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230:. In 1871, he became the first African-American acting governor of a U.S. state after Governor Warmoth injured his foot and left Louisiana to recuperate on two occasions. Article 53 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1868 required the lieutenant governor to serve as acting governor "in case of impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office, death . . . resignation or absence from the state." Dunn served as acting governor of Louisiana for a total of 39 days. Dunn died in office, and the state legislature elected
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408:... without distinction to color." In the state Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868, the resolution was enacted into Louisiana law and laid the foundation for the public education system, established for the first time in the state by the biracial legislature. Dunn's biographer (and descendant) Brian K. Mitchell observed in a
404:. As the city and region struggled to convert to a free labor system, Dunn worked to ensure that recently freed slaves were treated fairly by former planters, who insisted on hiring by year-long contracts. In 1866, he organized the People's Bakery, an enterprise owned and operated by the Louisiana Association of Workingmen.
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The Dunn funeral was reported as one of the largest in New
Orleans. As many as 50,000 people lined Canal Street for the procession, and newspapers across the nation reported the event. State officials, Masonic lodges and civic and social organizations participated in the procession from the St. James
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and tied in with federal patronage jobs. They had differences with the
Warmoth-Pinchback faction, and challenged it for leadership of the party. Warmoth had been criticized for appointing white Democrats to state positions, encouraging alliances with Democrats, and his failure to advance civil rights
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Dunn joined Prince Hall
Richmond Lodge #4, one of a number of fraternal organizations that expanded to New Orleans, out of the Prince Hall Ohio Lodge during the 19th century. In the latter half of the 1850s, he rose to Master and Grand Master of the Eureka Grand Lodge which became the Louisiana Grand
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James Dunn continued to work as a carpenter for his former master
Caldwell. His wife, Maria Dunn, ran a boarding house for actors and actresses who were in the city to perform at the Caldwell theatres. Together, they were able to pay for education for their children. Having studied music, Dunn became
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Elected to the New
Orleans city council in 1867, Dunn was named chairman of a committee to review Article 5 of the City Charter. He proposed that "all children between the ages of 6–18 be eligible to attend public schools and that the Board of Aldermen shall provide for the education of all children
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and began to dominate it in number. Free people of color had been established as a separate class of merchants, artisans and property owners, many of whom had educations. However, American migrants from the South dismissed their special status, classifying society in binary terms, as black or white,
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After being emancipated, Dunn married Maria, then enslaved, and they had two children, Oscar and Jane. Slave marriages were not recognized under the law. By 1832, Dunn had earned enough money as a carpenter to purchase the freedom of his wife and both children. Their status as free blacks was gained
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Dunn was an
English-speaking free black in a city in which the racial caste system was the underpinning of daily life. Ethnic French, including many free people of color, believed their culture was more subtle and flexible than that brought by the English-speaking residents, who came to the city in
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On
November 22, 1871, Dunn died at home, at age 49, after a brief and sudden illness. He had been campaigning for the upcoming state and presidential elections. There was speculation that he was poisoned by political enemies, but no evidence was found. According to Nick Weldon at the Historic New
462:— for the nomination by a vote of 54 to 27. The Warmoth-Dunn Republican ticket was elected, 64,941 to 38,046: That was considered the rise of the Radical Republican influence in state politics. Dunn was inaugurated lieutenant governor on June 13, 1868. He was also the President pro tempore of the
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Because of Dunn's wide connections and influence in the city, his defection to the Custom House faction meant that he would take many
Republican ward clubs with him in switching allegiance, especially those made up of African Americans rather than Afro-Creoles (the mixed-race elite that had been
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Orleans Parish
Conveyance Book 7, p. 197, February 5, 1831. The original act of conveyance denoting the sale of Oscar to James Dunn lists his age as nine years old. Petition 40B, New Orleans City Archives VCP320 is a record of Oscar Dunn's emancipation, which was petitioned for by James Dunn on
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and had been transported to the Deep South during the forced migration of more than one million
African Americans from the Upper South. He was bought by James H. Caldwell of New Orleans, who founded the St. Charles Theatre and New Orleans Gas Light Company. Dunn worked for Caldwell as a skilled
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Orleans Collection, Dunn's symptoms were consistent with arsenic poisoning: vomiting and shivering. Only four out of the seven doctors who examined Dunn signed off on the official cause of death, suspecting murder. No confirmation was made because Dunn's family had refused an autopsy.
325:, credits Dunn with outstanding conduct of Masonic affairs in Louisiana. As a Freemason, Dunn developed his leadership skills, and he established a wide network and power base in the black community that was essential for his later political career.
612:, Burch had been an ally of her late husband's, as part of the Custom House faction. The Burch family resided in New Orleans and continued there after the withdrawal of federal troops and the end of Reconstruction, in 1877.
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in New Orleans. His mother Maria Dunn was enslaved under the law of the time. He received her status and was also enslaved. His father, James Dunn, had been freed in 1819 by his owner. James Dunn was born into slavery in
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interview, "The reason he wanted to integrate schools is he believed that it's hard to change adults' minds, but if we have children growing up experiencing each other, we can erode racism in this country."
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Claudette L. Smith-Brown, A Re-Examination of Selected Primary Source Documents Regarding Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, 1868–1871, Master's Thesis, Baton Rouge: Southern University,
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established as free before the war). For the Radical Republicans, the city was always more important to their political power than were the rural parishes.
337:. He adopted her three children, Fannie (9), Charles (7) and Emma (5). The couple did not have children together. In 1870, the Dunn family residence was on
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Movement, advocated land ownership for all blacks, taxpayer-funded education of all black children, and equal protection of the laws under the
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In December 1866, Dunn married Ellen Boyd Marchand, a widow born free in Ohio. She was the daughter of Henry Boyd and his wife, who were from
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A Re-Examination of Selected Primary Source Documents Regarding Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, 1868–1871
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The Republicans developed severe internal conflicts. Although elected with Warmoth, as the governor worked toward
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A.M.E. church to his grave site. He was interred in the Cassanave family mausoleum at St. Louis Cemetery No. 2.
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as a young man to a plastering and painting contractor, A. G. Wilson. Wilson verified Dunn's free status in the
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to the position of municipal archives director. Several years later, on November 23, 1875, she married
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788:"'Monumental' spotlights Oscar Dunn, the first elected Black lieutenant governor in Louisiana and US"
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Jno G. Lewis, Jr.--end of an Era: The History of the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Louisiana, 1842-1979
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Dunn was very active in local, state and federal politics, with connections to U.S. President
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in Louisiana, who were primarily of French descent and culture and of the Catholic religion.
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In 1868, Dunn was elected lieutenant governor of Louisiana, thus becoming the first elected
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of 1866. In 1870, Dunn served on the board of trustees and Examining Committee for
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Dunn worked to achieve equality for the millions of blacks freed by passage of the
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The Washington Artillery Park in New Orleans was renamed in honor of Oscar Dunn.
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carpenter for decades, including after his emancipation by Caldwell in 1819.
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New Orleans after the Civil War: Race, Politics, and a New Birth of Freedom
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Monumental: Oscar Dunn and His Radical Fight in Reconstruction Louisiana
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List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States
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Dunn opened an employment agency that assisted in finding jobs for the
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Perkins, A. E. "James Henri Burch and Oscar James Dunn in Louisiana."
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Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
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Dunn made numerous political enemies during this period. According to
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despite a long history of interracial relations in their own history.
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A.E. Perkins, "James Henri Burch and Oscar James Dunn in Louisiana."
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lieutenant governor of a U.S. state. He ran on the ticket headed by
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published a poem the day after Dunn's death in his honor, entitled
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Mitchell, Brian K.; Edwards, Barrington S.; Weldon, Nick (2021).
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Running for lieutenant governor, he defeated a white candidate —
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both an accomplished musician and an instructor of the violin.
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Oscar James Dunn, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana 1868–1871
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Oscar Dunn And The New Orleans Monument That Never Happened
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African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era
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writer, CARLIE KOLLATH WELLS | Staff (August 18, 2022).
723:. Historic New Orleans Collection. pp. 232-33n144.
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After his death, his widow, Ellen, was appointed by the
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Lodge . Author and historian, Joseph A. Walkes Jr., a
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361:Portraits of African-American delegates to the
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923:, Fall 2003, p. 90, accessed February 8, 2014
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256:, National Archive Mathew Brady Collection
68:June 27, 1868 – November 22, 1871
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56:11th Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
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844:Nystrom, Justin A. (June 1, 2010).
489:goals, Dunn became allied with the
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962:Perkins, A.E. "Oscar James Dunn."
743:A.E. Perkins, "Oscar James Dunn."
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850:. JHU Press. pp. 103–104.
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871:Dufour, Charles L. (1965).
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915:February 23, 2014, at the
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