1124:
29:
597:
574:
38:
4403:
663:
1116:
4429:
953:(14% of patients). Since these effects are dose-related, in general it is advised to start with a low dose and gradually increase the dose to the desired amount. One study found that gastrointestinal side effects decreased significantly (from 50% to 15%) over 24 weeks, even on constant dosing. Sucrose is more likely to trigger GI side effects compared to starch.
964:, such as glucose tablets or gel (GlucoBurst, Insta-Glucose, Glutose, Level One) and a doctor should be called. Because acarbose blocks the breakdown of table sugar and other complex sugars, fruit juice or starchy foods will not effectively reverse a hypoglycemic episode in a patient taking acarbose. Acarbose by itself carries minimal risk of hypoglycemia.
1112:, as well as glucose and acarviosine-glucose, suggest that acarbose resistance is caused by the human microbiome. The microbiome-derived acarbose kinases are also specific to phosphorylate and inactivate acarbose. The molecular modeling showed the interaction between gut bacterial acarbose degrading glucosidase and human α-amylase.
975:
has been reported with acarbose use. It usually goes away when the medicine is stopped. Liver enzymes should be checked before and during use of this medicine as a precaution. A 2016 meta-analysis confirms that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose, have a statistically significant link to
809:
Acarbose is cheap and popular in China, but not in the U.S. One physician explains that use in the U.S. is limited because it is not potent enough to justify the side effects of diarrhea and flatulence. However, a large study concluded in 2013 that "acarbose is effective, safe and well tolerated in a
1365:
Zhang W, Kim D, Philip E, Miyan Z, Barykina I, Schmidt B, Stein H (April 2013). "A multinational, observational study to investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of acarbose as add-on or monotherapy in a range of patients: the Gluco VIP study".
705:
InChI=1S/C25H43NO18/c1-6-11(26-8-2-7(3-27)12(30)15(33)13(8)31)14(32)19(37)24(40-6)43-22-10(5-29)42-25(20(38)17(22)35)44-21-9(4-28)41-23(39)18(36)16(21)34/h2,6,8-39H,3-5H2,1H3/t6-,8+,9-,10-,11-,12-,13+,14+,15+,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-/m1/s1
1786:
Li C, Begum A, Numao S, Park KH, Withers SG, Brayer GD (March 2005). "Acarbose rearrangement mechanism implied by the kinetic and structural analysis of human pancreatic alpha-amylase in complex with analogues and their elongated counterparts".
2215:
Bozonnet S, Jensen MT, Nielsen MM, Aghajari N, Jensen MH, Kramhøft B, et al. (October 2007). "The 'pair of sugar tongs' site on the non-catalytic domain C of barley alpha-amylase participates in substrate binding and activity".
810:
large cohort of Asian patients with type 2 diabetes." A possible explanation for the differing opinions is an observation that acarbose is significantly more effective in patients eating a relatively high-starch
Eastern diet.
1409:
Zhu Q, Tong Y, Wu T, Li J, Tong N (June 2013). "Comparison of the hypoglycemic effect of acarbose monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming an
Eastern or Western diet: a systematic meta-analysis".
1039:
in the small intestine. Inhibition of these enzyme systems reduces the rate of digestion of complex carbohydrates. Less glucose is absorbed because the carbohydrates are not broken down into glucose molecules. In
1294:
Jang MU, Kang HJ, Jeong CK, Kang Y, Park JE, Kim TJ (February 2018). "Functional expression and enzymatic characterization of
Lactobacillus plantarum cyclomaltodextrinase catalyzing novel acarbose hydrolysis".
881:). It was found that acarbose reduced the incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 when compared to placebo, however there was no conclusive evidence that acarbose, when compared to diet and exercise,
1339:
1822:
Park KH, Kim MJ, Lee HS, Han NS, Kim D, Robyt JF (December 1998). "Transglycosylation reactions of
Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase with acarbose and various acceptors".
1075:, moving the glucose unit in the "tail" maltose to the "head" of the molecule. Analog drugs with the "tail" glucose removed or flipped to an α(1-6) linkage resist this transformation.
1559:"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus"
2494:
1997:"Acarviosine-simmondsin, a novel compound obtained from acarviosine-glucose and simmondsin by Thermus maltogenic amylase and its in vivo effect on food intake and hyperglycemia"
1960:
Jang MU, Kang HJ, Jeong CK, Oh GW, Lee EH, Son BS, Kim TJ (2017). "Functional expression and enzymatic characterization of cyclomaltodextrinase from
Streptococcus pyogenes".
1186:
mimic inhibitor. As an inhibitor that mimics some natural substrates, it is useful for elucidating the structure of sugar-digesting enzymes, by binding into the same pocket.
2111:"Function and Tertiary- and Quaternary-structure of Cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing Enzymes (CDase), a Group of Multisubstrate Specific Enzymes Belonging to the α-Amylase Family"
3574:
3489:
3554:
3534:
3479:
1649:
Hoffmann J, Spengler M (December 1997). "Efficacy of 24-week monotherapy with acarbose, metformin, or placebo in dietary-treated NIDDM patients: the Essen-II Study".
3529:
3524:
1893:"Modes of action of acarbose hydrolysis and transglycosylation catalyzed by a thermostable maltogenic amylase, the gene for which was cloned from a Thermus strain"
3519:
3514:
3509:
843:
values in diabetes studies. Individuals with higher baseline levels show higher reductions, about an 0.12% additional decrease for each point of baseline HbA
204:
3499:
2487:
1071:, which hydrolyze acarbose into an acarviosine-glucose and glucose. Human enzymes do transform acarbose: the pancreatic alpha-amylase is able to perform a
1445:
Rosak C, Nitzsche G, König P, Hofmann U (November 1995). "The Effect of the Timing and the
Administration of Acarbose on Postprandial Hyperglycaemia".
937:
Since acarbose prevents the degradation of complex carbohydrates into glucose, some carbohydrate will remain in the intestine and be delivered to the
1557:
Moelands SV, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, De Grauw WJ, Van de Laar FA, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2018).
823:
Since acarbose prevents the digestion of complex carbohydrates, the drug should be taken at the start of main meals (taken with first bite of meal).
2480:
2472:
1343:
3191:
2961:
851:, scales with dose. Among diabetic patients, acarbose may help reduce the damage done to blood vessels and kidneys by reducing glucose levels.
1702:
3211:
102:
1044:
patients, the short-term effect of these drug therapies is to decrease current blood glucose levels; the long-term effect is a reduction in
677:
1606:
Hedrington MS, Davis SN (December 2019). "Considerations when using alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes".
1267:"International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances. Recommended International Nonproprietary Names (Rec. INN): List 19"
1194:
In human T2DM patients, acarbose reduces total triglyceride levels. Acarbose has a similar effect in non-T2DM patients with isolated
3070:
3667:
2261:"Structure-function analysis of silkworm sucrose hydrolase uncovers the mechanism of substrate specificity in GH13 subfamily 17
1859:"Modulation of hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity of Thermus maltogenic amylase by combinatorial saturation mutagenesis"
4449:
3607:
2697:
1250:
1009:
of the substrate with its amine linkage. However, bacterial alpha-amylases from gut microbiome are able to degrade acarbose.
3464:
2316:"The effect of acarbose on lipid profiles in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials"
4459:
736:
697:
722:
153:
3624:
3167:
2714:
2502:
2922:
2913:
2647:
1094:
could hydrolyse acarbose to glucose and acarviosine-glucose, ThMA can further hydrolyze acarviosine-glucose into
1079:
336:
234:
134:
2749:
1266:
442:
2609:
1507:"Acarbose: safe and effective for lowering postprandial hyperglycaemia and improving cardiovascular outcomes"
1195:
1104:
2651:
1726:"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and hepatotoxicity in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1123:
592:
493:
893:, reduced or increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, serious or non-serious adverse events, non-fatal
3660:
3300:
1209:
862:
779:
553:
1019:
in the lumen of the small intestine, whereas the membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucosidases hydrolyze
4419:
3262:
3128:
2661:
2367:"Acarbose, 17-α-estradiol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend mouse lifespan preferentially in males"
542:
4464:
3569:
3469:
3459:
926:
2466:
2314:
Yousefi M, Fateh ST, Nikbaf-Shandiz M, Gholami F, Rastgoo S, Bagher R, et al. (November 2023).
3727:
3544:
3449:
1710:
744:
740:
569:
1858:
4220:
3612:
3584:
3559:
3539:
3504:
3484:
3474:
3454:
3444:
3367:
2702:
2110:
1684:
1158:
855:
190:
50:
4406:
4214:
3653:
3589:
3549:
3372:
1072:
968:
295:
2849:
4469:
4454:
4208:
3579:
3564:
3494:
1147:
902:
433:
1213:
482:
4347:
3439:
2171:
2057:
1904:
1737:
1099:
1087:
922:
502:
397:
302:
2365:
Harrison DE, Strong R, Allison DB, Ames BN, Astle CM, Atamna H, et al. (April 2014).
1216:, acarbose was shown to extend the lifespan of female mice by 5% and of male mice by 22%.
8:
2504:
1115:
1060:
1045:
990:
918:
874:
388:
197:
2342:
2315:
2175:
2078:
2061:
2045:
2044:
Balaich J, Estrella M, Wu G, Jeffrey PD, Biswas A, Zhao L, et al. (December 2021).
1908:
1741:
596:
573:
2625:
2440:
2415:
2391:
2366:
2291:
2260:
2241:
2192:
2159:
2140:
2091:
2026:
1760:
1725:
1631:
1583:
1558:
1531:
1506:
1470:
1458:
1391:
1320:
164:
1835:
1662:
3140:
2786:
2673:
2559:
2445:
2396:
2347:
2296:
2233:
2229:
2197:
2132:
2095:
2083:
2018:
1977:
1930:
1925:
1892:
1870:
1839:
1804:
1765:
1666:
1635:
1623:
1588:
1536:
1462:
1427:
1395:
1383:
1312:
1246:
998:
858:
262:
249:
126:
2245:
2144:
1916:
1474:
1423:
1235:
The
Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies
3800:
3427:
2643:
2605:
2435:
2427:
2386:
2378:
2337:
2327:
2286:
2276:
2225:
2187:
2179:
2122:
2073:
2065:
2030:
2008:
1969:
1920:
1912:
1831:
1796:
1755:
1745:
1658:
1615:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1526:
1518:
1454:
1419:
1375:
1324:
1304:
1238:
1016:
1006:
832:
609:
422:
272:
217:
2431:
1619:
4433:
4249:
4195:
4175:
4066:
2600:
2582:
1179:
1020:
938:
290:
280:
28:
1522:
1201:
In smaller samples of healthy human volunteers, acarbose increases postprandial
112:
4236:
4033:
3790:
3767:
3747:
3618:
3362:
3027:
2956:
2708:
2657:
2564:
2554:
2534:
2512:
2332:
2183:
2069:
1154:
1064:
1036:
961:
890:
1724:
Zhang L, Chen Q, Li L, Kwong JS, Jia P, Zhao P, et al. (September 2016).
1379:
1308:
1242:
4443:
4342:
4259:
4147:
4038:
3408:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3231:
2987:
2946:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2620:
2281:
2136:
1981:
1183:
1137:
1024:
1002:
898:
585:
1995:
Baek JS, Kim HY, Abbott TP, Moon TW, Lee SB, Park CS, Park KH (March 2003).
831:
In type II diabetic patients, acarbose averages an absolute decrease of 0.8
4226:
4107:
4089:
3737:
3677:
3241:
3236:
3216:
3118:
3108:
3103:
2992:
2966:
2934:
2894:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2839:
2824:
2804:
2790:
2516:
2449:
2400:
2351:
2300:
2237:
2201:
2087:
2046:"The human microbiome encodes resistance to the antidiabetic drug acarbose"
2022:
1934:
1874:
1843:
1808:
1769:
1627:
1592:
1540:
1431:
1387:
1316:
1167:
1141:
1108:
degraded acarbose via two different modes of action to produce maltose and
1068:
1028:
994:
957:
945:) the complex carbohydrates, causing gastrointestinal side-effects such as
870:
803:
787:
212:
1973:
1670:
1466:
4384:
4372:
4244:
4155:
3903:
3898:
3838:
3645:
3226:
3221:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3152:
3146:
3113:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3037:
3022:
3007:
2997:
2976:
2951:
2899:
2857:
2809:
2799:
2615:
1891:
Kim TJ, Kim MJ, Kim BC, Kim JC, Cheong TK, Kim JW, Park KH (April 1999).
1150:
866:
748:
120:
20:
462:
363:)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]amino]-α-
4160:
4102:
4097:
3970:
3923:
3403:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3017:
3002:
2971:
2776:
2382:
2013:
1996:
1109:
1095:
946:
795:
639:
473:
2127:
1800:
1750:
4318:
4314:
4269:
4183:
4165:
4132:
4117:
3938:
3861:
3823:
3413:
3328:
3318:
3285:
3136:
3093:
3012:
2771:
2758:
972:
914:
882:
408:
315:
106:
1001:
enzymes in the brush border of the small intestines, and pancreatic
37:
4335:
4296:
4281:
4254:
4137:
4010:
4005:
3990:
3975:
3891:
3886:
3706:
3701:
3313:
2766:
1041:
1012:
950:
522:
453:
148:
1857:
Oh SW, Jang MU, Jeong CK, Kang HJ, Park JM, Kim TJ (August 2008).
662:
4377:
4357:
4325:
4300:
4290:
4286:
4264:
4127:
4122:
4112:
4022:
3985:
3980:
3958:
3943:
3933:
3850:
3828:
3812:
2530:
2508:
2313:
2160:"Complete biosynthetic pathway to the antidiabetic drug acarbose"
1556:
1208:
In studies conducted by three independent laboratories by the US
1032:
942:
886:
799:
791:
783:
1504:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4329:
4306:
4274:
4061:
4056:
4000:
3963:
3948:
3928:
3915:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3779:
3732:
3722:
3696:
3691:
2882:
1119:
Acarbose is degraded by different enzymes in the gut microbiome
894:
533:
320:
1340:"China's Thirst for New Diabetes Drugs Threatens Bayer's Lead"
685:
O(1(O)(O)(O)O1CO)4O((O3O(C)(N2/C=C(/CO)(O)(O)2O)(O)3O)(O)4O)CO
3953:
3756:
2886:
2214:
1202:
772:
764:
756:
653:
88:-pyran-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy- 6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2
802:
at the reducing terminus. It can be degraded by a number of
558:
513:
3127:
2364:
2157:
1444:
2043:
1127:
Acarbose degradation by gut bacterial maltogenic amylase
4417:
2158:
Tsunoda T, Samadi A, Burade S, Mahmud T (June 2022).
847:. Its effect on postprandial glucose, but not on HbA
1364:
441:
869:, defined as impaired glucose tolerance, impaired
1994:
1505:DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhutani J, O'Keefe JH (2015).
1293:
839:, which is a decrease of about 10% in typical HbA
4441:
2467:"Probing the Pancreas" - by Craig D. Reid, Ph.D.
2420:Pathobiology of Aging & Age Related Diseases
1785:
1723:
1648:
421:
1959:
1856:
1781:
1779:
1605:
396:
92:-pyran-2-yl]oxy}- 6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2
2413:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1059:Acarbose degradation is the unique feature of
751:. It is a generic sold in Europe and China as
3661:
2488:
1821:
1015:alpha-amylase hydrolyzes complex starches to
2529:
2407:
2358:
2258:
1890:
1776:
1599:
1232:
1178:Acarbose is described chemically as a pseudo
960:, the patient must eat something containing
152:
2001:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
1563:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1481:
1408:
1005:. It locks up the enzymes by mimicking the
3675:
3668:
3654:
2495:
2481:
956:If a patient using acarbose has a bout of
778:Acarbose is a starch blocker. It works by
595:
572:
481:
2439:
2416:"Testing drug combinations to slow aging"
2390:
2341:
2331:
2290:
2280:
2208:
2191:
2126:
2077:
2012:
1924:
1863:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
1759:
1749:
1582:
1530:
1342:. Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from
971:(19 out of 500,000). Even rarer cases of
501:
1122:
1114:
1173:
1131:
568:
461:
125:
4442:
1897:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1337:
1136:In nature, acarbose is synthesized by
984:
967:Acarbose is associated with very rare
908:
586:
243:
3649:
2737:
2528:
2476:
1886:
1884:
1552:
1550:
782:, an intestinal enzyme that releases
541:
256:
143:
111:
2515:, and other drugs used in diabetes (
2108:
1703:"Acarbose: hepatitis: France, Spain"
1289:
1287:
216:
3485:Glibenclamide (glyburide)/metformin
3465:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin
2269:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1153:. And acarbose is also degraded by
521:
412:
13:
1881:
1547:
1459:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00409.x
1259:
1233:Elks J, Ganellin CR, eds. (1990).
932:
14:
4481:
2460:
2320:BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology
2259:Miyazaki T, Park EY (June 2020).
1608:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1284:
1272:. World Health Organization. 1979
941:. In the colon, bacteria digest (
917:results in greater reductions of
913:The combination of acarbose with
175:
4427:
4402:
4401:
2738:
2230:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06024.x
1651:The American Journal of Medicine
626:
620:
36:
27:
2307:
2252:
2151:
2115:Journal of Applied Glycoscience
2102:
2037:
1988:
1953:
1941:
1917:10.1128/AEM.65.4.1644-1651.1999
1850:
1815:
1717:
1695:
1677:
1642:
1424:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.03.020
979:
889:, or no intervention, improved
813:
710:Key:XUFXOAAUWZOOIT-SXARVLRPSA-N
1962:Korean Journal of Microbiology
1707:WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter
1575:10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub3
1438:
1402:
1358:
1331:
1226:
1214:intervention testing programme
1078:It has been reported that the
976:elevated transaminase levels.
629:
614:
1:
2432:10.1080/20010001.2017.1407203
2414:Ladiges W, Liggitt D (2017).
1836:10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00276-6
1663:10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00252-0
1620:10.1080/14656566.2019.1672660
1338:Kresge N (21 November 2011).
1219:
1196:familial hypertriglyceridemia
1054:
4450:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
3301:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1689:MedlinePlus Drug Information
863:alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
780:inhibiting alpha glucosidase
7:
3263:Aldose reductase inhibitors
1523:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000327
1368:Clinical Drug Investigation
1210:National Institute on Aging
1189:
989:Acarbose inhibits enzymes (
826:
347:-4,6-Dideoxy-4-[[(1
55:Glucobay, Precose, Prandase
10:
4486:
3129:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides
2333:10.1186/s40360-023-00706-6
2184:10.1038/s41467-022-31232-4
2070:10.1038/s41586-021-04091-0
1102:(CDase) from gut bacteria
604:Chemical and physical data
4397:
4235:
4192:
4174:
4146:
4088:
4081:
4049:
4021:
3914:
3849:
3811:
3778:
3755:
3746:
3715:
3684:
3575:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin
3570:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin
3490:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone
3470:Empagliflozin/linagliptin
3460:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin
3435:
3426:
3396:
3327:
3299:
3261:
3254:
3166:
3069:
3036:
2988:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
2933:
2921:
2912:
2881:
2848:
2785:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2733:
2671:
2634:
2591:
2573:
2545:
2541:
2524:
2469:(US FDA Consumer Article)
1380:10.1007/s40261-013-0063-3
1309:10.1007/s12275-018-7551-3
1243:10.1007/978-1-4757-2085-3
1237:. Springer. pp. 1–.
1166:sp by acarbose degrading
929:than either agent alone.
818:
718:
693:
673:
651:
638:
608:
603:
584:
552:
532:
512:
492:
472:
452:
432:
407:
387:
332:
327:
314:
301:
289:
279:
271:
233:
228:
203:
189:
163:
133:
119:
101:
59:
49:
44:
35:
26:
4460:Drugs developed by Bayer
3728:Cyclohexane conformation
3555:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin
3545:Pioglitazone/glimepiride
3535:Phenformin/sulfonylureas
3480:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin
3450:Cagrilintide/semaglutide
2282:10.1074/jbc.RA120.013595
1086:sp. IM6501 (ThMA) and a
1080:maltogenic alpha-amylase
899:congestive heart failure
747:and, in some countries,
745:diabetes mellitus type 2
84:)-5-{amino} tetrahydro-2
4221:Isomaltooligosaccharide
3585:Sitagliptin/simvastatin
3560:Rosiglitazone/metformin
3540:Pioglitazone/alogliptin
3530:Metformin/teneligliptin
3525:Metformin/sulfonylureas
3505:Metformin/ertugliflozin
3475:Empagliflozin/metformin
3455:Dapagliflozin/metformin
3445:Canagliflozin/metformin
3071:GLP-1 receptor agonists
1948:Drug Therapy in Nursing
1297:Journal of Microbiology
1159:Lactobacillus plantarum
1105:Lactobacillus plantarum
875:glycated hemoglobin A1c
861:assessed the effect of
794:. It is composed of an
759:), in North America as
4215:Galactooligosaccharide
3590:Vildagliptin/metformin
3550:Pioglitazone/metformin
1709:. 1999. Archived from
1128:
1120:
1092:Streptococcus pyogenes
1073:rearrangement reaction
969:elevated transaminases
949:(78% of patients) and
375:-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-
367:-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-
296:Gastrointestinal tract
4209:Fructooligosaccharide
3580:Sitagliptin/metformin
3565:Saxagliptin/metformin
3520:Metformin/repaglinide
3515:Metformin/gemigliptin
3495:Linagliptin/metformin
2164:Nature Communications
1974:10.7845/kjm.2017.7062
1824:Carbohydrate Research
1412:Clinical Therapeutics
1126:
1118:
1067:, acarbose degrading
927:post-prandial glucose
923:fasting blood glucose
903:myocardial infarction
871:fasting blood glucose
765:Bayer Pharmaceuticals
3510:Metformin/evogliptin
3440:Alogliptin/metformin
1713:on October 15, 2009.
1174:In molecular biology
1132:Natural distribution
1100:cyclomaltodextrinase
1061:glycoside hydrolases
991:glycoside hydrolases
767:), and in Canada as
2750:Insulin sensitizers
2505:diabetes medication
2176:2022NatCo..13.3455T
2062:2021Natur.600..110B
1909:1999ApEnM..65.1644K
1742:2016NatSR...632649Z
1346:on 21 November 2011
993:) needed to digest
985:Mechanism of action
909:Combination therapy
891:all-cause mortality
790:such as starch and
252:(Prescription only)
23:
3629:Never to phase III
3500:Metformin/acarbose
2850:Dual PPAR agonists
2719:Never to phase III
2626:Ultralente insulin
2383:10.1111/acel.12170
2014:10.1271/bbb.67.532
1730:Scientific Reports
1162:and soil bacteria
1129:
1121:
741:anti-diabetic drug
96:-pyran-2,3,4-triol
19:
4415:
4414:
4393:
4392:
4077:
4076:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3422:
3421:
3250:
3249:
3162:
3161:
3065:
3064:
2908:
2907:
2729:
2728:
2692:
2691:
2636:ultra-long-acting
2560:Insulin glulisine
2275:(26): 8784–8797.
2224:(19): 5055–5067.
2128:10.5458/jag.53.35
2056:(7887): 110–115.
1801:10.1021/bi048334e
1751:10.1038/srep32649
1614:(18): 2229–2235.
1447:Diabetic Medicine
1252:978-1-4757-2085-3
1182:, specifically a
999:alpha-glucosidase
859:systematic review
833:percentage points
730:
729:
664:Interactive image
554:CompTox Dashboard
378:
374:
366:
260:
247:
179:
146:
97:
16:Chemical compound
4477:
4465:Oligosaccharides
4432:
4431:
4430:
4423:
4405:
4404:
4196:oligosaccharides
4176:Tetrasaccharides
4086:
4085:
3801:Dihydroxyacetone
3753:
3752:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3433:
3432:
3329:SGLT2 inhibitors
3259:
3258:
3168:DPP-4 inhibitors
3149:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR)
3125:
3124:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2644:Insulin degludec
2606:Insulin glargine
2543:
2542:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2265:-α-glucosidases"
2256:
2250:
2249:
2218:The FEBS Journal
2212:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2109:Park KH (2006).
2106:
2100:
2099:
2081:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2016:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1903:(4): 1644–1651.
1888:
1879:
1878:
1869:(8): 1401–1407.
1854:
1848:
1847:
1830:(3–4): 235–246.
1819:
1813:
1812:
1795:(9): 3347–3357.
1783:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1569:(12): CD005061.
1554:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1502:
1479:
1478:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1230:
1021:oligosaccharides
1017:oligosaccharides
1007:transition state
997:, specifically,
726:
725:
666:
646:
631:
628:
622:
616:
599:
588:
577:
576:
562:
560:
545:
525:
505:
485:
465:
445:
425:
415:
414:
400:
376:
372:
364:
306:
258:
255:
245:
242:
220:
177:
174:
156:
145:
142:
129:
115:
63:
40:
31:
24:
22:
18:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4389:
4250:Oat beta-glucan
4237:Polysaccharides
4231:
4194:
4188:
4170:
4142:
4073:
4067:Neuraminic acid
4045:
4017:
3910:
3845:
3807:
3774:
3748:Monosaccharides
3742:
3711:
3680:
3674:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3619:Clinical trials
3594:
3418:
3392:
3323:
3295:
3246:
3158:
3123:
3061:
3032:
2926:
2904:
2877:
2844:
2789:/"glitazones" (
2781:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2709:Clinical trials
2688:
2667:
2648:+insulin aspart
2630:
2601:Insulin detemir
2587:
2583:Regular insulin
2569:
2537:
2535:insulin analogs
2520:
2513:insulin analogs
2501:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2412:
2408:
2363:
2359:
2312:
2308:
2257:
2253:
2213:
2209:
2156:
2152:
2107:
2103:
2042:
2038:
1993:
1989:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1889:
1882:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1816:
1784:
1777:
1722:
1718:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1647:
1643:
1604:
1600:
1555:
1548:
1503:
1482:
1453:(11): 979–984.
1443:
1439:
1407:
1403:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1332:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1192:
1180:tetrasaccharide
1176:
1134:
1098:and glucose. A
1088:cyclodextrinase
1057:
1049:
1037:monosaccharides
987:
982:
962:monosaccharides
935:
933:Adverse effects
911:
901:, or non-fatal
880:
865:in people with
850:
846:
842:
838:
829:
821:
816:
721:
719:
714:
711:
706:
701:
700:
689:
686:
681:
680:
669:
644:
634:
625:
619:
580:
556:
548:
528:
508:
488:
468:
448:
428:
411:
403:
383:
380:
340:
339:
304:
281:Bioavailability
273:Pharmacokinetic
267:
224:
192:
185:
166:
159:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4437:
4436:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Levan beta 2→6
4345:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4322:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4293:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4148:Trisaccharides
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:Mannoheptulose
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:Glyceraldehyde
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:Glycolaldehyde
3761:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Luseogliflozin
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3028:Glyclopyramide
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:2nd generation
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Chlorpropamide
2954:
2949:
2943:1st generation
2939:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:Insulin icodec
2655:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2565:Insulin lispro
2562:
2557:
2555:Insulin aspart
2551:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2522:
2521:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2461:External links
2459:
2456:
2455:
2426:(1): 1407203.
2406:
2377:(2): 273–282.
2357:
2306:
2251:
2207:
2150:
2101:
2036:
2007:(3): 532–539.
1987:
1968:(3): 208–215.
1952:
1950:, 2nd Edition.
1940:
1880:
1849:
1814:
1775:
1716:
1694:
1676:
1657:(6): 483–490.
1641:
1598:
1546:
1517:(1): e000327.
1480:
1437:
1418:(6): 880–899.
1401:
1374:(4): 263–274.
1357:
1330:
1303:(2): 113–118.
1283:
1258:
1251:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1172:
1133:
1130:
1065:gut microbiota
1056:
1053:
1047:
1025:trisaccharides
986:
983:
981:
978:
934:
931:
910:
907:
878:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
825:
820:
817:
815:
812:
798:moiety with a
743:used to treat
728:
727:
716:
715:
713:
712:
709:
707:
704:
696:
695:
694:
691:
690:
688:
687:
684:
676:
675:
674:
671:
670:
668:
667:
659:
657:
649:
648:
642:
636:
635:
632:
623:
617:
612:
606:
605:
601:
600:
590:
582:
581:
579:
578:
565:
563:
550:
549:
547:
546:
538:
536:
530:
529:
527:
526:
518:
516:
510:
509:
507:
506:
498:
496:
490:
489:
487:
486:
478:
476:
470:
469:
467:
466:
458:
456:
450:
449:
447:
446:
438:
436:
430:
429:
427:
426:
418:
416:
405:
404:
402:
401:
393:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
379:-glucopyranose
343:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
323:(less than 2%)
318:
312:
311:
308:
299:
298:
293:
287:
286:
283:
277:
276:
269:
268:
266:
265:
253:
239:
237:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
209:
207:
201:
200:
195:
193:administration
187:
186:
184:
183:
181:
171:
169:
161:
160:
158:
157:
139:
137:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
109:
99:
98:
61:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4482:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:Hemicellulose
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4090:Disaccharides
4087:
4084:
4080:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4039:Sedoheptulose
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:Ketoheptoses
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:Deoxy sugars
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:Ketopentoses
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:Aldopentoses
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:Aldotetroses
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:carbohydrates
3671:
3666:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Bromocriptine
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3388:Velagliflozin
3386:
3384:
3383:Tofogliflozin
3381:
3379:
3378:Sotagliflozin
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Remogliflozin
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Ipragliflozin
3356:
3354:
3353:Ertugliflozin
3351:
3349:
3348:Empagliflozin
3346:
3344:
3343:Dapagliflozin
3341:
3339:
3338:Canagliflozin
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:/"gliflozins"
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Teneligliptin
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Acetohexamide
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:Sulfonylureas
2932:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Secretagogues
2911:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Rosiglitazone
2833:
2831:
2830:Rivoglitazone
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Netoglitazone
2818:
2816:
2815:Lobeglitazone
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Lente insulin
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:+lixisenatide
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:maltotetraose
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1138:soil bacteria
1125:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:(CDase) from
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:disaccharides
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:alpha-amylase
1000:
996:
995:carbohydrates
992:
977:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
852:
834:
824:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:carbohydrates
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
717:
708:
703:
702:
699:
692:
683:
682:
679:
672:
665:
661:
660:
658:
655:
650:
643:
641:
637:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
591:
589:
587:ECHA InfoCard
583:
575:
571:
570:DTXSID8046034
567:
566:
564:
555:
551:
544:
540:
539:
537:
535:
531:
524:
520:
519:
517:
515:
511:
504:
500:
499:
497:
495:
491:
484:
480:
479:
477:
475:
471:
464:
460:
459:
457:
455:
451:
444:
440:
439:
437:
435:
431:
424:
420:
419:
417:
410:
406:
399:
395:
394:
392:
390:
386:
370:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:
338:
331:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
309:
307:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
285:Extremely low
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
254:
251:
241:
240:
238:
236:
232:
227:
219:
214:
211:
210:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
188:
182:
173:
172:
170:
168:
162:
155:
150:
141:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:Clinical data
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
4470:Cyclohexenes
4455:Amino sugars
4324:
4313:
4295:
4227:Maltodextrin
4203:
4108:Isomaltulose
3899:Deoxy sugars
3835:Ketotetrose
3738:Mutarotation
3428:Combinations
3373:Sergliflozin
3308:
3242:Vildagliptin
3237:Trelagliptin
3217:Omarigliptin
3192:Garvagliptin
3119:Taspoglutide
3109:Orforglipron
3104:Lixisenatide
3038:Meglitinides
2993:Glibornuride
2983:
2967:Metahexamide
2962:Glycyclamide
2942:
2895:Cagrilintide
2885:analogs and
2873:Tesaglitazar
2868:Saroglitazar
2863:Muraglitazar
2840:Troglitazone
2825:Pioglitazone
2805:Darglitazone
2739:Non-insulins
2672:
2662:+semaglutide
2652:+liraglutide
2635:
2592:
2575:short-acting
2574:
2546:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2254:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2121:(1): 35–44.
2118:
2114:
2104:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1900:
1896:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1792:
1789:Biochemistry
1788:
1736:(1): 32649.
1733:
1729:
1719:
1711:the original
1706:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1566:
1562:
1514:
1510:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:the original
1333:
1300:
1296:
1274:. Retrieved
1261:
1234:
1228:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1168:glucosidases
1163:
1157:
1155:gut bacteria
1146:through its
1142:Actinoplanes
1140:
1135:
1103:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1058:
1011:
988:
980:Pharmacology
966:
958:hypoglycemia
955:
936:
912:
853:
830:
822:
814:Medical uses
808:
804:gut bacteria
786:from larger
777:
768:
760:
752:
732:
731:
720:
368:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
303:Elimination
235:Legal status
229:Legal status
135:License data
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
4385:Xanthan gum
4373:Amylopectin
4245:Beta-glucan
4156:Maltotriose
3971:Ketohexoses
3924:Aldohexoses
3904:Deoxyribose
3839:Erythrulose
3797:Ketotriose
3787:Aldotriose
3615:from market
3227:Sitagliptin
3222:Saxagliptin
3212:Melogliptin
3207:Linagliptin
3202:Gosogliptin
3197:Gemigliptin
3170:/"gliptins"
3155:(GLP-1/GIP)
3153:Tirzepatide
3147:Retatrutide
3114:Semaglutide
3099:Liraglutide
3089:Dulaglutide
3084:Danuglipron
3079:Albiglutide
3057:Repaglinide
3052:Nateglinide
3047:Mitiglinide
3040:/"glinides"
3023:Glisoxepide
3008:Glimepiride
2998:Glicaramide
2977:Tolbutamide
2952:Carbutamide
2900:Pramlintide
2858:Aleglitazar
2810:Englitazone
2800:Ciglitazone
2705:from market
2616:NPH insulin
2593:long-acting
2547:fast-acting
2170:(1): 3455.
1151:valienamine
1069:glucosidase
873:, elevated
867:prediabetes
749:prediabetes
647: g·mol
593:100.054.555
328:Identifiers
121:MedlinePlus
60:Other names
51:Trade names
4444:Categories
4161:Melezitose
4103:Isomaltose
4098:Cellobiose
3764:Aldodiose
3404:Benfluorex
3291:Zenarestat
3281:Ranirestat
3276:Fidarestat
3271:Epalrestat
3187:Evogliptin
3182:Anagliptin
3177:Alogliptin
3018:Gliquidone
3003:Gliclazide
2972:Tolazamide
2777:Phenformin
2759:Biguanides
2371:Aging Cell
1685:"Acarbose"
1511:Open Heart
1276:9 November
1220:References
1110:acarviosin
1096:acarviosin
1055:Metabolism
1035:and other
1013:Pancreatic
947:flatulence
796:acarviosin
652:3D model (
640:Molar mass
543:ChEMBL1566
503:T58MSI464G
474:ChemSpider
434:IUPHAR/BPS
398:56180-94-0
389:CAS Number
337:IUPAC name
291:Metabolism
4315:Galactose
4270:Cellulose
4260:Sizofiran
4184:Stachyose
4166:Raffinose
4133:Trehalose
4118:Lactulose
3939:Galactose
3862:Arabinose
3824:Erythrose
3676:Types of
3625:Phase III
3613:Withdrawn
3414:Imeglimin
3319:Voglibose
3286:Tolrestat
3137:Mazdutide
3094:Exenatide
3013:Glipizide
2772:Metformin
2715:Phase III
2703:Withdrawn
2674:inhalable
2326:(1): 65.
2137:1344-7882
2096:244644880
1982:0440-2413
1636:203985605
1396:207483590
1148:precursor
973:hepatitis
915:metformin
883:metformin
316:Excretion
305:half-life
191:Routes of
165:Pregnancy
113:Monograph
107:Drugs.com
4434:Medicine
4407:Category
4336:Glycogen
4319:Galactan
4297:Fructose
4282:Chitosan
4255:Lentinan
4204:Acarbose
4138:Turanose
4082:Multiple
4023:Heptoses
4011:Rhamnose
4006:Fuculose
3991:Tagatose
3976:Fructose
3892:Xylulose
3887:Ribulose
3851:Pentoses
3813:Tetroses
3716:Geometry
3707:Pyranose
3702:Furanose
3314:Miglitol
3309:Acarbose
2767:Buformin
2531:Insulins
2509:insulins
2450:29291036
2401:24245565
2352:37990256
2343:10664642
2301:32381508
2246:25592455
2238:17803687
2202:35705566
2145:86894203
2088:34819672
2079:10258454
2023:12723600
1935:10103262
1875:18756100
1844:10209866
1809:15736945
1770:27596383
1628:31593486
1593:30592787
1541:26512331
1475:36582205
1432:23602502
1388:23435929
1350:15 April
1317:29392561
1205:levels.
1190:Research
1042:diabetic
951:diarrhea
856:Cochrane
827:Efficacy
773:Bayer AG
769:Prandase
757:Bayer AG
753:Glucobay
739:) is an
733:Acarbose
723:(verify)
454:DrugBank
205:ATC code
198:By mouth
180: B3
167:category
154:Acarbose
149:DailyMed
21:Acarbose
4378:Amylose
4326:Glucose
4301:Fructan
4291:Dextran
4287:Dextrin
4265:Zymosan
4128:Sucrose
4123:Maltose
4113:Lactose
4062:Nonoses
4057:Octoses
4050:Above 7
3986:Sorbose
3981:Psicose
3959:Mannose
3944:Glucose
3934:Altrose
3916:Hexoses
3829:Threose
3780:Trioses
3685:General
3139:(GLP-1/
2685:Afrezza
2682:Exubera
2441:5706479
2392:3954939
2292:7324511
2193:9200736
2172:Bibcode
2058:Bibcode
2031:2813481
1905:Bibcode
1761:5011653
1738:Bibcode
1671:9428831
1584:6517235
1532:4620230
1467:8582130
1325:2660911
1164:Thermus
1084:Thermus
1051:level.
1033:glucose
943:ferment
887:placebo
800:maltose
792:sucrose
784:glucose
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645:645.608
610:Formula
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409:PubChem
310:2 hours
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4275:Chitin
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3949:Gulose
3929:Allose
3877:Xylose
3872:Ribose
3867:Lyxose
3757:Dioses
3733:Epimer
3723:Anomer
3697:Ketose
3692:Aldose
3608:WHO-EM
2887:DACRAs
2883:Amylin
2698:WHO-EM
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2242:S2CID
2141:S2CID
2092:S2CID
2027:S2CID
1926:91232
1632:S2CID
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1589:PMID
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103:AHFS
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