595:) was said to number 100,000 names. When the news of Muhammad's death arrived, the rebels acclaimed Ibrahim as his successor. Ibrahim now was faced with a choice: a group of dedicated Alid supporters, which had managed to escape from Kufa, urged him to march on the city, while the Basrans preferred to stay in place and reach a negotiated settlement. This dissension is indicative of the disparate nature of Ibrahim's supporters. The Alid cause was fractured into several competing groups with different political objectives, and Ibrahim represented the
612:
Basra, however, he encamped at
Bakhamra, a location on the road between the two cities. There, on 21 January, Ibrahim with his troops, reduced by defections to some 15,000 men, confronted the Abbasid army under Isa ibn Musa. Isa's vanguard was at first beaten, but the battle ended in a crushing Abbasid victory. Ibrahim himself was severely wounded and escaped with a handful of supporters. He died of his wounds on 14 February 763, signalling the end of the rebellion.
559:, Muhammad's daughter, as well as his typically Shi'a ideals of rejecting the absolutist monarchical traditions of the Umayyads—now adopted by the Abbasids—in favour of returning to the simpler practices of early Islam. Al-Mansur countered by invoking the pre-Islamic tradition of inheritance, which gave priority to a man's male relatives over his daughters—implying that the Caliphate had passed to the Abbasid line by right.
512:(r. 750–754), was content to mostly ignore their activities, but his successor al-Mansur launched a manhunt against them. In 758, al-Mansur arrested their brother Abdallah when he refused to reveal their whereabouts, followed in early 762 by their cousins and nephews. The captive Alids were taken to Kufa, where they were so mistreated that many of them died.
500:) and apparently less capable or learned than his younger brother Ibrahim. When the Abbasids took power, the two brothers refused to accept what they regarded as the usurpation of their legitimate rights and went into hiding. From there they continued their work of proselytism, which reportedly brought them as far as the
607:
branch on everything from political objectives and leadership to the tactics to be followed or the provisioning of their troops. Elsewhere, support for the uprising was cautious and most Alid supporters adopted a wait-and-see attitude, limiting themselves to verbal support or contributions of money.
569:
around the city. Muhammad's supporters nevertheless began deserting him. When Isa appeared before the city, he waited a few days before the ditch and repeatedly offered amnesty. Then his troops laid a few doors over the ditch and entered Medina, where
Muhammad and his remaining 300 supporters fell
611:
Al-Mansur in the meantime used his time more effectively: he mobilized troops in Syria and Iran and brought them to Iraq, and recalled Isa ibn Musa from Medina to lead them. Finally, Ibrahim decided to march on Kufa, but on the way he abandoned this plan and turned back. Instead of returning to
469:
Following their takeover of the
Caliphate, the Abbasids tried to ensure the Alids' acquiescence through honours and pensions. However, some Alids remained opposed to Abbasid rule, going into hiding and once again trying to rouse the discontented against the new regime. Chief among them were
641:, this move was not followed up, and under Ma'mun's successors, the two families became completely estranged. Of Muhammad's sons and brothers, many fled the Abbasid persecution to the remoter corners of the Caliphate, where they sometimes succeeded in establishing local dynasties, e.g. the
462:, to gain their backing and secure the leadership of the anti-Umayyad movement for themselves. Nevertheless, in the first stages of their uprising, they were careful not to antagonize the Alids' supporters, and merely called for a "chosen one from the Family of Muhammad" (
620:
The failure and brutal suppression of
Muhammad and Ibrahim's revolt was followed by a large-scale reprisal campaign against the Alids, many of whom were imprisoned or killed, until the death of al-Mansur brought about another period of attempts at conciliation under
543:), but the movement had been doomed from the start: despite Medina's great symbolic value, it had little strategic importance, and the error of using it as the centre of a rebellion became apparent when the Abbasids immediately cut off the grain supply from
520:
As al-Mansur's persecution intensified, pressure began to mount on the brothers to react. Kufa, the traditional Alid base, was kept under close surveillance by the
Abbasid government, and the two brothers resolved to launch a simultaneous rebellion in
578:
Due to
Muhammad's rushed actions, Ibrahim failed to co-ordinate his uprising with his brother's, and only declared himself two weeks before Muhammad's death, on 23 November. Ibrahim's revolt at first met with quick success, securing control over
551:, whose construction he was supervising, for Kufa. From there he called upon Muhammad to surrender, promising an amnesty. The only fruit of this offer was an exchange of letters, which are preserved (though doubtlessly much embellished) by
565:, the Caliph's nephew, was sent against Medina with 4,000 men, but Muhammad refused to abandon the holy city and insisted on meeting the Abbasid attack there. In the meantime, he imitated the actions of Muhammad, like restoring the
532:
On 25 September 762, Muhammad declared himself at Medina, catching the
Abbasid governor, Riyah ibn Uthman, by surprise. The rebellion was bloodless and Muhammad quickly gained the support of the old Muslim families of Medina and
873:
458:. The Abbasids were able to exploit the weakening of the Alid cause after Zayd's failure in 740, as well as the widespread anti-Umayyad sentiment and lack of pro-Alid agitation among the numerous Arab settlers of
365:
groups as to the prosecution of the war and future political objectives. In the end, Ibrahim's army was decisively defeated at
Bakhamra in January 763, with Ibrahim dying of his wounds shortly after.
629:
in 786. The relationship of the
Abbasids with the Alids remained troubled: periods of repression, usually following pro-Alid revolts, were alternated with periods of relative tolerance. Although
153:
338:, rejected the legitimacy of the Abbasid family's claim to power. Reacting to mounting persecution by the Abbasid regime, in 762 they launched a rebellion, with Muhammad rising in revolt at
547:
that fed the city. Al-Mansur himself was relieved at the news of the uprising in such a remote location, remarking that at last he had "enticed the fox out of his hole". Al-Mansur left
146:
357:
and crushed it only two weeks after
Ibrahim's uprising, before turning his forces against the latter. Ibrahim's rebellion had achieved some initial successes in southern
139:
2298:
1131:
2434:
2163:
2293:
2404:
2345:
2173:
529:. Although the Alids could count on a large network of sympathizers throughout the Caliphate, the action was rushed and lacked organization.
349:
The Hasanid's lack of co-ordination and organization, as well as the lukewarm support of their followers, allowed the Abbasids under Caliph
2424:
2092:
2168:
454:; unlike later Shi'a doctrine, membership of the Family was not strictly limited to the Alids at that time, but encompassed the entire
1066:
2429:
2350:
2206:
1714:
1610:
1124:
1000:
976:
932:
909:
2419:
1302:
478:. Both had been groomed by their father as leaders since their youth, and some sources even claim that he had received the
1088:
1042:
1012:
895:
368:
The failure of the rebellion did not mark the end of Alid unrest, but it consolidated the power of the Abbasid dynasty.
2355:
1324:
271:
1428:
1117:
953:
291:
1264:
253:
2414:
1520:
286:
1025:
2335:
1970:
969:
The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
925:
The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
446:
that overthrew the Umayyad regime. The Abbasids claimed authority based on their membership in the extended
1249:
2340:
471:
388:) to be the only rightful leaders, who would have the divine guidance necessary to rule according to the
331:
105:
2111:
1530:
555:. In them, Muhammad reiterated his claim to leading the Muslims, and stressed his descent from Ali and
400:
from 661 until 750. Initially, they were expressed by a succession of failed risings—most notably the
1525:
882:
451:
1896:
1892:
1770:
1021:
570:
fighting on 6 December 762. Muhammad's corpse was beheaded and his head dispatched to the Caliph.
2394:
992:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
492:(r. 754–775), in 744, before the Abbasid Revolution. Muhammad was often called "the Pure Soul" (
1849:
1545:
945:
The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict
210:
1075:
496:) for his noble character, but he was also "a somewhat unworldly, even romantic, individual" (
1854:
1844:
1515:
1259:
200:
380:
in 632, a strong body of opinion within the nascent Muslim community—the antecedents of the
634:
566:
475:
335:
205:
117:
8:
1535:
2365:
1661:
1626:
1396:
1220:
886:
650:
443:
281:
276:
238:
1109:
392:
and bring justice. These sentiments were fed by the increasing discontent against the
1676:
1636:
1603:
1177:
1140:
1098:
1052:
996:
972:
964:
949:
928:
920:
905:
401:
327:
190:
131:
79:
2270:
1980:
1866:
1785:
1734:
1438:
626:
459:
248:
121:
109:
2360:
1861:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1433:
1379:
1366:
1292:
1237:
990:
986:
943:
600:
497:
393:
264:
2250:
2214:
2097:
2020:
2000:
1933:
1666:
1550:
1469:
1459:
1423:
1406:
1374:
1329:
1083:
1079:
1037:
1029:
890:
878:
296:
221:
420:, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth Caliph (r. 656–661), whose
2388:
2260:
2245:
2153:
2082:
2067:
2010:
1990:
1958:
1780:
1729:
1692:
1651:
1411:
1391:
1102:
1071:
1056:
1033:
1017:
584:
539:
215:
2409:
2399:
2255:
2005:
1829:
1790:
1765:
1724:
1631:
1319:
1314:
638:
630:
562:
409:
405:
258:
231:
185:
100:
2303:
1671:
1510:
1490:
1464:
1401:
1182:
455:
421:
226:
180:
2265:
2238:
2027:
1834:
1824:
1760:
1739:
1719:
1593:
1505:
1474:
1416:
1225:
1189:
658:
603:
refused to take part in an uprising, while Ibrahim quarrelled with the
438:
175:
2233:
2015:
1995:
1985:
1938:
1775:
1386:
1297:
1244:
1232:
552:
509:
489:
480:
397:
350:
195:
96:
2228:
2132:
1953:
1928:
1839:
1598:
1495:
1443:
1282:
642:
622:
433:
381:
377:
362:
353:
to react swiftly. The Caliph contained Muhammad's rebellion in the
2158:
2087:
1755:
1588:
1500:
1309:
1287:
654:
646:
596:
556:
548:
319:
62:
2288:
2137:
2106:
1540:
526:
505:
339:
2218:
2127:
2101:
2077:
2072:
2032:
1975:
1963:
1948:
1943:
1566:
1333:
604:
588:
580:
544:
534:
522:
501:
432:
in particular became centres of pro-Alid support. It was the
389:
354:
343:
323:
84:
47:
2223:
971:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–304.
927:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 226–268.
429:
425:
413:
358:
51:
963:
El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). "The empire in Iraq, 763–861". In
919:
Cobb, Paul M. (2010). "The empire in Syria, 705–763". In
417:
1139:
161:
424:
had marked the rise of the Umayyad family to power.
1065:
1011:
872:
2386:
361:, but his camp was torn by dissent among rival
1063:
573:
515:
1125:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
633:(r. 813–833) at one point nominated an Alid,
147:
738:
736:
734:
2050:
1132:
1118:
1089:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1043:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
896:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
823:
788:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
154:
140:
1097:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 983–985.
1051:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 401–403.
904:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 388–389.
752:
750:
748:
731:
2435:Rebellions against the Abbasid Caliphate
962:
2325:
985:
768:
688:
686:
684:
682:
2387:
1817:
745:
342:in September and Ibrahim following in
122:
2324:
2194:
2049:
1917:
1155:
1113:
1009:
488:leaders, including the future Caliph
436:, however, and their supporters, the
135:
2405:8th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
2195:
995:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
941:
918:
870:
679:
330:. The Hasanids, led by the brothers
466:) to become the new Muslim leader.
416:claimants, i.e. the descendants of
13:
2425:Medina under the Abbasid Caliphate
2356:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
1325:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
858:Veccia Vagleri (1971), pp. 984–985
765:Veccia Vagleri (1971), pp. 983–984
65:victory, death of the Alid leaders
14:
2446:
504:, although mostly they stayed in
2430:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate
1255:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
649:, founded by Muhammad's brother
625:(r. 775–785), which ended after
316:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
244:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
852:
843:
814:
16:Revolt in the Abbasid Caliphate
759:
722:
713:
704:
695:
670:
384:—held the Family of Muhammad (
326:against the newly established
201:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
2061:Palace and central government
1918:
840:Veccia Vagleri (1971), p. 984
820:Veccia Vagleri (1971), p. 985
664:
412:in 740—in support of various
371:
334:(called "the Pure Soul") and
292:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)
1521:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
1265:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
849:El-Hibri (2010), pp. 271–272
710:El-Hibri (2010), pp. 269–271
615:
508:. The first Abbasid caliph,
484:(oath of allegiance) of the
38:September 762 – February 763
7:
2420:Battles involving the Alids
1156:
1064:Veccia Vagleri, L. (1971).
719:Kennedy (2004), pp. 123–127
676:Kennedy (2004), pp. 123–124
574:Ibrahim's uprising in Basra
516:Muhammad's revolt in Medina
106:Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
10:
2451:
864:
206:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
2331:
2320:
2281:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2146:
2120:
2060:
2056:
2045:
1924:
1913:
1881:
1803:
1748:
1707:
1689:
1619:
1581:
1563:
1526:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
1483:
1452:
1365:
1348:
1275:
1213:
1198:
1166:
1162:
1151:
637:, as his heir during the
591:, and his army register (
452:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
450:through Muhammad's uncle
171:
90:
73:
30:
25:
2121:Financial administration
1893:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
874:"Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh"
701:Cobb (2010), pp. 261–263
254:Qays–Yaman war (793–796)
191:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
2051:Government and military
1067:"Ibrāhīm b. ʿAbd Allāh"
742:El-Hibri (2010), p. 271
464:al-rida min Al Muhammad
376:Following the death of
318:was an uprising by the
2415:8th-century rebellions
1546:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
811:Kennedy (2004), p. 131
728:Kennedy (2004), p. 130
312:Alid revolt of 762–763
91:Commanders and leaders
26:Alid revolt of 762–763
1855:Mustansiriya Madrasah
1260:Round city of Baghdad
942:Elad, Amikam (2015).
627:another Alid uprising
472:Muhammad ibn Abdallah
211:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
2351:Science and learning
1250:Conquest of Ifriqiya
692:Lewis (1960), p. 402
635:Ali ibn Musa al-Rida
165:the early Caliphates
118:Ibrahim ibn Abdallah
2326:Culture and society
1429:Kharijite Rebellion
785:Buhl (1993), p. 389
756:Buhl (1993), p. 388
442:, who launched the
196:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
2366:Islamic philosophy
1662:Musharrif al-Dawla
1531:Qarmatian invasion
1516:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
1397:Anarchy at Samarra
1353:the Abbasid empire
1221:Abbasid Revolution
1026:Lévi-Provençal, E.
1010:Lewis, B. (1960).
965:Robinson, Chase F.
921:Robinson, Chase F.
494:al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
396:, which ruled the
282:Anarchy at Samarra
277:Bashmurian revolts
239:Abbasid Revolution
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2041:
2040:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1877:
1876:
1809:(1157–1258)
1799:
1798:
1699:(1055–1157)
1685:
1684:
1677:al-Malik al-Rahim
1604:Baghdad Manifesto
1559:
1558:
1344:
1343:
1178:Umayyad Caliphate
1141:Abbasid Caliphate
1002:978-0-582-40525-7
978:978-0-521-83823-8
948:. Leiden: BRILL.
934:978-0-521-83823-8
911:978-90-04-09419-2
871:Buhl, F. (1993).
599:branch only. The
402:Battle of Karbala
328:Abbasid Caliphate
305:
304:
130:
129:
80:Abbasid Caliphate
69:
68:
2442:
2322:
2321:
2299:Jews and Judaism
2203:
2202:
2196:Religion and law
2192:
2191:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2046:
1915:
1914:
1897:Mamluk Sultanate
1815:
1814:
1810:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:(946–1055)
1363:
1362:
1358:
1351:Fragmentation of
1303:Sack of Heraclea
1211:
1210:
1206:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1069:
1060:
1015:
1006:
982:
959:
938:
915:
887:Heinrichs, W. P.
876:
859:
856:
850:
847:
841:
838:
821:
818:
812:
809:
786:
783:
766:
763:
757:
754:
743:
740:
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
677:
674:
474:and his brother
249:Battle of Fakhkh
166:
156:
149:
142:
133:
132:
124:
114:
32:
31:
23:
22:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2372:
2361:House of Wisdom
2327:
2308:
2277:
2197:
2178:
2142:
2116:
2052:
2037:
1920:
1901:
1886:
1873:
1867:Sack of Baghdad
1811:
1808:
1795:
1744:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1681:
1657:Sultan al-Dawla
1647:Sharaf al-Dawla
1642:Samsam al-Dawla
1627:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1615:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1555:
1479:
1453:Abbasid revival
1448:
1380:Sack of Amorium
1359:
1357:(833–946)
1356:
1355:
1352:
1340:
1293:Harun al-Rashid
1271:
1238:Battle of Talas
1207:
1205:(750–833)
1204:
1203:
1194:
1171:
1158:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1003:
979:
956:
935:
912:
879:Bosworth, C. E.
867:
862:
857:
853:
848:
844:
839:
824:
819:
815:
810:
789:
784:
769:
764:
760:
755:
746:
741:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
700:
696:
691:
680:
675:
671:
667:
618:
576:
518:
498:Hugh N. Kennedy
404:in 680 and the
394:Umayyad dynasty
374:
308:
307:
306:
301:
167:
164:
162:
160:
116:
110:
99:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:760s conflicts
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:Robe of honour
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:Jund Qinnasrin
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Jund al-Urdunn
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:Seljuk sultans
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Jalal al-Dawla
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:'Adud al-Dawla
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1551:Nasir al-Dawla
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:Zanj Rebellion
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1369:
1367:Samarra period
1360:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1061:
1022:Kramers, J. H.
1018:Gibb, H. A. R.
1007:
1001:
983:
977:
960:
954:
939:
933:
916:
910:
883:van Donzel, E.
866:
863:
861:
860:
851:
842:
822:
813:
787:
767:
758:
744:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
678:
668:
666:
663:
617:
614:
575:
572:
517:
514:
373:
370:
322:branch of the
303:
302:
300:
299:
297:Zanj Rebellion
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
268:
267:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
224:
222:Yahya ibn Zayd
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
172:
169:
168:
163:Civil wars of
159:
158:
151:
144:
136:
128:
127:
103:
93:
92:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2447:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2271:Shi'a Century
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Sunni Revival
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Abna al-dawla
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Amir al-umara
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Jund Filastin
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Malik-Shah II
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:al-Mustarshid
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Baha al-Dawla
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Sack of Mecca
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:al-Mutawakkil
1390:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:Establishment
1212:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Ménage, V. L.
1073:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:Kennedy, Hugh
984:
980:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
955:9789004296220
951:
947:
946:
940:
936:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
907:
903:
899:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
869:
868:
855:
846:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
817:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
762:
753:
751:
749:
739:
737:
735:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
687:
685:
683:
673:
669:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
571:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
530:
528:
524:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
346:in November.
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
219:
217:
216:Berber Revolt
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
170:
157:
152:
150:
145:
143:
138:
137:
134:
125:
119:
115:
113:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
94:
89:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
72:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:and southern
49:
45:
42:
41:
37:
34:
33:
29:
24:
19:
2382:
2336:Architecture
2294:Christianity
2256:Twelve Imams
2006:Jund Dimashq
1883:
1862:al-Musta'sim
1850:al-Mustansir
1830:al-Mustanjid
1806:Final period
1805:
1791:Ahmad Sanjar
1766:Malik-Shah I
1725:al-Mustazhir
1691:
1632:Izz al-Dawla
1565:
1350:
1315:Fourth Fitna
1254:
1201:Early period
1200:
1168:
1094:
1087:
1048:
1041:
991:
968:
944:
924:
901:
894:
854:
845:
816:
761:
724:
715:
706:
697:
672:
639:Fourth Fitna
619:
610:
592:
577:
567:famous ditch
563:Isa ibn Musa
561:
538:
531:
519:
493:
485:
479:
468:
463:
447:
437:
410:Zayd ibn Ali
385:
375:
367:
348:
315:
311:
309:
265:Abu'l-Saraya
259:Fourth Fitna
243:
232:Ibadi revolt
186:Second Fitna
111:
101:Isa ibn Musa
74:Belligerents
18:
2304:Khurramites
2251:Shi'a Islam
2215:Mu'tazilism
1672:Abu Kalijar
1620:Buyid emirs
1511:al-Mustakfi
1491:al-Muqtadir
1470:al-Mu'tadid
1465:al-Muwaffaq
1460:al-Mu'tamid
1407:al-Musta'in
1402:al-Muntasir
1375:al-Mu'tasim
1330:Mu'tazilism
1183:Third Fitna
1093:Volume III:
1084:Schacht, J.
1080:Pellat, Ch.
1038:Pellat, Ch.
1030:Schacht, J.
900:Volume VII:
891:Pellat, Ch.
456:Banu Hashim
448:Al Muhammad
386:Al Muhammad
287:Fifth Fitna
272:East Africa
227:Third Fitna
181:First Fitna
2389:Categories
2341:Literature
2266:Qarmatians
2261:Isma'ilism
2169:Commanders
2028:Tabaristan
1895:under the
1835:al-Mustadi
1825:al-Muqtafi
1786:Muhammad I
1761:Alp Arslan
1740:al-Muqtafi
1720:al-Muqtadi
1506:al-Muttaqi
1475:al-Muktafi
1417:al-Muhtadi
1412:al-Mu'tazz
1226:Abu Muslim
1190:Hashimiyya
1169:Background
1145:(750–1258)
665:References
659:Tabaristan
486:Hashimiyya
444:revolution
439:Hashimiyya
372:Background
263:Revolt of
220:Revolt of
176:Ridda Wars
2346:Musicians
2239:Shafi'ism
2234:Hanbalism
2093:Officials
2016:Jund Hims
1919:Geography
1884:Aftermath
1776:Berkyaruq
1735:al-Rashid
1439:Saffarids
1387:al-Wathiq
1320:al-Ma'mun
1298:Barmakids
1245:al-Mansur
1233:al-Saffah
1103:495469525
1072:Lewis, B.
1057:495469456
1047:Volume I:
1034:Lewis, B.
653:, or the
631:al-Ma'mun
616:Aftermath
601:Husaynids
553:al-Tabari
510:al-Saffah
490:al-Mansur
398:Caliphate
351:al-Mansur
97:al-Mansur
2229:Hanafism
2147:Military
1981:Khurasan
1954:Ifriqiya
1929:Arminiya
1845:al-Zahir
1840:al-Nasir
1771:Mahmud I
1715:al-Qa'im
1611:al-Qa'im
1599:al-Qadir
1496:al-Qahir
1484:Collapse
1444:Tulunids
1434:Tahirids
1283:al-Mahdi
1086:(eds.).
1040:(eds.).
1013:"ʿAlids"
989:(2004).
893:(eds.).
643:Idrisids
623:al-Mahdi
460:Khurasan
434:Abbasids
406:uprising
378:Muhammad
332:Muhammad
43:Location
2164:Battles
2159:Ghilman
2088:Mazalim
1934:Bahrayn
1818:Caliphs
1756:Tughril
1708:Caliphs
1594:al-Ta'i
1589:al-Muti
1582:Caliphs
1501:al-Radi
1310:al-Amin
1288:al-Hadi
1157:History
1143:topics
967:(ed.).
923:(ed.).
902:Mif–Naz
865:Sources
655:Alavids
647:Morocco
597:Hasanid
557:Fatimah
549:Baghdad
476:Ibrahim
336:Ibrahim
320:Hasanid
120: (
112:†
63:Abbasid
2289:Dhimmi
2138:Kharaj
2112:Vizier
2107:Shurta
1996:Awasim
1971:Jazira
1695:period
1693:Seljuk
1569:period
1541:Bajkam
1276:Apogee
1101:
1095:H–Iram
1082:&
1055:
1036:&
999:
975:
952:
931:
908:
889:&
527:Medina
506:Arabia
481:bay'ah
340:Medina
108:
59:Result
2282:Other
2219:Mihna
2207:Islam
2133:Iqta'
2128:Diwan
2102:tiraz
2083:Harem
2078:Hajib
2073:Barid
2033:Yemen
1991:Syria
1986:Sindh
1976:Jibal
1964:Sawad
1949:Hejaz
1944:Egypt
1939:Barqa
1567:Buyid
1334:Mihna
1070:. In
1016:. In
877:. In
651:Idris
605:Zaydi
593:diwan
589:Wasit
581:Ahwaz
545:Egypt
540:Ansar
537:(the
535:Mecca
523:Basra
502:Sindh
422:death
390:Quran
382:Shi'a
363:Shi'a
355:Hejaz
344:Basra
324:Alids
85:Alids
48:Hejaz
2224:Fiqh
2217:and
2174:Wars
2100:and
1959:Iraq
1332:and
1099:OCLC
1053:OCLC
997:ISBN
973:ISBN
950:ISBN
929:ISBN
906:ISBN
587:and
585:Fars
525:and
430:Kufa
428:and
426:Iraq
414:Alid
359:Iraq
310:The
52:Iraq
35:Date
2410:763
2400:762
1049:A–B
657:in
645:of
418:Ali
408:of
314:or
123:DOW
2391::
1091:.
1078:;
1074:;
1045:.
1032:;
1028:;
1024:;
1020:;
898:.
885:;
881:;
825:^
790:^
770:^
747:^
733:^
681:^
661:.
583:,
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
1105:.
1059:.
1005:.
981:.
958:.
937:.
914:.
155:e
148:t
141:v
126:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.