1852:
20:
682:
161:, the most promising and committed ones made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with the help of their professor. These seventeen adventurers were referred to as Linnaeus' apostles. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a place on an expedition or a scholarship. Most apostles were given instructions of what to find during their journeys. The apostles collected, organised and classified new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus' classification system. Most gave their collections to Linnaeus when their journey finished.
614:
417:
2180:
216:. After a long stay in England, on the way he reached Philadelphia in autumn 1748. Once there, he stayed in North America for two and a half years, visiting the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and southern Canada. He then returned to Sweden. Kalm is one of the few apostles who actually lived up to Linnaeus' hopes; bringing with him a large collection of pressed plants and seeds. His travel experience was later published in a three-volume book,
115:
2190:
580:
538:
296:
633:. He joined an expedition heading to Japan, which at that time was only open for Dutch ships. The expedition stopped in South Africa in 1772 where it remained for three years. During this time Thunberg found 300 new plant species and sent many of his findings to Linnaeus. In 1775, the expedition continued to Java and then to Japan. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the
202:
674:(1746–1773) studied in Uppsala University with Linnaeus as his student before travelling to London to find a botanical expedition he could join. In 1773 he travelled to Guinea with the English naturalist Henry Smeathman. The purpose of the expedition was to explore the central parts of Africa but prior to reaching the mainland, Berlin died of a stomach illness while on the
193:(off the modern-day Vietnamese coast) because it had been forced to find a winter berth. On 4 December 1746, Tärnström died of a tropical fever without a botanical or zoological specimen having been sent to Sweden. His widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless. Following the death of Tärnström, Linnaeus allowed only unmarried men to become his apostles.
552:. Two years later Linnaeus got Solander a position as professor in botany in Saint Petersburg. Linnaeus was surprised and disappointed when Solander answered that he had decided to stay in England. This damaged their relationship and thereafter Linnaeus was heard to refer to "the ungrateful Solander." In 1768 Solander was employed by the English botanist
263:. He returned to Izmir with a rich collection of botanical and zoological findings and also minerals. On 9 February 1752, he died before returning to Sweden. During his expedition he accumulated a large debt and Linnaeus was informed that Hasselquist's collections and manuscripts would not be sent home until the debt was paid. Swedish Queen
287:(Canton) and China before returning to Sweden. During his journey, he corresponded with Linnaeus; these letters were published posthumously as an appendix in the travelogue of another apostle, Pehr Osbeck. He fell ill during his journey and died shortly after his return in 1753. He returned with a large collection of specimens.
548:(1733–1782) was living in Linnaeus's house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was fond of him, promising Solander his eldest daughter's hand in marriage and telling Solander that he would become his successor. Based on Linnaeus's recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760 where he spread the
212:(1715–1779) was born in Sweden to Finnish parents and became a student of Linnaeus in December 1740. He proposed to Linnaeus that he travel to North America on a botanical expedition. Linnaeus concurred and in November 1747 Kalm began his journey to North America sponsored by the universities in Uppsala and
153:
Perhaps the most important contribution
Linnaeus made during his time in Uppsala was as a teacher. His lectures were normally full and often held in the Botanical Garden. The Saturday botanical excursions during summer were more popular than his lectures. Linnaeus and students explored the flora and
357:
in 1755. Although he became ill on the way, he had almost recovered by the time he arrived. In
Suriname he tried to explore the rainforests but disliked the climate. He developed an alcohol addiction and his health began to decline. He stayed for seven months and then returned with a collection
79:
Linnaeus remained involved in most expeditions. He often left notes for the apostles and outlined what they should look for during their journeys, and the apostles sent letters and botanical samples to
Linnaeus. Upon their return, it was usual to give Linnaeus a selection of anything collected.
570:
sailed to
Australia, Asia, Africa and several other places where Solander and Banks made many natural sciences discoveries. About a year after the expedition, in 1772, Solander and Banks made another botanical journey to Iceland. He never sent anything from his collection home to Linnaeus, but
597:. On the journey, he visited and studied plants in various locations including Oceania and South America. He returned to South Africa two years later having made many botanical findings. He stayed there for another eight months before returning to Uppsala in 1776. In 1787, he travelled to
591:(1748–1820) had made a two-year-long journey to China as a surgeon on a Swedish East India Company ship. In 1771, he sailed to South Africa as one of Linnaeus' apostles where he tutored and explored the flora and fauna. The next year he was asked to join Cook's second expedition on
641:, so it was difficult for Thunberg to study the mainland flora. However, he got many translators to bring him some mainland specimens to add to those plants he found in the gardens of Dejima. The only time Thunberg could explore the Japanese landscape was when he visited the
358:
containing plants and insects. He did not, however, give anything from his collection to
Linnaeus. This is reported to have made Linnaeus "furious". Linnaeus, determined to acquire parts of Rolander's collection, broke into Rolander's home and reportedly stole a
333:
in 1751 where he stayed for approximately two years. He explored the flora and fauna and regularly sent plants to
Linnaeus. In 1754 the Spanish organised an expedition to South America and Löfling was invited to join them. They first stopped in the
516:
and the steppes. Falk explored and described native customs as well as both flora and fauna. During the journey Falk became addicted to opium and caused him to suffer depression throughout the expedition. In 1774 the expedition reached
480:(1739–1778) studied medicine at Uppsala University and carried out his dissertation with Linnaeus as his supervisor. In 1773 Rothman travelled to North Africa that was commissioned by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He visited
511:
created several expeditions to explore eastern Russia. Thanks to
Linnaeus, Falk was given responsibility for one of the expeditions and headed out the same year. The expedition explored many places in Russia, including
789:
407:
on the same expedition. His journey was short. He died later in the year of his departure while still in Java. However, before his death he had succeeded in sending some samples back to
Linnaeus from China.
701:
in 1792 after studying and lecturing in
Uppsala. He returned in 1796 having found many new samples, which he described in some of his botanical writings. He also published Linnaeus' autobiography.
427:(1732–1763) was born in Finland and became a student of Linnaeus when he was 18 years old. Forsskål was asked if he wanted to join a Danish expedition, commissioned by the Danish King
431:, to the Middle East. He consulted Linnaeus and was given permission to go. Although it was a Danish expedition, King Frederick V stated that the findings would not be placed in
95:, was inspired to begin the tradition for all British research ships to have a naturalist aboard. Thus the apostles had a direct influence on future expeditions such as
781:
625:(1743–1828) arrived in Uppsala at the age of 18. Having completed his dissertation in 1770, he travelled to Paris. On the way back to Sweden he met Linnaeus' friend
318:
where he collected many plants, but not the tea plant. He returned to Sweden in June 1752 with his collection and several other objects which he gave to
Linnaeus.
72:
ship. The expeditions were often dangerous. Seven of the seventeen apostles never came home. The first apostle, Christopher Tärnström, died of a tropical fever on
177:(1703–1746) was the first apostle. Linnaeus permitted Tärnström to conduct a botanical expedition in China. In early 1746, Tärnström received free passage on the
383:, an island in the Arctic Ocean. In 1758, Martin joined a whaling expedition to the island but was only able to get ashore a few hours. He managed to bring back
87:
Many newly discovered plants, animals and insects were named and catalogued by Linnaeus and apostles. As a result, the apostles' expeditions helped spread the
507:. In 1760, Linnaeus encouraged Falk to follow apostle ForsskĂĄl on the Danish expedition to Egypt but Falk did not gain approval from the Danes. In 1768, the
342:. In Venezuela, Löfling collected plants with the help of his two assistants. Löfling stayed in South America until his death on 22 February 1756 in Guyana.
19:
435:
until several international botanists, including Linnaeus, had studied them. ForsskĂĄl and the expedition sailed in the winter of 1761. Their first stop was
375:(1729–1785) was born in what is now Estonia and later came to Sweden to be taught by Linnaeus. Linnaeus helped Martin get a small grant from Sweden's
853:
1851:
137:
to study botany and medicine in 1728. Following his studies, he went to the Netherlands to study medicine. While in the Netherlands, he published
329:(1729–1756) was recommended by Linnaeus when the Spanish ambassador in Stockholm asked for help exploring Spanish flora. Löfling travelled to
76:
in 1746. Tärnström's widow was angry with Linnaeus for making her children fatherless. After this incident, Linnaeus sent only unmarried men.
1887:
1461:
1520:
1427:
1384:
1264:
1170:
1136:
235:
and he was inspired to travel there. Hasselquist was poor and to make the expedition possible, he relied on sponsorships from Linnaeus and
1332:
1298:
1225:
1204:
1102:
1486:
1059:
911:
1007:
499:(1732–1774) arrived in Uppsala University in 1751 and became an apostle. He followed Linnaeus on his expedition to the island province
364:
plant. This incident ended the relationship between the two men and Linnaeus was heard to speak ill of Rolander on several occasions.
910:
While this picture is widely believed to portray Pehr Kalm, some modern-day historians think it may actually depict Kalm's colleague
247:) where he spent the winter. Subsequently, he sailed to Egypt where stayed for ten months before returning. On the way he passed:
1690:
150:. Nine years later he became the university's rector, starting a period where natural sciences were held in the greatest esteem.
574:
1662:
1623:
1897:
603:
Resa till Goda Hopps-Udden, södra Polkretsen och omkring Jordklotet, samt till Hottentott- och Caffer-Landen Åren 1772-1776
488:
but was unable to go as far inland as he wished due to local unrest. He returned to Sweden in 1776 with very few findings.
453:
which Linnaeus was particularity interested in. However, ForsskĂĄl died of malaria on 11 July 1763 before he could deliver
185:
to China. He took a list, written by Linnaeus, of things to collect which included plants, animals and insects. However,
2193:
2150:
1567:
1644:
1600:
1577:
1556:
785:
376:
948:
2016:
2062:
575:
Anders Sparrman, China (1765–1767), South Africa (1771–1772 and 1775) Oceania etc. (1772–1775) Senegal (1787)
154:
fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala. Additionally, he let some of the best students live with him at his house.
2221:
2022:
158:
61:. The expeditions took place during the latter half of the 18th century and the students were designated '
1683:
953:
849:
681:
508:
100:
2155:
1713:
400:
178:
174:
69:
2140:
2010:
1831:
504:
91:, a system for classifying organisms. Additionally, one of Linnaeus' admirers, the English botanist
2145:
630:
465:
during the expedition. His works were published posthumously in 1775 by another expedition member.
264:
1457:
391:. Despite how few samples he was able to bring back, Martin's expedition gained Linnaeus' praise.
372:
1516:
1423:
1380:
1260:
1166:
1132:
2216:
2183:
2120:
1882:
1676:
1328:
1294:
1236:
1200:
1098:
428:
68:
Many apostles began their journey from Sweden. Some would act as chaplains or doctors aboard a
38:
1482:
1055:
1892:
1003:
593:
521:
where Falk committed suicide. Following his death, his collections and journals were sent to
232:
1839:
1807:
1775:
1743:
1735:
8:
2115:
2052:
1990:
1823:
1727:
622:
613:
228:
190:
73:
2070:
267:
paid the debt and Linnaeus received Hasselquist's findings. In 1757, Linnaeus published
2110:
1907:
1871:
1866:
1232:
147:
134:
2165:
1917:
1912:
1876:
1815:
1783:
1658:
1657:. 8 vols. 11 books. London & Whitby: The IK Foundation & Company, 2007–2011.
1640:
1619:
1596:
1592:
1573:
1552:
562:
549:
88:
2125:
1950:
1612:
314:. His primary task was to collect a tea plant for Linnaeus. He spent four months in
2042:
1945:
1767:
1751:
943:
522:
496:
283:
and India as a priest with the Swedish East India Company in 1750. He continued to
146:
Linnaeus returned to Sweden in May 1741 and was appointed Professor of Medicine at
1975:
477:
424:
57:
expeditions throughout the world that were either devised or approved by botanist
2080:
2047:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1902:
1759:
1719:
1634:
1546:
905:
TIEDE 5/2003, Suomalaisten löytöretket 3: Professori Kalm pääsi amerikan lehtiin.
626:
588:
545:
532:
466:
350:
139:
81:
24:
2006:
1960:
326:
2160:
2027:
1940:
671:
335:
96:
675:
601:
on an expedition to find land for colonisation. He published his travel diary
2210:
2135:
2105:
2032:
1935:
1799:
1791:
1699:
694:
122:
58:
608:
394:
2037:
1566:
Frängsmyr, Tore; Lindroth, Sten; Eriksson, Gunnar; Broberg, Gunnar (1983).
698:
553:
416:
236:
92:
28:
2100:
1965:
380:
303:
629:
in Amsterdam. With Burman's influence, Thunberg became a surgeon in the
307:
557:
449:
436:
432:
360:
84:
elected not to transfer his collection and was criticised by Linnaeus.
54:
32:
399:
Carl Fredrik Adler (1720–1761) sailed to the East Indies in 1761 on a
353:(1725–1793) followed Linnaeus' acquaintance, Carl Gustav Dahlberg, to
130:
126:
114:
2095:
2090:
1955:
678:. Before his death, Berlin managed to send a few plants to Linnaeus.
652:
513:
339:
315:
284:
240:
223:
209:
50:
2130:
643:
447:. The expedition reached Yemen in April 1763 where ForsskĂĄl found a
231:(1722–1752) heard Linnaeus talking about the botanically unexplored
638:
354:
62:
579:
571:
continued to organise his samples according to Linnaeus's system.
537:
2075:
598:
500:
485:
444:
1668:
443:
and was one of the first to describe the flora and fauna of the
321:
634:
472:
388:
384:
330:
256:
252:
244:
533:
Daniel Solander, Australia etc. (1768–1771) and Iceland (1772)
367:
295:
213:
1633:
Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). Joseph Trapp (ed.).
518:
481:
411:
280:
260:
248:
1572:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
655:
on the way. From his findings in Japan, Thunberg published
440:
404:
201:
689:
527:
Beyträga zur topografischen Kenntniss des Russichen Reichs
648:
609:
Carl Peter Thunberg, South Africa, Japan etc. (1770–1779)
395:
Carl Fredrik Adler, East Indies, China and Java (c. 1761)
274:
491:
196:
1655:
The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure
169:
1361:
Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). pp. 179–180.
1284:
Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). pp. 176–177.
1122:
Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). pp. 178–179.
993:
Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). pp. 175–176.
560:
on his first journey to the Pacific Ocean aboard the
271:
based on Hasselquist's collections and manuscripts.
143:
that describes a new system for classifying plants.
345:
1611:
659:. From his findings in South Africa, he published
651:. After 15 months, he returned to Sweden, passing
224:Fredric Hasselquist, Izmir, Egypt etc. (1749–1752)
1150:
290:
2208:
1036:Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). p. 182.
966:Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). p. 181.
887:Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). p. 174.
666:
338:, staying for a short time before continuing to
1500:
1346:
1073:
926:
826:
824:
978:
952:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
133:, Sweden on 23 May 1707. Linnaeus enrolled at
1684:
1355:
1278:
1116:
987:
322:Pehr Löfling, Spain and Venezuela (1751–1756)
1441:
1407:
1398:
1364:
1312:
1184:
1082:
1039:
1021:
969:
890:
874:
872:
870:
833:
821:
697:(1750–1837) joined an English expedition to
473:Göran Rothman, Tunisia and Libya (1773–1776)
239:. On 7 August 1749, Hasselquist sailed from
899:
812:
803:
503:and later became a tutor to Linnaeus' son,
368:Anton Rolandsson Martin, Spitsbergen (1758)
1691:
1677:
1587:Fagerstedt, Otto; Sörlin, Sverker (2004).
1156:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). pp. 104–115.
721:
719:
412:Pehr Forsskål, Egypt and Yemen (1761–1763)
1030:
960:
881:
867:
746:
49:were a group of students who carried out
1506:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). pp. 10–13.
1404:Mary and John Gribbin (2008). pp. 58–59.
1352:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). pp. 74–76.
1088:Mary and John Gribbin (2008). pp. 57–58.
1079:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). pp. 52–53.
932:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). pp. 58–62.
917:
818:Mary and John Gribbin (2008). pp. 56–57.
680:
612:
578:
536:
439:, Egypt. ForsskĂĄl made many findings at
415:
294:
200:
113:
18:
941:
728:
716:
690:Adam Afzelius, Sierra Leone (1792–1796)
525:to be later completed and published as
16:Students on the expeditions of Linnaeus
2209:
2189:
764:
755:
737:
275:Olof Torén, Surat and Guangzhou (1750)
1672:
1610:Gribbin, Mary; Gribbin, John (2008).
779:
773:
35:(centre) on his journey to Australia.
1318:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). p. 94.
1190:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). p. 95.
1027:Fagerstedt and Sörlin (2004). p. 53.
878:Mary and John Gribbin (2008). p. 57.
492:Johan Peter Falk, Russia (1768–1774)
279:Olof Torén (1718–1753) travelled to
197:Pehr Kalm, North America (1747–1751)
1618:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1551:. London: Frances Lincoln Limited.
1447:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 193–194.
1413:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 192–193.
1370:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 191–192.
1045:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 187–188.
984:Frängsmyr et al. (1983). pp. 54–55.
975:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 186–187.
896:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 185–186.
830:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 189–190.
809:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 172–173.
725:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 173–174.
529:in 1785–86 by Samuel Georg Gmelin.
170:Christopher Tärnström, China (1746)
13:
2151:Linnean Society of New South Wales
839:Broberg, Gunnar (2006). pp. 37–39.
587:Even before he became an apostle,
14:
2233:
1698:
1548:Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist
946:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
850:"Christopher Tärnström's journal"
786:Swedish Museum of Natural History
752:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). pp. 23–25.
2188:
2179:
2178:
1850:
1653:Hansen, Lars (editor-in-chief),
949:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
457:to Linnaeus. ForsskĂĄl worked on
403:ship. He also visited China and
346:Daniel Rolander, Suriname (1755)
1639:. London: Library of Congress.
1636:The life of Sir Charles Linnæus
1586:
1538:
1523:from the original on 2004-12-25
1509:
1489:from the original on 2004-12-25
1475:
1464:from the original on 2005-03-10
1450:
1430:from the original on 2004-12-25
1416:
1387:from the original on 2004-12-26
1373:
1335:from the original on 2004-12-26
1321:
1301:from the original on 2005-03-10
1287:
1267:from the original on 2004-12-26
1253:
1218:
1207:from the original on 2004-12-25
1193:
1173:from the original on 2004-12-25
1159:
1139:from the original on 2005-03-10
1125:
1105:from the original on 2004-12-27
1091:
1062:from the original on 2004-12-27
1048:
1010:from the original on 2004-12-26
996:
935:
856:from the original on 2011-07-16
842:
792:from the original on 2007-05-03
164:
1569:Linnaeus, the man and his work
1565:
923:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 186.
734:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 184.
291:Pehr Osbeck, China (1750–1752)
1:
2085:including the Linnaeus Museum
2017:Elisabeth Christina von Linné
770:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 98.
761:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 94.
743:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004). p. 12.
704:
667:Andreas Berlin, Guinea (1773)
605:in three volumes, 1783-1818.
1609:
942:Jarrell, Richard A. (1979).
31:(left, sitting) accompanied
7:
1632:
954:University of Toronto Press
509:Russian Academy of Sciences
10:
2238:
2156:Linnean Tercentenary Medal
1544:
401:Swedish East India Company
179:Swedish East India Company
159:Linnaeus' notable students
109:
70:Swedish East India Company
2174:
2141:Linnean Society of London
2061:
2011:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
1999:
1926:
1879:(Linnaean classification)
1859:
1848:
1832:Mantissa Plantarum Altera
1706:
1167:"Anton Rolandsson Martin"
377:Royal Academy of Sciences
310:to China in 1750 on ship
218:En resa til Norra America
2146:Swedish Linnaeus Society
709:
631:Dutch East India Company
459:Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica
306:(1723–1805) sailed from
1888:Zoological nomenclature
1589:Linné och hans apostlar
1545:Blunt, Wilfrid (2004).
373:Anton Rolandsson Martin
189:stopped sailing beyond
1898:Taxa named by Linnaeus
1883:Botanical nomenclature
1591:(in Swedish). Ă–rebro:
686:
618:
584:
542:
463:Descriptiones Animalis
421:
300:
206:
119:
42:
39:John Hamilton Mortimer
1893:Binomial nomenclature
1714:Linnaeus bibliography
1458:"Carl Peter Thunberg"
684:
616:
582:
540:
419:
298:
233:Eastern Mediterranean
204:
175:Christopher Tärnström
117:
99:'s expedition aboard
22:
2023:Students of Linnaeus
1928:Apostles of Linnaeus
1840:Systema Vegetabilium
1808:Philosophia Botanica
1776:Hortus Cliffortianus
1736:Bibliotheca Botanica
1201:"Carl Fredrik Adler"
621:Just like Linnaeus,
243:to Izmir (a city in
47:Apostles of Linnaeus
2222:Lists of biologists
2121:Linnaeus's Hammarby
2116:Linnaeus University
2053:George Clifford III
1991:Carl Peter Thunberg
1824:Centuria Insectorum
1728:Fundamenta Botanica
1329:"Johan Peter Falck"
780:Petrusson, Louise.
623:Carl Peter Thunberg
617:Carl Peter Thunberg
229:Fredric Hasselquist
2111:Linnaeus Arboretum
1908:History of biology
1872:Linnaean Herbarium
1867:Taxonomy (biology)
1593:Natur & Kultur
1233:Uppsala University
687:
619:
585:
543:
422:
301:
207:
148:Uppsala University
135:Uppsala University
120:
43:
2204:
2203:
2166:Linneus, Missouri
1918:Scientific racism
1913:History of botany
1877:Linnaean taxonomy
1816:Species Plantarum
1784:Classes Plantarum
1744:Musa Cliffortiana
1663:978-1-904145-26-4
1625:978-0-19-956182-7
1424:"Anders Sparrman"
1381:"Daniel Solander"
1133:"Daniel Rolander"
550:Linnaean taxonomy
269:Iter Palaestinium
89:Linnaean taxonomy
2229:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2071:Expedition Linné
2043:Herman Boerhaave
1946:Johan Peter Falk
1854:
1768:Genera Plantarum
1752:Critica Botanica
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1650:
1629:
1617:
1606:
1583:
1562:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1483:"Andreas Berlin"
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1454:
1448:
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1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
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1291:
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1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1261:"Peter ForsskĂĄl"
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1235:. Archived from
1230:
1222:
1216:
1215:
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1212:
1197:
1191:
1188:
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741:
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723:
637:island, outside
523:Saint Petersburg
497:Johan Peter Falk
27:(far left) with
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2170:
2081:Linnaean Garden
2057:
2048:Johannes Burman
1995:
1986:Anders Sparrman
1981:Daniel Solander
1971:Daniel Rolander
1922:
1903:Natural history
1855:
1846:
1760:Flora Lapponica
1720:Systema Naturae
1707:Published works
1702:
1697:
1647:
1626:
1603:
1580:
1559:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1517:"Adam Afzelius"
1515:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1456:
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1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1295:"Göran Rothman"
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
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1199:
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927:
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886:
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877:
868:
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857:
848:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
822:
817:
813:
808:
804:
795:
793:
782:"Carl Linnaeus"
778:
774:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
729:
724:
717:
712:
707:
692:
669:
627:Johannes Burman
611:
589:Anders Sparrman
583:Anders Sparrman
577:
546:Daniel Solander
541:Daniel Solander
535:
494:
475:
467:Carsten Niebuhr
414:
397:
370:
351:Daniel Rolander
348:
324:
293:
277:
226:
199:
172:
167:
140:Systema Naturae
112:
82:Daniel Rolander
65:' by Linnaeus.
36:
25:Daniel Solander
17:
12:
11:
5:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2161:Linneus, Maine
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Linné (crater)
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
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2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Gaspard Bauhin
2025:
2020:
2014:
2003:
2001:
2000:Related people
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Peter ForsskĂĄl
1948:
1943:
1941:Andreas Berlin
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
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1614:Flower hunters
1607:
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1320:
1311:
1286:
1277:
1252:
1226:"The Apostles"
1217:
1192:
1183:
1158:
1149:
1124:
1115:
1099:"Pehr Löfling"
1090:
1081:
1072:
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1038:
1029:
1020:
995:
986:
977:
968:
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841:
832:
820:
811:
802:
772:
763:
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745:
736:
727:
714:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
691:
688:
672:Andreas Berlin
668:
665:
661:Flora Capensis
657:Flora Japonica
610:
607:
576:
573:
534:
531:
493:
490:
474:
471:
413:
410:
396:
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369:
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336:Canary Islands
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225:
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198:
195:
191:Côn Sơn Island
171:
168:
166:
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111:
108:
97:Charles Darwin
74:Côn Sơn Island
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Carl Linnaeus
2215:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2185:
2177:
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2173:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
2157:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:Linnean Medal
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:7412 Linnaeus
2104:
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2033:Johann Bauhin
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Göran Rothman
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
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1947:
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1936:Adam Afzelius
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1813:
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1805:
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1801:
1800:Fauna Svecica
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:Flora Svecica
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
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1700:Carl Linnaeus
1694:
1689:
1687:
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1675:
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1664:
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1656:
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1646:0-19-850122-6
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1602:91-27-35590-X
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1579:0-7112-1841-2
1575:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1558:0-7112-2362-9
1554:
1550:
1549:
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1349:
1334:
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1324:
1315:
1300:
1296:
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1266:
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1256:
1242:on 2011-09-10
1238:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1172:
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1153:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1061:
1057:
1056:"Pehr Osbeck"
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1009:
1005:
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990:
981:
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783:
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731:
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702:
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695:Adam Afzelius
685:Adam Afzelius
683:
679:
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673:
664:
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569:
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547:
539:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:Göran Rothman
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Pehr ForsskĂĄl
420:Pehr ForsskĂĄl
418:
409:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
365:
363:
362:
356:
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332:
328:
319:
317:
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309:
305:
297:
288:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
265:Louisa Ulrika
262:
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242:
238:
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230:
221:
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211:
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192:
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184:
180:
176:
162:
160:
155:
151:
149:
144:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Carl Linnaeus
118:Carl Linnaeus
116:
107:
105:
104:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
77:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:Carl Linnaeus
56:
52:
48:
40:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2194:
2084:
2063:Recognitions
2038:Peter Artedi
1961:Pehr Löfling
1927:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1654:
1635:
1613:
1588:
1568:
1547:
1539:Bibliography
1525:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1491:. Retrieved
1477:
1466:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1400:
1389:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1323:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1269:. Retrieved
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1237:the original
1220:
1209:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1161:
1152:
1141:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1084:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
1004:"Olof Torén"
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
947:
944:"Kalm, Pehr"
937:
928:
919:
907:
901:
892:
883:
858:. Retrieved
844:
835:
814:
805:
794:. Retrieved
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
699:Sierra Leone
693:
670:
660:
656:
642:
620:
602:
592:
586:
567:
561:
554:Joseph Banks
544:
526:
495:
476:
462:
458:
454:
448:
423:
398:
371:
359:
349:
327:Pehr Löfling
325:
311:
302:
278:
268:
237:Olof Celsius
227:
217:
208:
186:
182:
173:
165:The Apostles
156:
152:
145:
138:
125:was born in
121:
102:
93:Joseph Banks
86:
78:
67:
46:
44:
37:Portrait by
29:Joseph Banks
2101:Linnaemyini
2019:(daughter))
1966:Pehr Osbeck
676:ĂŽles de Los
429:Frederick V
381:Spitsbergen
304:Pehr Osbeck
299:Pehr Osbeck
2211:Categories
1527:2010-05-19
1493:2010-05-19
1468:2010-05-19
1434:2010-05-19
1391:2010-05-17
1339:2010-05-19
1305:2010-05-19
1271:2010-05-18
1246:2010-05-18
1211:2010-05-17
1177:2010-05-17
1143:2010-05-16
1109:2010-05-16
1066:2010-05-16
1014:2010-05-16
860:2010-05-16
796:2010-04-03
705:References
594:Resolution
558:James Cook
556:to follow
455:Commiphora
450:Commiphora
437:Alexandria
433:Copenhagen
361:Sauvagesia
312:Prins Carl
205:Pehr Kalm
55:zoological
33:James Cook
2195:Wikiquote
2096:Linnaemya
2091:Linnaeite
1956:Pehr Kalm
912:Pehr Gadd
653:Sri Lanka
568:Endeavour
563:Endeavour
514:Volgograd
379:to go to
340:Venezuela
316:Guangzhou
285:Guangzhou
241:Stockholm
210:Pehr Kalm
80:However,
51:botanical
2184:Category
1521:Archived
1487:Archived
1462:Archived
1428:Archived
1385:Archived
1333:Archived
1299:Archived
1265:Archived
1205:Archived
1171:Archived
1137:Archived
1103:Archived
1060:Archived
1008:Archived
854:Archived
790:Archived
639:Nagasaki
355:Suriname
308:Göteborg
63:apostles
23:Apostle
2076:Linnaea
1860:General
599:Senegal
501:Gotland
486:Tunisia
445:Red Sea
131:SmĂĄland
127:RĂĄshult
110:Origins
2131:Linnéa
2007:Family
1843:(1774)
1835:(1771)
1827:(1763)
1819:(1753)
1811:(1751)
1803:(1746)
1795:(1745)
1787:(1738)
1779:(1737)
1771:(1737)
1763:(1737)
1755:(1737)
1747:(1736)
1739:(1736)
1731:(1736)
1723:(1735)
1661:
1643:
1622:
1599:
1576:
1555:
644:shĹŤgun
635:Dejima
566:. The
389:lichen
385:mosses
331:Madrid
259:; and
257:Rhodes
253:Cyprus
245:Turkey
187:Calmar
183:Calmar
157:Among
103:Beagle
2013:(son)
1240:(PDF)
1229:(PDF)
908:NOTE:
710:Notes
519:Kazan
482:Libya
281:Surat
261:Chios
249:Syria
181:ship
1659:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1553:ISBN
505:Carl
484:and
461:and
441:Suez
405:Java
387:and
101:HMS
53:and
45:The
649:Edo
647:in
214:Ă…bo
2213::
1595:.
1519:.
1485:.
1460:.
1426:.
1383:.
1331:.
1297:.
1263:.
1231:.
1203:.
1169:.
1135:.
1101:.
1058:.
1006:.
869:^
852:.
823:^
788:.
784:.
718:^
663:.
469:.
255:;
251:;
220:.
129:,
106:.
2087:)
2083:(
2009:(
1692:e
1685:t
1678:v
1665:.
1649:.
1628:.
1605:.
1582:.
1561:.
1530:.
1496:.
1471:.
1437:.
1394:.
1342:.
1308:.
1274:.
1249:.
1214:.
1180:.
1146:.
1112:.
1069:.
1017:.
956:.
914:.
863:.
799:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
