30:
339:
432:
2185:
384:
439:
537:
521:
2074:
505:
471:
455:
496:
487:
252:, a river that formed the border between French Guiana and Suriname. The Ndyuka initially attacked them for encroaching into their territory. In late 1779, a peace treaty was signed between the two tribes, and Boni promised not to raid the Dutch plantations. During the period of peace, the Aluku had been approached by the French to settle on the river
296:
Beeyman heard about this, he summoned Gongo and told him that the treaty was unacceptable. Fearing a French invasion, Beeyman mobilized his army. This turn of events, upset the
Surinamese government who asked Gongo to stand down his army, and that they would contact the French Governor. On 9 November
259:
Peace was maintained until 1788 when plantation
Clarenbeek was attacked. In 1789, the neighbouring Ndyuka joined forces with the colonists, and by 1791 Lieutenant colonel Beutler had chased the remaining Aluku from Suriname into French Guiana. On 19 February 1793, Bokilifu Boni was killed by Bambi, a
364:
on 25 May 1891. One of the Aluku elders used the following words: "Sir, when you have a chicken whom you never feed, and your neighbour takes care of the animal would you think that the animal would stay with you, or do you think that it will leave and go to your neighbour? Well, the same applies to
641:
They have adapted in part to modernity, taking part in the market economy, and the consumption society. Some are hired by the Army as river boat drivers. According to
Bernard Delpech, the Aluku have undergone "destabilization of the basic traditional material, cultural transformation, altering the
247:
In 1770, two other Maroon groups joined the tribe which became known as the Boni after their leader. Boni used guerilla tactics against the colonists, and kept retreating into the heavily guarded Fort Boekoe located in a swamp. On 20 September 1772, after seven months of fighting, an army of 300
1342:, p. 65: "Meneer, wanneer u een kip er op nahoudt, die u nooit te eten geeft en uw buurman trekt zich het lot van het dier aan, zoudt u dan denken, dat het beest bij u zou blijven, of gelooft u ook niet, dat het u zal verlaten en naar uw buurman gaan? Welnu, datzelfde is het geval met ons."
638:, hunting, gathering, and fishing. Necessities were obtained by trading with neighbouring Maroon and indigenous tribes. There was a moral obligation to share among the clan. There were many smaller villages with farms around the main settlements to prevent depletion of the soil.
380:. It has resulted into two incompatible systems (traditional government and communes) existing side-by-side where the communes keep on gaining the upper hand. Most importantly, it led to the concentration in bigger villages and the near abandonment of smaller settlements.
283:
In 1836, the Navy chemist Le Prieux, who was on an expedition to the southern border of French Guiana, arrived at the Aluku. Le Prieux pretended that he was on an official mission, and made a peace treaty on behalf of the French State. He also installed Gongo as
353:
was asked to delimit the border between French Guiana and
Suriname. Both nations promised to respect the rights of the tribes living on the islands, therefore tribes living on the river had to choose their nationality. A meeting was called in Paramaribo with
395:(Great traditional council of Amerindian and Maroon populations) was established with six Aluku Captains and two Aluku leaders among its members. One of the main issues raised in 2009, was the absence of traditional leaders from the working sessions of the
670:
had been active under the
Amerindian tribes, however the introduction of European diseases forced the Jesuits to cease their activities in 1763. The absence of missionary activities among the Aluku preserved continuation of Winti as the dominant religion.
849:(inherited from the British colonies that took over from the Dutch in Suriname) as well as Dutch, a variety of African languages and, more recently, French. The language is derived from Plantation Creole which is nowadays known as
1923:
674:
The main god for the Aluku is Odun, Four
Pantheons, mystical spirits, are distinguished which play an integral part in everyday life. The funeral rites are very extensive, and can last many months.
626:
in French Guiana. Many Aluku in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni live in makeshift "villages" on the outside of town without any infrastructure. The urban population was estimated at 3,200 people in 2018.
297:
1836 an agreement was signed between French Guiana and
Suriname stating that Le Prieux had no authority whatsoever, and that the Aluku should leave the French territory and submit to the Ndyuka.
416:
installed, Paul Doudou who was granman in
Papaichton until his death in 2014, and Joachim-Joseph Adochini who was chosen by election, and not part of maternal lineage. Adochini resides in
2106:
310:
Gongo were killed. Therefore, attempts at diplomacy were abandoned, and part of the tribe settled on the Lawa River where they founded the villages
Pobiansi, Assissi, Puumofu and
1988:
216:
whose people are descended from
African slaves who escaped in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries from the Dutch plantations in what is now known as
2264:
945:
1465:
2099:
2447:
1056:
2461:
1414:
2092:
2006:
240:
who lived nearby, signed a peace treaty with the colonists offering them territorial autonomy. The Aluku also desired a peace treaty, however the
986:
2427:
372:
territory in 1969, the Aluku lived autonomously with little or no interference of the French government. Along with the establishment of
2432:
2473:
839:
552:
1737:
1030:
1813:
2115:
1376:
1097:
2127:
2271:
1958:"Gaan Mawina, le Marouini (haut Maroni) au cœur de l'histoire des Noirs marrons Boni/Aluku et des Amérindiens Wayana"
220:. Intermarrying with Native Americans, toward the end of the eighteenth century, they initially settled east of the
2442:
2478:
2056:
739:
1011:
Wim Hoogbergen, (2015), De Boni-oorlogen Slavenverzet, marronage en guerrilla, Vaco, Paramaribo p71 (in dutch)
2078:
300:
On 7 July 1841, a delegation of 12 people was sent to the French Governor to ask permission to settle on the
2437:
556:
Aluku settlements. Kormontibo and Agoodé are between Cottica and Papaichton. Green are minority settlements
431:
2228:
1818:
1764:
1575:
326:. The rapids near Abouna Sounga form the northern border of the Aluku lands; the southern border is the
2309:
396:
249:
29:
666:
using Maroon missionaries resulted in a large scale conversion to Christianity. In French Guiana, the
276:
tribe with two tribes often living together in the same villages. In 1815 the Aluku and Wayana became
327:
1948:
1888:"Les Aluku de Guyane à un tournant : de l'économie de subsistance à la société de consommation"
1799:
1495:
248:
freed slaves finally managed to conquer the fort. The Aluku moved southwards, and settled along the
2331:
2238:
2233:
1197:
1089:
2015:
1887:
1135:
873:
562:
445:
438:
350:
201:
82:
1276:
2000:
361:
857:
1786:
144:
1873:
614:
A large part of the Aluku population resides in the urban areas of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni,
338:
2384:
842:
estimated about 6,000 speakers in 2002. Many of its speakers are also bilingual in French.
253:
2084:
1467:
The remaking of the Aluku: culture, politics, and Maroon ethnicity in French South America
946:"Statement by Gaanman Joachim-Joseph Adochini, Paramount Chief of the Aluku (Boni) People"
8:
2199:
635:
241:
2468:
2339:
1975:
1936:
1483:
373:
225:
167:
1957:
796:
244:, started a war against them In 1768, the first village was discovered and destroyed.
2422:
2403:
2369:
2152:
2052:
1979:
1687:
1303:
804:
1627:
2316:
2257:
2027:
1965:
1903:
1858:
1772:
879:
846:
319:
2042:
2456:
2297:
2204:
1601:
861:
818:
750:
731:
663:
597:
107:
1847:"Les limites du modèle communal français en Guyane : le cas de Maripasoula"
269:
2501:
2364:
2174:
2164:
2135:
1970:
655:
2032:
1777:
2495:
2359:
2349:
2214:
2157:
2147:
2119:
1925:
De politieke mobilisatie en organisatie van vijf etnische groepen in Suriname
1814:"Boxe: Jacobin Yoma, ex-champion d'Europe, condamné pour conduite en ébriété"
902:
864:
peoples. The main difference is in the phonological system and lexicon used.
708:
323:
301:
277:
237:
221:
213:
193:
131:
59:
1907:
1846:
1301:
889:
850:
561:
In the late eighteenth century, the Aluku had settlements in the region of
377:
2022:. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Volume 92: Issue 3-4.
1551:
2169:
907:
585:
577:
570:
543:
536:
527:
520:
417:
360:
Ochi to persuade the Aluku to become Dutch citizens. The Aluku opted for
189:
185:
172:
64:
2184:
1989:"Rebellie der Zwarte Jagers. De nasleep van de Bonni-oorlogen 1788-1809"
2394:
1688:"Grammaire du nengee: Introduction aux langues aluku, ndyuka et pamaka"
593:
589:
511:
504:
407:
315:
311:
68:
1656:
1863:
856:
It is related and mutual intelligible to the languages spoken by the
789:
777:
610:, in Suriname. Abandoned during the Boni Wars, but resettled in 1902.
1090:"Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch West-Indië - Page 154 - Boschnegers"
601:
393:
Grand Conseil coutumier des Populations Amérindiennes et Bushinengué
383:
272:. During that period, there were close contacts with the Amerindian
2389:
2379:
2354:
2324:
2302:
2219:
1765:"The explorer as hero: 'Le Fidèle Apatou' in the French wilderness"
853:, however the branch diverted around 1712, and evolved separately.
712:
659:
495:
217:
1738:"Boni (ca. 1730 – 1793), leider van de slavenrevoltes in Suriname"
1031:"Boni (ca. 1730 – 1793), leider van de slavenrevoltes in Suriname"
486:
2280:
619:
615:
607:
477:
470:
403:
2051:(Thesis) (in Dutch). Paramaribo: Afdeling Cultuurstudies/Minov.
2140:
2073:
1395:
1304:"Etude de faisabilité d'une pisciculture vivrière à Papaïchton"
883:
835:
667:
623:
566:
461:
454:
342:
273:
1875:
The Life of Language. Dynamics of language contact in Suriname
1057:"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon"
651:
369:
119:
2114:
829:
823:
696:
690:
411:
355:
318:
of their autonomy, signed a peace treaty with the Aluku in
305:
291:
285:
142:
2249:
1445:
1323:
1321:
925:
923:
228:
in Suriname. They were initially called Cottica-Maroons.
1433:
1357:
1345:
654:, a synthesis of African religion traditions. Among the
1718:
1415:"Décès du Gran Man Paul Doudou : les condoléances"
1333:
1318:
1252:
1240:
1161:
1159:
1157:
920:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1113:
256:. Boni did not trust them, and had ignored the offer.
1767:. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids.
1706:
662:
people in Suriname, the missionary activities of the
1302:
Guylaine Diallo-Bourguignon & Yan Giron (2001).
1228:
1216:
1171:
1154:
1964:. Revue d'ethnoécologie 13, 2018 (in French) (13).
876:(~1730–1793), freedom fighter and guerrilla leader.
1377:"L'heure du bilan pour le Grand Conseil coutumier"
650:The traditional religion of the Maroon people was
1844:
1401:
2493:
1463:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
268:Between 1793 and 1837, the Aluku settled around
1881:(Thesis). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.
188:ethnic group living mainly on the riverbank in
1198:"L'historie des Boni en Guyane at du Suriname"
2265:
2100:
1685:
1549:
1014:
987:"The Aluku and the Communes in French Guiana"
940:
938:
2005:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1651:
1649:
1568:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
16:Maroon nation in French Guiana and Suriname
2272:
2258:
2107:
2093:
1681:
1679:
1677:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
935:
629:
576:The main settlements are in the county of
28:
2040:
2031:
1969:
1921:
1862:
1776:
1451:
1439:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1258:
1246:
1119:
634:Traditionally, the Aluku people lived by
1845:Bassargette, Denis; Di Meo, Guy (2008).
1646:
1538:
1183:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
382:
337:
200:, referring to the 18th-century leader,
1885:
1674:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1130:
1128:
964:
2494:
1955:
1871:
1724:
1712:
1234:
1222:
1177:
2253:
2088:
2013:
1986:
1762:
1594:
1470:. University Microfilms International
1407:
1363:
1165:
1075:
929:
1580:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
1306:(in French). Cofrepreche. p. 10
1264:
1125:
1098:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
53:Regions with significant populations
1993:Digital Library of Dutch Literature
376:, came a government structure, and
263:
13:
2026:(3–4). Brill Publishers: 275–283.
1771:(3–4). Brill Publishers: 197–227.
845:The Aluku language is a creole of
604:(Boniville), in French Guiana; and
592:, and the traditional villages of
196:. The group are sometimes called
14:
2513:
2066:
867:
212:The Aluku are an ethnic group in
2183:
2072:
2044:Bosneger en overheid in Suriname
1686:Bettina Migge (September 2003).
535:
519:
503:
494:
485:
469:
453:
437:
430:
333:
322:, and allowed them to settle in
1838:
1806:
1756:
1730:
1620:
1457:
1369:
1295:
584:the municipalities and city of
1049:
1005:
423:
314:. In 1860, the Ndyuka, on the
292:
1:
1931:(in Dutch). Ghent University.
1402:Bassargette & Di Meo 2008
913:
830:
824:
697:
691:
412:
368:Until the dissolution of the
356:
306:
286:
143:
2428:British and French Caribbean
1822:(in French). 16 October 2009
231:
7:
2279:
2049:Radboud University Nijmegen
1819:Radio France Internationale
1552:"Encyclopedia of Religions"
896:
892:(1966), professional boxer.
677:
645:
642:rules of collective life".
10:
2518:
2433:Spanish New World colonies
1987:Groot, Silvia, de (1970).
1971:10.4000/ethnoecologie.3534
1922:Dobbeleir, CĂ©line (2008).
1763:Bilby, Kenneth M. (2004).
1136:"Op zoek naar Fort Boekoe"
816:
410:. In 1992, there were two
207:
2412:
2287:
2192:
2181:
2126:
2033:10.1163/22134360-09203001
1886:Delpech, Bernard (1993).
1778:10.1163/13822373-90002512
1464:Kenneth M. Bilby (1990).
1063:(in Dutch). 28 April 2010
838:term for their language.
803:
787:
775:
770:
728:
718:
704:
689:
684:
596:, Assissi, Loca, Tabiki,
166:
153:
141:
130:
125:
118:
113:
105:
100:
92:
78:
57:
52:
47:
42:
27:
1657:"Survey chapter: Nengee"
882:(1833–1908), captain of
588:and the capital city of
224:in what is nowadays the
2041:Scholtens, Ben (1994).
2014:Price, Richard (2018).
1908:10.3406/caoum.1993.3478
1896:Les Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
950:Smithsonian Institution
630:Economy and agriculture
563:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
446:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
351:Alexander III of Russia
304:, however 11 including
158:Joachim-Joseph Adochini
83:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
2479:Quilombola territories
2474:Quilombola communities
2116:Ancestry and ethnicity
1956:Fleury, Marie (2018).
1872:Borges, Roger (2014).
1794:Cite journal requires
1550:Richard Price (1987).
391:In February 2018, the
388:
346:
2020:New West Indian Guide
1995:. De Gids (in Dutch).
1962:Revue d'Ethnoécologie
1632:Populations de Guyane
1281:Parc-Amazonien-Guyane
386:
341:
126:Related ethnic groups
2081:at Wikimedia Commons
1898:nÂş 182 (in French).
1277:"Parcours La Source"
724:c. 6,000 (2002)
553:class=notpageimage|
2419:History of slavery
2016:"Maroons in Guyane"
1892:Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
1851:Cahiers d'Outre-Mer
1366:, pp. 275–283.
636:subsistence farming
242:Society of Suriname
149:of the Aluku people
79:Urban French Guiana
48:11,600 (2018, est.)
24:
2469:Haitian Revolution
2310:Great Dismal Swamp
1857:(241–242): 49–80.
406:used to reside in
389:
362:French citizenship
347:
290:. When the Ndyuka
226:Marowijne District
22:
2489:
2488:
2247:
2246:
2077:Media related to
1727:, pp. 97–98.
1661:Apics Online.info
1454:, pp. 65–68.
1061:Cultural Survival
991:Cultural Survival
815:
814:
580:, consisting of:
397:municipal council
178:
177:
137:
136:
37:Adam (1862 or 63)
2509:
2448:colonial history
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2187:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2062:
2037:
2035:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1983:
1973:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1902:(182): 175–193.
1882:
1880:
1868:
1866:
1864:10.4000/com.3273
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1101:(in Dutch). 1916
1094:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
993:. September 1989
983:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
933:
927:
833:
827:
811:
799:
780:
734:
700:
694:
682:
681:
539:
523:
507:
498:
489:
473:
457:
441:
434:
415:
359:
309:
295:
289:
264:Stateless people
148:
139:
138:
43:Total population
32:
25:
21:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2457:Slave rebellion
2408:
2298:Black Seminoles
2283:
2278:
2248:
2243:
2188:
2179:
2122:
2113:
2069:
2059:
1998:
1997:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1912:
1910:
1878:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1795:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1742:Is Geschiedenis
1736:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1035:Is Geschiedenis
1029:
1028:
1015:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
984:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
936:
928:
921:
916:
899:
870:
821:
819:Ndyuka language
809:
795:
776:
766:
735:
732:Language family
730:
721:
720:Native speakers
680:
664:Moravian Church
648:
632:
598:Nouveau Wakapou
559:
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161:since 1992
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93:Internationally
80:
62:
38:
20:
17:
12:
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5:
2515:
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2413:Related topics
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2193:Non-Indigenous
2190:
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2067:External links
2065:
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2011:
1984:
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1796:|journal=
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1729:
1717:
1715:, p. 188.
1705:
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1602:"Guide Camopi"
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1567:
1537:
1535:, p. 175.
1525:
1523:, p. 178.
1513:
1511:, p. 187.
1501:
1492:|website=
1456:
1452:Scholtens 1994
1444:
1442:, p. 120.
1440:Scholtens 1994
1432:
1406:
1394:
1381:Guyane la 1ère
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 117.
1352:Scholtens 1994
1344:
1340:Scholtens 1994
1332:
1328:Scholtens 1994
1317:
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1259:Scholtens 1994
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2017:
2012:
2008:
2002:
2001:cite magazine
1994:
1990:
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1981:
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1972:
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1576:"Creole drum"
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1410:
1404:, p. 57.
1403:
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1341:
1336:
1330:, p. 63.
1329:
1324:
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1261:, p. 30.
1260:
1255:
1249:, p. 29.
1248:
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1236:
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1224:
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1187:
1180:, p. 23.
1179:
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903:Ndyuka people
901:
900:
891:
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871:
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859:
854:
852:
848:
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840:Richard Price
837:
832:
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709:French Guiana
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334:French period
331:
329:
325:
324:Abouna Sounga
321:
317:
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308:
303:
302:Oyapock River
298:
294:
288:
281:
279:
275:
271:
261:
257:
255:
251:
245:
243:
239:
238:Ndyuka people
236:In 1760, the
229:
227:
223:
222:Cottica River
219:
215:
214:French Guiana
205:
203:
202:Bokilifu Boni
199:
195:
194:French Guiana
192:in southwest
191:
187:
183:
174:
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70:
66:
61:
60:French Guiana
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
2344:
2209:
2079:Aluku people
2048:
2043:
2023:
2019:
1992:
1961:
1924:
1911:. Retrieved
1899:
1895:
1891:
1874:
1854:
1850:
1839:Bibliography
1824:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1787:cite journal
1768:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1636:. Retrieved
1631:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1533:Delpech 1993
1528:
1521:Delpech 1993
1516:
1509:Delpech 1993
1504:
1472:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1308:. Retrieved
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1280:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1201:
1173:
1144:. Retrieved
1139:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1096:
1065:. Retrieved
1060:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1034:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
990:
954:. Retrieved
949:
890:Jacobin Yoma
855:
851:Sranan Tongo
844:
822:
788:
755:
673:
649:
640:
633:
613:
575:
560:
401:
392:
390:
378:francisation
367:
348:
299:
282:
267:
258:
246:
235:
211:
197:
181:
179:
34:
19:Ethnic group
1826:10 February
1725:Borges 2014
1713:Borges 2014
1694:(in French)
1634:(in French)
1608:(in French)
1421:(in French)
1383:(in French)
1283:(in French)
1235:Fleury 2018
1223:Fleury 2018
1204:(in French)
1178:Fleury 2018
908:Bushinengue
831:Aluku Tongo
586:Maripasoula
578:Maripasoula
571:Grand-Santi
544:Grand-Santi
528:Maripasoula
424:Settlements
418:Maripasoula
190:Maripasoula
186:Bushinengue
173:Maripasoula
65:Maripasoula
2395:Quilombola
2370:Paramaccan
2128:Indigenous
2058:9991410155
1748:9 February
1744:(in Dutch)
1606:Petit Futé
1364:Price 2018
1202:nofi.media
1166:Groot 1970
1142:(in Dutch)
1037:(in Dutch)
932:, Table 1.
930:Price 2018
914:References
594:Kormontibo
590:Papaichton
512:Papaichton
408:Papaichton
402:The Aluku
387:Papaichton
316:centennial
312:Kormontibo
250:Lawa River
69:Papaichton
2404:Mauritius
2321:Honduras
2229:Brazilian
1980:165599187
1947:ignored (
1937:cite book
1494:ignored (
1484:cite book
836:eponymous
834:) is the
810:djk-aluku
790:Glottolog
778:ISO 639-3
232:Boni Wars
168:Residence
156:Incumbent
101:Languages
2496:Category
2390:Quilombo
2380:Kalungas
2355:Saramaka
2340:Suriname
2336:Guianas
2325:Garifuna
2303:Mascogos
2239:Javanese
2220:Saramaka
897:See also
797:aluk1239
747:Suriname
744:Atlantic
713:Suriname
678:Language
660:Saramaka
646:Religion
374:communes
218:Suriname
114:Religion
81:(mainly
2385:Macombo
2376:Brazil
2365:Matawai
2317:Jamaica
2281:Maroons
2205:Maroons
2200:African
2175:Wayampi
2165:Palikur
2153:Kali'na
1913:23 July
1698:23 July
1666:22 July
1638:23 July
1628:"Aluku"
1560:22 July
1474:21 July
1425:26 July
1387:27 July
1310:25 June
1208:22 July
1146:22 July
1105:21 July
1067:21 July
1041:21 July
997:21 July
956:31 July
847:English
668:Jesuits
656:Matawai
620:Matoury
616:Cayenne
608:Cottica
478:Cottica
413:granman
404:granman
357:granman
330:River.
307:granman
293:granman
287:granman
270:Gaa DaĂŻ
208:History
145:Granman
106:Aluku,
58:Tribal
35:Granman
2423:Brazil
2360:Kwinti
2350:Ndyuka
2332:Panama
2234:Indian
2215:Ndyuka
2158:Wayana
2141:Lokono
2136:Arawak
2055:
1978:
1612:3 June
1586:24 May
1582:. 1975
1287:1 June
952:. 1992
884:Apatou
880:Apatou
862:Ndyuka
858:Pamaka
828:(also
751:Ndyuka
624:Kourou
622:, and
602:Agoodé
600:, and
569:, and
567:Apatou
462:Apatou
345:(1903)
343:Apatou
328:Litani
320:Albina
274:Wayana
184:are a
132:Ndyuka
108:French
67:&
2502:Aluku
2443:Trade
2345:Aluku
2210:Aluku
2148:Carib
1976:S2CID
1929:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1555:(PDF)
1419:Blada
1140:Trouw
1093:(PDF)
825:Aluku
756:Aluku
692:Aluku
685:Aluku
652:Winti
370:Inini
365:us."
182:Aluku
120:Winti
96:1,800
88:3,200
74:6,600
23:Aluku
2170:Teko
2053:ISBN
2007:link
1949:help
1915:2020
1828:2021
1800:help
1750:2021
1700:2020
1668:2020
1640:2020
1614:2020
1588:2020
1562:2020
1496:help
1476:2020
1427:2020
1389:2020
1312:2022
1289:2020
1210:2020
1148:2020
1107:2020
1069:2020
1043:2020
999:2020
958:2020
874:Boni
860:and
805:IETF
698:Boni
658:and
254:Mana
198:Boni
180:The
2118:in
2028:doi
1966:doi
1904:doi
1859:doi
1773:doi
695:or
2498::
2047:.
2024:92
2018:.
2003:}}
1999:{{
1991:.
1974:.
1960:.
1941::
1939:}}
1935:{{
1900:46
1894:.
1890:.
1855:61
1849:.
1816:.
1791::
1789:}}
1785:{{
1769:78
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1690:.
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1059:.
1033:.
1016:^
989:.
966:^
948:.
937:^
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618:,
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565:,
420:.
399:.
280:.
204:.
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2108:e
2101:t
2094:v
2061:.
2036:.
2030::
2009:)
1982:.
1968::
1951:)
1917:.
1906::
1867:.
1861::
1830:.
1802:)
1798:(
1781:.
1775::
1752:.
1702:.
1670:.
1642:.
1616:.
1590:.
1564:.
1498:)
1478:.
1429:.
1391:.
1314:.
1291:.
1212:.
1150:.
1109:.
1071:.
1045:.
1001:.
960:.
886:.
783:–
85:)
71:)
63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
