198:.2.3), but a "principle of the division of labor appears to have spared Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds. That dubious honor went to another fabulous magus, Ostanes, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." Thus, while "universal consensus"—so the skeptical Pliny—was that magic began with (pseudo-)Zoroaster (xxx.2.3), as far as Pliny says he could determine, "Ostanes" was the first extant writer of it (xxx.2.8).
1716:
74:, Ostanes belongs to the group of pseudepigraphical "Hellenistic Magians", that is, a long line of Greek and other Hellenistic writers who wrote under the name of famous "Magians". While Pseudo-Zoroaster was identified as the "inventor" of astrology, and Pseudo-Hystaspes was stereotyped as an apocalyptic prophet, Ostanes was imagined to be a master sorcerer.
213:, the "most fraudulent of the arts", to that country. But the figure of Ostanes was such that Pliny felt "it necessary to supplement his history with doppelgangers"; so, not only does Ostanes appear as a contemporary of the early 5th century BCE Xerxes, but he is also contemporary with—and companion of—the late 4th century BCE
150:
The origins of the figure of "Ostanes", or rather, who the Greeks imagined him to be, lies within the framework of "alien wisdom" that the Greeks (and later Romans) ascribed to famous foreigners, many of whom were famous to the Greeks even before being co-opted as authors of arcana. One of these
260:, divination, and on the mystical properties of plants and stones. Both his legend and literary output attributed to him increased with time, and by the 4th century "he had become one of the great authorities in alchemy" and "much medieval alchemical material circulated under his name."
252:) from water, globes, air, stars, lamps, basins and axes, and by many other methods, and besides to converse with ghosts and those in the underworld" (xxx.2.8-10). By the end of the 1st century CE, "Ostanes" is cited as an authority on
82:
Unlike "Zoroaster" and "Hystaspes", which have well attested
Iranian language counterparts, for "Ostanes" there is "no evidence of a figure of a similar name in
878:
1488:
100:
for instances of the name which refer to real persons. Smith: "Which
Ostanes (...), if any, gave rise to the legend of the magus is uncertain."
1265:
634:
Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not
Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.),
412:
373:
1750:
185:—it was but a natural progression that the Greek's image of Zoroaster would metamorphose into a magician too. The 1st century CE
1300:
217:. Pliny goes on to note that Ostanes's introduction of the "monstrous craft" to the Greeks gave those people not only a "lust" (
1740:
244:
Pliny also transmits
Ostanes's definition of magic: "As Ostanes said, there are several different kinds of it; he professes to
142:
8.5. Ktesias names 'Άρτόστης' as the son of Darius Nothus, and Justi suggests that
Plutarch confused Artostes as Ostanes.
1319:
1272:
1696:
1502:
1765:
732:
396:
357:
1637:
1286:
1252:
645:
1098:
638:, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Band VIII, Abschnitt 1, vol. 3, Leiden: Brill, pp. 491–565
1687:
1682:
1569:
1223:
1168:
134:
4.22) of a certain Αὐστάνης of
Paraetakene, north-east of Bactria, who was captured by Alexander's general
1755:
1745:
1541:
1527:
1420:
1406:
1344:
191:
24:
1399:
1392:
1163:
1057:
987:
104:
1520:
858:
764:
1760:
1465:
1123:
863:
774:
88:
1657:
977:
1642:
1378:
1279:
1128:
1012:
725:
139:
152:
911:
809:
804:
389:
Mani at the court of the
Persian kings : studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex
172:
8:
1652:
1548:
1495:
1457:
1413:
1143:
794:
214:
1194:
704:, Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Ergänzungsband VI, Abschnitt 2, Leiden: Brill
1555:
1481:
749:
406:
367:
63:
667:
Colpe, Carsten (1983), "Development of religious thought", in
Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),
1692:
1617:
1562:
1306:
1246:
1153:
1103:
1017:
992:
779:
392:
353:
83:
16:
Pen-name used by several pseudo-anonymous authors of Greek and Latin works of alchemy
1719:
1371:
1338:
1239:
1209:
1083:
1073:
1052:
936:
931:
886:
827:
718:
268:
108:
71:
20:
1700:
1445:
1426:
1199:
1173:
1078:
1032:
997:
972:
896:
819:
789:
264:
202:
186:
688:
1632:
1622:
1474:
1325:
1088:
312:
59:
1118:
1734:
1662:
1576:
1439:
1189:
1138:
1002:
921:
34:
1357:
1158:
1113:
1108:
1093:
1037:
1022:
982:
93:
485:
473:
1612:
1534:
1385:
1364:
1047:
1042:
1007:
837:
241:
traveled abroad to study it, and then returned to teach it.(xxx.2.8-10).
661:, Le Muséon 512, 1939, 188, Paris: Société d'Éditions Les Belles Lettres
178:
2) as being a magus in the long line of magi descending from
Zoroaster.
1627:
1293:
1204:
1148:
956:
951:
941:
842:
624:
Anawati, Georges C. (1996), "Arabic
Alchemy", in Rashed, Roshdi (ed.),
257:
245:
234:
230:
226:
168:
155:, whom the Greeks perceived to be the founder of the magi and of their
328:
was both magical and magian; for the Roman they were one and the same.
1647:
1027:
926:
916:
901:
891:
784:
160:
123:
67:
55:
710:
1677:
1133:
946:
906:
868:
206:
135:
112:
51:
1602:
1597:
832:
741:
253:
119:
1672:
769:
127:
1667:
1607:
238:
37:
273:
Kitab al-Fusul al-ithnay ‘ashar fi 'ilm al-hajar al-mukarram
167:
was Ostanes, imaginatively described by the 4th century BCE
181:
Once the magi had been associated with "magic"—Greek
138:
and then taken to India. Arrian's Αὐστάνης is Haustanes in
524:
497:
271:
alchemical literature, such as an Arabic treatise titled
671:, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pp. 819–865
107:(H)uštāna. The Justi entries that Smith alludes to are:
277:
The Book of the Twelve Chapters on the Honourable Stone
209:
in his invasion of Greece, and who had then introduced
387:
Gardner, Iain; D. Beduhn, Jason; Dilley, Paul (2015).
386:
103:
Smith goes on to reconstruct the Old Iranian name as
419:
463:
461:
514:
512:
225:) for it, and many of their philosophers, such as
1732:
1489:Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air
458:
122:) for Ὀστάνης as the name of one of the sons of
509:
1266:Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth
726:
626:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
431:
159:cal arts. Another name was that of (pseudo-)
897:pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)
702:Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam
189:names "Zoroaster" as the inventor of magic (
656:
503:
308:
1013:John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)
733:
719:
411:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
372:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1301:Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz
555:
553:
551:
347:
221:) for magic, but a downright "madness" (
699:
646:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks"
623:
607:
595:
443:
201:This 'Ostanes', so Pliny states, was a
1733:
1089:George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)
58:. It was the pen-name used by several
1169:Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)
740:
714:
686:
676:
666:
657:Bidez, Joseph; Cumont, Franz (1938),
559:
548:
491:
479:
467:
452:
437:
350:A Companion to the History of Science
311:monumental collection of Zoroastrian
643:
633:
583:
571:
542:
530:
518:
425:
391:. Leiden, Netherlands. p. 104.
1320:De consideratione quintae essentiae
163:, Zoroaster's patron. The third of
13:
1751:People whose existence is disputed
14:
1777:
145:
1715:
1714:
1287:Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit
628:, vol. 3, London: Routledge
77:
1254:Liber de compositione alchemiae
978:(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova
937:pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)
785:Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)
601:
589:
577:
565:
536:
352:. Chichester (GB). p. 65.
318:
1503:Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine
380:
341:
294:
263:This "authority" continued in
62:of Greek and Latin works from
1:
1741:5th-century BC Iranian people
1570:Theatrum chemicum Britannicum
282:
23:. For the Iranian royal, see
7:
1542:Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum
1528:Bibliotheca chemica curiosa
695:, New York: iranica on line
652:, New York: iranica on line
636:A History of Zoroastrianism
10:
1782:
1421:Rosary of the Philosophers
1407:Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
1346:Liber Hermetis de alchemia
348:Lightman, Bernard (2019).
205:magus who had accompanied
38:
25:Ostanes (son of Darius II)
19:For the spider genus, see
18:
1710:
1590:
1512:
1231:
1222:
1182:
1084:pseudo-Bernard of Treviso
1066:
965:
917:Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)
887:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)
877:
851:
818:
757:
748:
700:Ullmann, Manfred (1972),
677:Justi, Ferdinand (1884),
669:Cambridge History of Iran
1766:Legendary Iranian people
932:Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)
765:Agathodaemon (legendary)
60:pseudo-anonymous authors
1124:Jan Baptist van Helmont
864:Stephanus of Alexandria
681:, Marburg: N. G. Elwert
504:Bidez & Cumont 1938
305:The Hellenistic Magians
66:onwards. Together with
957:al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)
687:Smith, Morton (2003),
1393:Nabataean Agriculture
1280:Books of the Balances
1129:Johann Rudolf Glauber
1099:Giovanni da Correggio
693:Encyclopaedia Iranica
679:Iranisches Namensbuch
650:Encyclopaedia Iranica
545:, p. 516, n. 55.
494:, 'Άρτόστης', p. 40a.
482:, 'Austanes', p. 52b.
1638:In art/entertainment
1048:(pseudo-)Roger Bacon
810:Zosimos of Panopolis
805:Paphnutia the Virgin
659:Les Mages Hellénisés
644:Beck, Roger (2003),
533:, p. 516, n.56.
506:, pp. I.168–212
301:Les Mages hellénisés
165:les Mages hellénisés
89:Encyclopædia Iranica
1658:Philosophers' stone
1653:Pill of Immortality
1549:Fasciculus chemicus
1496:Turba philosophorum
1414:Physika kai mystika
1144:Michael Sendivogius
1023:pseudo-Michael Scot
859:pseudo-Olympiodorus
800:Ostanes (legendary)
586:, pp. 516–517.
126:, and a mention in
92:entry for Ostanes,
1756:Iranian alchemists
1746:Ancient alchemists
1556:Musaeum Hermeticum
1482:Summa perfectionis
1461:(pseudo-Aristotle)
1451:Secret of Creation
1400:Ordinal of Alchemy
1043:pseudo-Ramon Llull
947:Maslama al-Qurṭubī
309:Bidez and Cumont's
307:) is the title of
153:(pseudo-)Zoroaster
151:names was that of
64:Hellenistic period
1728:
1727:
1586:
1585:
1563:Theatrum chemicum
1379:Mirror of Alchimy
1331:Tabula Smaragdina
1308:Clavis sapientiae
1247:Aurora consurgens
1218:
1217:
1154:Pierre-Jean Fabre
1104:Heinrich Khunrath
1018:Magister Salernus
993:Guido di Montanor
780:pseudo-Democritus
742:Alchemy (general)
428:, pp. 491ff.
197:
173:Diogenes Laërtius
84:Iranian tradition
50:, is a legendary
1773:
1718:
1717:
1432:Step of the Sage
1372:Mappae clavicula
1339:Leyden papyrus X
1240:Atalanta fugiens
1229:
1228:
1210:Mary Anne Atwood
1195:Eugène Canseliet
1074:Andreas Libavius
1053:Taddeo Alderotti
828:Fang (alchemist)
775:pseudo-Cleopatra
755:
754:
735:
728:
721:
712:
711:
705:
696:
682:
672:
662:
653:
639:
629:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
456:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
416:
410:
402:
384:
378:
377:
371:
363:
345:
329:
322:
316:
298:
250:divina promittit
195:
72:Pseudo-Hystaspes
68:Pseudo-Zoroaster
42:), also spelled
41:
40:
21:Ostanes (spider)
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1706:
1701:Suns in alchemy
1582:
1508:
1447:Sirr al-khalīqa
1428:Rutbat al-ḥakīm
1312:Miftāḥ al-ḥikma
1214:
1200:Frater Albertus
1178:
1174:Wilhelm Homberg
1079:Basil Valentine
1062:
1033:Paul of Taranto
998:Hugh of Evesham
973:pseudo-Albertus
961:
907:pseudo-Avicenna
873:
847:
820:Ancient Chinese
814:
790:Mary the Jewess
744:
739:
709:
614:
606:
602:
594:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
549:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
510:
502:
498:
490:
486:
478:
474:
466:
459:
448:
444:
436:
432:
424:
420:
404:
403:
399:
385:
381:
365:
364:
360:
346:
342:
333:
332:
323:
319:
299:
295:
285:
192:Natural History
187:Pliny the Elder
148:
80:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1779:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1761:Pseudepigraphy
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Iatrochemistry
1630:
1625:
1623:Elixir of life
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1475:Splendor solis
1471:
1463:
1455:
1443:
1436:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1342:
1335:
1327:Emerald Tablet
1323:
1316:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
967:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
912:Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
881:
879:Arabic-Islamic
875:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
758:Greco-Egyptian
752:
746:
745:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
708:
707:
697:
684:
674:
664:
654:
641:
631:
620:
619:
618:
613:
612:
610:, p. 862.
600:
598:, p. 184.
588:
576:
574:, p. 516.
564:
547:
535:
523:
508:
496:
484:
472:
457:
442:
440:, p. 828.
430:
418:
397:
379:
358:
339:
338:
337:
331:
330:
317:
313:pseudepigrapha
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
281:
147:
146:Pseudo-Ostanes
144:
96:cites Justi's
79:
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Prima materia
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1577:Tripus aureus
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:Aureum vellus
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1467:Sirr al-asrār
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:Sirr al-asrār
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:Seventy Books
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:Liber dabessi
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1273:Book of Mercy
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Samuel Norton
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Michael Maier
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1058:Thomas Norton
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:Johann of Laz
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:George Ripley
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:Late medieval
964:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:Ibn Waḥshiyya
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
880:
876:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
753:
751:
747:
743:
736:
731:
729:
724:
722:
717:
716:
713:
703:
698:
694:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
621:
616:
615:
609:
604:
597:
592:
585:
580:
573:
568:
561:
556:
554:
552:
544:
539:
532:
527:
520:
515:
513:
505:
500:
493:
488:
481:
476:
469:
464:
462:
454:
451:
446:
439:
434:
427:
422:
414:
408:
400:
398:9789004282629
394:
390:
383:
375:
369:
361:
359:9781119121145
355:
351:
344:
340:
335:
334:
327:
321:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
293:
287:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
194:
193:
188:
184:
179:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:Darius Nothos
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
90:
85:
78:Real Ostanes?
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
36:
32:
26:
22:
1720:All articles
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1513:Compilations
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1358:Liber ignium
1356:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1159:Robert Boyle
1114:Isaac Newton
1109:Hennig Brand
1094:Gerhard Dorn
1067:Early modern
1038:Petrus Bonus
983:pseudo-Geber
799:
795:pseudo-Moses
701:
692:
678:
668:
658:
649:
635:
625:
608:Anawati 1996
603:
596:Ullmann 1972
591:
579:
567:
538:
526:
499:
487:
475:
449:
445:
433:
421:
388:
382:
349:
343:
325:
320:
304:
300:
296:
276:
272:
262:
249:
243:
222:
218:
210:
200:
190:
182:
180:
175:
164:
156:
149:
131:
118:1.1.5 (cit.
115:
102:
97:
94:Morton Smith
87:
81:
47:
43:
30:
29:
1643:Magnum opus
1613:Chrysopoeia
1535:De alchemia
1386:Mutus liber
1365:Liber lucis
1232:Major Works
1119:Jakob Böhme
1008:John Dastin
952:al-Ṭughrāʾī
838:Master Geng
617:Works cited
111:17.5.5 and
1735:Categories
1688:Substances
1628:Homunculus
1294:Cantong Qi
1205:Fulcanelli
1149:Paracelsus
942:al-Jildakī
843:Wei Boyang
750:Alchemists
560:Smith 2003
521:, para. 7.
492:Justi 1884
480:Justi 1884
468:Smith 2003
453:Smith 2003
438:Colpe 1983
283:References
258:necromancy
235:Democritus
231:Empedocles
227:Pythagoras
219:aviditatem
169:Hermodorus
98:Namensbuch
86:." In the
54:magus and
1683:Processes
1648:Ouroboros
1469:(al-Rāzī)
1190:Carl Jung
1028:Ortolanus
927:al-ʿIrāqī
902:Artephius
892:Alphidius
852:Byzantine
689:"Ostanes"
584:Beck 1991
572:Beck 1991
543:Beck 1991
531:Beck 1991
519:Beck 2003
426:Beck 1991
407:cite book
368:cite book
336:Citations
324:To Pliny
215:Alexander
176:Prooemium
161:Hystaspes
56:alchemist
1678:Yliaster
1258:Morienus
1224:Writings
1134:John Dee
869:Synesius
136:Krateros
113:Plutarch
109:Diodorus
48:Osthanes
44:Hostanes
1697:Unicode
1693:Symbols
1618:Element
1603:Athanor
1598:Alembic
1591:Various
833:Ge Hong
326:magicis
269:Persian
254:alchemy
211:magicis
203:Persian
183:magikos
140:Curtius
120:Ktesias
52:Persian
39:Ὀστάνης
31:Ostanes
1673:Takwin
1183:Modern
770:Chymes
395:
356:
265:Arabic
246:divine
237:, and
223:rabiem
207:Xerxes
171:(apud
128:Arrian
116:Artax.
33:(from
1668:Rebis
1608:Azoth
288:Notes
239:Plato
35:Greek
413:link
393:ISBN
374:link
354:ISBN
267:and
157:magi
70:and
46:and
450:cf.
279:).
196:XXX
132:An.
1737::
1699:,
691:,
648:,
550:^
511:^
460:^
409:}}
405:{{
370:}}
366:{{
256:,
233:,
229:,
1703:)
1695:(
1453:)
1449:(
1434:)
1430:(
1352:)
1348:(
1333:)
1329:(
1314:)
1310:(
1260:)
1256:(
734:e
727:t
720:v
706:.
683:.
673:.
663:.
640:.
630:.
562:.
470:.
455:.
415:)
401:.
376:)
362:.
315:.
303:(
275:(
248:(
130:(
105:*
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.