Ancient Northeast Asian

2967:"In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire." (...) "a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C)" (...) "Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan." (...) "This further suggests the existence of an aristocracy in the Xiongnu empire, that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader population."... Although not conclusive, this suggests that the ANA ancestry source of the Xiongnu-period individuals may not be exclusively traced back to the Slab Grave culture but may also include nearby groups with a similar ANA genetic profile, such as the Xianbei. ... Last, our findings also confirm that the highest-status individuals in this study were females, supporting previous observations that Xiongnu women played an especially prominent role in the expansion and integration of new territories along the empire's frontier. 3136:

Northeast Asian" (ANA), that is, DevilsCave_N, Mongolia_N_North, Boisman_MN, AR_EN (Jeong et al., 2020; Ning et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021), as well as post-Iron Age Eastern Steppe nomadic people including Xianbei, Rouran, Khitan, and part of the Mongol population. (...) In summary, we have unveiled the first genomic profile of theancient Türkic royal family. Our genomic analyses of EmpressAshina revealed Göktürk's Northeast Asian origin (97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry and 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry), refuting the western Eurasian origin and multiple originhypotheses. We found Ashina shared most genetic affinity with post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic Steppe pastoralists, such as Rouran, Xianbei, Khitan, and Heshui_Mohe, and showedgenetic heterogeneity with other ancient Türkic people, suggesting the multiple sources of the Türkic Khanate populations. Furthermore, the limited contribution from ancient Göktürk found in modern Turkic-speaking populations once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages. (...) Table S2F: "The Ashina showed west Eurasian admixture dating to about 2000 years ago (~1330–1550 years, assuming 29 years/ generation. Mongolia_N_North + Sarmatian/Mongolia_N_North + Afanasievo), while earlyMed_Turk and CentralSteppe_Turk showed more recently mixing date."

708: 433: 1127:: "In this study, we analyzed six pre-Bronze Age individuals from three sites dating to the fifth and fourth millennia BCE: one from eastern Mongolia (SOU001, "eastMongolia_preBA", 4686-4495 cal. BCE), one from central Mongolia (ERM003, "centralMongolia_preBA", 3781-3643 cal. BCE), and four from the eastern Baikal region ("Fofonovo_EN"). By comparing these genomes to previously published ancient and modern data across Eurasia (Fig. 2) (see Methods and Materials), we found that they are most closely related to contemporaneous hunter-gatherers from the western Baikal region ("Baikal_EN", 5200-4200 BCE) and the Russian Far East ("DevilsCave_N", ca. 5700 BCE), filling in the geographic gap in the distribution of this genetic profile (Fig. 3a). We refer to this profile as "Ancient Northeast Asian" (ANA)" 693: 911: 804: 111: 556: 958:. These findings refute "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the Göktürks. However, the authors also observed that the population of the "Türkic Empire" as a whole, particularly Central Steppe and Medieval Türks, had a high but variable degree of West Eurasian admixture, suggesting genetic sub-structure within the empire: for example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62,2% of their genome, while the remaining 37,8% was derived from West Eurasians ( 127: 2711: 3186:, p. 897: See figure 4, B for admixture proportions in earlyMed_Turk. "...it is clear that these individuals have genetic profiles that differ from the preceding Xiongnu period, suggesting new sources of gene flow into Mongolia at this time that displace them along PC3 (Figure 2)...The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)." 744: 40: 3317:

northward spread of Tungusic and probably also Turkic and Mongolic. However, the expansions of Tungusic as well as Turkic and Mongolic are too recent to be associable with the earliest waves of Neosiberian ancestry, dated later than ~11 kya, but discernible in the Baikal region from at least 6 kya onwards. Therefore, this phase of the Neosiberian population turnover must initially have transmitted other languages or language families into Siberia, including possibly Uralic and Yukaghir.

2103:

2720:, "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%) (Supplementary Data 1E and Fig. 3a). Tarim_EMBA2 from Beifang can also be modelled as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (about 89%) and Baikal_EBA (about 11%).". 465:. There is then a large gap until the Neolithic period, where the specific ANA gene pool has been identified. Ancestry basal to the ANA gene pool, but significantly closer to them than to the Upper-Paleolithic Tianyuan-related gene pool or other East Asian lineages (such as Southern East Asians), has been found among a sample in the Amur region (AR19K; c. 19 000 BP), suggesting that Ancient Northeast Asians diverged from other East Asian populations sometimes between 19kya to 26kya. 4191: 547:(1100–300 BCE) cultures were closely associated with the Ancient Northeast Asians (Amur ancestry) and can be modeled as direct descendants of them. They largely replaced the previous Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers, although geneflow between them has been proposed, particularly between a Neolithic Eastern Mongolian population (East_Mongolia_preBA) having primarily Amur_N-like ancestry and local Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal_EBA). 1385:

the genomic profile of human populations in the Altai region is unknown. (...) We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry —initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East— in another Neolithic Altai-Sayan individual associated with different cultural features, revealing the spread of ANA ancestry 1,500 km further to the west than previously observed.

3141: 515:. These populations are sometimes described as "Neo-Siberians" and can be differentiated from proper ANA/Amur populations represented by the Neolithic Devils Cave specimen, but share a common recent origin via their Ancient Northern East Asian ancestor. Neo-Siberians are inferred to have expanded prior to the expansion of Neolithic Amur ancestry. 1755:: "Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%)" 3446:

Samashev, Zainolla; Beisenov, Arman; Berezina, Natalia; Berezin, Yakov; Bíró, András Zsolt; Évinger, Sándor; Bissembaev, Arman; Akhatov, Gaziz; Mamedov, Aslan; Onggaruly, Akhan; Voyakin, Dmitriy; Chotbayev, Aidos; Kariyev, Yeldos; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Djansugurova, Leyla; Jeong, Choongwon; Krause, Johannes (26 March 2021).

3150:, "In summary, we have unveiled the first genomic profile of the ancient Türkic royal family. Our genomic analyses of Empress Ashina revealed Göktürk's Northeast Asian origin (97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry and 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry), refuting the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses.". 3174:, p. 5: "We found Ashina shared most genetic affnity with post Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic Steppe pastoralists, such as Rouran, Xianbei, Khitan, and Heshui_Mohe, and showed genetic heterogeneity with other ancient Türkic people, suggesting the multiple sources of the Türkic Khanate populations" 2396:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Hagan, Richard W.; Bromage, Sabri; Tsolmon, Soninkhishig; Trachsel, Christian; Grossmann, Jonas; Littleton, Judith; Makarewicz, Cheryl A.; Krigbaum, John; Burri, Marta; Scott, Ashley (27 November

2163:

We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry —initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East— in another Neolithic Altai-Sayan individual associated with different cultural features, revealing the spread of ANA ancestry 1,500 km further to the west than previously

1837:

1572:

Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry. The latter gene pool was first identified in the Russian Far East in Neolithic hunter-gatherers from Devil's Gate Cave (DevilsCave_N), and, to date, the westernmost presence of ANA ancestry was reported in the Lake Baikal region and in Central Mongolia by 7,500

3092:

All of these individuals, albeit variably mixed with other sources, have been shown to trace their eastern Eurasian ancestry component to a genetic profile referred to as the "ancient northeast Asians" (ANA) (...) All of the early-Avar-period individuals (DTI_early_elite), except for an infant and a

2895:

2756:

Combining genomic and proteomic evidence, researchers revealed that these earliest residents in the Tarim Basin carried genetic ancestry inherited from local Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, carried no steppe-related ancestry, but consumed milk products, indicating communications of persistence

1896:

Assuming that the early Neolithic populations of the Khövsgöl region resembled those of the nearby Baikal region, we conclude that the Khövsgöl main cluster obtained ∼11% of their ancestry from an ANE source during the Neolithic period and a much smaller contribution of WSH ancestry (4–7%) beginning

1384:

These individuals carry the typical ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry, a widely distributed gene pool that was first identified in a 24,000-year-old individual (MA1) from the Mal'ta site near the Lake Baikal in south central Siberia. Thereafter, there is a large gap of 12,000 years, during which

3316:

Most modern Siberian speakers of Neosiberian languages genetically fall on an East- West cline between Europeans and Early East Asians. Taking Even speakers as representatives, the Neosiberian turnover from the south, which largely replaced Ancient Paleosiberian ancestry, can be associated with the

2102:

3385:

Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun; Ruan, Qiurong; Niyazi, Alipujiang; Dong, Guanghui; Cao, Peng; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Yang, Ruowei; Tang, Zihua; Ma, Pengcheng;

1458:

Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (25 August 2020).

918:

A later different Eastern influx is evident in three outlier samples of the Saka Tasmola culture (Tasmola Birlik) and one of the Pazyryk culture (Pazyryk Berel), which displayed c. 70-83% additional Amur-derived ancestry, suggesting them to be recent migrants from further East. The same additional

1169:

Amur ancestry—ancestry associated with populations in the Amur River region, Mongolia, and Siberia, with the oldest individual sampled to date represented by a 14,000-year-old individual from the Amur River region, i.e. Amur14K . Populations associated with this ancestry likely contributed to the

3251:

Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Giampoudakis, Konstantinos; Nogués-Bravo, David

2037:

3135:

In the principal component analysis (PCA) (Figs. 1B, S3), the Ashina individual clustered with modern Tungusic and Mongolic speakers, ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunter-gatherers previously referred to as "Ancient

1909:

Wang, Ke; Yu, He; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Kiryushin, Yuriy F.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Frolov, Yaroslav V.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Kiryushin, Kirill Yu.; Kungurov, Artur L.; Shnaider, Svetlana V.; Tur, Svetlana S.; Tiunov, Mikhail P.; Zubova, Alisa V.; Pevzner, Maria; Karimov, Timur (6 February 2023).

1055:

816: 3445:

Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;

3333:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (12

946:(551–582 CE), whose remains were sequenced, was found to be genetically closely associated with Ancient Northeast Asians (with 97.7% Northeast Asian ancestry, 2.3% West Eurasian ancestry dating back to around 3000 years ago, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture), which according to Yang 472:("DevilsCave_N", c. 5700 BCE). More Neolithic individuals with the ANA/Amur-like gene pool have been identified in eastern Mongolia (SOU001, "EastMongolia_preBA" 4686–4495 cal. BCE), in central Mongolia (ERM003, "CentralMongolia_preBA" 3781–3639 cal. BCE). 1690:(ANE), which is found among the Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of the Mal'ta (ca. 24500–24100 BP) and Afontova Gora (ca. 16900–16500 BP) sites in Siberia (Fu et al., 2016; Raghavan et al., 2015) and the horse-herders of Botai, Kazakhstan (ca. 3500–3300 BCE)" 491:("Baikal_EBA", circa 2500 BCE or Shamanka_EBA) and Cisbaikal_LNBA. They cluster broadly with other Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) populations, but are differentiated from them via drift associated with an earlier inland expansion route, and a minor 626:

Baikal hunter-gatherers (Baikal EBA or Shamanka EBA, c. 93-96%) with small amounts of admixture from Western Steppe Herders (Sintashta, c. 4-7%). Genetic analyses revealed that while dairy pastoralism seems to have been adopted by them from the

87:, is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 7th-4th millennia before present, in far-eastern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal regions. They are inferred to have diverged from 1258:

Using f4-statistics, both DevilsCave_N and AR14K share a close genetic relationship to each other and group phylogenetically with other ancient northern East Asian individuals rather than ancient southern East Asian individuals

1674:). By comparing these genomes to previously published ancient and modern data across Eurasia (Figure 2; Table S3C), we found that they are most closely related to contemporaneous huntergatherers from the western Baikal region ( 1112:

We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry—initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East ... first identified in the Russian Far East in Neolithic hunter-gatherers from Devil's Gate Cave

3208:

Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi-Yang; Zhu, Kong-Yang; Du, Pan-Xin; Ren, Xiao-Ying; Xiong, Jian-Xue; Lu, Xiao-Yu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Wei-Peng; Jin, Li (9 January 2023).

448:

The Prehistoric populations of Eastern Siberia are poorly understood, mainly due to the lack of archaeological specimens. So far, the oldest populations for which genomic data have been obtained are the Upper Paleolithic

3198:, p. 4: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)." 966:), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE. The ruling clan of the Turkic peoples, the Ashina tribe, was found to display close genetic affinities with the earlier Slab Grave and Ulaanzuukh culture remains. 1400:

Mao, Xiaowei; Zhang, Hucai; Qiao, Shiyu; Liu, Yichen; Chang, Fengqin; Xie, Ping; Zhang, Ming; Wang, Tianyi; Li, Mian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Dai, Qingyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Ping, Wanjing (10 June 2021).

846:) cultures of Central Asia from around 1,000 BCE, contributing about half of their genetic profile (40-55%), highlighting the increase in genetic diversity during the late Bronze Age and the following Iron Age. 3162:, pp. 3–4: "In contrast to Ashina, Central Steppe and early Medieval Türk exhibited a high but variable degree of West Eurasian ancestry, indicating there was a genetic substructure of the Türkic empire." 2625: 432: 3386:

Li, Chunxiang; Gao, Shizhu; Xu, Yang; Wu, Sihao; Wen, Shaoqing; Zhu, Hong; Zhou, Hui; Robbeets, Martine; Kumar, Vikas; Krause, Johannes; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon; Cui, Yinqiu (11 November 2021).

692: 919:

Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of Huns (Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE) and may be associated with the westwards expansion of Xiongnu tribes. A

2240:

Overall, individuals from the Ulaanzuukh and the Slab Grave cultures present a homogeneous genetic profile that has deep roots in the region and is referred to as Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA)

1662:, p. 891: "In this study, we analyzed six pre-Bronze Age hunter-gatherer individuals from three sites dating to the fifth and fourth millennia BCE: one from eastern Mongolia (SOU001, 877:

ancestry was further added at a later stage. High status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian

891:, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3% 934:

in Europe, particularly as regards the Avar elite, were also confirmed to have essentially Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (c. 90%), with some additions from other sources.

707: 2116: 1766: 1702:"Multidisciplinary lines of evidence reveal East/Northeast Asian origins of agriculturalist/pastoralist residents at a Han dynasty military outpost in ancient Xinjiang" 1525: 1337: 495:(ANE) component at c. 11% (5-20%). The ANE-like component is best explained via Ancient Paleo-Siberian-rich groups. They also display genetic affinities with the 2683:

Rawson, Jessica; Huan, Limin; Taylor, William Timothy Treal (1 December 2021). "Seeking Horses: Allies, Clients and Exchanges in the Zhou Period (1045–221 BC)".

611:

during the Late Bronze Age. These groups formed from the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal populations from the Eastern Steppe and subsequent admixture from

2911:

Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).

4154: 4019: 678:), who can be modeled as deriving significant amounts of ancestry (c. 40-55%) from the Baikal/Shamanka EBA groups, with the remainder being derived from 1969:"Postglacial genomes from foragers across Northern Eurasia reveal prehistoric mobility associated with the spread of the Uralic and Yeniseian languages" 923:

individual from an elite burial of the mid-4th century CE in Budapest, Hungary, was reconstructed as 60% Ancient Northeast Asian/Amur (ANA) and 40%

3526: 2730:

Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke (2022). "Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past".

475:

The closely related hunter-gatherers from the Baikal region and adjacent regions of Siberia are associated with the Early Neolithic eastern Baikal

1648:...the western Baikal early Neolithic Kitoi culture (Baikal_EN) and the early Bronze Age Glazkovo culture (Baikal_EBA) (Damgaard et al., 2018a)... 110: 671:, are among the people sharing the highest genetic affinities with the Late Bronze Age herders of Khövsgöl, but are not identical with them. 2465: 731:

ancestry (c. 72%), with a smaller admixture from an East Asian-like population (particularly the Baikal_EBA, at c. 28%), but no detectable

479:

culture ("Fofonovo_EN"), and the western Baikal Kitoi culture ("Baikal_EN", 5200–4200 BCE or Shamanka_EN), as well as in conjunction with

959: 788: 56: 3900: 3628: 3568: 116: 3782: 468:

The first individual to be identified with the specific ANA gene pool came from the Russian Far East, near the Pacific coast, at the

3956: 3742: 3239:

In addition, Ashina showed close genetic aﬃnity with population related to Bronze Age Slab Grave and Ulaanzukh culture in Mongolia.

415: 17: 1682:

ca. 5700 BCE), filling in the geographic gap in the distribution of this genetic profile (Figure 3A). We refer to this profile as

3893: 3093:

burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.

2896:

burial with typical characteristics of the Transtisza group (Figure 2B), form a tight cluster with a high level of ANA ancestry.

3708: 3643: 3618: 3592: 522:, suggesting that the specific ANA gene pool formed as early as 14,000 BP. Neolithic ANA remains have been found as far as the 444:) in a principal component analysis (PCA) of non-African modern human genomes (grey), and other ancient populations (colors). 4139: 3951: 3613: 3519: 615:

migrant groups. This includes the Khövsgöl LBA herders from northern Mongolia and the Altai MLBA hunter-gatherers from the

91:

about 24kya ago, and are represented by several ancient human specimens found in archaeological excavations east of the

4222: 4129: 3912: 3888: 3811: 4237: 4174: 4101: 3883: 3878: 3703: 3638: 3587: 4217: 3583: 1686:(ANA) to reflect its geographic distribution relative to another widespread mid-Holocene genetic profile known as 3973: 3924: 3868: 3512: 1006:

region since at least 6kya. An earlier wave of Northern East Asian ancestry into Siberia is associated with "Neo-

4242: 4149: 3985: 3873: 599:

Several successor groups of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers with varying degrees of

457:(c. 40,000 BP), specifically the Salkhit (c. 34,000 BP) and AR33K (c. 33,000 BP) samples from Mongolia and the 4227: 4059: 518:

The Devils_Cave_N sample was found to display genetic continuity with a c. 14kya old sample (AR14K) from the

399: 4164: 4134: 4119: 4069: 3735: 3668: 3648: 3578: 1734: 96: 1461:"Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations" 4074: 4054: 3799: 3777: 3633: 2004:"Bronze Age Northern Eurasian Genetics in the Context of Development of Metallurgy and Siberian Ancestry" 453:(c. 24,000 BP) from Central Siberia, and Upper-Paleolithic populations related to the "Basal-East Asian" 33: 885:, while low status individuals tended to be more diverse and having higher Saka-like ancestry. A likely 4091: 4007: 3792: 1214:

24,000 years ago may also indicate the split time separating Amur ancestry from other Asian ancestries.

910: 826:

The Baikal EBA populations, also contributed to a large extent to the formation of the hybrid Eurasian

631:, they were primarily of local Northern East Asian origin, implying cultural transmission. Modern day 4064: 3936: 3863: 3843: 180: 55:

to the Pacific coast. They were bordered by Western Eurasian populations to the west, which combined

4114: 4109: 4084: 3961: 3929: 3683: 3448:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2981:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2492:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 2266:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 1968: 803: 4195: 4096: 4079: 3966: 3946: 3917: 3806: 3728: 3693: 3688: 2614:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 2399:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 1840:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe" 827: 450: 223: 3995: 3978: 3941: 3831: 3535: 1023: 728: 628: 612: 600: 580: 492: 480: 167: 64: 2245: 2003: 4049: 3816: 3046:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites" 2841:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites" 1403:"The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene" 732: 555: 469: 986:-speaking populations of Northeast Asia. ANA ancestry (represented by the Tungusic-speaking 4012: 3787: 3770: 3573: 3459: 3399: 3265: 2992: 2924: 2629: 2503: 2410: 2342: 2277: 2189: 2128: 2117:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 2051: 1923: 1912:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1851: 1778: 1767:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1537: 1526:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1349: 1338:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 1284: 1069: 1058:"Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia" 955: 8: 4232: 4036: 3836: 1007: 193: 3463: 3403: 3269: 3211:"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate" 3107:"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate" 2996: 2953: 2928: 2912: 2633: 2507: 2414: 2346: 2281: 2218: 2193: 2177: 2132: 2055: 1927: 1855: 1782: 1541: 1353: 1288: 1073: 853:(3rd century BCE-1st century CE), which combined specific Saka ancestries (particularly 3604: 3488: 3447: 3428: 3387: 3368: 3335: 3307: 3126: 3078: 3045: 3021: 2980: 2886: 2873: 2840: 2821: 2808: 2775: 2665: 2652: 2613: 2589: 2556: 2532: 2491: 2441: 2398: 2373: 2330: 2306: 2265: 2231: 2154: 2093: 2019: 1984: 1882: 1839: 1804: 1639: 1626: 1593: 1563: 1506: 1493: 1460: 1440: 1375: 1313: 1272: 1103: 1015: 999: 995: 892: 882: 862: 748: 544: 540: 512: 238: 39: 4024: 4000: 3905: 3826: 3821: 3678: 3659: 3623: 3559: 3493: 3475: 3433: 3415: 3373: 3355: 3311: 3299: 3291: 3230: 3130: 3106: 3083: 3065: 3026: 3008: 2958: 2940: 2890: 2878: 2860: 2825: 2813: 2795: 2747: 2700: 2657: 2594: 2576: 2537: 2519: 2446: 2428: 2378: 2360: 2311: 2293: 2235: 2223: 2205: 2158: 2146: 2097: 2085: 2077: 2023: 1988: 1949: 1941: 1887: 1869: 1808: 1796: 1723: 1643: 1631: 1613: 1567: 1555: 1510: 1498: 1480: 1444: 1432: 1424: 1379: 1367: 1318: 1300: 1249: 1205: 1170:

ancestors of Native Americans and populations associated with Paleosiberian ancestry.

1160: 1107: 1095: 1087: 764: 679: 604: 386: 268: 88: 3253: 2669: 2039: 3483: 3467: 3423: 3407: 3363: 3347: 3281: 3273: 3222: 3118: 3073: 3057: 3016: 3000: 2948: 2932: 2868: 2852: 2803: 2787: 2739: 2692: 2647: 2637: 2584: 2568: 2527: 2511: 2436: 2418: 2368: 2350: 2301: 2285: 2213: 2197: 2136: 2067: 2059: 2011: 1976: 1931: 1877: 1859: 1786: 1713: 1621: 1605: 1545: 1488: 1472: 1414: 1357: 1308: 1292: 1239: 1195: 1150: 1077: 1019: 991: 979: 975: 904: 743: 623: 488: 371: 356: 341: 326: 313: 2612:

Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Warinner, Christina (2018).

849:

The hybrid Saka cultures in turn played an important role in the formation of the

3853: 2913:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales" 2178:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales" 1227: 1183: 1138: 1011: 931: 839: 835: 808: 636: 616: 608: 523: 500: 208: 92: 72: 52: 1002:, which supports their spread from Northeast Asia westwards, discernable in the 674:

The Altai MLBA gene pool further West can be associated with Eastern Scythians (

3751: 3673: 3411: 3351: 3061: 2856: 2791: 2696: 2626:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2572: 1609: 1476: 1419: 1402: 1296: 943: 850: 668: 3277: 2141: 2063: 2015: 1980: 1936: 1911: 1791: 1550: 1362: 1082: 1057: 4211: 3698: 3479: 3444: 3419: 3359: 3295: 3234: 3069: 3012: 2944: 2864: 2799: 2704: 2580: 2523: 2432: 2364: 2297: 2251: 2209: 2081: 1945: 1873: 1740: 1727: 1718: 1701: 1617: 1484: 1428: 1304: 1253: 1209: 1164: 1091: 724: 683: 253: 143: 2642: 2423: 2355: 1864: 1244: 1200: 1155: 990:) overall forms the main ancestry of the early and contemporary speakers of 3765: 3497: 3471: 3437: 3377: 3303: 3087: 3030: 3004: 2962: 2936: 2882: 2817: 2751: 2661: 2598: 2541: 2515: 2450: 2382: 2315: 2289: 2227: 2201: 2150: 2089: 1953: 1891: 1800: 1635: 1559: 1502: 1436: 1371: 1322: 1099: 983: 951: 858: 819: 454: 1036: 3504: 1003: 987: 701:

are often associated with Khövsgöl LBA burials. Probably c.1400-1000 BCE.

508: 484: 3286: 2072: 1228:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1184:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 1139:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia" 51:

yellow area) are defined as a cluster of Neolithic populations from the

2743: 963: 896: 878: 874: 866: 776: 698: 496: 60: 3254:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 3226: 3122: 2040:"The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene" 870: 644: 584: 462: 3210: 2331:"Late Bronze Age cultural origins of dairy pastoralism in Mongolia" 854: 815: 652: 560: 476: 3336:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 2776:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 2557:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 1594:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe" 1457: 3720: 3544: 1815: 660: 504: 2910: 559:

Khövsgöl LBA in the Middle-Late Bronze Age (1400 to 1100 BC) in

526:, 1,500 km further to the west than previously understood. 887: 831: 664: 656: 640: 632: 283: 2611: 1670:

3781–3639 cal. BCE), and four from the eastern Baikal region (

563:. Khövsgöl LBA is essentially composed of Baikal EBA ancestry 2395: 1836: 811:

were essentially derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA).

648: 134: 3549: 3388:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 3250: 2036: 1908: 1273:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 1054: 924: 900: 843: 760: 675: 519: 458: 158: 920: 1666:

4686–4495 cal. BCE), one from central Mongolia (ERM003,

3332: 3183: 1821: 1659: 1124: 1042: 534: 420:

Ancient Northeast Asians, with contemporary cultures

2729: 2466:"How Bronze Age Northern Mongolian Peoples Got Milk" 2002:

Childebayeva, Ainash; et al. (1 October 2023).

914:

Elite Hun burial genetic ancestry (350 CE, Budapest)

503:, as well as the Neolithic and Bronze Age groups in 1395: 1393: 807:Genomic evidence from human remains shows that the 974:Genetically, ANA/Amur ancestry peaks among modern 682:-like admixture (c. 45-60%) associated with early 1014:), which may be associated with the expansion of 787:) ancestry, with a smaller Iranian contribution ( 763:combined in almost equal parts Western Eurasian ( 723:A genomic study published in 2021 found that the 571:(itself essentially Ancient Northeast Asian, ANA 4209: 3384: 3044:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). 2979:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 2839:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (14 April 2022). 2717: 2682: 2490:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 2264:Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto (26 March 2021). 1752: 1390: 822:are closely related to Ancient Northeast Asians. 3207: 3043: 2978: 2838: 2618:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2489: 2403:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2335:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2263: 1967:Zeng, Tian Chen; et al. (2 October 2023). 1844:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1399: 738: 126: 751:was essentially Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA, 550: 3736: 3520: 2757:practices independent from genetic exchange. 2001: 861:-related ones), with Neolithic Amur-derived 622:The Khövsgöl LBA herders are descended from 583:), and a relatively small admixture from a 3743: 3729: 3534: 3527: 3513: 3487: 3427: 3367: 3285: 3077: 3020: 2952: 2872: 2807: 2651: 2641: 2588: 2531: 2440: 2422: 2372: 2354: 2305: 2217: 2140: 2071: 1935: 1881: 1863: 1790: 1717: 1678:5200–4200 BCE) and the Russian Far East ( 1625: 1549: 1492: 1418: 1361: 1312: 1243: 1199: 1154: 1081: 950:supports a Northeast Asian origin of the 909: 814: 802: 742: 554: 431: 102: 38: 27:Ancient genetic lineage of modern humans 2906: 2904: 2328: 14: 4210: 2769: 2767: 2765: 1232:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 1188:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 1143:Human Population Genetics and Genomics 733:Western Steppe Herder-related ancestry 436:Position of Ancient Northeast Asians ( 384: 3724: 3508: 2773: 2605: 2554: 2329:Orlando, Ludovic (27 November 2018). 1960: 1832: 1830: 1699: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1270: 969: 899:ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being 397: 369: 354: 339: 324: 311: 296: 281: 266: 251: 236: 178: 165: 114: 3215:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 3195: 3171: 3159: 3147: 3111:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 3104: 2901: 2832: 2114: 1966: 1764: 1523: 1335: 1225: 1181: 1136: 529: 221: 206: 156: 141: 132: 2762: 2732:Journal of Anthropological Sciences 2548: 2175: 2030: 1226:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 1182:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 1137:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022). 607:admixture started to appear in the 191: 43:The Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA, 24: 3812:Blood type distribution by country 3750: 1827: 1706:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 1578: 1022:, and the partial displacement of 1010:" (represented by Uralic-speaking 713:Detail of deer stone, with weapons 535:Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave cultures 25: 4254: 727:(c. 2000 BCE) had high levels of 565: 4190: 4189: 2463: 775:) with Ancient Northeast Asian ( 718: 706: 691: 487:populations associated with the 125: 109: 3244: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3098: 3037: 2972: 2723: 2676: 2483: 2457: 2389: 2322: 2257: 2169: 2108: 1995: 1902: 1758: 1746: 1693: 1653: 1517: 1451: 793: 781: 769: 753: 438: 45: 2176:Lee, Juhyeon (14 April 2023). 1329: 1264: 1219: 1175: 1130: 1118: 1048: 838:(Eastern Saka) as well as the 589: 579:, with a small admixture from 95:. They are a sub-group of the 13: 1: 1029: 573: 421: 1271:Zhang, Fan (November 2021). 739:Sakas, Xiongnus, Huns, Avars 483:(APS), the Early Bronze Age 97:Ancient Northern East Asians 7: 2685:Journal of World Prehistory 2252:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2021 1741:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2021 1573:and 5,600 BP, respectively. 937: 551:Altai MLBA and Khövsgöl LBA 34:Ancient Northern East Asian 10: 4259: 3793:Neanderthal genome project 3684:Settlement of the Americas 3412:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 3352:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 3326: 3062:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 2857:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 2792:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 2697:10.1007/s10963-021-09161-9 2573:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 1610:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015 1477:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 1420:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.040 1297:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 759:), while the neighbouring 31: 4223:Genetic history of Europe 4185: 4035: 3852: 3758: 3658: 3603: 3558: 3542: 3278:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 2774:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 2555:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 2142:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 2064:10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z 2016:10.1101/2023.10.01.560195 1981:10.1101/2023.10.01.560332 1937:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1792:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1592:Jeong, Choongwon (2020). 1551:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1363:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1083:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062 1026:, starting around 11kya. 4238:Peopling of the Americas 3930:Caucasus hunter-gatherer 3694:Western hunter-gatherers 1897:in the early Bronze Age. 1719:10.3389/fevo.2022.932004 895:genetic ancestry, 51.9% 828:Scytho-Siberian cultures 32:Not to be confused with 18:Ancient Northeast Asians 4218:Archaeogenetic lineages 3991:Ancient Northeast Asian 3967:Eastern hunter-gatherer 3947:Western hunter-gatherer 3918:Early Anatolian farmers 3689:Ancient North Eurasians 2643:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 2424:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 2356:10.1073/pnas.1817559115 1865:10.1073/pnas.1813608115 1684:Ancient Northeast Asian 1245:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 1201:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 1156:10.47248/hpgg2202010001 493:Ancient North Eurasians 481:Ancient Paleo-Siberians 451:Ancient North Eurasians 77:Ancient Northeast Asian 3996:Ancient Paleo-Siberian 3979:Ancient North Eurasian 3942:Early European Farmers 3536:Early human migrations 3472:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 3105:Yang, Xiaomin (2023). 3005:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2937:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904 2516:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2290:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 2202:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904 1700:Allen, Edward (2022). 1688:Ancient North Eurasian 1668:centralMongolia_preBA, 1465:Communications Biology 915: 823: 812: 800: 729:Ancient North Eurasian 629:Western Steppe Herders 601:Western Steppe Herders 596: 581:Ancient North Eurasian 497:Yumin hunter-gatherers 445: 68: 65:Ancient North Eurasian 4243:Peopling of the world 3817:Genealogical DNA test 3778:Evolutionary genetics 2409:(48): E11248–E11255. 1850:(48): E11248–E11255. 1743:, Fig.2 for the date. 1413:(12): 3256–3266.e13. 913: 869:ancestries, to which 818: 806: 746: 613:Western Steppe Herder 558: 435: 103:Neolithic populations 42: 4228:Last Glacial Maximum 3788:Neanderthal genetics 3771:Human Genome Project 3056:(8): 1402–1413.e21. 2851:(8): 1402–1413.e21. 942:The Turkic princess 543:(1450–1150 BCE) and 416:class=notpageimage| 4171:Sub-Saharan Africa 4140:Tamils (Sri Lankan) 4037:Population genetics 3844:Genetic enhancement 3837:Surname DNA project 3464:2021SciA....7.4414G 3404:2021Natur.599..256Z 3270:2019Natur.570..182S 2997:2021SciA....7.4414G 2929:2023SciA....9F3904L 2634:2018PNAS..11511248J 2508:2021SciA....7.4414G 2415:2018PNAS..11511248J 2347:2018PNAS..11512083O 2341:(48): 12083–12085. 2282:2021SciA....7.4414G 2194:2023SciA....9F3904L 2133:2023CBio...33E.423W 2056:2019Natur.570..182S 1928:2023CBio...33E.423W 1856:2018PNAS..11511248J 1783:2023CBio...33E.423W 1664:eastMongolia_preBA, 1542:2023CBio...33E.423W 1354:2023CBio...33E.423W 1289:2021Natur.599..256Z 1074:2023CBio...33E.423W 507:(Yakutia_LNBA) and 89:Ancient East Asians 3605:Middle Paleolithic 3346:(4): 890–904.e29. 2786:(4): 890–904.e29. 2744:10.4436/jass.10017 1000:Tungusic languages 970:ANA ancestry today 930:The 7-8th century 916: 883:Slab Grave culture 824: 813: 801: 749:Slab Grave culture 597: 539:The people of the 513:Altai-Sayan region 446: 69: 4205: 4204: 4025:Ancient Beringian 3827:Race and genetics 3822:Genetic genealogy 3807:Genetic variation 3718: 3717: 3679:Ancient Beringian 3660:Upper Paleolithic 3629:archaic admixture 3624:Coastal migration 3574:Neanderthal range 3560:Lower Paleolithic 3398:(7884): 256–261. 3264:(7760): 182–188. 3227:10.1111/jse.12938 3184:Jeong et al. 2020 3123:10.1111/jse.12938 2718:Zhang et al. 2021 2628:: E11248–E11255. 2127:(3): 423–433.e5. 2115:Wang, Ke (2023). 2050:(7760): 182–188. 1922:(3): 423–433.e5. 1822:Jeong et al. 2020 1777:(3): 423–433.e5. 1765:Wang, Ke (2023). 1753:Zhang et al. 2021 1660:Jeong et al. 2020 1536:(3): 423–433.e5. 1524:Wang, Ke (2023). 1348:(3): 423–433.e5. 1336:Wang, Ke (2023). 1283:(7884): 256–261. 1125:Jeong et al. 2020 1068:(3): 423–433.e5. 1043:Jeong et al. 2020 798: 786: 774: 758: 594: 578: 570: 530:Later populations 470:Devil’s Gate Cave 443: 83:), also known as 50: 16:(Redirected from 4250: 4193: 4192: 3894:African diaspora 3884:Eastern Africa‎‎ 3832:Recent evolution 3783:Human-chimp MRCA 3745: 3738: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3619:Out of Africa II 3529: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3458:(13): eabe4414. 3452:Science Advances 3441: 3431: 3381: 3371: 3334:November 2020). 3320: 3319: 3289: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3221:(6): 1056–1064. 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3117:(6): 1056–1064. 3102: 3096: 3095: 3081: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3024: 2985:Science Advances 2976: 2970: 2969: 2956: 2923:(15): eadf3904. 2917:Science Advances 2908: 2899: 2898: 2876: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2771: 2760: 2759: 2738:(100): 193–230. 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2655: 2645: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2592: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2496:Science Advances 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2464:Raff, Jennifer. 2461: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2426: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2358: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2270:Science Advances 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2221: 2188:(15): eadf3904. 2182:Science Advances 2173: 2167: 2166: 2144: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2075: 2034: 2028: 2027: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1939: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1885: 1867: 1834: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1794: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1697: 1691: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1629: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1553: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1496: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1422: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1365: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1316: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1247: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1203: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1158: 1134: 1128: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1085: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1020:Uralic languages 797: 796: 792: 785: 784: 780: 773: 772: 768: 757: 756: 752: 710: 695: 624:Early Bronze Age 593: 592: 588: 577: 576: 572: 569: 568: 564: 511:(kra001) in the 489:Glazkovo culture 442: 441: 437: 426: 425: -3000 BCE 423: 410: 408: 395: 393: 382: 380: 367: 365: 352: 350: 337: 335: 322: 320: 309: 307: 304:Northeast Asians 294: 292: 279: 277: 264: 262: 249: 247: 234: 232: 219: 217: 204: 202: 189: 187: 176: 174: 163: 161: 154: 152: 139: 137: 129: 128: 121: 119: 113: 49: 48: 44: 21: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4181: 4161:Southeast Asia 4039: 4031: 3889:Southern Africa 3856: 3854:Genetic history 3848: 3754: 3749: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3654: 3653: 3599: 3598: 3569:Out of Africa I 3554: 3538: 3533: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3249: 3245: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3103: 3099: 3042: 3038: 2977: 2973: 2909: 2902: 2837: 2833: 2772: 2763: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2681: 2677: 2610: 2606: 2553: 2549: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2394: 2390: 2327: 2323: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2174: 2170: 2121:Current Biology 2113: 2109: 2035: 2031: 2000: 1996: 1965: 1961: 1916:Current Biology 1907: 1903: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1771:Current Biology 1763: 1759: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1698: 1694: 1658: 1654: 1590: 1579: 1530:Current Biology 1522: 1518: 1456: 1452: 1398: 1391: 1342:Current Biology 1334: 1330: 1269: 1265: 1224: 1220: 1180: 1176: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1062:Current Biology 1053: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1024:Paleo-Siberians 972: 956:Göktürk Khanate 940: 794: 782: 770: 754: 741: 721: 714: 711: 702: 696: 590: 574: 566: 553: 537: 532: 524:Altai Mountains 501:Northeast China 439: 430: 429: 428: 427: 424: 418: 412: 411: 405: 403: 400: 398: 396: 390: 387: 385: 383: 376: 372: 370: 368: 361: 357: 355: 353: 346: 342: 340: 338: 331: 327: 325: 323: 314: 312: 310: 303: 299: 297: 295: 288: 284: 282: 280: 273: 269: 267: 265: 258: 254: 252: 250: 243: 239: 237: 235: 228: 224: 222: 220: 213: 209: 207: 205: 198: 194: 192: 190: 185: 183: 181: 179: 177: 171: 168: 166: 164: 159: 157: 155: 148: 144: 142: 140: 135: 133: 131: 130: 122: 117: 115: 105: 93:Altai Mountains 73:archaeogenetics 67:(ANE) ancestry. 53:Altai Mountains 46: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4008:Southeast Asia 4005: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3879:Central Africa 3876: 3871: 3860: 3858: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3752:Human genetics 3748: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3674:Mammoth steppe 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 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Asia 3913:Middle East 3709:Philippines 3669:LGM refugia 3644:Philippines 3593:Philippines 1672:Fofonovo_EN 1238:(1): 1–32. 1194:(1): 1–32. 1149:(1): 1–32. 1004:Lake Baikal 699:Deer stones 520:Amur region 509:Krasnoyarsk 461:region, or 197:Corded Ware 75:, the term 4233:Mesolithic 4212:Categories 4175:Hutu/Tutsi 4146:East Asia 4060:Bulgarians 3901:South Asia 3759:Sub-topics 3553:dispersals 1676:Baikal_EN, 1471:(1): 437. 1030:References 964:Afanasievo 893:Slab Grave 879:Ulaanzuukh 867:Slab Grave 863:Ulaanzuukh 777:Baikal EBA 545:Slab Grave 541:Ulaanzuukh 242:Afanasievo 61:Afanasievo 4165:Filipinos 4135:Sinhalese 4130:Gujaratis 4120:Moroccans 4115:Egyptians 4070:Romanians 3986:East Asia 3857:by region 3634:Australia 3480:2375-2548 3420:1476-4687 3360:0092-8674 3312:174809069 3296:1476-4687 3235:1674-4918 3196:Yang 2023 3172:Yang 2023 3160:Yang 2023 3148:Yang 2023 3131:255690237 3070:0092-8674 3013:2375-2548 2945:2375-2548 2891:247859905 2865:0092-8674 2826:214725595 2800:0092-8674 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