f0103375-2af6-46ee-bd57-d3bdb3ca6ced
6441:a6a90e0c-bf48-4a67-8d69-4d993c3785f0
5897:
3908:Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones
3353:Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones
3238:Dhooria, Manjit Singh (2016-12-14).
3170:Giftige und gefÀhrliche Spinnentiere
3086:
3084:
2514: Pedipalpi
493:. Arachnida includes, among others,
4162:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2881:â microwhip scorpions (130 species)
677:. Their body is organized into two
24:
5834:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
5394:Garwood, R.J.; Dunlop, J. (2014).
3745:
2439:
2055:
1378:particularly affecting the orders
1127:(sea spiders, horseshoe crabs and
980:. The lateral ocelli evolved from
387: â short-tailed whipscorpions
137:
25:
6612:
6596:Extant Silurian first appearances
5796:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
5551:
5532:Briggs, Helen (5 February 2018).
3935:Rare Vegetarian Spider Discovered
3725:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3241:Fundamentals of Applied Acarology
3174:Poisonous and dangerous arachnids
3081:
2893:â pseudoscorpions (4,000 species)
2731:
968:in the hind part of the abdomen.
6249:are possibly paraphyletic groups
5464:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
4328:Auerbach, Paul S. (2011-10-31).
3203:Systematic and Applied Acarology
2987:
2578:
2557:
2528:
2500:
2446:
2405:
2376:
2330:
2310:
2273:
2253:
2200:
2136:
2115:
2078:
2017:
1984:
1955:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1858:
1744: Arachnopulmonata
1689:
1664:
1637:
1604:
1583:
1554:
1516:
1496:
1460:
1424:
1343:
1323:
1280:
1211:
1205:
1182:
1176:
1142:
1137:
1132:
638:, and most harvestmen, they are
602:(1) and a body divided into two
586:, who was turned into a spider.
453:
171:
60:
5525:
5173:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5160:
5103:
5038:
5002:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4989:
4932:
4880:
4820:
4648:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4433:Molecular Biology and Evolution
4384:
4348:
4321:
4211:
4200:
4149:
4098:
4047:
3990:
3939:
3928:
3885:
3874:
3833:
3783:
3629:Journal of Experimental Biology
3516:Journal of Experimental Biology
3458:
3429:
3370:
3343:
3316:
3283:
1019:
5562:Natural History Museum, London
5237:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3329:. Cambridge University Press.
3231:
3190:
3134:
3117:
3056:
3029:
1048:Arachnids may have one or two
721:, Schizomida (very short) and
642:and used for prey capture. In
13:
1:
4405:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.026
4370:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.02.007
3097:Frontiers in Arachnid Science
3023:
1016:, and possibly also hearing.
806:
755:
589:
566:The term is derived from the
6601:Llandovery first appearances
6240:Classification is based on
4334:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3356:. Harvard University Press.
3323:Little, Colin (1983-12-15).
3267:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide
1079:
1059:Arachnids usually lay yolky
1030:Scorpion § Reproduction
915:and some mites, such as the
787:extended by elastic recoil.
7:
6269:
6100:(shorttailed whipscorpions)
5766:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
5676:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
3040:Assembling the Tree of Life
2980:
2911:â scorpions (2,700 species)
2808:
1396:
1203:(crustaceans and hexapods)
532:Adult arachnids have eight
311: â micro-whipscorpions
10:
6617:
5937:
5071:10.1038/s41467-020-16180-1
4965:10.1038/s41598-022-10283-z
3846:The Journal of Arachnology
3765:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
3110:10.3389/frchs.2023.1101141
3063:Brabazon, Anthony (2018).
2869:â spiders (51,000 species)
2735:
1023:
810:
759:
689:, also referred to as the
572:
36:
29:
6317:
6275:
6264:
6236:
6192:
6169:
6150:
6134:
6125:
6087:
6078:(tailless whip scorpions)
6071:
6062:
6046:
6037:
6006:
5979:
5968:
5947:
5943:
5932:
5906:
5855:
5814:
5744:
5735:
5702:
5693:
5666:
5658:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
5653:
5644:
5606:
5313:10.1186/s12862-017-0931-1
5257:10.1038/s41559-017-0449-3
4907:10.1186/s12915-017-0399-x
4847:10.1101/2021.01.11.426205
4175:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100865
4124:10.1186/s12864-017-3987-9
3738:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
3468:Calcified Tissue Research
3404:10.1186/s12862-018-1188-z
3168:Schmidt, GĂŒnther (1993).
3127:Oxford English Dictionary
3018:List of extinct arachnids
2573:
2551:
2544:
2523:
2516:
2494:
2487:
2461:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2399:
2392:
2371:
2364:
2325:
2305:
2297:
2268:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2130:
2110:
2102:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2011:
2004:
1978:
1971:
1950:
1943:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1632:
1624:
1599:
1577:
1569:
1549:
1511:
1491:
1484:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1419:
1411:
1338:
1317:
1309:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1198:
1170:
1162:
1122:
1114:
971:
895:Diet and digestive system
821:, or modification of the
744:-like tissue, called the
255:
250:
168:Scientific classification
166:
161:
136:
48:
32:Arachnid (disambiguation)
5829:Collembola (springtails)
5756:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
5292:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3912:Harvard University Press
3568:Mastigoproctus giganteus
3451:10.1038/npre.2008.2088.1
3383:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3091:Agnarsson, Ingi (2023).
3013:Glossary of spider terms
2887:â ticks (12,000 species)
2853:â mites (32,000 species)
829:, an internal series of
267: â horseshoe crabs
5860:are paraphyletic groups
5501:10.1073/pnas.0809174106
4603:10.1073/pnas.1105499108
3586:10.1002/jmor.1052100103
3046:Oxford University Press
849:with those of insects.
323: â pseudoscorpions
298: â mites and ticks
5771:Branchiura (fish lice)
5727:Diplopoda (millipedes)
5712:Chilopoda (centipedes)
5363:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125
5185:10.1093/molbev/msac021
5128:10.1098/rspb.2019.2426
5014:10.1093/molbev/msab038
4856:10.1098/rspb.2021.1168
4544:10.1098/rspb.2010.0590
4073:10.3390/toxins14040248
3965:10.3390/toxins10050207
3677:Journal of Arachnology
2825:
2769:
2755:
1806:long branch attraction
1762:
1075:Taxonomy and evolution
1045:
1038:Courtship behavior of
803:
729:in scorpions, and the
607:
156:
6537:Paleobiology Database
5959:(microwhip scorpions)
5445:Shultz, J.W. (2007).
5229:"Cretaceous arachnid
5051:Nature Communications
4805:10.1093/sysbio/syz011
4689:Nature Communications
4661:10.1093/molbev/msu235
4446:10.1093/molbev/msq130
3642:10.1242/jeb.162.1.313
3573:Journal of Morphology
3130:(2nd ed.). 1989.
2816:
2761:
2748:Goniotarbus angulatus
2745:
2736:Further information:
2303:
2246:
2238:
2063:
1895:
1768:, here consisting of
1758:Hubbardia pentapeltis
1755:
1037:
899:Arachnids are mostly
800:Kunstformen der Natur
793:
597:
286: â camel spiders
274: - sea scorpions
155:
6436:Fauna Europaea (new)
6141:(hooded tickspiders)
5601:classes by subphylum
3859:10.1636/JoA-S-20-002
3767:Invertebrate Zoology
2738:Evolution of spiders
887:in vertebrates. The
766:Most arachnids lack
381: â whip spiders
39:Sectrix of Maclaurin
30:For other uses, see
5824:Protura (coneheads)
5492:2008PNAS..10520781S
5486:(52): 20781â20785,
5304:2017BMCEE..17..105G
5249:2018NatEE...2..614W
5231:Chimerarachne yingi
5063:2020NatCo..11.2322S
4957:2022NatSR..12.6447G
4746:2001Natur.413..157G
4701:2013NatCo...4.2485L
4594:2011PNAS..10815920C
4588:(38): 15920â15924.
4494:10.1038/nature08742
4486:2010Natur.463.1079R
4480:(7284): 1079â1083.
4015:2012NatSR...2E.375Z
3395:2018BMCEE..18...73D
3216:10.11158/saa.22.8.2
2794:Chimerarachne yingi
762:Arachnid locomotion
489:) of the subphylum
393: â vinegaroons
27:Class of arthropods
6014:Pseudoscorpionida
5357:(1827): 20160125.
5122:(1917): 20192426.
4945:Scientific Reports
4792:Systematic Biology
4710:10.1038/ncomms3485
4288:10.7717/peerj.5751
4237:10.7717/peerj.5751
4003:Scientific Reports
3797:Biological Reviews
3481:10.1007/BF02013269
3008:Endangered spiders
2826:
2818:Eukoenenia spelaea
2770:
2756:
2724:extinct group the
1814:genome duplication
1808:. The addition of
1763:
1392:phylogenetic trees
1322:(horseshoe crabs)
1046:
869:Malpighian tubules
804:
608:
334:Pantetrapulmonata
280: â harvestmen
157:
6578:
6577:
6524:Open Tree of Life
6311:Taxon identifiers
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6215:
6202:Opilioacariformes
6162:
6142:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6079:
6054:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6016:(pseudoscorpions)
5998:
5990:
5960:
5865:
5864:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5839:Insecta (insects)
5689:
5688:
5413:10.7717/peerj.641
4740:(6852): 157â161.
4654:(11): 2963â2984.
4538:(1703): 298â306.
4439:(11): 2451â2464.
4341:978-1-4557-3356-9
4023:10.1038/srep00375
3921:978-0-674-02343-7
3810:10.1111/brv.12832
3776:978-0-03-056747-6
3529:10.1242/jeb.00182
3442:Nature Precedings
3363:978-0-674-02343-7
3336:978-0-521-25218-8
3309:978-0-03-025982-1
3276:978-0-7641-3885-0
3251:978-981-10-1594-6
3183:978-3-89432-405-6
3154:978-1-4822-3582-1
2995:Arthropods portal
2891:Pseudoscorpionida
2720:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2475:
2474:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2286:
2285:
2213:
2212:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2091:
2090:
1927:
1926:
1871:
1870:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1473:
1472:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1293:
1292:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
927:from specialized
794:"Arachnida" from
536:attached to the
435:
434:
329: â scorpions
314:Arachnopulmonata
246:
131:
16:(Redirected from
6608:
6571:
6570:
6558:
6557:
6545:
6544:
6532:
6531:
6519:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6495:
6483:
6482:
6470:
6469:
6457:
6456:
6444:
6443:
6431:
6430:
6418:
6417:
6405:
6404:
6392:
6391:
6379:
6378:
6366:
6365:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6306:
6305:
6285:Phalangiotarbida
6266:
6265:
6248:
6213:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6140:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6107:
6099:
6077:
6069:
6068:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6023:
6015:
5996:
5988:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5958:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5869:
5868:
5742:
5741:
5700:
5699:
5651:
5650:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5503:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5204:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5008:(6): 2446â2467.
4993:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4849:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4807:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4754:10.1038/35093097
4729:
4723:
4722:
4712:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4639:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4468:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4393:Animal Behaviour
4388:
4382:
4381:
4358:Animal Behaviour
4352:
4346:
4345:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4290:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4215:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4177:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4075:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3967:
3943:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3903:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3812:
3803:(3): 1057â1117.
3787:
3781:
3780:
3762:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3644:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3406:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3300:Thomson Learning
3298:(7th ed.).
3297:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3033:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2955:â extinct (late
2946:Phalangiotarbida
2832:. Historically,
2768:(Trigonotarbida)
2752:Phalangiotarbida
2582:
2562:
2561:
2547:
2546:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2427:
2409:
2395:
2394:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2334:
2314:
2300:
2299:
2277:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2141:
2140:
2133:Pseudoscorpiones
2119:
2105:
2104:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2021:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1693:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1608:
1588:
1587:
1580:Pseudoscorpiones
1572:
1571:
1558:
1520:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1388:Pseudoscorpiones
1347:
1327:
1312:
1311:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
701:implies a fused
577:
576:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
321:Pseudoscorpiones
303:Phalangiotarbida
241:
176:
175:
140:
123:
122:
59:
52:Temporal range:
46:
45:
21:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6535:
6527:
6522:
6514:
6512:
6504:
6499:
6491:
6486:
6478:
6473:
6465:
6460:
6452:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6426:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6387:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6361:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6313:
6303:
6294:
6271:
6252:
6246:
6224:
6188:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6146:
6126:
6113:
6083:
6058:
6029:
6024:(camel spiders)
6002:
5970:
5964:
5939:
5928:
5902:
5896:
5866:
5861:
5843:
5810:
5731:
5685:
5662:
5640:
5602:
5595:
5554:
5549:
5539:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5476:
5472:
5443:
5439:
5392:
5388:
5343:
5339:
5284:
5280:
5225:
5218:
5165:
5161:
5108:
5104:
5043:
5039:
4994:
4990:
4937:
4933:
4885:
4881:
4825:
4821:
4784:
4777:
4730:
4726:
4681:
4677:
4640:
4629:
4573:
4569:
4524:
4517:
4469:
4462:
4424:
4420:
4389:
4385:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4326:
4322:
4267:
4263:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4154:
4150:
4103:
4099:
4052:
4048:
3995:
3991:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3875:
3838:
3834:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3763:
3746:
3717:
3713:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3621:
3617:
3564:
3560:
3511:
3504:
3463:
3459:
3434:
3430:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3236:
3232:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3061:
3057:
3034:
3030:
3026:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2811:
2740:
2734:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2553:
2476:
2353:
2344:
2287:
2214:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2135:
2092:
2039:
2033:
1982:Chasmataspidida
1928:
1902:
1872:
1835:
1829:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1582:
1539:
1530:
1474:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1294:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1204:
1181:
1082:
1077:
1032:
1022:
984:and may have a
974:
917:house dust mite
897:
815:
809:
770:muscles in the
764:
758:
592:
511:pseudoscorpions
456:
452:
421: â spiders
400:Serikodiastida
340:Douglassarachne
240:
170:
154:
138:
132:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6559:
6546:
6533:
6520:
6510:
6497:
6484:
6471:
6458:
6445:
6432:
6423:Fauna Europaea
6419:
6406:
6393:
6380:
6367:
6354:
6339:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6290:Trigonotarbida
6287:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6247:Items in green
6244:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6194:Parasitiformes
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6184:Trombidiformes
6181:
6179:Sarcoptiformes
6175:
6173:
6164:
6159:(ticks, mites)
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6094:
6092:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6047:
6041:
6039:Tetrapulmonata
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6019:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5992:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5953:
5951:
5949:Incertae sedis
5941:
5940:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5872:
5863:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5594:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5553:
5552:External links
5550:
5548:
5547:
5524:
5470:
5457:(2): 221â265.
5437:
5386:
5337:
5278:
5243:(4): 614â622.
5216:
5179:(2): msac021.
5159:
5102:
5037:
4988:
4931:
4879:
4819:
4798:(6): 896â917.
4775:
4724:
4675:
4627:
4567:
4515:
4460:
4418:
4399:(3): 547â554.
4383:
4347:
4340:
4320:
4261:
4210:
4199:
4148:
4097:
4046:
3989:
3938:
3927:
3920:
3895:
3884:
3873:
3832:
3782:
3775:
3744:
3731:(3): 489â501.
3711:
3690:10.1636/S02-73
3662:
3635:(1): 313â329.
3615:
3558:
3523:(4): 771â784.
3502:
3475:(3): 267â269.
3457:
3428:
3369:
3362:
3342:
3335:
3315:
3308:
3282:
3275:
3257:
3250:
3230:
3189:
3182:
3160:
3153:
3133:
3116:
3080:
3073:
3055:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2953:Trigonotarbida
2949:
2942:
2939:Tetrapulmonata
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2885:Parasitiformes
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2810:
2807:
2791:from Myanmar,
2733:
2732:Fossil history
2730:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2421:Tetrapulmonata
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2403:Trigonotarbida
2398:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2076:Parasitiformes
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1780:(Thelyphonida
1766:Tetrapulmonata
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1684:(Thelyphonida
1678:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1620:Tetrapulmonata
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1552:Parasitiformes
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1384:Parasitiformes
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:(sea spiders)
1273:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1021:
1018:
1014:proprioception
973:
970:
896:
893:
808:
805:
757:
754:
723:whip scorpions
591:
588:
551:arachnids are
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
416:
409:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
388:
382:
373:
365:Schizotarsata
363:
353:Tetrapulmonata
350:
347:Trigonotarbida
343:
332:
331:
330:
324:
317:Panscorpiones
312:
306:
299:
296:Parasitiformes
293:
287:
281:
275:
268:
261:
253:
252:
248:
247:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
164:
163:
159:
158:
134:
133:
125:Early Silurian
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6613:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6274:
6267:
6263:
6245:
6243:
6242:Shultz (2007)
6239:
6238:
6235:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6124:
6110:
6108:(vinegaroons)
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6088:Thelyphonida
6086:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5859:
5854:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5791:Tantulocarida
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:Mystacocarida
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5668:Euchelicerata
5665:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4168:(1): 100865.
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3666:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3147:. CRC Press.
3146:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3074:9783319591568
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Arachnophobia
3001:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:Early Permian
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:Extinct forms
2927:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:Sclerophorata
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1831:Panarthropoda
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1305:Euchelicerata
1303:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1264:
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1126:
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1118:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:ovoviviparous
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:spermatophore
1051:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1006:trichobothria
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:compound eyes
979:
969:
967:
963:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
937:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
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892:
890:
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876:
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850:
848:
844:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
801:
797:
796:Ernst Haeckel
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:cephalothorax
696:
692:
691:cephalothorax
688:
684:
681:, called the
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
664:Podapolipidae
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
601:
596:
587:
585:
581:
575:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
538:cephalothorax
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:camel spiders
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
486:
450:
447:
443:
439:
420:
417:
414:
410:
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389:
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367:
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344:
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336:
335:
333:
328:
325:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
313:
310:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
292: â mites
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
249:
244:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:Arachnomorpha
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
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135:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6318:
6220:Mesostigmata
6089:
6007:Haplocnemata
5989:(harvestmen)
5980:Stomothecata
5898:
5857:
5745:
5737:Pancrustacea
5680:
5634:Superphylum
5538:. Retrieved
5527:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5354:
5350:
5340:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4897:
4893:
4882:
4837:
4833:
4822:
4795:
4791:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4651:
4647:
4585:
4581:
4570:
4535:
4531:
4477:
4473:
4436:
4432:
4421:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4330:
4323:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4202:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4114:
4111:BMC Genomics
4110:
4100:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3930:
3907:
3887:
3876:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3800:
3796:
3785:
3766:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3654:. Retrieved
3632:
3628:
3618:
3580:(1): 13â31.
3577:
3571:
3570:(Uropygi)".
3567:
3561:
3520:
3514:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3441:
3431:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3352:
3345:
3325:
3318:
3293:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3244:. Springer.
3240:
3233:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3143:
3136:
3125:
3124:"Arachnid".
3119:
3100:
3096:
3064:
3058:
3039:
3031:
2976:
2845:Extant forms
2827:
2817:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2763:
2747:
2722:
2574:
2552:
2524:
2495:
2462:
2442:
2400:
2372:
2326:
2306:
2269:
2249:
2196:
2131:
2111:
2074:
2034:
2012:
1979:
1951:
1898:
1854:
1781:
1764:
1761:(Schizomida)
1756:
1685:
1680:
1660:
1633:
1600:
1578:
1550:
1512:
1492:
1456:
1420:
1406:
1376:
1340:
1339:
1318:
1275:
1244:
1201:Pancrustacea
1199:
1171:
1128:
1123:
1095:paraphyletic
1091:monophyletic
1086:phylogenetic
1083:
1058:
1047:
1039:
1020:Reproduction
1010:
1002:
975:
954:
938:
898:
877:
865:coxal glands
862:
851:
838:gas exchange
816:
765:
746:endosternite
735:
711:
698:
668:
660:Eriophyoidea
624:reproductive
609:
579:
565:
557:pelagic zone
546:
531:
523:whip spiders
448:
437:
436:
406:Idmonarachne
404:
358:
338:
237:
211:
43:
6462:iNaturalist
6343:Wikispecies
6207:Holothyrida
6171:Acariformes
6127:Acaromorpha
6098:Schizomida
5997:(scorpions)
5995:Scorpiones
5957:Palpigradi
5924:Chelicerata
5922:Subphylum:
5695:Mandibulata
5646:Chelicerata
5630:Protostomia
5628:(unranked)
5622:(unranked)
5616:Subkingdom
5057:(1): 2322.
4951:(1): 6447.
4894:BMC Biology
4364:: 147â155.
3684:(1): 1â10.
3209:(8): 1096.
2973:(2 species)
2851:Acariformes
2765:Kreischeria
2113:Acariformes
2015:Eurypterida
1953:Pycnogonida
1939:Chelicerata
1900:Mandibulata
1856:Onychophora
1422:Acariformes
1380:Acariformes
1277:Pycnogonida
1255:Chelicerata
1158:Mandibulata
1125:Chelicerata
1041:Thelyphonus
957:diverticula
921:one species
901:carnivorous
885:haemoglobin
881:haemocyanin
738:exoskeleton
705:(head) and
687:opisthosoma
628:ricinuleids
553:terrestrial
547:Almost all
527:vinegaroons
491:Chelicerata
290:Acariformes
272:Eurypterida
228:Chelicerata
224:Subphylum:
55:435â0
6585:Categories
6139:Ricinulei
6076:Amblypygi
6022:Solifugae
5987:Opiliones
5918:Arthropoda
5599:Arthropoda
5298:(1): 105.
4117:(1): 600.
4066:(4): 248.
3958:(5): 207.
3656:2012-05-19
3048:. p.
3024:References
2971:spinnerets
2967:Uraraneida
2909:Scorpiones
2903:Schizomida
2879:Palpigradi
2822:Palpigradi
2803:mesotheles
2799:Palaeozoic
2774:Uraraneida
2762:Fossil of
2555:Schizomida
2465:Uraraneida
2374:Scorpiones
2251:Palpigradi
1810:Scorpiones
1786:Schizomida
1602:Scorpiones
1110:Arthropoda
1069:viviparous
1024:See also:
946:oesophagus
934:neurotoxin
913:harvestmen
909:harvestmen
854:appendages
847:homologous
811:See also:
807:Physiology
784:harvestmen
760:See also:
756:Locomotion
731:spinnerets
719:Palpigradi
632:Schizomida
616:chelicerae
590:Morphology
542:appendages
515:harvestmen
442:arthropods
413:Uraraneida
385:Schizomida
375:Pedipalpi
360:Xenarachne
327:Scorpiones
309:Palpigradi
205:Arthropoda
6591:Arachnids
6363:Arachnida
6349:Arachnida
6319:Arachnida
6280:Haptopoda
6064:Pedipalpi
6053:(spiders)
5971:Dromopoda
5899:Arachnida
5806:Remipedia
5747:Crustacea
5722:Pauropoda
5704:Myriapoda
5636:Ecdysozoa
5624:Bilateria
5618:Eumetazoa
5193:0737-4038
5136:0962-8452
5079:2041-1723
4900:(1): 62.
4297:2167-8359
4281:: e5751.
4230:: e5751.
3868:234364795
3827:246078291
3698:0161-8202
3651:1477-9145
3594:1097-4687
3537:1477-9145
3389:(1): 73.
2935:Haptopoda
2915:Solifugae
2897:Ricinulei
2873:Opiliones
2857:Amblypygi
2726:Haptopoda
2526:Amblypygi
2498:Haptopoda
2328:Xiphosura
2308:Ricinulei
2271:Solifugae
2198:Opiliones
2035:Arachnida
1818:Hox genes
1802:Xiphosura
1798:Solifugae
1794:Ricinulei
1790:Opiliones
1774:Amblypygi
1662:Amblypygi
1514:Solifugae
1494:Ricinulei
1458:Opiliones
1407:Arachnida
1341:Arachnida
1320:Xiphosura
1173:Myriapoda
1129:arachnids
1099:cladogram
1080:Phylogeny
962:intestine
858:excretory
836:used for
827:book lung
823:book gill
813:Hemolymph
782:and some
780:Solifuges
776:hemolymph
750:Opiliones
742:cartilage
644:Solifugae
640:raptorial
636:Amblypygi
620:pedipalps
499:scorpions
449:Arachnida
438:Arachnids
415:(extinct)
379:Amblypygi
372:(extinct)
370:Haptopoda
349:(extinct)
305:(extinct)
284:Solifugae
278:Opiliones
265:Xiphosura
259:Ricinulei
238:Arachnida
191:Kingdom:
185:Eukaryota
18:Arachnida
6384:BugGuide
6328:Wikidata
6212:Ixodida
6106:Uropygi
6051:Araneae
5916:Phylum:
5912:Animalia
5910:Kingdom
5816:Hexapoda
5786:Copepoda
5717:Symphyla
5612:Animalia
5610:Kingdom
5558:Arachnid
5520:19104044
5432:25405073
5406:: e641.
5381:27030415
5332:28431496
5265:29403075
5211:35137183
5154:31847768
5097:32385269
5032:33565584
4983:35440674
4926:28756775
4874:34344178
4840:(1956).
4814:30917194
4762:11557979
4719:24077329
4695:: 2485.
4670:25107551
4622:21896763
4562:20702459
4502:20147900
4455:20534705
4413:53166528
4378:73728615
4315:30416880
4256:30416880
4194:34118237
4143:28797246
4092:35448857
4041:22540028
3984:29783636
3819:35060265
3706:56461501
3610:46935000
3602:29865543
3553:40503319
3545:12517993
3497:23119386
3423:29783957
3225:90899467
2981:See also
2957:Silurian
2809:Taxonomy
2778:Devonian
2230:
2185:
2108:
2071:
2047:
2032:
1843:
1828:
1630:
1575:
1453:
1445:
1417:
1315:
1272:
1168:
1120:
990:ectoderm
843:spiracle
834:lamellae
831:vascular
819:tracheae
768:extensor
727:pectines
703:cephalon
671:antennae
201:Phylum:
195:Animalia
181:Domain:
49:Arachnid
6270:Extinct
6214:(ticks)
5597:Extant
5511:2634869
5488:Bibcode
5423:4232842
5372:4822468
5323:5399839
5300:Bibcode
5273:4239867
5245:Bibcode
5202:8845124
5145:6939912
5088:7210998
5059:Bibcode
5023:8136511
4974:9018881
4953:Bibcode
4917:5535294
4865:8334856
4842:bioRxiv
4770:4431635
4742:Bibcode
4697:Bibcode
4613:3179045
4590:Bibcode
4553:3013382
4510:4427443
4482:Bibcode
4306:6225839
4247:6225839
4185:8294578
4134:5553785
4083:9030722
4032:3337657
4011:Bibcode
4009:: 375.
3975:5983263
3414:5963125
3391:Bibcode
2921:Uropygi
2867:Araneae
2782:Permian
2746:Fossil
2716:
2576:Uropygi
2444:Araneae
2038:
1834:
1778:Uropygi
1770:Araneae
1682:Uropygi
1635:Araneae
1004:called
986:tapetum
950:stomach
942:pharynx
873:guanine
825:into a
695:abdomen
683:prosoma
679:tagmata
612:insects
604:tagmata
584:Arachne
580:arĂĄchnÄ
561:species
495:spiders
444:in the
419:Araneae
391:Uropygi
251:Orders
243:Lamarck
234:Class:
129:present
6529:511967
6513:NZOR:
6415:1ARACC
5938:Extant
5901:orders
5858:italic
5540:9 June
5518:
5508:
5430:
5420:
5379:
5369:
5330:
5320:
5271:
5263:
5209:
5199:
5191:
5152:
5142:
5134:
5095:
5085:
5077:
5030:
5020:
4981:
4971:
4924:
4914:
4872:
4862:
4844:
4812:
4768:
4760:
4734:Nature
4717:
4668:
4620:
4610:
4560:
4550:
4508:
4500:
4474:Nature
4453:
4411:
4376:
4338:
4313:
4303:
4295:
4254:
4244:
4192:
4182:
4141:
4131:
4090:
4080:
4060:Toxins
4039:
4029:
3982:
3972:
3952:Toxins
3918:
3866:
3825:
3817:
3773:
3704:
3696:
3649:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3495:
3489:750069
3487:
3421:
3411:
3360:
3333:
3306:
3273:
3248:
3223:
3180:
3151:
3071:
2830:orders
1050:gonads
1028:, and
998:retina
994:cornea
978:ocelli
972:Senses
929:glands
802:, 1904
772:distal
715:telson
707:thorax
656:nymphs
648:larvae
574:áŒÏÎŹÏΜη
549:extant
245:, 1801
6563:WoRMS
6550:Plazi
6542:19008
6493:82708
6475:IRMNG
6467:47119
6428:10615
6334:Q1358
6153:Acari
5536:. BBC
5400:PeerJ
5269:S2CID
4766:S2CID
4506:S2CID
4409:S2CID
4374:S2CID
4275:PeerJ
4224:PeerJ
3864:S2CID
3823:S2CID
3702:S2CID
3606:S2CID
3549:S2CID
3493:S2CID
3444:: 1.
3221:S2CID
3172:[
2838:ticks
2834:mites
2789:amber
925:venom
905:mites
889:heart
675:wings
654:into
652:moult
570:word
568:Greek
507:mites
503:ticks
446:class
212:Clade
6568:1300
6506:6854
6501:NCBI
6488:ITIS
6480:1136
6449:GBIF
6410:EPPO
6371:BOLD
6090:s.l.
5542:2018
5516:PMID
5428:PMID
5377:PMID
5328:PMID
5261:PMID
5207:PMID
5189:ISSN
5150:PMID
5132:ISSN
5093:PMID
5075:ISSN
5028:PMID
4979:PMID
4922:PMID
4870:PMID
4810:PMID
4758:PMID
4715:PMID
4666:PMID
4618:PMID
4558:PMID
4498:PMID
4451:PMID
4336:ISBN
4311:PMID
4293:ISSN
4252:PMID
4190:PMID
4139:PMID
4088:PMID
4037:PMID
3980:PMID
3916:ISBN
3815:PMID
3771:ISBN
3694:ISSN
3647:ISSN
3598:PMID
3590:ISSN
3541:PMID
3533:ISSN
3485:PMID
3419:PMID
3358:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3069:ISBN
2861:whip
2836:and
2780:and
2772:The
1796:and
1782:s.s.
1776:and
1686:s.s.
1386:and
1084:The
1061:eggs
966:anus
964:and
948:and
693:and
685:and
600:legs
534:legs
525:and
440:are
63:Preê
6454:367
6402:165
6397:EoL
6358:AFD
5506:PMC
5496:doi
5484:105
5459:doi
5455:150
5418:PMC
5408:doi
5367:PMC
5359:doi
5355:283
5318:PMC
5308:doi
5253:doi
5197:PMC
5181:doi
5140:PMC
5124:doi
5120:286
5083:PMC
5067:doi
5018:PMC
5010:doi
4969:PMC
4961:doi
4912:PMC
4902:doi
4860:PMC
4852:doi
4838:288
4800:doi
4750:doi
4738:413
4705:doi
4656:doi
4608:PMC
4598:doi
4586:108
4548:PMC
4540:doi
4536:278
4490:doi
4478:463
4441:doi
4401:doi
4366:doi
4362:150
4301:PMC
4283:doi
4242:PMC
4232:doi
4180:PMC
4170:doi
4166:297
4129:PMC
4119:doi
4078:PMC
4068:doi
4027:PMC
4019:doi
3970:PMC
3960:doi
3854:doi
3805:doi
3733:doi
3686:doi
3637:doi
3633:162
3582:doi
3578:210
3525:doi
3521:206
3477:doi
3446:doi
3409:PMC
3399:doi
3211:doi
3105:doi
3050:297
1784:) (
1067:or
1044:sp.
936:.
798:'s
673:or
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