630:
369:
4940:
152:
7866:
698:
9222:
134:
4977:, which form a loose structure called megasporophylls instead of cones. As with all heterosporous plants, the gametophytes develop within the spore wall. Pollen grains (microgametophytes) mature from microspores, and ultimately produce sperm cells. Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule. Gymnosperms produce multiple
685:
for feeding on pollination drops. The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms. Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by
794:
are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms, with two or three families, 11 genera, and approximately 338 species. A majority of cycads are native to tropical climates and are most abundantly found in regions near the equator. The other extant groups are the 95–100 species of
5388:
Li, Hong-Tao; Yi, Ting-Shuang; Gao, Lian-Ming; Ma, Peng-Fei; Zhang, Ting; Yang, Jun-Bo; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Fritsch, Peter W.; Cai, Jie; Luo, Yang; Wang, Hong (May 2019). "Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the
Jurassic gap".
6043:
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021).
5038:
in reproductive tissues. The likely primary benefit of cross-pollination in gymnosperms, as in other eukaryotes, is that it allows the avoidance of inbreeding depression caused by the presence of recessive deleterious mutations.
4984:
During pollination, pollen grains are physically transferred between plants from the pollen cone to the ovule. Pollen is usually moved by wind or insects. Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat
5011:(joining of the sperm and egg cell), the zygote develops into an embryo (young sporophyte). More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female
6544:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (August 2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of
Tracheophyta".
6277:
Liu, Yang; Wang, Sibo; Li, Linzhou; Yang, Ting; Dong, Shanshan; Wei, Tong; Wu, Shengdan; Liu, Yongbo; Gong, Yiqing; Feng, Xiuyan; Ma, Jianchao; Chang, Guanxiao; Huang, Jinling; Yang, Yong; Wang, Hongli (April 2022).
5658:
Labandeira, Conrad C.; Yang, Qiang; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Monteiro, Antónia; Wang, Yong-Jie; Goreva, Yulia; Shih, ChungKun; Siljeström, Sandra; Rose, Tim R.; Dilcher, David L.; Ren, Dong (2016).
5812:
719:
wood in cycads is poorly lignified, and their main structural support comes from an armor of sclerenchymatous leaf bases covering the stem, with the exception of species with underground stems. There are no
370:
5432:
Morris, Jennifer L.; Puttick, Mark N.; Clark, James W.; Edwards, Dianne; Kenrick, Paul; Pressel, Silvia; Wellman, Charles H.; Yang, Ziheng; Schneider, Harald; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2018-03-06).
6102:
7696:
760:
are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 65–70 genera and 600–630 species (696 accepted names). Most conifers are
4109:
are considered, it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnospermae clade, although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear.
563:(also known as Coniferophyta). Newer classification place the gnetophytes among the conifers. Numerous extinct seed plant groups are recognised including those considered
677:
period around 383 million years ago. It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of
4989:) called the micropyle. The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells. Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms. Cycads and
5994:
9263:
5880:
7701:
5491:
Jiao, Yuannian; Wickett, Norman J.; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; Chanderbali, André S.; Landherr, Lena; Ralph, Paula E.; Tomsho, Lynn P.; Hu, Yi; Liang, Haiying;
8933:
8921:
5200:
Yang, Yong; Ferguson, David Kay; Liu, Bing; Mao, Kang-Shan; Gao, Lian-Ming; Zhang, Shou-Zhou; Wan, Tao; Rushforth, Keith; Zhang, Zhi-Xiang (2022-07-01).
8927:
7834:
8737:
5946:
Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah; et al. (2018).
5785:
10505:
8939:
6424:
Hörandl E. Apomixis and the paradox of sex in plants. Ann Bot. 2024 Mar 18:mcae044. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcae044. Epub ahead of print. PMID 38497809
9069:
7902:
4928:
9256:
6433:
Charlesworth D, Willis JH. The genetics of inbreeding depression. Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Nov;10(11):783-96. doi: 10.1038/nrg2664. PMID 19834483
8749:
7752:
6588:
6605:
8865:
4971:(female) that are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones, respectively. The exception is the females in the cycad genus
570:
By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (
9311:
9249:
7568:
10449:
466:
in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds contrasts with the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (
5026:, and only rarely express parthenogenesis. Sexual reproduction in gymnosperms appears to be required for maintaining long-term
6625:
6524:
6401:
5822:
5795:
650:
rainforests of the tropical region, but more recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged from the ancestors of
10454:
6628:. 2 volumes (volume one on the conifers of the Northern hemisphere and volume 2 on the conifers of the southern hemisphere).
5888:
462:, 'seed'), literally meaning 'naked seeds'. The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called
642:
Over 1,000 living species of gymnosperm exist. It was previously widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the
7895:
4951:, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the
7758:
376:
7945:
6653:
5708:
Bond, W. J. (March 1989). "The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence".
5175:
5061:
Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for
7940:
7092:
6253:
5736:
7573:
6194:
6181:
Hilton, Jason; Bateman, Richard M. (January 2006). "Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny 1".
5339:
17:
9290:
8024:
8014:
7997:
7888:
7023:
5283:
Walas, Łukasz; Mandryk, Wojciech; Thomas, Peter A.; Tyrała-Wierucka, Żanna; Iszkuło, Grzegorz (2018-09-01).
10464:
9316:
9306:
7742:
7329:
6844:
9241:
6046:"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"
5284:
4112:
The extant gymnosperms include 12 main families and 83 genera which contain more than 1000 known species.
7824:
7578:
6503:
6217:
151:
7558:
6617:
499:
7708:
10441:
9301:
7880:
7846:
7691:
6741:
658:. The radiation of gymnosperms during the late Carboniferous appears to have resulted from a whole
6140:
8029:
4087:
that do not belong to the four modern groups, including seed-bearing trees that have a somewhat
10436:
10427:
10389:
7676:
7600:
6613:
6139:
Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. (2011).
740:
7405:
6393:
7992:
7841:
634:
9230:
10500:
9225:
8971:
7563:
7460:
7415:
7087:
6646:
6599:
6456:
6057:
5614:
5559:
5508:
5445:
5354:
5296:
5213:
5110:
5097:
Yang Y, Ferguson DK, Liu B, Mao KS, Gao LM, Zhang SZ, Wan T, Rushforth K, Zhang ZX (2020).
3736:
691:
564:
516:
phase, which is dependent on the sporophytic phase. The term "gymnosperm" is often used in
7063:
4071:
A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a
629:
8:
8390:
8373:
8283:
8131:
7733:
7278:
5023:
655:
6460:
5618:
5603:"A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies"
5563:
5512:
5449:
5358:
5300:
5217:
5114:
716:
9296:
8666:
8417:
8400:
8242:
8126:
8121:
8009:
7987:
7975:
7950:
7671:
7536:
7314:
7006:
6792:
6688:
6564:
6358:
6312:
6279:
6252:
Samantha, Fowler; Rebecca, Roush; James, Wise (2013). "14.3 Seed Plants: Gymnosperms".
6198:
6163:
6083:
6025:
5975:
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5721:
5685:
5660:
5635:
5602:
5583:
5532:
5468:
5433:
5414:
5370:
5320:
5242:
5201:
5152:
5139:
5098:
4776:
4072:
750:
643:
146:
10072:
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9033:
9021:
8844:
8558:
8378:
8309:
8299:
8229:
8019:
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7970:
7960:
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6678:
6673:
6621:
6520:
6484:
6397:
6386:
6366:
6317:
6299:
6087:
6075:
6045:
6017:
5967:
5928:
5861:
5818:
5791:
5758:
5690:
5640:
5575:
5524:
5496:
5473:
5418:
5406:
5312:
5247:
5229:
5156:
5144:
5126:
5012:
4860:
768:
of many conifers are long, thin and needle-like, while other species, including most
617:) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing
544:
6202:
6167:
6110:
6029:
5979:
5770:
5374:
5324:
10112:
9273:
9045:
9039:
9003:
8686:
8548:
8433:
8334:
7934:
7615:
7521:
7516:
7470:
7363:
7348:
7309:
7234:
7075:
6999:
6896:
6838:
6556:
6512:
6474:
6464:
6348:
6307:
6291:
6229:
6190:
6155:
6106:
6067:
6009:
5959:
5948:"An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record"
5920:
5851:
5748:
5717:
5680:
5672:
5630:
5622:
5567:
5536:
5516:
5492:
5463:
5453:
5398:
5362:
5304:
5237:
5221:
5134:
5118:
4910:
4890:
4872:
4866:
4848:
4079:. The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be
725:
721:
687:
659:
314:
7410:
5587:
4999:
motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas conifers and
10258:
10155:
9966:
9586:
9555:
9137:
9120:
9027:
8553:
8536:
8319:
8278:
8146:
8136:
8116:
7869:
7851:
7713:
7542:
7492:
7480:
7442:
7378:
7205:
7173:
7134:
7107:
6936:
6931:
6822:
6758:
6639:
6547:
6516:
5737:"Tissue Responses and Solution Movement After Stem Wounding in Six Cycas Species"
5661:"The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies"
4948:
4922:
4897:
4716:
4588:
4318:
4264:
3401:
3075:
2659:
1363:
1314:
651:
578:
5912:
10348:
10223:
10148:
9057:
8997:
8871:
8838:
8796:
8709:
8637:
8632:
8580:
8050:
7965:
7912:
7763:
7728:
7681:
7663:
7627:
7383:
7210:
7188:
7154:
7129:
7112:
7102:
7097:
6979:
6797:
6782:
6736:
6731:
6295:
6234:
6071:
5438:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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471:
431:
288:
176:
6159:
6062:
5856:
5839:
5753:
5402:
5225:
5122:
524:
group of) all non-angiosperm seed plants. In that case, to specify the modern
10494:
10412:
10341:
10299:
10276:
10251:
10200:
10182:
10092:
9903:
9843:
9829:
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9147:
8991:
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8824:
8800:
8617:
8339:
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8141:
7799:
7547:
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7400:
7368:
7304:
7273:
7224:
7124:
6926:
6909:
6832:
6812:
6753:
6748:
6696:
6594:
6303:
5932:
5865:
5762:
5601:
Ren, D; Labandeira, CC; Santiago-Blay, JA; Rasnitsyn, A; et al. (2009).
5316:
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5130:
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4903:
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4650:
4546:
4498:
4468:
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4178:
4096:
4076:
4066:
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3657:
3434:
3165:
2415:
2138:
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1890:
1802:
1044:
773:
618:
590:
540:
401:
91:
56:
38:
5626:
5571:
5458:
10477:
10216:
10166:
10132:
10081:
10063:
10002:
9917:
9882:
9875:
9850:
9801:
9735:
9271:
9208:
9063:
9051:
8791:
8622:
8612:
8412:
8364:
8237:
7794:
7784:
7686:
7395:
6904:
6871:
6488:
6479:
6370:
6321:
6079:
6021:
5971:
5694:
5676:
5644:
5579:
5528:
5477:
5410:
5251:
5148:
4916:
4878:
4808:
4668:
4632:
4608:
4602:
4552:
4522:
4516:
4462:
4422:
4100:
4092:
3296:
2904:
2882:
2710:
2481:
2319:
2295:
2081:
1974:
1791:
769:
525:
521:
479:
250:
228:
5924:
5202:"Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification"
5099:"Recent advances on phylogenomics of gymnosperms and a new classification"
5065:, paper production, and resin. Some other common uses for gymnosperms are
5047:
The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of
10421:
10320:
10306:
10209:
10175:
10141:
10041:
10034:
10020:
9975:
9957:
9896:
9868:
9822:
9815:
9808:
9688:
9642:
9595:
9546:
9484:
9463:
9348:
9015:
9009:
8804:
8785:
8743:
8693:
8500:
8443:
8384:
8329:
8262:
8212:
8182:
8164:
8156:
7610:
7595:
7590:
7526:
7388:
7168:
7139:
7038:
7033:
6881:
6721:
6716:
6701:
6218:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
5074:
5049:
5004:
4978:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4854:
4836:
4814:
4796:
4790:
4770:
4764:
4662:
4644:
4626:
4594:
4580:
4534:
4510:
4492:
4480:
4474:
4388:
4376:
4312:
4270:
4230:
4190:
4172:
3753:
3712:
3272:
3141:
3034:
2816:
2792:
2742:
2666:
2641:
2374:
2271:
2114:
2015:
1998:
1666:
1459:
1370:
1307:
1119:
1061:
867:
730:
712:
584:
552:
548:
536:
517:
513:
467:
255:
245:
216:
66:
32:
6568:
6469:
6444:
5901:
Campbell, Reece, "Phylum
Coniferophyta."Biology. 7th. 2005. Print. P.595
5520:
5179:
10327:
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10230:
10121:
9938:
9924:
9794:
9663:
9649:
9505:
9456:
9402:
9339:
9330:
9215:
9142:
9110:
9096:
8627:
8304:
8093:
8084:
7639:
7632:
7622:
7605:
7288:
7283:
7219:
7011:
6858:
6711:
6362:
5550:
Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal
Pollination".
5035:
5000:
4986:
4964:
4758:
4674:
4620:
4570:
4564:
4486:
4406:
4400:
4304:
4222:
4213:
4196:
4166:
4134:
3688:
3327:
2986:
2505:
2457:
1943:
1690:
1633:
1169:
1020:
929:
856:
844:
697:
606:
556:
506:
419:
283:
233:
189:
111:
76:
6013:
5963:
10355:
10334:
10285:
10265:
9910:
9767:
9566:
9491:
9422:
9393:
9384:
8880:
8776:
8642:
8526:
8324:
8104:
8073:
7747:
7644:
7373:
7178:
7159:
7070:
6994:
6914:
6866:
6807:
6787:
6726:
6560:
5499:(2011-04-10). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms".
5016:
4996:
4968:
4752:
4746:
4722:
4704:
4540:
4436:
4288:
4184:
4148:
4126:
4117:
4080:
3828:
3804:
3624:
3384:
2398:
1817:
1343:
1136:
949:
918:
906:
761:
745:
709:
682:
678:
664:
560:
405:
240:
221:
116:
10383:
7910:
6353:
6336:
5947:
5735:
Fisher, Jack B.; Lindström, Anders; Marler, Thomas E. (2009-06-01).
5338:
Walas Ł, Mandryk W, Thomas PA, Tyrała-Wierucka Ż, Iszkuło G (2018).
10472:
10406:
10244:
10189:
10101:
9986:
9889:
9753:
9619:
9537:
9152:
8585:
8568:
8004:
7789:
7779:
7723:
7718:
7485:
7358:
7334:
7251:
6921:
6706:
5600:
4784:
4734:
4698:
4656:
4614:
4528:
4442:
4346:
4280:
4247:
4105:
3475:
3182:
2945:
2695:
2343:
1859:
1413:
1289:
735:
674:
293:
276:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
60:
6598:
5490:
10237:
10027:
9760:
9702:
9610:
9528:
9477:
9105:
8808:
8607:
8064:
6974:
6969:
6886:
6876:
6215:
5657:
5337:
5282:
5078:
5070:
5031:
4820:
4692:
4448:
4364:
4338:
4329:
4160:
3458:
2759:
1842:
1516:
1402:
1270:
996:
778:
757:
599:
510:
503:
488:
267:
262:
121:
96:
6445:"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"
6141:"A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms"
9931:
9836:
9635:
9575:
9361:
7427:
7319:
7239:
7193:
7183:
7144:
7082:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
6662:
6138:
5062:
5027:
4991:
4558:
4504:
4352:
4294:
4236:
2522:
2155:
1585:
1350:
874:
808:
Today gymnosperms are the most threatened of all plant groups.
801:
796:
784:
595:
572:
494:
414:
133:
8499:
6443:
Nystedt, B; Street, NR; Wetterbom, A; et al. (May 2013).
6337:"Comparison of flagellated and nonflagellated sperm in plants"
474:. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or
10292:
10048:
9716:
9709:
9695:
9670:
9656:
9498:
9438:
9411:
9091:
8504:
8202:
7916:
7651:
7585:
7507:
7475:
7432:
7324:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7244:
7229:
7198:
7119:
6777:
6768:
4973:
4802:
4728:
4412:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4202:
4154:
4140:
4083:. The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive
3607:
2833:
1707:
1616:
1533:
1492:
1442:
1186:
964:
936:
791:
669:. Early characteristics of seed plants are evident in fossil
483:
463:
409:
163:
5945:
690:, a now-extinct family with members which (in an example of
543:
or seed plants. The spermatophytes are subdivided into five
344:
8876:
8595:
7502:
7497:
7149:
6989:
6964:
6959:
6943:
6802:
6583:
5090:
5066:
4955:(gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Like all
4091:-like vegetative morphology (the so-called "seed ferns" or
4088:
4084:
765:
475:
359:
332:
8204:
6195:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
724:
gymnosperms and compared to angiosperms they occupy fewer
715:, Unlike in other extant gymnosperms the soft and highly
320:
7422:
6984:
6631:
6280:"The Cycas genome and the early evolution of seed plants"
6042:
5784:
Bell, Peter R.; Bell, Peter R.; Hemsley, Alan R. (2000).
5431:
694:) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later.
547:, the angiosperms and four divisions of gymnosperms: the
323:
5840:"A Monographic Revision of Retrophyllum (Podocarpaceae)"
3580:
3252:
2251:
1923:
594:(a single living species). About 65% of gymnosperms are
6502:
Biswas, C.; Johri, B.M. (1997). "Economic
Importance".
5665:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
788:
7918:
6442:
6247:
6245:
5034:
in sexual land plants provides a direct mechanism for
3571:
3243:
2242:
1914:
6335:
Southworth, Darlene; Cresti, Mauro (September 1997).
6209:
5734:
377:
356:
350:
338:
335:
329:
6251:
6134:
6132:
341:
27:
Clade of non-flowering, naked-seeded vascular plants
6242:
6117:
5003:have sperm with no flagella that are moved along a
457:
445:
347:
326:
317:
30:Not to be confused with the flowering plant genera
8726:
6511:. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 440–456.
6385:
5199:
5096:
8675:
8399:
6616:(2023).The Evolution of Arborescent Gymnosperms.
6129:
5549:
4095:). When fossil gymnosperms such as these and the
3589:
3261:
2260:
1932:
10492:
8228:
6334:
5811:Cleal, Christopher J.; Thomas, Barry A. (2019).
8907:
6392:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. p.
5783:
567:, as well other groups like the Bennettitales.
8857:
8506:
6420:
6418:
6416:
9257:
8048:
7896:
6647:
6593:
6276:
6180:
5434:"The timescale of early land plant evolution"
7753:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
6216:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
5263:
5261:
6501:
6413:
6377:
6183:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
5817:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
5810:
5790:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247.
776:, have flat, triangular scale-like leaves.
451:
439:
385:
9264:
9250:
9221:
7903:
7889:
6654:
6640:
6384:Walters, Dirk R Walters Bonnie By (1996).
498:. The life cycle of a gymnosperm involves
132:
9338:
8775:
8524:
6478:
6468:
6352:
6311:
6233:
6061:
5878:
5872:
5855:
5752:
5710:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
5684:
5634:
5467:
5457:
5387:
5340:"Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review"
5285:"Sexual systems in gymnosperms: A review"
5258:
5241:
5138:
5015:, which serves as a food supply, and the
9392:
7697:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
5913:"Threats to the world's plants assessed"
5885:Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual checklist
5787:Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity
5331:
4938:
696:
628:
9618:
6543:
6536:
6383:
6123:
6101:Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021).
5993:Leslie, Andrew B.; et al. (2018).
5910:
5484:
624:
14:
10506:Extant Late Devonian first appearances
10493:
5992:
10388:
10387:
9245:
8498:
7884:
6635:
6100:
5267:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5837:
5707:
5022:Gymnosperms ordinarily reproduce by
4829:
6328:
5594:
4981:, which produce the female gamete.
728:, but have evolved both parasites (
478:, which are often modified to form
24:
6103:main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre
5722:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1989.tb00492.x
5178:. Theplantlist.org. Archived from
5163:
609:, fungal associations with roots (
25:
10517:
7702:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
6577:
811:
430:comes from the composite word in
9220:
7865:
7864:
5272:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.
470:), which are enclosed within an
313:
150:
64:
6589:Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life
6495:
6436:
6427:
6270:
6174:
6111:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1
6094:
6036:
5986:
5939:
5911:Gilbert, Natasha (2010-09-28).
5904:
5895:
5831:
5804:
5777:
5728:
5701:
5651:
5543:
5176:"Gymnosperms on The Plant List"
4943:Example of gymnosperm lifecycle
528:group of gymnosperms, the term
9231:Current definitions of Plantae
5995:"ajb21143-sup-0004-AppendixS4"
5425:
5381:
5276:
5193:
598:, but conifers are almost all
13:
1:
5814:Introduction to Plant Fossils
5084:
4934:
7743:History of plant systematics
7330:Thorns, spines, and prickles
6517:10.1007/978-3-662-13164-0_23
4893:(also known as Umkomasiales)
7:
5844:Edinburgh Journal of Botany
5042:
458:
446:
10:
10522:
7559:Alternation of generations
6661:
6618:Cambridge University Press
6341:American Journal of Botany
6296:10.1038/s41477-022-01129-7
6258:. Houston, Texas: OpenStax
6235:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
6072:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4
6002:American Journal of Botany
5952:American Journal of Botany
5838:Mill, R. R. (2016-06-22).
5367:10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009
5309:10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.009
4963:, having two spore types,
4064:
500:alternation of generations
29:
10396:
10275:
10199:
10165:
10131:
10111:
10091:
10071:
10062:
10012:
9994:
9985:
9965:
9956:
9860:
9786:
9777:
9743:
9734:
9680:
9627:
9609:
9585:
9565:
9545:
9536:
9527:
9448:
9430:
9421:
9401:
9383:
9356:
9347:
9329:
9325:
9285:
9203:
9119:
9078:
8967:
8952:
8903:
8894:
8853:
8833:
8822:
8771:
8762:
8722:
8707:
8703:
8663:
8659:
8594:
8567:
8535:
8520:
8516:
8494:
8442:
8426:
8408:
8362:
8358:
8292:
8271:
8259:
8255:
8224:
8195:
8173:
8155:
8103:
8083:
8063:
8059:
8044:
7928:
7860:
7808:
7772:
7709:Cultivated plant taxonomy
7672:Biological classification
7662:
7535:
7451:
7347:
7297:
7022:
6952:
6895:
6857:
6831:
6767:
6687:
6669:
6160:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3
6063:10.1101/2021.03.13.435279
5857:10.1017/S0960428616000081
5754:10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.848
5403:10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0
5347:Basic and Applied Ecology
5289:Basic and Applied Ecology
5226:10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003
5123:10.1016/j.pld.2022.05.003
3866:
3849:
3842:
3825:
3818:
3801:
3794:
3750:
3733:
3726:
3709:
3702:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3654:
3647:
3621:
3604:
3597:
3566:
3558:
3472:
3455:
3448:
3431:
3424:
3398:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3341:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3293:
3286:
3269:
3238:
3230:
3223:
3179:
3162:
3155:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3116:
3072:
3055:
3048:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3009:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2830:
2813:
2806:
2789:
2782:
2756:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2707:
2699:
2689:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2519:
2502:
2495:
2478:
2471:
2454:
2447:
2412:
2395:
2388:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2340:
2333:
2316:
2309:
2292:
2285:
2268:
2237:
2229:
2152:
2135:
2128:
2111:
2104:
2078:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2012:
1995:
1988:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1940:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1856:
1839:
1832:
1814:
1806:
1796:
1784:
1704:
1687:
1680:
1663:
1656:
1630:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1582:
1575:
1530:
1513:
1506:
1489:
1482:
1456:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1367:
1347:
1337:
1311:
1301:
1294:
1282:
1275:
1263:
1183:
1166:
1159:
1133:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1058:
1041:
1034:
1017:
1010:
993:
986:
979:
961:
953:
933:
923:
911:
871:
861:
849:
837:
830:
819:Phylogeny of Gymnosperms
704:a cycad native to Florida
613:), while in some others (
452:
440:
435:
213:
208:
147:Scientific classification
145:
140:
131:
49:
7569:Evolutionary development
688:Kalligrammatid lacewings
565:pteridosperms/seed ferns
539:together constitute the
482:, or on their own as in
381:-nə-spurmz, -noh-
7220:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
6606:Encyclopædia Britannica
6388:Vascular plant taxonomy
5879:A. Farjon, ed. (2006).
5627:10.1126/science.1178338
5572:10.1126/science.1181154
5459:10.1073/pnas.1719588115
5056:
667: million years ago
7835:by author abbreviation
7759:Plant taxonomy systems
7677:Botanical nomenclature
6614:Christopher Nigel Page
5677:10.1098/rspb.2015.2893
4947:Gymnosperms, like all
4944:
741:Zamia pseudoparasitica
705:
646:period, replacing the
639:
638:cone, about 30 cm long
450:, 'naked' and
7842:Botanical expeditions
5925:10.1038/news.2010.499
4942:
4065:Further information:
782:in Araucariaceae and
700:
681:that had specialized
635:Encephalartos sclavoi
632:
509:phase, and a reduced
402:seed-producing plants
141:Various gymnosperms.
9226:List of plant orders
9106:Pinopsida (conifers)
9092:Cycadopsida (cycads)
9084:(living gymnosperms)
8581:Leiosporocerotopsida
8300:Nephroselmidophyceae
7574:Evolutionary history
7564:Double fertilization
7416:Cellular respiration
6537:General bibliography
6105:(Report). Figshare.
5891:on January 15, 2009.
5268:Raven, P.H. (2013).
708:All gymnosperms are
692:convergent evolution
625:Diversity and origin
535:The gymnosperms and
422:, forming the clade
8934:Archaeopteridopsida
8667:Polysporangiophytes
8391:Klebsormidiophyceae
8374:Mesostigmatophyceae
8320:Chlorodendrophyceae
8284:Pyramimonadophyceae
8238:Prasinodermophyceae
8132:Compsopogonophyceae
6793:Non-vascular plants
6600:"Gymnosperms"
6584:Gymnosperm Database
6470:10.1038/nature12211
6461:2013Natur.497..579N
6255:Concepts of Biology
5619:2009Sci...326..840R
5564:2009Sci...326..808O
5521:10.1038/nature09916
5513:2011Natur.473...97J
5450:2018PNAS..115E2274M
5444:(10): E2274–E2283.
5359:2018BApEc..31....1W
5301:2018BApEc..31....1W
5218:2022PlDiv..44..340Y
5115:2022PlDiv..44..340Y
5024:sexual reproduction
799:and one species of
702:Zamia integrifolia,
656:Early Carboniferous
532:is sometimes used.
9272:Classification of
9125:(flowering plants)
9046:Lyginopteridopsida
8839:Eophyllophytopsida
8792:Zosterophyllopsida
8730:Paratracheophytes*
8508:sensu strictissimo
8418:Coleochaetophyceae
8401:Phragmoplastophyta
8243:Palmophyllophyceae
8165:Glaucocystophyceae
8127:Stylonematophyceae
8122:Porphyridiophyceae
7911:Classification of
7298:Surface structures
7093:Flower development
5881:"Conifer database"
5671:(1824): 20152893.
5497:Soltis, Douglas E.
5007:to the egg. After
4945:
4073:monophyletic group
3236:Actinostroboideae
2899:Cunninghamioideae
751:Retrophyllum minus
706:
660:genome duplication
644:Late Carboniferous
640:
502:, with a dominant
10488:
10487:
10390:Taxon identifiers
10381:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10373:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10365:
10364:
10073:Cunninghamioideae
10058:
10057:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9605:
9604:
9523:
9522:
9519:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9379:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9239:
9238:
9199:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9133:Basal angiosperms
9034:Gigantopteridales
8983:seed plant groups
8981:and other extinct
8948:
8947:
8922:Noeggerathiopsida
8890:
8889:
8845:Trimerophytopsida
8818:
8817:
8758:
8757:
8714:(vascular plants)
8679:Protracheophytes*
8655:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8618:Andreaeobryopsida
8559:Jungermanniopsida
8490:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8379:Chlorokybophyceae
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8310:Chloropicophyceae
8251:
8250:
8230:Prasinodermophyta
8191:
8190:
7878:
7877:
7517:Herbaceous plants
7343:
7342:
6626:978-1-009-26309-2
6526:978-3-662-13166-4
6455:(7451): 579–584.
6408:Gymnosperm seeds.
6403:978-0-7872-2108-9
6014:10.1002/ajb2.1143
5964:10.1002/ajb2.1143
5824:978-1-108-48344-5
5797:978-0-521-64673-4
5613:(5954): 840–847.
5558:(5954): 808–809.
5493:Soltis, Pamela S.
5270:Biology of Plants
5077:, food, gum, and
4861:Gigantopteridales
4830:Extinct groupings
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3636:
3635:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3413:
3412:
3356:
3355:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3086:
2998:
2997:
2981:Athrotaxidoideae
2957:
2956:
2916:
2915:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2771:
2770:
2678:
2677:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2093:
2092:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
1907:Phyllocladoideae
1880:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1645:
1644:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1471:
1470:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1326:
1325:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1148:
1147:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
895:
894:
886:
885:
726:ecological niches
605:Some genera have
520:to refer to (the
400:) are a group of
305:
304:
16:(Redirected from
10513:
10481:
10480:
10468:
10467:
10458:
10457:
10445:
10444:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10385:
10384:
10113:Athrotaxidoideae
10069:
10068:
9992:
9991:
9963:
9962:
9787:Phyllocladoideae
9784:
9783:
9741:
9740:
9625:
9624:
9616:
9615:
9543:
9542:
9534:
9533:
9428:
9427:
9399:
9398:
9390:
9389:
9354:
9353:
9345:
9344:
9336:
9335:
9327:
9326:
9312:Acrogymnospermae
9274:Acrogymnospermae
9266:
9259:
9252:
9243:
9242:
9224:
9223:
9138:Core angiosperms
9126:
9085:
9080:Acrogymnospermae
9058:Peltaspermopsida
9040:Glossopteridales
9022:Corystospermales
9004:Callistophytales
8984:
8976:
8970:
8965:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8928:Aneurophytopsida
8910:
8905:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8855:
8854:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8786:Barinophytopsida
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8729:
8724:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8705:
8704:
8687:Horneophytopsida
8678:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8661:
8660:
8601:
8586:Anthocerotopsida
8574:
8569:Anthocerotophyta
8549:Haplomitriopsida
8542:
8533:
8532:
8529:
8522:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8510:
8496:
8495:
8449:
8440:
8439:
8434:Zygnematophyceae
8424:
8423:
8406:
8405:
8397:
8396:
8367:
8360:
8359:
8335:Trebouxiophyceae
8305:Picocystophyceae
8269:
8268:
8265:
8257:
8256:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8208:
8110:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8053:
8046:
8045:
7957:
7937:
7922:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7882:
7881:
7868:
7867:
7847:Individual trees
7522:Secondary growth
7493:Succulent plants
7481:Prostrate shrubs
7364:Apical dominance
7349:Plant physiology
7310:Epicuticular wax
6855:
6854:
6848:
6839:Plant morphology
6656:
6649:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6610:
6609:(11th ed.).
6602:
6572:
6561:10.2307/25065864
6531:
6530:
6510:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6440:
6434:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6411:
6410:
6391:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6356:
6347:(9): 1301–1311.
6332:
6326:
6325:
6315:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6145:
6136:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6098:
6092:
6091:
6065:
6056:(8): 1015–1025.
6040:
6034:
6033:
6008:(9): 1531–1544.
5999:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5958:(9): 1531–1544.
5943:
5937:
5936:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5887:. Archived from
5876:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5756:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5638:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5507:(7345): 97–100.
5488:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5461:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5344:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5172:
5161:
5160:
5142:
5094:
4911:Erdtmanithecales
4891:Corystospermales
4873:Lyginopteridales
4867:Glossopteridales
4849:Callistophytales
3845:
3844:
3821:
3820:
3797:
3796:
3729:
3728:
3705:
3704:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3650:
3649:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3451:
3450:
3427:
3426:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3320:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3289:
3288:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3158:
3157:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3051:
3050:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2809:
2808:
2785:
2784:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2702:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2498:
2497:
2474:
2473:
2450:
2449:
2391:
2390:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2336:
2335:
2312:
2311:
2288:
2287:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2131:
2130:
2107:
2106:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2049:
1991:
1990:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1835:
1834:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1786:
1683:
1682:
1659:
1658:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1509:
1508:
1485:
1484:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1340:
1339:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1162:
1161:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1037:
1036:
1013:
1012:
989:
988:
982:
981:
956:
955:
926:
925:
914:
913:
864:
863:
852:
851:
840:
839:
833:
832:
826:
825:
816:
815:
668:
530:Acrogymnospermae
461:
455:
454:
449:
443:
442:
437:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
380:
375:
374:
373:
372:
365:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
155:
154:
136:
126:
63:
53:Temporal range:
47:
46:
21:
10521:
10520:
10516:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10476:
10471:
10463:
10461:
10453:
10448:
10440:
10435:
10426:
10425:
10420:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10392:
10382:
10361:
10271:
10259:Neocallitropsis
10195:
10161:
10127:
10107:
10087:
10054:
10008:
9981:
9967:Sciadopityaceae
9944:
9856:
9773:
9722:
9676:
9601:
9587:Welwitschiaceae
9581:
9561:
9511:
9444:
9417:
9367:
9321:
9302:Marchantiophyta
9281:
9270:
9240:
9235:
9159:
9124:
9123:
9115:
9083:
9082:
9074:
9028:Czekanowskiales
8982:
8980:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8968:
8958:
8957:
8953:
8944:
8908:
8895:
8886:
8858:Moniliformopses
8849:
8823:
8814:
8764:Eutracheophytes
8763:
8754:
8727:
8713:
8712:
8708:
8699:
8676:
8664:
8647:
8638:Polytrichopsida
8633:Tetraphidopsida
8599:
8598:
8590:
8572:
8571:
8563:
8554:Marchantiopsida
8540:
8539:
8537:Marchantiophyta
8525:
8512:
8458:
8447:
8446:
8438:
8422:
8395:
8363:
8346:
8288:
8279:Mamiellophyceae
8260:
8247:
8216:
8210:
8200:
8199:
8187:
8169:
8151:
8147:Florideophyceae
8137:Rhodellophyceae
8117:Cyanidiophyceae
8108:
8107:
8099:
8079:
8049:
8040:
8039:
7955:
7933:
7924:
7909:
7879:
7874:
7856:
7825:Botanical terms
7818:
7804:
7768:
7714:Citrus taxonomy
7692:Author citation
7658:
7552:
7531:
7453:
7447:
7443:Turgor pressure
7351:
7339:
7293:
7108:Floral symmetry
7026:
7018:
6948:
6937:Vascular bundle
6932:Vascular tissue
6891:
6851:
6842:
6841:
6827:
6798:Vascular plants
6763:
6759:Plant pathology
6683:
6665:
6660:
6580:
6575:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6508:
6505:The Gymnosperms
6500:
6496:
6480:1854/LU-4110028
6441:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6414:
6404:
6382:
6378:
6354:10.2307/2446056
6333:
6329:
6275:
6271:
6261:
6259:
6250:
6243:
6214:
6210:
6179:
6175:
6143:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6099:
6095:
6041:
6037:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5944:
5940:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5877:
5873:
5836:
5832:
5825:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5782:
5778:
5733:
5729:
5706:
5702:
5656:
5652:
5599:
5595:
5548:
5544:
5489:
5485:
5430:
5426:
5386:
5382:
5342:
5336:
5332:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5259:
5206:Plant Diversity
5198:
5194:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5164:
5103:Plant Diversity
5095:
5091:
5087:
5059:
5045:
4949:vascular plants
4937:
4923:Czekanowskiales
4898:Czekanowskiales
4832:
4717:Neocallitropsis
4589:Sciadopityaceae
4265:Welwitschiaceae
4069:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3978:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3784:
3775:
3766:
3637:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3548:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3414:
3402:Neocallitropsis
3357:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3213:
3204:
3195:
3106:
3097:
3088:
2999:
2958:
2917:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2772:
2679:
2660:Sciadopityaceae
2631:
2622:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2437:
2428:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2235:Podocarpoideae
2219:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2094:
2037:
2028:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1881:
1872:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1646:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1472:
1392:
1383:
1364:Welwitschiaceae
1327:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1149:
1092:
1083:
1074:
896:
887:
814:
663:
627:
397:
394:
391:
388:
378:
368:
367:
355:
316:
312:
149:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
55:
54:
51:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10519:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10482:
10469:
10459:
10446:
10433:
10418:
10402:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10359:
10352:
10349:Hesperocyparis
10345:
10338:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10303:
10296:
10289:
10281:
10279:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10262:
10255:
10248:
10241:
10234:
10227:
10224:Pilgerodendron
10220:
10213:
10205:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10186:
10179:
10171:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10159:
10152:
10149:Sequoiadendron
10145:
10137:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10126:
10125:
10117:
10115:
10109:
10108:
10106:
10105:
10097:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10077:
10075:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10053:
10052:
10045:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10016:
10014:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10006:
9998:
9996:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9979:
9971:
9969:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9935:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9864:
9862:
9861:Podocarpoideae
9858:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9805:
9798:
9790:
9788:
9781:
9775:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9764:
9757:
9749:
9747:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9723:
9721:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9684:
9682:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9646:
9639:
9631:
9629:
9622:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9603:
9602:
9600:
9599:
9591:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9580:
9579:
9571:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9551:
9549:
9540:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9502:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9442:
9434:
9432:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9407:
9405:
9396:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9377:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9357:
9351:
9342:
9333:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9307:Polypodiophyta
9304:
9299:
9294:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9269:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9246:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9233:
9228:
9218:
9212:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9135:
9129:
9127:
9117:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9094:
9088:
9086:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9066:
9064:Pentoxylopsida
9060:
9054:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8998:Calamopityales
8994:
8987:
8985:
8962:
8955:Spermatophytes
8950:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8917:
8915:
8912:Progymnosperms
8898:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8877:Polypodiopsida
8874:
8872:Cladoxylopsida
8868:
8861:
8859:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8841:
8834:
8828:
8825:Euphyllophytes
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8797:Lycopodiopsida
8794:
8788:
8781:
8779:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8738:Cooksoniopsida
8733:
8731:
8717:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8697:
8689:
8682:
8680:
8670:
8657:
8656:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8628:Oedipodiopsida
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8602:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8577:
8575:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8530:
8514:
8513:
8492:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8437:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8381:
8376:
8370:
8368:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8272:Prasinophytina
8266:
8253:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8234:
8232:
8219:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8179:
8177:
8175:incertae sedis
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8113:
8111:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8089:
8087:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8069:
8067:
8054:
8051:Archaeplastida
8042:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:Mesomycetozoea
8027:
8022:
8012:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7966:Diaphoretickes
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7913:Archaeplastida
7908:
7907:
7900:
7893:
7885:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7827:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7815:Related topics
7813:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7764:Taxonomic rank
7761:
7756:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7716:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7682:Botanical name
7674:
7668:
7666:
7664:Plant taxonomy
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7640:Megasporangium
7637:
7636:
7635:
7628:Microsporangia
7620:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7473:
7468:
7466:Cushion plants
7457:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7403:
7401:Plant hormones
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7384:Photosynthesis
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7222:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7103:Floral formula
7100:
7098:Floral diagram
7095:
7090:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7036:
7030:
7028:
7027:(incl. Flower)
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6929:
6927:Storage organs
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6813:Spermatophytes
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6783:Archaeplastida
6780:
6774:
6772:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6737:Phytogeography
6734:
6732:Phytochemistry
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6689:Subdisciplines
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6611:
6591:
6586:
6579:
6578:External links
6576:
6574:
6573:
6555:(3): 822–846.
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6525:
6494:
6435:
6426:
6412:
6402:
6376:
6327:
6290:(4): 389–401.
6269:
6241:
6228:(3): 201–217.
6208:
6189:(1): 119–168.
6173:
6128:
6116:
6093:
6035:
5985:
5938:
5903:
5894:
5871:
5850:(2): 171–261.
5830:
5823:
5803:
5796:
5776:
5747:(3): 848–851.
5727:
5716:(3): 227–249.
5700:
5650:
5593:
5542:
5483:
5424:
5397:(5): 461–470.
5380:
5330:
5275:
5257:
5212:(4): 340–350.
5192:
5162:
5109:(4): 340–350.
5088:
5086:
5083:
5058:
5055:
5044:
5041:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4887:
4885:Peltaspermales
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4843:Calamopityales
4839:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4780:
4681:Pilgerodendron
4639:Sequoiadendron
4598:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4452:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4257:Welwitschiales
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4144:
4077:spermatophytes
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:Hesperocyparis
3848:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3564:Cupressoideae
3559:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:Pilgerodendron
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:Sequoiadendron
3054:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2940:Taiwanioideae
2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2705:Cephalotaxeae
2700:
2698:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
974:
973:
970:
969:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
932:
924:
922:
912:
910:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
870:
862:
860:
850:
848:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
821:
820:
813:
812:Classification
810:
717:parenchymatous
671:progymnosperms
626:
623:
541:spermatophytes
404:that includes
395:revealed seeds
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
291:
289:Welwitschiales
286:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
260:
259:
258:
253:
238:
237:
236:
226:
225:
224:
211:
210:
209:Living orders
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
190:Spermatophytes
187:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
52:
26:
18:Acrogymnosperm
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10518:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10460:
10456:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10438:
10434:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10414:
10408:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10386:
10358:
10357:
10353:
10351:
10350:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10342:Xanthocyparis
10339:
10337:
10336:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10323:
10322:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10311:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10300:Chamaecyparis
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10288:
10287:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10277:Cupressoideae
10274:
10268:
10267:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10252:Widdringtonia
10249:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10228:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10214:
10212:
10211:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10201:Callitroideae
10198:
10192:
10191:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10183:Glyptostrobus
10180:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10158:
10157:
10153:
10151:
10150:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10099:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10093:Taiwanioideae
10090:
10084:
10083:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10061:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10039:
10037:
10036:
10032:
10030:
10029:
10025:
10023:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9995:Cephalotaxeae
9993:
9990:
9988:
9984:
9978:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9941:
9940:
9936:
9934:
9933:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9922:
9920:
9919:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9908:
9906:
9905:
9904:Falcatifolium
9901:
9899:
9898:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9844:Lepidothamnus
9841:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9830:Lagarostrobos
9827:
9825:
9824:
9820:
9818:
9817:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9799:
9797:
9796:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9779:Podocarpaceae
9776:
9770:
9769:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9745:Araucariaceae
9742:
9739:
9737:
9733:
9719:
9718:
9714:
9712:
9711:
9707:
9705:
9704:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9683:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9668:
9666:
9665:
9661:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9638:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9598:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9578:
9577:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9496:
9494:
9493:
9489:
9487:
9486:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9471:Encephalartos
9468:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9459:
9458:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9447:
9441:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9409:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9382:
9364:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9292:
9288:
9287:
9284:
9279:
9275:
9267:
9262:
9260:
9255:
9253:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9205:
9202:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9130:
9128:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9011:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8992:Bennettitales
8989:
8988:
8986:
8973:
8972:Pteridosperms
8966:
8963:
8959:(seed plants)
8956:
8951:
8941:
8940:Protopityales
8937:
8935:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8906:
8902:
8899:
8893:
8882:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8867:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8846:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8821:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8761:
8751:
8747:
8745:
8741:
8739:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8711:
8710:Tracheophytes
8706:
8702:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8662:
8658:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8623:Andreaeopsida
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8570:
8566:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8509:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8454:
8453:
8451:
8448:(land plants)
8445:
8441:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8341:
8340:Chlorophyceae
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8315:Pedinophyceae
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:Chlorophytina
8291:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8214:
8209:
8207:
8198:
8197:Viridiplantae
8194:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8142:Bangiophyceae
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8047:
8043:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7993:Stramenopiles
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7956:(major groups
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7921:
7914:
7906:
7901:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7871:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7807:
7801:
7800:Phytochemical
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7438:Transpiration
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7225:Inflorescence
7223:
7221:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6910:Ground tissue
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6846:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:Plant anatomy
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Plant ecology
6752:
6750:
6749:Plant anatomy
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Archaeobotany
6695:
6694:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6596:
6595:Albert Seward
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6542:
6541:
6528:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6506:
6498:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6439:
6430:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6284:Nature Plants
6281:
6273:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6246:
6236:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6097:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:Nature Plants
6047:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5696:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5391:Nature Plants
5384:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5262:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5182:on 2013-08-24
5181:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5040:
5037:
5036:repairing DNA
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4961:heterosporous
4958:
4954:
4950:
4941:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:Bennettitales
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4742:
4741:Chamaecyparis
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:Actinostrobus
4707:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:Widdringtonia
4683:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4651:Glyptostrobus
4647:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:Falcatifolium
4543:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:Lagarostrobos
4495:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:Lepidothamnus
4465:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4457:Podocarpaceae
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:Araucariaceae
4427:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:Encephalartos
4175:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4101:glossopterids
4098:
4097:Bennettitales
4094:
4093:pteridosperms
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4067:Spermatophyte
4054:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:Xanthocyparis
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:Chamaecyparis
3652:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:Widdringtonia
3429:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:Glyptostrobus
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3129:Taxodioideae
3128:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3022:Sequoioideae
3021:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2416:Falcatifolium
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:Lagarostrobos
2133:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:Lepidothamnus
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1891:Podocarpaceae
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1803:Araucariaceae
1801:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:Encephalartos
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
990:
984:
983:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
966:
958:
957:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:
916:
915:
909:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
866:
865:
859:
858:
854:
853:
847:
846:
842:
841:
835:
834:
828:
827:
823:
822:
818:
817:
809:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
789:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:Podocarpaceae
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
753:
752:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
718:
714:
711:
703:
699:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
679:scorpionflies
676:
672:
666:
662:event around
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
636:
631:
622:
620:
619:cyanobacteria
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
592:
591:Ginkgo biloba
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
448:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
407:
403:
383:
382:
371:
364:
310:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
275:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
223:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
212:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:Tracheophytes
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
58:
57:Carboniferous
48:
45:
41:
40:
39:Gymnospermium
35:
34:
19:
10428:Gymnospermae
10398:Gymnospermae
10397:
10354:
10347:
10340:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10312:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10284:
10264:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10229:
10222:
10217:Austrocedrus
10215:
10208:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10167:Taxodioideae
10154:
10147:
10140:
10133:Sequoioideae
10120:
10100:
10082:Cunninghamia
10080:
10064:Cupressaceae
10047:
10040:
10033:
10026:
10019:
10003:Cephalotaxus
10001:
9974:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9918:Retrophyllum
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9883:Pherosphaera
9881:
9876:Microcachrys
9874:
9867:
9851:Phyllocladus
9849:
9842:
9835:
9828:
9821:
9814:
9807:
9802:Pectinopitys
9800:
9793:
9766:
9759:
9752:
9736:Araucariales
9715:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9634:
9594:
9574:
9554:
9504:
9497:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9437:
9410:
9360:
9317:Angiospermae
9277:
9209:paraphyletic
9121:Angiospermae
9098:
9097:Ginkgoales (
9079:
9070:Petriellales
9052:Medullosales
8979:(seed ferns)
8692:
8613:Sphagnopsida
8608:Takakiopsida
8541:(liverworts)
8507:
8501:Embryophytes
8455:(see below↓)
8413:Charophyceae
8383:
8365:Streptophyta
8217:land plants)
8205:
8174:
8092:
8085:Rhodelphidia
8072:
8015:Opisthokonta
7919:
7795:Horticulture
7785:Floriculture
7687:Correct name
7537:Reproduction
7527:Woody plants
7452:Plant growth
7411:Gas Exchange
7396:Phytomelanin
7274:Plant embryo
7024:Reproductive
6872:Phragmoplast
6817:
6604:
6552:
6546:
6504:
6497:
6452:
6448:
6438:
6429:
6407:
6387:
6379:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6260:. Retrieved
6254:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6151:
6147:
6124:Cantino 2007
6119:
6096:
6053:
6049:
6038:
6005:
6001:
5988:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5916:
5906:
5897:
5889:the original
5884:
5874:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5813:
5806:
5786:
5779:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5668:
5664:
5653:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5504:
5500:
5486:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5350:
5346:
5333:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5269:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5106:
5102:
5092:
5060:
5048:
5046:
5030:integrity.
5021:
4990:
4983:
4972:
4946:
4929:Petriellales
4917:Pentoxylales
4906:(cycadeoids)
4879:Medullosales
4819:
4813:
4809:Cephalotaxus
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4669:Austrocedrus
4667:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4609:Cunninghamia
4607:
4603:Cupressaceae
4601:
4593:
4587:
4579:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4553:Retrophyllum
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4523:Pherosphaera
4521:
4517:Microcachrys
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4463:Phyllocladus
4461:
4455:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:Araucariales
4421:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4293:
4287:
4279:
4269:
4263:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4139:
4133:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4104:
4081:paraphyletic
4070:
3868:
3867:
3851:
3850:
3827:
3826:
3803:
3802:
3752:
3751:
3735:
3734:
3711:
3710:
3687:
3686:
3656:
3655:
3623:
3622:
3606:
3605:
3474:
3473:
3457:
3456:
3433:
3432:
3400:
3399:
3383:
3382:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3325:
3297:Austrocedrus
3295:
3294:
3271:
3270:
3181:
3180:
3164:
3163:
3140:
3139:
3074:
3073:
3057:
3056:
3033:
3032:
2985:
2984:
2944:
2943:
2905:Cunninghamia
2903:
2902:
2883:Cupressaceae
2832:
2831:
2815:
2814:
2791:
2790:
2758:
2757:
2741:
2740:
2711:Cephalotaxus
2709:
2708:
2665:
2664:
2640:
2521:
2520:
2504:
2503:
2482:Retrophyllum
2480:
2479:
2456:
2455:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2396:
2373:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2320:Pherosphaera
2318:
2317:
2296:Microcachrys
2294:
2293:
2270:
2269:
2154:
2153:
2137:
2136:
2113:
2112:
2082:Phyllocladus
2080:
2079:
2063:
2062:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1996:
1975:Pectinopitys
1973:
1972:
1942:
1941:
1858:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1816:
1815:
1812:Araucarieae
1792:Araucariales
1790:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1665:
1664:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1573:Abietoideae
1532:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1458:
1457:
1441:
1440:
1401:
1369:
1368:
1349:
1348:
1313:
1312:
1288:
1269:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1135:
1134:
1118:
1117:
1060:
1059:
1043:
1042:
1019:
1018:
995:
994:
963:
962:
935:
934:
917:
905:
873:
872:
855:
843:
807:
800:
790:
783:
777:
770:Cupressaceae
756:
749:
739:
729:
713:woody plants
707:
701:
673:of the late
641:
633:
614:
610:
604:
589:
583:
577:
571:
569:
534:
529:
526:monophyletic
522:paraphyletic
493:
487:
436:γυμνόσπερμος
427:
424:Gymnospermae
423:
413:
308:
306:
251:Araucariales
229:Ginkgoopsida
203:Gymnospermae
202:
196:
183:
170:
44:
37:
31:
10501:Gymnosperms
10465:gymnosperma
10422:Wikispecies
10321:Platycladus
10307:Tetraclinis
10210:Papuacedrus
10176:Cryptomeria
10142:Metasequoia
10042:Pseudotaxus
10035:Austrotaxus
10021:Amentotaxus
9976:Sciadopitys
9958:Cupressales
9897:Dacrycarpus
9869:Saxegothaea
9823:Parasitaxus
9816:Prumnopitys
9809:Sundacarpus
9689:Pseudotsuga
9643:Pseudolarix
9628:Abietoideae
9596:Welwitschia
9547:Ephedraceae
9485:Ceratozamia
9464:Lepidozamia
9349:Ginkgoaceae
9289:Supergroup
9278:Gymnosperms
9016:Cordaitales
9010:Caytoniales
8896:Lignophytes
8879:(ferns and
8805:spikemosses
8744:Rhyniopsida
8694:Aglaophyton
8573:(hornworts)
8444:Embryophyta
8427:Anydrophyta
8385:Spirotaenia
8330:Ulvophyceae
8263:Chlorophyta
8213:green algae
8183:Algospongia
8157:Glaucophyta
8109:(red algae)
7611:Pollen tube
7606:Pollinators
7596:Pollination
7591:Germination
7406:Respiration
7389:Chlorophyll
7235:Pedicellate
7169:Gametophyte
7088:Aestivation
7039:Antheridium
7034:Archegonium
6882:Plasmodesma
6859:Plant cells
6722:Paleobotany
6717:Ethnobotany
6702:Astrobotany
5741:HortScience
5075:nail polish
5050:Picea abies
5013:gametophyte
5005:pollen tube
5001:gnetophytes
4997:flagellated
4967:(male) and
4965:microspores
4959:, they are
4957:seed plants
4953:gametophyte
4855:Caytoniales
4837:Cordaitales
4815:Amentotaxus
4797:Pseudotaxus
4791:Austrotaxus
4771:Platycladus
4765:Tetraclinis
4663:Papuacedrus
4645:Cryptomeria
4627:Metasequoia
4595:Sciadopitys
4581:Cupressales
4535:Dacrycarpus
4511:Saxegothaea
4493:Parasitaxus
4481:Sundacarpus
4475:Prumnopitys
4389:Pseudolarix
4377:Pseudotsuga
4313:Ephedraceae
4271:Welwitschia
4231:Ginkgoaceae
4191:Ceratozamia
4173:Lepidozamia
4075:within the
3754:Platycladus
3713:Tetraclinis
3273:Papuacedrus
3142:Cryptomeria
3035:Metasequoia
2817:Pseudotaxus
2793:Austrotaxus
2743:Amentotaxus
2667:Sciadopitys
2642:Cupressales
2375:Dacrycarpus
2272:Saxegothaea
2115:Parasitaxus
2016:Sundacarpus
1999:Prumnopitys
1830:Agathideae
1667:Pseudolarix
1460:Pseudotsuga
1371:Welwitschia
1308:Ephedraceae
1120:Ceratozamia
1062:Lepidozamia
977:Zamioideae
868:Ginkgoaceae
731:Parasitaxus
654:during the
652:angiosperms
585:Welwitschia
553:Ginkgophyta
549:Cycadophyta
537:angiosperms
518:paleobotany
514:gametophyte
468:angiosperms
426:. The term
420:gnetophytes
309:gymnosperms
256:Cupressales
246:Cupressidae
217:Cycadopsida
33:Gymnosperma
10495:Categories
10328:Calocedrus
10314:Microbiota
10231:Libocedrus
10122:Athrotaxis
9939:Podocarpus
9925:Afrocarpus
9795:Halocarpus
9664:Keteleeria
9650:Nothotsuga
9506:Microcycas
9457:Macrozamia
9449:Zamioideae
9403:Cycadaceae
9340:Ginkgoales
9331:Ginkgoidae
9143:Magnoliids
9111:Gnetopsida
8881:horsetails
8809:quillworts
8801:clubmosses
8777:Lycophytes
8750:Renaliales
8527:Bryophytes
8105:Rhodophyta
8094:Rhodelphis
7633:Microspore
7623:Sporangium
7601:Artificial
7289:Sporophyte
7284:Sporophyll
7279:Receptacle
7174:Gynandrium
7044:Androecium
6953:Vegetative
6823:Angiosperm
6818:Gymnosperm
6712:Dendrology
5186:2013-07-24
5085:References
4987:integument
4979:archegonia
4969:megaspores
4935:Life cycle
4777:Microbiota
4759:Calocedrus
4675:Libocedrus
4621:Athrotaxis
4571:Podocarpus
4565:Afrocarpus
4487:Halocarpus
4407:Keteleeria
4401:Nothotsuga
4305:Ephedrales
4223:Ginkgoales
4214:Ginkgoidae
4197:Microcycas
4167:Macrozamia
4135:Cycadaceae
3737:Microbiota
3689:Calocedrus
3328:Libocedrus
2987:Athrotaxis
2723:Taxoideae
2506:Afrocarpus
2458:Podocarpus
1944:Halocarpus
1691:Nothotsuga
1634:Keteleeria
1423:Pinoideae
1170:Microcycas
1021:Macrozamia
959:Diooideae
930:Cycadaceae
857:Ginkgoales
845:Ginkgoidae
762:evergreens
746:rheophytes
722:herbaceous
607:mycorrhiza
600:monoecious
557:Gnetophyta
507:sporophyte
428:gymnosperm
284:Ephedrales
234:Ginkgoales
50:Gymnosperm
10356:Juniperus
10335:Cupressus
10286:Thujopsis
10266:Callitris
10013:Taxoideae
9911:Dacrydium
9768:Araucaria
9681:Pinoideae
9567:Gnetaceae
9492:Stangeria
9431:Diooideae
9423:Zamiaceae
9394:Cycadales
9385:Cycadidae
9297:Bryophyta
8643:Bryopsida
8596:Bryophyta
8325:UTC clade
8074:Picomonas
8010:Amoebozoa
7988:Alveolata
7976:Cryptista
7951:Eukaryota
7830:Botanists
7748:Herbarium
7645:Megaspore
7543:Evolution
7486:Subshrubs
7454:and habit
7379:Nutrition
7374:Cellulose
7369:Bulk flow
7352:Materials
7315:Epidermis
7179:Gynoecium
7160:Endosperm
7155:Dispersal
7071:Staminode
7007:Sessility
6995:Cataphyll
6915:Mesophyll
6867:Cell wall
6808:Lycophyte
6788:Bryophyte
6742:Geobotany
6727:Phycology
6304:2055-0278
6222:Phytotaxa
6154:: 55–70.
6148:Phytotaxa
6088:232282918
5933:1476-4687
5866:1474-0036
5763:0018-5345
5419:146118264
5317:1439-1791
5234:2468-2659
5157:249117306
5131:2468-2659
5053:in 2013.
5017:seed coat
4753:Juniperus
4747:Cupressus
4723:Thujopsis
4705:Callitris
4541:Dacrydium
4437:Araucaria
4328:Subclass
4289:Gnetaceae
4246:Subclass
4212:Subclass
4185:Stangeria
4149:Zamiaceae
4127:Cycadales
4118:Cycadidae
4116:Subclass
3829:Cupressus
3805:Juniperus
3625:Thujopsis
3385:Callitris
2399:Dacrydium
1818:Araucaria
1344:Gnetaceae
1137:Stangeria
950:Zamiaceae
919:Cycadales
907:Cycadidae
772:and some
736:epiphytes
710:perennial
683:proboscis
596:dioecious
561:Pinophyta
545:divisions
241:Pinopsida
222:Cycadales
160:Kingdom:
10478:43000115
10473:Tropicos
10407:Wikidata
10245:Fitzroya
10190:Taxodium
10102:Taiwania
9987:Taxaceae
9890:Acmopyle
9754:Wollemia
9620:Pinaceae
9538:Gnetales
9276:(living
9153:Eudicots
9148:Monocots
8866:Ibykales
8600:(mosses)
8505:Plantae
8203:Plantae
8005:Amorphea
7983:Rhizaria
7971:Hacrobia
7961:Excavata
7946:Bacteria
7917:Plantae
7870:Category
7790:Forestry
7780:Agronomy
7773:Practice
7724:Cultivar
7719:Cultigen
7579:timeline
7471:Rosettes
7359:Aleurone
7335:Trichome
7252:Perianth
7064:Filament
6922:Meristem
6845:glossary
6707:Bryology
6597:(1911).
6569:25065864
6489:23698360
6371:21708687
6322:35437001
6262:31 March
6203:86395036
6168:86797396
6080:34282286
6030:52120430
6022:30157290
5980:52120430
5972:30157290
5771:83644706
5695:26842570
5645:19892981
5580:19892970
5529:21478875
5478:29463716
5411:31061536
5375:90740232
5325:90740232
5252:35967253
5149:35967253
5079:perfumes
5043:Genetics
4785:Taxaceae
4735:Fokienia
4699:Fitzroya
4657:Taxodium
4615:Taiwania
4529:Acmopyle
4443:Wollemia
4347:Pinaceae
4281:Gnetales
4248:Gnetidae
4106:Caytonia
3476:Fitzroya
3183:Taxodium
2946:Taiwania
2696:Taxaceae
2344:Acmopyle
1860:Wollemia
1414:Pinaceae
1290:Gnetales
797:Gnetales
758:Conifers
675:Devonian
648:lycopsid
406:conifers
294:Gnetales
277:Gnetidae
10413:Q133712
10238:Diselma
10156:Sequoia
10028:Torreya
9761:Agathis
9703:Cathaya
9611:Pinales
9556:Ephedra
9529:Pinidae
9478:Bowenia
9216:extinct
8065:Picozoa
8020:Animals
7941:Archaea
7548:Ecology
7305:Cuticle
7135:Capsule
7125:Anatomy
7076:Tapetum
7000:Petiole
6975:Rhizome
6970:Rhizoid
6897:Tissues
6887:Vacuole
6877:Plastid
6679:Outline
6674:History
6457:Bibcode
6363:2446056
6313:9023351
6058:bioRxiv
5686:4760178
5636:2944650
5615:Bibcode
5607:Science
5560:Bibcode
5552:Science
5537:4313258
5509:Bibcode
5469:5877938
5446:Bibcode
5355:Bibcode
5353:: 1–9.
5297:Bibcode
5295:: 1–9.
5243:9363647
5214:Bibcode
5140:9363647
5111:Bibcode
5071:varnish
5032:Meiosis
5028:genomic
5009:syngamy
4821:Torreya
4782:Family
4693:Diselma
4633:Sequoia
4600:Family
4586:Family
4454:Family
4449:Agathis
4428:Family
4365:Cathaya
4344:Family
4339:Pinales
4330:Pinidae
4319:Ephedra
4310:Family
4286:Family
4262:Family
4228:Family
4161:Bowenia
4146:Family
4132:Family
3583:⊟
3574:⊞
3459:Diselma
3255:⊟
3246:⊞
3076:Sequoia
2760:Torreya
2254:⊟
2245:⊞
1926:⊟
1917:⊞
1843:Agathis
1517:Cathaya
1403:Pinales
1315:Ephedra
1271:Pinidae
997:Bowenia
779:Agathis
588:), and
579:Ephedra
511:haploid
504:diploid
489:Torreya
389:
268:Pinales
263:Pinidae
164:Plantae
61:Present
10455:846506
9932:Nageia
9837:Manoao
9636:Cedrus
9576:Gnetum
9362:Ginkgo
9211:groups
9099:Ginkgo
8807:&
8665:
8261:
7998:Plants
7935:Domain
7852:Plants
7755:(IAPT)
7508:Lianas
7476:Shrubs
7428:Starch
7320:Nectar
7240:Raceme
7206:Stigma
7194:Locule
7184:Carpel
7145:Pyrena
7083:Flower
7059:Anther
7054:Stamen
7049:Pollen
6771:groups
6663:Botany
6624:
6567:
6523:
6487:
6449:Nature
6400:
6369:
6361:
6320:
6310:
6302:
6201:
6166:
6086:
6078:
6060:
6028:
6020:
5978:
5970:
5931:
5917:Nature
5864:
5821:
5794:
5769:
5761:
5693:
5683:
5643:
5633:
5588:856038
5586:
5578:
5535:
5527:
5501:Nature
5476:
5466:
5417:
5409:
5373:
5323:
5315:
5250:
5240:
5232:
5155:
5147:
5137:
5129:
5063:lumber
4992:Ginkgo
4927:Order
4921:Order
4915:Order
4909:Order
4902:Order
4896:Order
4889:Order
4883:Order
4877:Order
4871:Order
4865:Order
4859:Order
4853:Order
4847:Order
4841:Order
4835:Order
4578:Order
4559:Nageia
4505:Manoao
4420:Order
4353:Cedrus
4336:Order
4302:Order
4295:Gnetum
4278:Order
4254:Order
4237:Ginkgo
4220:Order
4124:Order
4103:, and
2523:Nageia
2156:Manoao
1586:Cedrus
1351:Gnetum
875:Ginkgo
802:Ginkgo
792:Cycads
785:Nageia
766:leaves
764:. The
744:) and
573:Gnetum
559:, and
495:Ginkgo
492:, and
476:leaves
464:ovules
459:sperma
453:σπέρμα
447:gymnos
441:γυμνός
418:, and
415:Ginkgo
410:cycads
10462:PPE:
10293:Thuja
10049:Taxus
9717:Pinus
9710:Picea
9696:Larix
9671:Abies
9657:Tsuga
9499:Zamia
9439:Dioon
9412:Cycas
9291:Plant
8215:&
8025:Fungi
7812:Lists
7729:Group
7652:Spore
7586:Flora
7503:Vines
7498:Trees
7461:Habit
7433:Sugar
7325:Stoma
7267:Sepal
7262:Petal
7257:Tepal
7245:Umbel
7230:Bract
7211:Style
7199:Ovule
7189:Ovary
7130:Berry
7120:Fruit
7113:Whorl
6980:Shoot
6778:Algae
6769:Plant
6565:JSTOR
6548:Taxon
6509:(PDF)
6359:JSTOR
6199:S2CID
6164:S2CID
6144:(PDF)
6084:S2CID
6026:S2CID
5998:(PDF)
5976:S2CID
5767:S2CID
5584:S2CID
5533:S2CID
5415:S2CID
5371:S2CID
5343:(PDF)
5321:S2CID
5153:S2CID
4995:have
4974:Cycas
4803:Taxus
4729:Thuja
4413:Abies
4395:Tsuga
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