641:
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trained in fracture management. He personally managed 3,000 cases and performed 300 operations in his own hospital. This position enabled him to learn new techniques and improve the standard of fracture management. Physicians from around the world came to Jones' clinic to learn his techniques. Along with Alfred Tubby, Jones founded the
British Orthopedic Society in 1894.
1088:) or some other type of trauma. As well as the standard total knee replacement surgery, the unicompartmental knee replacement, in which only one weight-bearing surface of an arthritic knee is replaced, may be performed, but it bears a significant risk of revision surgery. Joint replacements are used for other joints, most commonly the
367:, coined the term in the first textbook written on the subject in 1741. He advocated the use of exercise, manipulation, and splinting to treat deformities in children. His book was directed towards parents, and while some topics would be familiar to orthopedists today, it also included 'excessive sweating of the palms' and freckles.
453:, and created the so-called "Thomas splint" to stabilize a fractured femur and prevent infection. He is also responsible for numerous other medical innovations that all carry his name: Thomas's collar to treat tuberculosis of the cervical spine, Thomas's maneuvere, an orthopedic investigation for fracture of the hip joint, the
485:
surgeon. He observed that treatment of fractures both, at the front and in hospitals at home, was inadequate, and his efforts led to the introduction of military orthopedic hospitals. He was appointed
Inspector of Military Orthopedics, with responsibility for 30,000 beds. The hospital in Ducane Road,
408:
in 1851. Until the 1890s, though, orthopedics was still a study limited to the correction of deformity in children. One of the first surgical procedures developed was percutaneous tenotomy. This involved cutting a tendon, originally the
Achilles tendon, to help treat deformities alongside bracing and
1042:
in 2021, the average work week of an orthopedic surgeon was 57 hours. This is a very low estimation however, as research derived from a 2013 survey of orthopedic surgeons who self identified as "highly successful" due to their prominent positions in the field indicated average work weeks of 70 hours
843:
In the United States, specialists in hand surgery and orthopedic sports medicine may obtain a certificate of added qualifications in addition to their board primary certification by successfully completing a separate standardized examination. No additional certification process exists for the other
831:
means that the orthopedic surgeon has met the specified educational, evaluation, and examination requirements of the board. The process requires successful completion of a standardized written examination followed by an oral examination focused on the surgeon's clinical and surgical performance over
1065:
of Japan to perform minimally invasive cartilage surgery and reconstructions of torn ligaments. Arthroscopy allows patients to recover from the surgery in a matter of days, rather than the weeks to months required by conventional, "open" surgery; it is a very popular technique. Knee arthroscopy is
631:
Modern orthopedic surgery and musculoskeletal research have sought to make surgery less invasive and to make implanted components better and more durable. On the other hand, since the emergence of the opioid epidemic, orthopedic surgeons have been identified as one of the highest prescribers of
734:
Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further training, or fellowships, after completing their residency training. Fellowship training in an orthopedic sub-specialty is typically one year in duration (sometimes two) and sometimes has a research component involved with the clinical and operative
726:
Selection for residency training in orthopedic surgery is very competitive. Roughly 700 physicians complete orthopedic residency training per year in the United States. About 10% of current orthopedic surgery residents are women; about 20% are members of minority groups. Around 20,400 actively
476:
in 1888. He was responsible for the injured among the 20,000 workers, and he organized the first comprehensive accident service in the world, dividing the 36-mile site into three sections, and establishing a hospital and a string of first-aid posts in each section. He had the medical personnel
1115:
In a study of hospitalizations in the United States in 2012, spine and joint procedures were common among all age groups except infants. Spinal fusion was one of the five most common OR procedures performed in every age group except infants younger than 1 year and adults 85 years and older.
373:
established the first orthopedic institute in 1780, which was the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of children's skeletal deformities. He developed the club-foot shoe for children born with foot deformities and various methods to treat curvature of the spine.
1099:
A post-surgical concern with joint replacements is wear of the bearing surfaces of components. This can lead to damage to the surrounding bone and contribute to eventual failure of the implant. The plastic chosen is usually ultra-high-molecular-weight
318:
in Greek- and Latin-based words. As the name implies, the discipline was initially developed with attention to children, but the correction of spinal and bone deformities in all stages of life eventually became the cornerstone of orthopedic practice.
1037:
A typical schedule for a practicing orthopedic surgeon involves 50â55 hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties, and possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting. According to the
1066:
one of the most common operations performed by orthopedic surgeons today, and is often combined with meniscectomy or chondroplasty. The majority of upper-extremity outpatient orthopedic procedures are now performed arthroscopically.
1676:
Seangleulur A, Vanasbodeekul P, Prapaitrakool S, et al. (November 2016). "The efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
2280:"Association between surgeon volume and patient outcomes after elective shoulder replacement surgery using data from the National Joint Registry and Hospital Episode Statistics for England: population based cohort study"
339:, though hospitals usually use the shortened form. Elsewhere, usage is not uniform; in Canada, both spellings are acceptable; "orthopaedics" is the normal spelling in the UK in line with other fields which retain "ae".
444:
at a young age, and after establishing his own practice, went on to expand the field into the general treatment of fracture and other musculoskeletal problems. He advocated enforced rest as the best remedy for
582:(arthroplasty) with many contributors, including W. H. Harris, the son of R. I. Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant.
1112:
Between 2001 and 2016, the prevalence of musculoskeletal procedures drastically increased in the U.S, from 17.9% to 24.2% of all operating-room (OR) procedures performed during hospital stays.
616:
in the 1950s. With no equipment, he was confronted with crippling conditions of unhealed, infected, and misaligned fractures. With the help of the local bicycle shop, he devised ring external
824:
1724:"Comparative Analysis of Length of Stay and Inpatient Costs for Orthopedic Surgery Patients Treated with IV Acetaminophen and IV Opioids vs. IV Opioids Alone for Post-Operative Pain"
571:. For over two decades, the Charnley low-friction arthroplasty and its derivative designs were the most-used systems in the world. This formed the basis for all modern hip implants.
578:
hip replacement system (with a slightly different stem geometry) was developed at the same time. Since
Charnley, improvements have been continuous in the design and technique of
3269:
331:, simplification to either "ae" or just "e" is common, especially in North America. In the US, the majority of college, university, and residency programmes, and even the
1116:
Laminectomy was common among adults aged 18â84 years. Knee arthroplasty and hip replacement were in the top five OR procedures for adults aged 45 years and older.
1104:, which can also be altered in ways that may improve wear characteristics. The risk of revision surgery has also been shown to be associated with surgeon volume.
409:
exercises. In the late 1800s and first decades of the 1900s, significant controversy arose about whether orthopedics should include surgical procedures at all.
711:
In the United States, orthopedic surgeons have typically completed four years of undergraduate education and four years of medical school and earned either a
1603:
1188:
727:
practicing orthopedic surgeons and residents are in the United States. According to the latest
Occupational Outlook Handbook (2011â2012) published by the
3262:
1791:
887:
According to applications for board certification from 1999 to 2003, the top 25 most common procedures (in order) performed by orthopedic surgeons are:
833:
472:. His nephew, Sir Robert Jones, had already made great advances in orthopedics in his position as surgeon-superintendent for the construction of the
198:
2190:
828:
2128:"Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty revised to total knee arthroplasty versus primary total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of matched studies"
3255:
1084:
or some other procedure. It is an elective procedure that is done to relieve pain and restore function to the joint after damage by arthritis (
668:
632:
opioid medications. Decreasing prescription of opioids while still providing adequate pain control is a development in orthopedic surgery.
2363:
2231:"The influence of implant design and limb alignment on in vivo wear rates of fixed-bearing and rotating-platform knee implant retrievals"
457:, a method of detecting hip deformity by having the patient lying flat in bed, and Thomas's wrench for reducing fractures, as well as an
2722:
1238:
555:, in England in the 1960s. He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by implants cemented to the bone. His design consisted of a
3662:
3063:
1146:
1080:
Arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgery where the articular surface of a musculoskeletal joint is replaced, remodeled, or realigned by
932:
155:
149:
1843:
3614:
1039:
332:
2100:
2662:
1610:
249:
1903:
2165:
837:
648:
six years after it was carried out (2000). The onset of arthritis, a bone/joint disease, has made further joint damage visible.
820:
3779:
2962:
1156:
397:, a pioneering British orthopedist, invented the double-inclined plane, used to treat lower-body bone fractures, in 1790.
3520:
1679:
245:
2336:
1844:"American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, certification examination case mix"
3671:
3515:
3098:
2440:
17:
356:, the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' blood, which dried to form a stiff, if unsanitary, splint.
1583:
1166:
728:
698:
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in New York using a fixed bearing system, and by
Frederick Buechel and Michael Pappas using a mobile bearing system.
498:
fractures reduced mortality of open fractures of the femur from 87% to less than 8% in the period from 1916 to 1918.
482:
3574:
3569:
871:
Orthopedic implants to repair fractures to the radius and ulna. Note the visible break in the ulna. (right forearm)
1967:
352:
Many developments in orthopedic surgery have resulted from experiences during wartime. On the battlefields of the
3466:
3216:
3088:
2522:
716:
167:
1309:"Sugar-Tong Forearm Splinting Technique: Application of Sugar-Tong Splint, Postprocedural Care, Complications"
3794:
2048:
1795:
1473:
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2412:
490:, became the model for both British and American military orthopedic hospitals. His advocacy of the use of
1629:"Risk Factors for Increased Postoperative Pain and Recommended Orderset for Postoperative Analgesic Usage"
2712:
1997:
1151:
513:
of
Germany. This made a noticeable difference to the speed of recovery of injured German soldiers during
3774:
3503:
2692:
1904:"Medical Scribes in an Orthopedic Sports Medicine Clinic Improve Productivity and Physician Well-Being"
1842:
Garrett WE, Swiontkowski MF, Weinstein JN, Callaghan J, Rosier RN, Berry DJ, et al. (March 2006).
605:
300:
723:
training in orthopedic surgery. The five-year residency is a categorical orthopedic surgery training.
517:
and led to more widespread adoption of intramedullary fixation of fractures in the rest of the world.
3607:
3121:
2278:
Valsamis, Epaminondas Markos; Collins, Gary S.; Pinedo-Villanueva, Rafael; et al. (2023-06-21).
1993:"Characteristics of highly successful orthopedic surgeons: a survey of orthopedic chairs and editors"
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tensioned like the spokes of a bicycle. With this equipment, he achieved healing, realignment, and
59:
359:
Originally, the term orthopedics meant the correcting of musculoskeletal deformities in children.
2893:
2867:
1422:
680:
2127:
1902:
Pollock JR, Moore ML, Llanes AC, Brinkman JC, Makovicka JL, Dulle DL, et al. (2022-04-08).
521:
was the standard method of treating thigh bone fractures until the late 1970s, though, when the
3539:
3410:
3378:
2485:
2433:
2191:"Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year"
1541:
Hamelynck KJ (September 2006). "The history of mobile-bearing total knee replacement systems".
1504:
797:
739:
518:
437:
209:
1817:
3508:
3136:
3022:
2995:
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2920:
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378:
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3317:
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3116:
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2797:
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2707:
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816:
720:
612:. He was sent, without much orthopedic training, to look after injured Russian soldiers in
586:
308:
225:
120:
784:
These specialized areas of medicine are not exclusive to orthopedic surgery. For example,
510:
8:
3749:
3559:
3481:
3236:
3178:
3161:
2820:
2537:
2044:"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal upper extremity ambulatory surgery in the United States"
1874:
1728:
1308:
1057:
The use of arthroscopic techniques has been particularly important for injured patients.
1014:
640:
487:
364:
233:
3247:
2312:
2230:
370:
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3083:
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2505:
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2019:
1992:
1949:
1936:
1750:
1723:
1704:
1653:
1628:
1444:
1417:
1367:
1334:
1260:
1233:
875:
712:
625:
502:
398:
212:. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and nonsurgical means to treat musculoskeletal
161:
47:
525:
group in
Seattle popularized intramedullary fixation without opening up the fracture.
3727:
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1953:
1941:
1923:
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1523:
1449:
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1354:
1265:
880:
579:
405:
1708:
1518:
1499:
1392:"From bonesetters to orthopedic surgeons: a history of the specialty of orthopedics"
896:
3667:
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2591:
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2250:
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2014:
2006:
1931:
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1737:
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1195:. Philadelphia, PA: The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. 4 December 2019
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2500:
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training. Examples of orthopedic subspecialty training in the United States are:
556:
540:
533:
491:
465:
394:
213:
65:
2364:"Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003â2012"
1283:
819:
training, an orthopedic surgeon is then eligible for board certification by the
528:
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3657:
3602:
3461:
3415:
3058:
3012:
2825:
2755:
2574:
2255:
2202:
2143:
1919:
860:
590:
428:
Examples of people who aided the development of modern orthopedic surgery were
393:
steadily increased the range of new methods available for effective treatment.
254:
217:
1741:
1350:
1251:
1215:"OrthopĂŠdia, or, The art of correcting and preventing deformities in children"
644:
This image, taken in
September 2006, shows extensive repair work to the right
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3451:
3394:
3312:
3141:
2930:
2925:
2787:
2727:
2630:
2303:
2042:
Jain NB, Higgins LD, Losina E, Collins J, Blazar PE, Katz JN (January 2014).
1927:
1604:"Information Statement: Opioid Use, Misuse, and Abuse in Orthopedic Practice"
1435:
1358:
1141:
1085:
1005:
981:
943:
919:
908:
544:
464:
Thomas's work was not fully appreciated in his own lifetime. Only during the
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51:
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1945:
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1589:
1554:
1527:
1376:
1269:
1218:
1101:
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793:
785:
777:
600:
External fixation of fractures was refined by
American surgeons during the
560:
514:
450:
390:
336:
297:
OrthopĂŠdia: Or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children
2277:
1453:
3722:
3717:
3547:
3363:
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3005:
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1058:
1052:
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928:
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601:
594:
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Knee replacements, using similar technology, were started by McIntosh in
568:
454:
353:
1991:
Klein G, Hussain N, Sprague S, Mehlman CT, Dogbey G, Bhandari M (2013).
1792:"Your Surgeon is certified by The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery"
1512:(7). The British Society for Rheumatology via Oxford Journals: 824â825.
3737:
3707:
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3358:
3343:
3093:
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2945:
2717:
2667:
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2647:
2640:
2625:
2615:
2229:
Dreyer MJ, Weisse B, Contreras Raggio JI, et al. (November 2023).
2010:
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458:
441:
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75:
3495:
3456:
3446:
3166:
2908:
2903:
2767:
2745:
2620:
2584:
2126:
Levy KH, Fusco PJ, Salazar-Restrepo SA, et al. (December 2023).
1841:
1722:
Hansen RN, Pham A, Strassels SA, Balaban S, Wan GJ (September 2016).
1627:
Armstrong AD, Hassenbein SE, Black S, Hollenbeak CS (November 2020).
1575:
1161:
1081:
548:
377:
Advances made in surgical technique during the 18th century, such as
101:
628:
is still used today as one of the distraction osteogenesis methods.
41:
2672:
2449:
1093:
971:
827:. Certification by the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery or the
801:
417:
2337:"Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001â2011"
2228:
1626:
825:
American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists
719:(DO) degree. Subsequently, these medical school graduates undergo
3151:
2611:
2579:
2472:
1391:
1335:"Robert Chessher (1750â1831): An English Pioneer in Orthopaedics"
1307:
Meals CG, Meals RA (28 July 2021). Windle ML, Schraga ED (eds.).
617:
613:
563:
acetabular component, both of which were fixed to the bone using
205:
106:
832:
a 6-month period. In Canada, the certifying organization is the
2407:
2125:
1024:
952:
575:
469:
468:
did his techniques come to be used for injured soldiers on the
382:
852:
3530:
2343:. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
731:, 3â4% of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons.
667:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
506:
495:
433:
286:
281:
275:
270:
229:
2370:. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
879:
Anterior and lateral view x-rays of fractured left leg with
3297:
3279:
2418:
2362:
Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA (December 2014).
985:
956:
609:
50:, one of the conditions treated by orthopedic surgeons and
27:
Branch of surgery concerned with the musculoskeletal system
1990:
1901:
1721:
328:
3277:
1089:
867:
2361:
2041:
1823:. American Osteopathic Board of Orthopedic Surgery. 2012
1288:
Harbin Howell Medical Apparatus and Instruments Co., LTD
2380:
1851:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1794:. American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. Archived from
1460:
1212:
1189:"Orthopedic Surgeons: Seven Things You Need to Know"
1123:
1234:"Extremity Injury and War: A Historical Reflection"
834:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
1780:. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS).
1622:
1620:
3766:
1908:Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation
1567:
829:American Osteopathic Board of Orthopedic Surgery
2334:
1897:
1895:
812:, but their scope of practice is nonoperative.
1617:
1491:
481:During the First World War, Jones served as a
440:. Thomas became interested in orthopedics and
3263:
2434:
1534:
665:The examples and perspective in this section
589:patients and later by Gunston and Marmor for
2101:"Restoring Joint Function with Arthroplasty"
2035:
1892:
1715:
1669:
1010:Repair fracture of the distal part of radius
259:
2374:
1968:"Orthopaedic Surgery | Careers in Medicine"
1571:Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgery
1418:"Care of emergencies in the United Kingdom"
1217:. Classics of Medicine Library – via
995:Repair of ankle fracture (bimalleolar type)
815:After completion of specialty residency or
3270:
3256:
2723:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2441:
2427:
1497:
1306:
1239:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
1213:Andry de Bois-Regard N (2 November 1980).
1193:Penn Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology Blog
836:; in Australia and New Zealand, it is the
683:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
335:, still use the spelling with the digraph
322:
40:
3663:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
3064:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2311:
2254:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2071:
2061:
2018:
1935:
1749:
1652:
1540:
1517:
1500:"Professor Sir John Charnley (1911â1982)"
1443:
1366:
1259:
1147:Index of trauma and orthopaedics articles
933:anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
792:, and spine surgery is practiced by most
699:Learn how and when to remove this message
559:, one-piece femoral stem and head, and a
401:, a Dutch military surgeon, invented the
156:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
150:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3615:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
1332:
1040:American Association of Medical Colleges
874:
866:
851:
639:
527:
424:, a pioneer of modern orthopedic surgery
416:
333:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
208:concerned with conditions involving the
2185:
2183:
2158:
1611:American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
1389:
962:Knee arthroscopy repair of both menisci
604:, but a major contribution was made by
250:List of Greek morphemes used in English
14:
3767:
2217:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1568:Rozbruch SR, Ilizarov S, eds. (2006).
1415:
838:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
624:to a degree unheard of elsewhere. His
3251:
2422:
2381:Global Orthopedic Solutions, Abroad.
2335:Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (March 2014).
1466:
1231:
821:American Board of Medical Specialties
412:
3202:
2963:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2180:
2119:
1061:was pioneered in the early 1950s by
651:
505:to treat fractures of the femur and
347:
327:As with many words derived with the
3521:Autologous chondrocyte implantation
3212:
2088:
1680:European Journal of Anaesthesiology
246:International scientific vocabulary
24:
3672:Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty
3516:Knee cartilage replacement therapy
3099:Medical Scientist Training Program
25:
3806:
2400:
1167:Outline of trauma and orthopedics
1157:Orthopaedic physician's assistant
804:(DPM) in the United States. Some
729:United States Department of Labor
363:, a professor of medicine at the
3231:
3221:
3211:
3201:
3192:
3191:
2406:
2168:. Johns Hopkins University. 2024
1333:Valentin, Bruno (October 1958).
1126:
1030:Repair of femoral shaft fracture
800:is also practiced by doctors of
656:
3232:
2355:
2328:
2271:
2235:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
1984:
1960:
1835:
1818:"AOBOS 2012 Candidate Handbook"
1810:
1784:
1766:
1596:
1561:
1107:
1069:
1033:Repair of trochanteric fracture
948:Repair of trochanteric fracture
3089:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2523:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2368:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186
2341:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 171
1409:
1383:
1326:
1300:
1276:
1225:
1206:
1181:
1046:
717:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
168:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
13:
1:
2383:"Global Orthopedic Solutions"
2049:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
1519:10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.824
1474:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
1172:
977:Repair of rotator cuff tendon
494:for the initial treatment of
257:coined the word in French as
3069:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2836:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2448:
1693:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000516
1645:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000876
1633:The Clinical Journal of Pain
970:Shoulder arthroscopy/distal
776:Total joint reconstruction (
287:
280:("correct", "straight") and
276:
239:
7:
3780:Accreditation in healthcare
1998:Canadian Journal of Surgery
1498:Wroblewski BM (July 2002).
1416:Irving M (September 1981).
1232:Smith DC (September 2015).
1152:List of orthopedic implants
1119:
1020:Incise finger tendon sheath
847:
679:, discuss the issue on the
635:
593:in the 1970s, developed by
314:was common in that era for
10:
3811:
3504:Articular cartilage repair
2203:10.3310/nihrevidence_61746
2144:10.1016/j.knee.2023.09.001
1920:10.1016/j.asmr.2022.02.003
1073:
1050:
1023:Repair of ankle fracture (
924:Removal of support implant
744:Hand and upper extremities
606:Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov
461:to break and reset bones.
342:
282:
271:
243:
3700:
3640:
3585:
3538:
3529:
3494:
3439:
3403:
3387:
3331:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3187:
3109:
3047:
2808:
2736:
2691:
2600:
2471:
2456:
2166:"Hip replacement surgery"
1742:10.1007/s12325-016-0368-8
1479:National Library of Wales
1469:"Jones, Sir Robert, Bart"
1351:10.1017/s0025727300024054
1252:10.1007/s11999-015-4327-5
998:Shoulder arthroscopy and
523:Harborview Medical Center
291:("child"), and published
176:
141:
136:
126:
114:
95:
90:
72:
58:
39:
34:
3630:Finger joint replacement
3421:Distraction osteogenesis
3023:Transplantation medicine
2914:Clinical neurophysiology
2831:Obstetric anesthesiology
2751:Interventional radiology
2511:Digestive system surgery
2105:Johns Hopkins University
1436:10.1136/bmj.283.6295.847
773:Surgical sports medicine
299:) in 1741. The word was
46:A fracture of the lower
2894:Intensive care medicine
2868:Mass gathering medicine
2713:Maternalâfetal medicine
2296:10.1136/bmj-2023-075355
1423:British Medical Journal
942:Repair of femoral neck
323:Differences in spelling
3411:Femoral head ostectomy
3379:Vertebral augmentation
2486:Cardiothoracic surgery
2063:10.1186/1471-2474-15-4
884:
872:
864:
798:foot and ankle surgery
740:Foot and ankle surgery
649:
536:
425:
260:
210:musculoskeletal system
3608:WeaverâDunn procedure
3509:Microfracture surgery
3278:Procedures involving
3137:Personalized medicine
2996:Reproductive medicine
2921:Occupational medicine
2875:Evolutionary medicine
1399:Surgical Technologist
878:
870:
859:to identify eventual
855:
788:is practiced by some
761:Pediatric orthopedics
750:Orthopedic oncologist
643:
553:Wrightington Hospital
543:was pioneered by Sir
531:
474:Manchester Ship Canal
420:
244:Further information:
226:degenerative diseases
3795:Surgical specialties
3598:Shoulder replacement
3560:Intervertebral discs
3318:Orthognathic surgery
3157:Traditional medicine
3117:Alternative medicine
2984:Addiction psychiatry
2798:Transfusion medicine
2793:Medical microbiology
2708:Gynecologic oncology
2560:Reproductive surgery
2415:at Wikimedia Commons
1863:10.2106/JBJS.E.01208
1284:"Orthopedic surgery"
951:Debridement of skin/
808:physicians practice
747:Hip and knee surgery
677:improve this section
587:rheumatoid arthritis
234:congenital disorders
199:alternative spelling
3750:Arthroscopic lavage
3482:Tension band wiring
3179:History of medicine
3162:Veterinary medicine
2969:Preventive medicine
2821:Adolescent medicine
2663:Infectious diseases
2256:20.500.11850/645236
2197:. 18 January 2024.
1880:on February 5, 2017
1729:Advances in Therapy
1015:intervertebral disc
980:Repair fracture of
863:after a knee injury
503:intramedullary rods
365:University of Paris
265:, derived from the
204:) is the branch of
87:
3692:Triple arthrodesis
3687:Broström procedure
3625:Brunelli procedure
3426:Ilizarov apparatus
3374:Vertebral fixation
3290:Orthopedic surgery
3127:Molecular oncology
3084:Doctor of Medicine
3074:Master of Medicine
2991:Radiation oncology
2863:Emergency medicine
2816:Addiction medicine
2783:Clinical chemistry
2778:Clinical pathology
2570:Transplant surgery
2528:Orthopedic surgery
2506:Colorectal surgery
2011:10.1503/cjs.017511
1549:(9 Suppl): S7-12.
1390:Beckett D (1999).
885:
873:
865:
802:podiatric medicine
764:Shoulder and elbow
713:Doctor of Medicine
650:
626:Ilizarov apparatus
537:
436:, and his nephew,
426:
413:Modern orthopedics
399:Antonius Mathijsen
191:Orthopedic surgery
184:Hospitals, Clinics
162:Doctor of Medicine
143:Education required
86:Orthopedic surgeon
85:
48:cervical vertebrae
18:Orthopedic surgeon
3775:Quality assurance
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3728:Joint replacement
3682:Ankle replacement
3490:
3489:
3477:External fixation
3472:Internal fixation
3323:Chin augmentation
3245:
3244:
3079:Master of Surgery
3043:
3042:
3028:Tropical medicine
2974:Prison healthcare
2889:Hospital medicine
2853:Disaster medicine
2843:Aviation medicine
2658:Hospital medicine
2565:Surgical oncology
2550:Pediatric surgery
2544:
2491:Endocrine surgery
2411:Media related to
2247:10.1002/jor.25734
2103:. Baltimore, MD:
1914:(3): e997âe1005.
1467:Jones AR (1959).
1430:(6295): 847â849.
905:and decompression
881:internal fixation
796:. Additionally,
753:Orthopedic trauma
709:
708:
701:
580:joint replacement
539:The modern total
511:Gerhard KĂŒntscher
509:was pioneered by
432:, a surgeon from
348:Early orthopedics
188:
187:
132:Medicine, Surgery
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
3802:
3668:Knee replacement
3593:Shoulder surgery
3536:
3535:
3303:
3302:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3194:
2899:Medical genetics
2884:General practice
2761:Nuclear medicine
2636:Gastroenterology
2592:Vascular surgery
2542:
2469:
2468:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2226:
2215:
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2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1873:. Archived from
1848:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1736:(9): 1635â1645.
1719:
1713:
1712:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1565:
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1538:
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1464:
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1396:
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1381:
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1321:
1320:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
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1273:
1263:
1246:(9): 2771â2776.
1229:
1223:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1185:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
938:Knee replacement
844:subspecialties.
790:plastic surgeons
757:Osseointegration
704:
697:
693:
690:
684:
660:
659:
652:
483:Territorial Army
430:Hugh Owen Thomas
422:Hugh Owen Thomas
403:plaster of Paris
391:spinal deformity
371:Jean-André Venel
303:into English as
290:
285:
284:
279:
274:
273:
263:
128:Activity sectors
88:
84:
76:edit on Wikidata
68:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3785:Medical tourism
3765:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3696:
3653:Hip replacement
3648:Hip resurfacing
3636:
3581:
3525:
3486:
3435:
3431:Phemister graft
3399:
3383:
3327:
3292:
3283:
3276:
3246:
3241:
3183:
3172:Chief physician
3105:
3050:
3039:
3033:Travel medicine
3018:Sports medicine
3001:Sexual medicine
2941:Palliative care
2936:Pain management
2880:Family medicine
2858:Diving medicine
2804:
2732:
2694:
2687:
2603:
2596:
2555:Plastic surgery
2501:General surgery
2481:Cardiac surgery
2462:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2360:
2356:
2333:
2329:
2276:
2272:
2227:
2218:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2040:
2036:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1900:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1720:
1716:
1687:(11): 816â831.
1674:
1670:
1639:(11): 845â851.
1625:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1566:
1562:
1539:
1535:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1414:
1410:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1339:Medical History
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1230:
1226:
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1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1134:Medicine portal
1132:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1078:
1072:
1063:Masaki Watanabe
1055:
1049:
966:Hip replacement
850:
810:sports medicine
806:family practice
705:
694:
688:
685:
674:
661:
657:
638:
557:stainless steel
541:hip replacement
534:hip replacement
480:
466:First World War
415:
395:Robert Chessher
381:'s research on
350:
345:
325:
295:(translated as
252:
242:
222:sports injuries
181:
179:
144:
129:
117:
116:Occupation type
79:
64:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3743:Arthrocentesis
3740:
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3658:Rotationplasty
3655:
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3605:
3603:Bankart repair
3600:
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3479:
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3469:
3464:
3462:Epiphysiodesis
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3416:Astragalectomy
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3389:
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3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
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3333:
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3325:
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3315:
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3275:
3274:
3267:
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3229:
3219:
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3199:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
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3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
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3111:
3110:Related topics
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Medical school
3055:
3053:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Sleep medicine
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:
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2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2901:
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2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
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2833:
2826:Anesthesiology
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2756:Neuroradiology
2753:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:Obstetrics and
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
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2618:
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2594:
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2577:
2575:Trauma surgery
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2538:Otolaryngology
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2464:subspecialties
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2401:External links
2399:
2396:
2395:
2373:
2354:
2327:
2270:
2241:(4): 777â787.
2216:
2179:
2157:
2118:
2087:
2034:
2005:(3): 192â198.
1983:
1959:
1891:
1857:(3): 660â667.
1834:
1809:
1783:
1774:"Orthopaedics"
1765:
1714:
1668:
1616:
1595:
1584:
1560:
1533:
1490:
1459:
1408:
1382:
1345:(4): 308â313.
1325:
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1205:
1179:
1178:
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1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1121:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1074:Main article:
1071:
1068:
1051:Main article:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1002:
996:
993:
988:
978:
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963:
960:
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946:
940:
935:
925:
922:
912:
906:
899:
861:bone fractures
849:
846:
782:
781:
774:
771:
765:
762:
759:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
707:
706:
671:of the subject
669:worldwide view
664:
662:
655:
637:
634:
591:osteoarthritis
414:
411:
349:
346:
344:
341:
324:
321:
255:Nicholas Andry
241:
238:
228:, infections,
218:spine diseases
186:
185:
182:
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174:
173:
172:
171:
165:
159:
153:
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142:
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110:
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3553:Spinal fusion
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3455:
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3452:Bone grafting
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3442:
3438:
3432:
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3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3395:Acromioplasty
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
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3340:
3337:
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3313:Jaw reduction
3311:
3310:
3308:
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3281:
3273:
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3575:Arthroplasty
3570:Annuloplasty
3369:Foraminotomy
3354:Laminoplasty
3339:Coccygectomy
3289:
3147:Rural health
3132:Nanomedicine
2683:Rheumatology
2614: /
2533:Hand surgery
2527:
2518:Neurosurgery
2388:11 September
2386:. Retrieved
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1975:. Retrieved
1972:www.aamc.org
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1884:November 30,
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1854:
1850:
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1827:19 September
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1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1786:
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1237:
1227:
1219:Google Books
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1176:
1114:
1111:
1108:Epidemiology
1102:polyethylene
1098:
1079:
1076:Arthroplasty
1070:Arthroplasty
1056:
1036:
897:meniscectomy
886:
842:
814:
786:hand surgery
783:
778:arthroplasty
733:
725:
710:
695:
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630:
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584:
573:
561:polyethylene
547:, expert in
538:
515:World War II
500:
479:
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451:tuberculosis
442:bone-setting
438:Robert Jones
427:
385:healing and
376:
369:
358:
351:
329:"ĂŠ" ligature
326:
315:
311:
304:
296:
292:
258:
253:
202:orthopaedics
201:
194:
190:
189:
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3790:Orthopedics
3723:Arthroscopy
3718:Synovectomy
3548:Arthrodesis
3364:Facetectomy
3349:Laminectomy
3217:Wikiproject
3006:Venereology
2951:Neonatology
2848:Dermatology
2703:Gynaecology
2695:gynaecology
2678:Pulmonology
2496:Eye surgery
2458:Specialties
2413:Orthopedics
2290:: e075355.
2172:17 February
2111:17 February
1543:Orthopedics
1315:. WebMD LLC
1059:Arthroscopy
1053:Arthroscopy
1047:Arthroscopy
1000:debridement
991:Laminectomy
929:arthroscopy
916:arthroscopy
903:arthroscopy
893:arthroscopy
857:Radiography
622:lengthening
602:Vietnam War
595:John Insall
569:bone cement
532:X-ray of a
501:The use of
488:Hammersmith
470:battlefield
455:Thomas test
389:'s work on
379:John Hunter
354:Middle Ages
305:orthopĂŠdics
301:assimilated
195:orthopedics
137:Description
3769:Categories
3738:Arthrogram
3708:Arthrotomy
3565:Discectomy
3359:Corpectomy
3344:Laminotomy
3282:and joints
2979:Psychiatry
2965:(PM&R)
2958:Phlebology
2946:Pediatrics
2773:Anatomical
2738:Diagnostic
2718:Obstetrics
2668:Nephrology
2653:Hematology
2648:Geriatrics
2641:Hepatology
2626:Cardiology
2616:Immunology
1977:2022-04-17
1802:26 October
1484:2010-12-31
1319:2022-02-26
1293:2022-02-26
1199:2022-02-26
1173:References
959:/ fracture
646:acetabulum
567:(acrylic)
459:osteoclast
293:Orthopedie
261:orthopédie
180:employment
152:(M.B.B.S.)
91:Occupation
35:Orthopedic
3496:Cartilage
3467:Reduction
3457:Osteotomy
3447:Ostectomy
3167:Physician
3051:education
2909:Neurology
2904:Narcology
2768:Pathology
2746:Radiology
2621:Angiology
2585:Andrology
2304:1756-1833
2211:267133950
1954:248064612
1928:2666-061X
1778:OrthoInfo
1576:CRC Press
1359:0025-7273
1162:Orthotics
1082:osteotomy
1043:or more.
1013:Low back
901:Shoulder
817:registrar
721:residency
681:talk page
549:tribology
447:fractures
240:Etymology
178:Fields of
121:Specialty
102:Physician
3733:imaging:
3197:Category
2673:Oncology
2604:medicine
2602:Internal
2450:Medicine
2349:24851286
2322:37343999
2313:10283034
2265:37975250
2152:37708740
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2132:The Knee
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2029:23706848
1946:35747641
1871:16510834
1760:27423648
1709:13813622
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1663:32889819
1555:17002140
1528:12096235
1377:13599783
1313:Medscape
1270:25930212
1120:See also
1094:shoulder
974:excision
972:clavicle
944:fracture
848:Practice
715:(MD) or
675:You may
636:Training
618:fixators
519:Traction
309:ligature
3701:General
3440:General
3237:Outline
3207:Commons
3152:Therapy
3049:Medical
2612:Allergy
2580:Urology
2473:Surgery
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1017:surgery
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770:surgery
614:Siberia
608:in the
496:femoral
343:History
288:paidion
283:ÏαÎčÎŽÎŻÎżÎœ
206:surgery
158:(MBChB)
107:Surgeon
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3531:Joints
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576:Exeter
383:tendon
307:; the
277:orthos
269:words
232:, and
230:tumors
214:trauma
170:(D.O.)
164:(M.D.)
3540:Spine
3332:Spine
3298:Bones
3280:bones
2809:Other
2207:S2CID
2056:: 4.
1950:S2CID
1878:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1705:S2CID
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891:Knee
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507:tibia
434:Wales
272:áœÏΞÏÏ
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574:The
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449:and
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248:and
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3388:Arm
2543:ENT
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78:]
20:)
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