702:) were reported by long-time residents on gravelly, desert pavement soils existing above arroyos and warm breaks, prior to urbanization in the Northeast Quadrant of Albuquerque. Today only remnants of creosote bush scrub remain in similar soils in foothill areas of Kirtland Air Force Base according to "Biologic Surveys for the Sandia National Laboratories Coyote Canyon Test Complex – Kirtland Air Force Base Albuquerque, New Mexico (Marron and Associates, Inc., May 1994)", then southward along sections of the western Manzano Foothills in Valencia County. In the lower foothills of the Sandia Mountains, loose or granitic soils help provide habitat for other species, such as feather dalea (
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591:. As of 2012 the MRGCD was responsible for an area of 278,000 acres (113,000 ha), of which 128,787 acres (52,118 ha) could be irrigated and 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) were in fact being irrigated by 11,000 farmers. The MRGCD was maintaining four diversion dams and reservoirs, 834 miles (1,342 km) of canals and ditches and 404 miles (650 km) of riverside drains. With growing urbanization, the role of the MRGCD has gradually shifted from supporting agriculture to preserving the riverside ecology and helping to recharge the Albuquerque aquifer.
219:
595:
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471:
843:). Similar grasses occur that are native to the eastern half of the city, but often of a higher density owing to increased precipitation. The foothills of Albuquerque are much less urbanized, the vegetation altered or removed than anywhere else in the city, though the lower areas have been mostly developed in a more dense suburban pattern in mostly developed communities including North Albuquerque Acres, Tanoan, High Desert, Glenwood Hills, Embudo Hills, Supper Rock, and Four Hills.
123:
40:
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803:. At the east end of the city, the Sandia foothills receive about 50 percent more precipitation than most of the city, and with granitic, coarse soils, rock outcrops, and boulders dominant, they have a greater and different diversity of flora in the form of savanna and chaparral, dominated by lower and middle zones of New Mexico Mountains vegetation, with a slight orientation at lower elevations. Dominant plants include shrub or piñon pine, desert live oak (
606:
found in 1964. By the mid-1990s 45 species of fish were reported in the basin, of which only 17 were native. More than 40% of the native species of this section of the river have been eliminated. The main threats to the fish are diversion and pumping of water. River volumes peak between March and June due to the spring runoff, but demand for irrigation peaks between July and
October. During the irrigation period, the river downstream from the
379:
137:
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226:
1050:. The first known well to be drilled in the Albuquerque Basin in search of oil and gas was in 1914, and since then at least fifty exploratory wells have been drilled. Before 1953 most of these wells were shallow and only reached into the Tertiary deposits, but found numerous shows of oil and gas. After 1953 most of the wells were deeper, probing the Cretaceous deposits below the Tertiary fill.
398:
connected the two. More recently, gravity data has given support for a different model, which is consistent with other sources of information. In this new model, the northern portion is an ENE-facing half-graben, extending further east than had been thought, while the southern portion is an east-facing half graben. The two are connected by a
397:
A model of the basin based on seismic reflection data gathered by the oil industry was published in the early 1990s. In this model, the northern part of the basin was an east-tilted half graben, while the southern portion was a west-tilted half graben. A transfer zone running in a southwest direction
1063:
era. These are thought to be the source of basin-centered accumulations of gas. Unlike other basins in the region, the
Albuquerque Basin is still actively subsiding. The temperature and pressure on the hydrocarbon source rocks in the deeper parts of the basin will be causing gas to generate, and the
448:
The climate is semi-arid. A large part of the basin is so dry as to be considered a desert. Average annual temperatures are around 13 °C (55 °F), ranging from an average of about 1 °C (34 °F) in
January to about 24 °C (75 °F) in July. Average annual rainfall ranges from
206:
In times of low water levels in the Rio Grande, Albuquerque relies on groundwater for its potable water supply. The aquifer is composed of deposits from the ancestral Rio Grande and the size of its annual recharge follows fluctuations in weather and climate phenomena. There may be natural gas in the
1021:
and the tributaries of that river. Although a small part of the total, most of the potable water in the region comes from these later deposits, which lie within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the eastern boundary of the basin. Finally, the modern Rio Grande cut down into the Santa Fe group sediments
1016:
The groundwater has been deposited in three main phases. The lower Santa Fe group was created by dune fields and small streams draining into playa lakes and mud flats. The sediments in this group yield low volumes of poor quality water. Deposits in the upper Santa Fe group come from drainage of the
272:
descend to the river from the mountains that form the eastern boundary of the basin. West of the river the Llano de
Albuquerque contains only isolated mountains and volcanoes, sloping gradually up to the Rio Puerco. Throughout the basin, which receives little rainfall, there are sand dunes and dune
610:
may largely dry up unless irrigation water is returned to the river or a summer storm provides a brief influx of water. Native fish may be trapped in pools in the river bed, where introduced game fish may take them, or they may die from loss of water in which they can live. The river may not start
605:
The Rio Grande in the
Albuquerque basin had a diverse population of mainly endemic fish up to the late nineteenth century. By the early 1960s many of the native species were no longer present in the northern part of the basin. Speckled chub and Rio Grande bluntnose shiner, two cyprinids, were last
619:
Flora or vegetation surrounding the built portions of the city are typical of their desert southwestern and interior west setting, within the varied elevations and terrain. The limits are by significant urbanization, including much infill development occurring in the last quarter of the twentieth
555:
In 1848 Mexico ceded the territory to the United States. Railways arrived in 1880, bringing Anglo settlers. The federal government encouraged more irrigation, which probably peaked in the early 1890s. The newcomers developed the vineyards, orchards and vegetable farms, and by 1900 were exporting
478:
The Rio Grande, which flows from southwestern
Colorado for 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) before entering the Gulf of Mexico, was classified in 1993 as one of North America's most endangered or imperiled rivers. The Rio Grande flows south into the Albuquerque Basin between the Sandia and Jemez
1067:
In 2007-2008 the
Houston-based Tecton Energy had obtained the mineral rights to about 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) owned by SunCal, and had been exploring for natural gas on the Southwest Mesa. About 46 test wells had been drilled in the basin. Plans to exploit gas were opposed by activists
453:
to 760 millimetres (30 in) at Sandia Crest. Precipitation comes from local thunderstorms in summer and from storm fronts in winter. The amount of rain that falls in a given year or place in the basin is unpredictable. Droughts lasting several years are not unusual. Throughout the basin,
1025:
In the last 10,000 to 15,000 years the river valley has been receiving more sediment than it can carry away, building as much as 61 metres (200 ft) of new fill. There is groundwater in this new fill, which forms a thin aquifer very close to the surface and therefore very susceptible to
1054:
and other companies drilled wells in the 1970s and 1980s, mostly from 11,000 to 14,000 feet (3,400 to 4,300 m) deep. They found gas in the
Cretaceous rocks, but not in commercial quantities. Exploration was halted in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to low global oil prices.
1058:
In 2001 the U.S. Geological Survey published a report on the probability that gas would be found in the basin. It noted that the
Albuquerque Basin, like other basins formed during the Laramide orogeny, contains a thick layer of coals, carbonaceous shales and marine shales from the
454:
potential evapotranspiration is much higher than rainfall, meaning the ground is dry most of the time unless it is irrigated. Vegetation includes desert scrub and grassland in the lower levels, riparian woodland (bosque) along the Rio Grande, and woods on the mountain slopes.
263:
on the west and the
Socorro Basin to the south. It is 160 kilometres (99 mi) north-south and 86 kilometres (53 mi) east-west at its widest point. The Rio Grande, at an elevation of 1,420 metres (4,660 ft) runs through the basin from north to south. To the east,
1064:
gas is probably migrating upward and accumulating in Upper Cretaceous sandstones. After discussing other factors, the report concluded "All of these characteristics suggest that a basin-centered gas accumulation of some sort is present in the Albuquerque Basin."
490:
had developed irrigation systems by the 10th century AD, and by the 13th century most of the major pueblos had been established. The Pueblo system of irrigation ditches is one of the oldest of the irrigation systems in North America. The Spanish arrived in
1003:
Settlements in the region depend on groundwater. In the 1960s the City of Albuquerque began to extract large quantities of potable groundwater from wells drilled in the southeast and northeast heights. It was thought that this water came from a huge
367:. The Embudo-Pajarito-La Bajada-San Francisco-Rincon fault system became active at the end of the Miocene. When this happened, the Albuquerque basin reversed its half-graben tilt from west to east, and now slopes down to the base of the newly formed
725:) are currently found or were once existing on sand hills and breaks on both sides of the Rio Grande Valley, roughly below the present-day locations of the Petroglyph Escarpment west of Coors Road and along Interstate 25 south of Sunport Boulevard.
343:
The Albuquerque basin is the largest and oldest of the three major basins in the Rio Grande rift. The depth of the sediments filling the basin typically ranges from 4,407 to 6,592 meters (14,459 to 21,627 ft). These sediments, assigned to the
1012:
causing concern that the water resource was not properly understood. Since 1992 the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources has been undertaking extensive investigations of the geology of the basin and the aquifer.
587:, the city of Albuquerque has grown steadily. The MSGCD still maintains a large network of canals and irrigation systems that stretches from 30 miles (48 km) north of Albuquerque through the city down to the
631:). Some similar grass and seasonal wildflower species occur that also occur in areas east of the Rio Grande, but in much lower densities. Sparsely as well, sandy soil grasses occur such as Indian ricegrass (
520:, built in 1916. Within the stretch between these dams, the river passes three mainstream structures that divert water into 1,280 kilometres (800 mi) of levees, canals and drains in the section between
1345:
Smith, Gary A.; McIntosh, William; Kuhle, Andrika J. (1 May 2001). "Sedimentologic and geomorphic evidence for seesaw subsidence of the Santo Domingo accommodation-zone basin, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico".
670:
Other areas of Albuquerque have more fine clay and caliche soils, plus more rainfall and slightly cooler temperatures, so natural vegetation is dominated by grassland species such as fluffgrass (
188:
mountains. The basin is the largest and oldest of the three major basins in the Rio Grande rift, containing sediments whose depth ranges from 4,407 to 6,592 meters (14,459 to 21,627 ft).
280:
sites, most of which are found on terraces or other uplands near to the Rio Grande. Some of the sites date back 12,000 years from the present. During the period of Paleo-Indian occupation the
764:
can be found further south in the Albuquerque basin, but may be extirpated in its former range near Albuquerque. The forest now has a large proportion of non-native species including
505:(shared irrigation ditch) into which water was diverted from the river, with secondary ditches leading off the main channel named for specific families. Maintenance of the main
728:
The Rio Grande Valley proper bisects Albuquerque, and it has been urbanized the longest of all areas of the city. The present bosque or gallery forest of Rio Grande cottonwood (
203:
has been irrigated for at least 1,000 years. Intense irrigation began in the late nineteenth century with new dams, levees and ditches and has caused environmental problems.
855:. Other birds include the common raven, American crow, great-tailed grackle, Gambel's and scaled quail, several species of hummingbirds, house finch, pigeon, mourning dove,
356:, from fifteen to one million years ago. Alluvial sediment came from the adjacent highlands and fluvial sediments came from southern Colorado and northern New Mexico.
402:
running in a northwest direction. There is a west-tilting area in the southwestern margin of the basin, but it is just 15 to 30 kilometres (9.3 to 18.6 mi) wide.
425:
that were active as recently as 156,000 years ago. The surface of the basin has extensive wind-blown deposits of sand sheets and dunes from the late Pleistocene and
1113:
The boundaries of the geological basin and the hydrological basin are close but not exactly the same, and different sources disagree on the precise boundaries.
371:. The northern part of the Albuquerque Basin was left with the appearance of a symmetrical basin, and is sometimes regarded as a separate geologic basin (
1715:
736:) is theorized to have been more savannah-like prior to replanting in the 1930s and upstream dams stifling the river's annual flood. New Mexico olive (
2228:
2208:
1905:"Miocene and Pliocene sandstone petrofacies of the northern Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, and implications for evolution of the Rio Grande Rift"
405:
There were volcanic eruptions throughout the period while the Santa Fe Group sediments were being deposited, and these continued into the late
1835:
1091:
sediments that existed pre-rift, and the large (up to 28%) amount of extension. Carbon-rich cretaceous deposits are in the upper Mesozoic.
495:
in the 16th-17th centuries, and steadily expanded their presence, Albuquerque was founded as a trading and military outpost in 1706. The
218:
1658:
941:
occur in the foothills. The broader area is home to bobcat, black bear, and mountain lion, and is at the north end of the range of the
588:
525:
1574:"Biologic surveys for the Sandia National Laboratories, Coyote Canyon Test Complex, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico"
2099:
572:
running through the city of Albuquerque, parallel to the river, became an unsanitary drainage ditch, serving as a common sewer.
2233:
1626:
576:
1987:
1945:
1818:
1791:
863:(both recent appearances), curve-billed thrasher, pinyon jay, and Cooper's, Swainson's, and red-tail hawks. The valley hosts
234:
1542:
536:
can divert all water from the Rio Grande along a 177 kilometres (110 mi) stretch of the river. Tributaries include the
647:) while breaks and the prominent volcanic escarpment include threeleaf sumac with less frequent stands of oneseed juniper (
579:(MRGCD) was formed. It built a levee to reduce the impact of Rio Grande floods, drained the swampy land and improved the
1026:
contamination. Extraction of water from the valley floor aquifer is likely to cause subsidence and damage to buildings.
1745:
2005:
Structure and tectonics of the Albuquerque basin segment of the Rio Grande Rift: Insights from reflection seismic data
2012:
320:
17:
1068:
concerned about damage to groundwater and to the environment if exploitation were allowed. In January 2008 Governor
2223:
85:
2243:
895:
1762:
1367:
2238:
487:
200:
195:
traces dating back 12,000 years show that the climate used to be wetter and more fertile than it is today. The
1042:
Other basins in the Santa Fe rift hold oil and gas, which has been found in small quantities in wells east of
1719:
300:
2203:
2092:
78:
545:
359:
During the Middle to Late Miocene era the Albuquerque and Espanola basins formed one basin, an irregular
284:(dry lake basins) contained wetlands with more vegetation than in today's dry conditions. Remains of the
556:
produce as far as California. Over-exploitation caused a steady decline in irrigation due to "droughts,
492:
1834:
Holliday, Vance T.; Huckell, Bruce B.; Mayer, James H.; Forman, Steven L.; McFadden, Leslie D. (2006).
667:) occurs on the hillsides above Taylor Ranch and at the Petroglyph National Monument Visitor's Center.
598:
418:
1961:
207:
basin, but opponents of gas extraction fear the impact on the groundwater and on the quality of life.
2218:
1008:
that would take centuries to exhaust. In the late 1980s there were declines in the water levels near
926:
907:
871:
2034:
1612:
906:
are common around the Rio Grande. Retention ponds within the city often serve as breeding pools for
2213:
957:
517:
345:
937:. Striped skunks, raccoons, and several mouse species can be found in the city, and mule deer and
2085:
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296:
170:
1920:
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529:
1886:"Potential for a Basin-Centered Gas Accumulation in the Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico"
1296:
2008:
1983:
1941:
1862:
1814:
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930:
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788:. Some restoration to native species is occurring, similar to the limited species of
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328:
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185:
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516:, built in 1975. After leaving the basin via Socorro, the river is impounded by the
1916:
1850:
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1763:"GEOLOGY, GROUNDWATER, AND GEOLOGIC HAZARDS IN THE ALBUQUERQUE BASIN, NEW MEXICO"
1550:
1079:
A generalized cross section of the Albuquerque basin from east to west. Note the
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1069:
1009:
973:
942:
269:
256:
162:
66:
1836:"Geoarchaeology of the Boca Negra Wash Area, Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico, USA"
243:
The Albuquerque Basin covers 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi) of
864:
741:
549:
363:
tilting west, formed by high-angle faulting on reactivated structures from the
191:
The basin has a semi-arid climate, with large areas that count as semi-desert.
1034:
690:). Some woody plants occur in overall grassy areas, mainly fourwing saltbush (
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2197:
965:
922:
745:
557:
483:
128:
100:
87:
2151:
1207:
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Modern communities in the hydrological basin include, from north to south,
277:
265:
192:
1960:
1718:. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. Archived from
1305:
1038:
High Desert, Albuquerque, from the corner of Academy Rd. and Cortadena St.
288:
people include flaked stone tools, pottery sherds and the bones of bison.
136:
39:
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1386:
1374:
1284:
1080:
800:
561:
537:
513:
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177:
2063:"Middle Rio Grande Basin Geophysics - 3D Model of the Albuquerque Basin"
1272:
1200:
2177:
1060:
1018:
911:
777:
387:
260:
244:
196:
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1962:"Major physiographic and hydrologic features of the Middle Rio Grande"
1854:
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are common native understory shrubs. Discontinuous, small stands of ,
623:
Sandy soils include scrub and mesa vegetation such as sand sagebrush (
2161:
2156:
1783:
Ecology, Diversity, and Sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
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1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1084:
997:
887:
158:
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in Albuquerque. The basin terminates against this uplifted footwall.
378:
27:
Basin and ecoregion within the Rio Grande rift in central New Mexico
2172:
2146:
2126:
1740:. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. p. 124.
1582:
1088:
938:
565:
426:
414:
353:
281:
1884:
Johnson, Ronald C.; Finn, Thomas M.; Nuccio, Vito F. (July 2001).
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1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
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running steadily until the end of October, when irrigation stops.
2121:
2108:
2077:
1737:
Ground-water resources of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico
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1005:
773:
501:
349:
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996:
View of downtown Albuquerque and the Manzano Mountains from the
992:
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10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0561:SAGEFS>2.0.CO;2
1891:. U.S. Department of the Interior - U.S. Geological Survey
1833:
1392:
1380:
1311:
1290:
1278:
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1211:
1484:
1442:
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One prominent species of native mountainous trees is the
1262:
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1258:
1256:
512:
Before entering the basin the river is impounded by the
1714:
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imposed a six-month moratorium on further exploration.
2060:
1670:
1668:
1508:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1154:
180:
that slopes down towards the east to terminate on the
2044:"Drilling Albuquerque - Our future in the oil patch?"
1253:
1903:
Large, Elizabeth; Ingersoll, Raymond V. (May 1997).
1768:. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources
499:
used them as the backbone of the Pueblo and Hispano
1665:
1496:
1425:
1344:
1883:
1698:
1686:
199:flows through the basin from north to south, and
2195:
851:An iconic bird often seen in Albuquerque is the
528:. When the river is low, the diversion dams at
2002:
1934:Lazell, Carleen; Payne, Melissa (2007-01-01).
1902:
1780:Finch, Deborah M.; Tainter, Joseph A. (1995).
1571:
1332:
1173:
421:contains volcanoes to the west of the city of
348:, accumulated in the basin between the middle
2093:
1810:Aquanomics: Water Markets and the Environment
1733:
1572:Sullivan, R.M.; Knight, P.J. (May 25, 1994).
1478:
1419:
1407:
1306:Major physiographic and hydrologic features..
1232:
1139:
894:, and at the edges of the city, the venomous
601:, an endemic species that may be under threat
1937:Historic Albuquerque: An Illustrated History
1779:
1734:Bartolino, James R.; Cole, James C. (2002).
1529:
1463:
1320:
1247:
1979:Albuquerque: A City at the End of the World
1933:
1921:10.1306/d426859a-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d
1490:
1448:
417:rock is on the west side of the basin. The
2100:
2086:
2041:
1266:
589:Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
526:Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
238:Location of the basin in the United States
135:
38:
1581:
225:
176:Geologically, the Albuquerque Basin is a
2229:Geography of Sandoval County, New Mexico
2061:U.S. Geological Survey (10 March 2011).
1074:
1033:
991:
593:
469:
461:
377:
273:fields, some vegetated and some active.
1813:. Transaction Publishers. p. 164.
1806:
1760:
1674:
1543:"2014 BONAP North American Plant Atlas"
1514:
14:
2209:Structural basins of the United States
2196:
1849:(8). Wiley Periodicals, Inc: 756–802.
1657:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
577:Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District
474:Rio Grande and Bosque near Albuquerque
2081:
1975:
1502:
1436:
738:Forestiera pubescens var. neomexicana
698:). Isolated stands of creosote bush (
509:would be a community responsibility.
1022:to create the present river valley.
2042:Scarantino, Jim (6 February 2008).
1807:Gardner, B. Delworth (2012-04-30).
833:Opuntia hystricina var. juniperiana
44:View of the Albuquerque Basin from
24:
2107:
917:Commonly seen mammals include the
643:). Arroyos contain desert willow (
25:
2255:
2065:. U.S. Department of the Interior
2003:Russell, L.; Snelson, S. (1994).
882:) are common. Snakes include the
568:, seepage and waterlogging". The
449:190 millimetres (7.5 in) at
1786:. DIANE Publishing. p. 54.
730:Populus deltoides var. wislizeni
457:
224:
217:
121:
1976:Price, Vincent Barrett (1992).
1909:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1699:Johnson, Finn & Nuccio 2001
1687:Johnson, Finn & Nuccio 2001
1619:
1565:
1535:
1338:
1107:
896:Western diamondback rattlesnake
710:), and beebrush or oreganillo (
659:), and beebrush or oreganillo (
1029:
987:
952:Larger arthropods include the
663:). Isolated littleleaf sumac (
247:. The basin is bounded by the
13:
1:
2234:Neogene geology of New Mexico
1095:
1120:
811:), hairy mountain mahogany (
438:
7:
1195:Albuquerque Basin - NM Tech
1155:U.S. Geological Survey 2011
827:), Engelmann prickly pear (
255:mountains on the east, the
210:
10:
2260:
1707:
1333:Large & Ingersoll 1997
1174:Russell & Snelson 1994
908:New Mexico spadefoot toads
599:Rio Grande cutthroat trout
443:
431:
419:Albuquerque volcanic field
338:
169:. It contains the city of
2115:
1982:. UNM Press. p. 91.
1761:Connell, Sean D. (2012).
1479:Bartolino & Cole 2002
1420:Bartolino & Cole 2002
1408:Bartolino & Cole 2002
1233:Bartolino & Cole 2002
1140:Bartolino & Cole 2002
880:Aspidoscelis neomexicanus
872:southwestern fence lizard
831:), juniper prickly pear (
134:
116:
77:
72:
62:
52:
37:
32:
1964:. U.S. Geological Survey
1530:Finch & Tainter 1995
1464:Finch & Tainter 1995
1321:Finch & Tainter 1995
1248:Finch & Tainter 1995
1100:
870:Within city limits, the
846:
696:Gutierrezia microcephala
614:
518:Elephant Butte Reservoir
493:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
409:. Most of the resulting
2224:Albuquerque, New Mexico
1491:Lazell & Payne 2007
1449:Lazell & Payne 2007
935:black-tailed jackrabbit
884:New Mexico garter snake
861:European collared doves
813:Cercocarpus breviflorus
544:from the west, and the
151:Middle Rio Grande Basin
2244:Pliocene North America
1607:Cite journal requires
1092:
1039:
1000:
970:two-tailed swallowtail
927:Gunnison's prairie dog
839:, formerly considered
756:) occasionally occur.
723:Psorothamnus scoparius
651:), netleaf hackberry (
639:), and mesa dropseed (
637:Sporobolus cryptandrus
627:), fourwing saltbush (
602:
497:Hispanos of New Mexico
475:
467:
466:Rio Grande near Isleta
394:
2239:Miocene North America
1078:
1037:
995:
732:) and coyote willow (
672:Erioneuron pulchellum
597:
564:of the main channel,
473:
465:
432:Further information:
381:
276:The basin is rich in
1639:on September 2, 2019
1393:Holliday et al. 2006
1381:Holliday et al. 2006
1291:Holliday et al. 2006
1279:Holliday et al. 2006
1212:Holliday et al. 2006
968:(hummingbird moth),
823:), threeleaf sumac (
817:Juniperus monosperma
815:), oneseed juniper (
686:), and black grama (
684:Muhlenbergia porteri
674:), purple threeawn (
649:Juniperus monosperma
641:Sporobolus flexuosus
633:Oryzopsis hymenoides
608:Isleta diversion dam
235:class=notpageimage|
2204:Cenozoic New Mexico
1716:"Albuquerque Basin"
1553:on January 11, 2020
1360:2001GSAB..113..561S
876:New Mexico whiptail
829:Opuntia engelmannii
796:used in the 1930s.
762:Prosopis pubescens)
752:), and velvet ash (
721:) and broom dalea (
625:Artemisia filifolia
583:. During and since
373:Santo Domingo basin
97: /
1176:, pp. 83–112.
1093:
1040:
1001:
966:white-lined sphynx
853:greater roadrunner
835:), and beargrass (
805:Quercus turbinella
758:Screwbean mesquite
708:Parthenium incanum
692:Atriplex canescens
688:Bouteloua eriopoda
657:Parthenium incanum
645:Chilopsis linearis
635:), sand dropseed (
629:Atriplex canescens
603:
476:
468:
395:
259:to the north, the
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
1989:978-0-8263-3097-0
1947:978-1-893619-75-3
1855:10.1002/gea.20139
1820:978-1-4128-4269-3
1793:978-0-7881-3013-7
1052:Royal Dutch Shell
1046:and southwest of
978:New Mexico mantis
931:desert cottontail
892:Rio Grande Bosque
754:Fraxinus velutina
700:Larrea tridentata
694:) and snakeweed (
680:Pleuraphis mutica
653:Celtis reticulata
488:Rio Grande Valley
147:Albuquerque Basin
143:
142:
33:Albuquerque Basin
18:Albuquerque basin
16:(Redirected from
2251:
2219:Pliocene geology
2118:
2117:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2018:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1865:. Archived from
1840:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1632:. Archived from
1631:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1539:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1235:, p. 16-17.
1230:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1114:
1111:
962:desert centipede
742:Torrey wolfberry
712:Aloysia wrightii
665:Rhus microphylla
661:Aloysia wrightii
384:Sandia Mountains
369:Sandia Mountains
365:Laramide orogeny
228:
227:
221:
155:structural basin
139:
127:
125:
124:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
101:35.10°N 106.60°W
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
57:Structural basin
42:
30:
29:
21:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2214:Miocene geology
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2166:
2111:
2106:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2050:
2030:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1925:
1923:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1838:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:"Archived copy"
1625:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1267:Scarantino 2008
1265:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1070:Bill Richardson
1032:
1010:Coronado Center
990:
902:and non-native
900:Woodhouse toads
865:sandhill cranes
849:
682:), bush muhly (
617:
552:from the east.
460:
446:
441:
436:
400:structural high
341:
270:stream terraces
257:Jemez Mountains
241:
240:
239:
237:
231:
230:
229:
213:
163:Rio Grande rift
122:
120:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
67:Rio Grande rift
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:Pliocene Epoch
2124:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:Neogene Period
2105:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2039:
2013:
2000:
1988:
1973:
1958:
1946:
1931:
1900:
1881:
1843:Geoarchaeology
1831:
1819:
1804:
1792:
1777:
1758:
1747:978-0607989908
1746:
1731:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1664:
1618:
1609:|journal=
1583:10.2172/555401
1564:
1534:
1532:, p. 168.
1519:
1517:, p. 164.
1507:
1495:
1483:
1468:
1466:, p. 165.
1453:
1441:
1424:
1412:
1397:
1395:, p. 769.
1385:
1383:, p. 767.
1373:
1354:(5): 561–574.
1337:
1335:, p. 462.
1325:
1310:
1295:
1293:, p. 777.
1283:
1281:, p. 778.
1271:
1252:
1250:, p. 169.
1237:
1216:
1214:, p. 765.
1199:
1178:
1159:
1144:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1031:
1028:
989:
986:
912:tadpole shrimp
848:
845:
837:Nolina greenei
825:Rhus trilobata
809:Quercus grisea
746:Arizona walnut
676:Hilaria mutica
616:
613:
550:Galisteo Creek
546:Santa Fe River
459:
456:
445:
442:
440:
437:
346:Santa Fe Group
340:
337:
233:
232:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
212:
209:
141:
140:
132:
131:
118:
114:
113:
106:35.10; -106.60
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Miocene Epoch
2120:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2064:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2016:
2014:0-8137-2291-8
2010:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1943:
1940:. HPN Books.
1939:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1887:
1882:
1872:on 2013-11-03
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1722:on 2014-04-24
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 92.
1504:
1499:
1493:, p. 36.
1492:
1487:
1481:, p. 17.
1480:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1451:, p. 12.
1450:
1445:
1439:, p. 91.
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1422:, p. 11.
1421:
1416:
1410:, p. 14.
1409:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1323:, p. 54.
1322:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
985:
983:
982:harvester ant
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:plains cicada
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:rock squirrel
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
867:each winter.
866:
862:
858:
854:
844:
842:
841:Nolina texana
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:), gray oak (
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:ravenna grass
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Russian olive
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:Juglans major
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Dalea formosa
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
612:
609:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:sedimentation
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
489:
485:
484:Pueblo people
480:
472:
464:
458:Surface water
455:
452:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
392:
389:
385:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:Santo Domingo
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
266:alluvial fans
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
220:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
138:
133:
130:
129:United States
119:
115:
110:
82:
80:
76:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2152:Serravallian
2067:. Retrieved
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1951:. Retrieved
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1912:
1908:
1893:. Retrieved
1874:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1846:
1842:
1824:. Retrieved
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1751:. Retrieved
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1701:, p. 1.
1694:
1689:, p. 5.
1682:
1675:Connell 2012
1643:September 2,
1641:. Retrieved
1634:the original
1621:
1600:cite journal
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1546:
1537:
1515:Gardner 2012
1510:
1498:
1486:
1444:
1415:
1388:
1376:
1351:
1348:GSA Bulletin
1347:
1340:
1328:
1286:
1274:
1142:, p. 9.
1109:
1066:
1057:
1041:
1024:
1015:
1002:
951:
916:
914:("Triops").
879:
869:
850:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:Pinus edulis
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
798:
793:
789:
766:Siberian elm
761:
753:
749:
737:
734:Salix exigua
733:
729:
727:
722:
718:
716:
711:
707:
706:), mariola (
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
664:
660:
656:
655:), mariola (
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
622:
618:
604:
585:World War II
580:
575:In 1925 the
574:
569:
566:salinization
554:
511:
506:
500:
481:
477:
447:
404:
396:
372:
358:
342:
290:
278:Paleo-Indian
275:
242:
205:
193:Paleo-Indian
190:
175:
150:
146:
144:
2142:Burdigalian
2031:|work=
1081:half-graben
1030:Oil and gas
988:Groundwater
719:Yucca elata
562:aggradation
538:Jemez River
514:Cochiti Dam
479:mountains.
434:Belen point
423:Albuquerque
407:Pleistocene
361:half-graben
317:Albuquerque
178:half-graben
171:Albuquerque
165:in central
161:within the
104: /
79:Coordinates
46:Sandia Peak
2198:Categories
2178:Piacenzian
2137:Aquitanian
2069:2012-09-28
2053:2012-09-28
1995:2012-09-29
1968:2012-09-30
1953:2012-09-29
1926:2012-09-28
1895:2012-09-28
1876:2012-09-28
1826:2012-09-29
1799:2012-09-28
1772:2012-09-28
1753:2012-09-28
1726:2014-04-23
1503:Price 1992
1437:Price 1992
1096:References
1083:geometry,
1061:Cretaceous
1019:Rio Grande
1017:ancestral
974:fig beetle
958:vinegaroon
857:white wing
819:), piñon (
801:piñon pine
778:mulberries
717:Soaptree (
542:Rio Puerco
534:San Acacia
388:Rio Grande
352:and early
313:Rio Rancho
309:Bernalillo
301:San Felipe
261:Rio Puerco
245:New Mexico
201:its valley
197:Rio Grande
167:New Mexico
2162:Messinian
2157:Tortonian
2033:ignored (
2023:cite book
1863:140640902
1557:April 13,
1547:bonap.net
1121:Citations
1085:paleozoic
998:West Mesa
904:bullfrogs
888:bullsnake
782:Ailanthus
774:saltcedar
620:century.
522:Algodones
439:Ecoregion
386:from the
325:Los Lunas
305:Algodones
159:ecoregion
2173:Zanclean
2147:Langhian
1653:cite web
1089:mesozoic
1048:Santa Fe
1044:Española
947:javelina
943:ringtail
939:woodrats
886:and the
581:acequias
524:and the
427:Holocene
415:andesite
354:Pliocene
333:Bernardo
211:Location
92:106°36′W
73:Location
1708:Sources
1356:Bibcode
1006:aquifer
890:in the
790:Populus
570:acequia
507:acequia
502:acequia
486:of the
444:Climate
350:Miocene
339:Geology
293:Cochiti
253:Manzano
186:Manzano
153:) is a
117:Country
89:35°06′N
63:Unit of
2011:
1986:
1944:
1861:
1817:
1790:
1744:
1592:555401
1590:
980:, and
933:, and
919:coyote
784:, and
740:) and
530:Isleta
411:basalt
391:bosque
321:Isleta
286:Folsom
282:playas
249:Sandia
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