442:
784:
574:
31:
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858:, a telegraph apparatus, various agricultural tools, and small arms, as well as one hundred gallons of whiskey, clocks, stoves, and books about the United States. The Japanese responded with gold-lacquered furniture and boxes, bronze ornaments, silk and brocade garments, porcelain goblets, and upon learning of Perry's personal hobby, a collection of seashells. Cultural displays were also performed on both sides, with the American sailors aboard the
903:
645:, but were at first refused permission to come on board. After some negotiation, they were permitted to board, where they displayed the order that no foreign ships were allowed into Japanese ports. Perry remained in his cabin and refused to meet them, sending word through his officers that as he carried a letter from the President of the United States, he would only deal with officials of sufficient stature and authority.
1654:
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1817:
212:, which might provide the opportunity for opening commercial relations with Japan. On May 10, 1851, Webster drafted a letter addressed to the "Japanese Emperor" with assurances that the expedition had no religious purpose but was only to request "friendship and commerce" and supplies of coal needed by American ships en route to China.
561:, Perry carefully avoided meeting with low-ranked officials and made much use of military ceremony and shipboard hospitality to demonstrate both American military power and the peaceful intent of his expedition. Perry left with promises that the islands would be completely open to trade with the United States. Continuing on the
1279:"Among the items presented to the Japanese were a white flag and a letter from Perry. The letter attempted to intimidate Japanese officials by explaining that in the event the Japanese elected war rather than negotiation, they could use the white flag to sue for peace, since victory would naturally belong to the Americans"
893:
home with the signed treaty, while the rest of the squadron went to survey
Hakodate, Shimoda and the site of the future consulate. After departing from Shimoda, the fleet returned to the Ryukyu Islands, where Perry swiftly drafted the "Compact between the United States and the Ryukyu Kingdom," which
798:
had called in at
Nagasaki shortly after he departed from Edo Bay, and had spent a month attempting to force the Japanese to sign a treaty before his return. He also was told by both the British and French that they intended to accompany him to Japan in the spring to ensure that the Americans did not
770:
The results of the poll also failed to provide Abe with an answer, as of the 61 known responses, 19 were in favor of accepting the
American demands, and 19 were equally opposed. Of the remainder, 14 gave vague responses expressing concern of possible war, 7 suggested making temporary concessions and
328:
in the
Netherlands. Perry also demanded greater latitude in his orders from Webster, a demand the Secretary of State granted just before his death in October 1852. Perry thus sailed for Japan with "full and discretionary powers," including possible use of force if the Japanese tried to treat him as
842:
By the time of Perry's return, the
Tokugawa shogunate had decided to accept virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. However, negotiators procrastinated for weeks over the site for negotiations, with Perry insisting on Edo, and the Japanese offering various other locations. Perry eventually
548:
to the islands, as well as his own orders, he threatened and bluffed local authorities by threatening to attack with 200 troops unless he were allowed trading rights and land for a coaling station. Perry landed his
Marines, whom he drilled on the beach for hours at a time, and demanded an audience
219:
and its technical prowess and was signed by
President Fillmore. However, Aulick became involved in a diplomatic row with a Brazilian diplomat and quarrels with the captain of his flagship, and was relieved of his command before he could undertake the Japan expedition. His replacement, Commodore
760:) led by Abe Masahiro. Abe felt that it was currently impossible for Japan to resist the American demands by military force, and yet was reluctant to take any action on his own authority for such an unprecedented situation. Attempting to legitimize any decision taken, Abe polled all of the
942:
Perry spent his last years preparing for publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on 28 December 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to the Naval
Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on 4 March 1858 in
664:, as this was the designated port for all foreign contact. Kayama was told that unless a suitable official came to receive the document, Perry would land troops and march on Edo, to deliver the letter in person. Kayama asked for three days in order to respond. The actual
191:
There were increased sightings and incursions of foreign ships into
Japanese waters, and this led to considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. In May 1851, American Secretary of State
679:
In the meantime, Perry began a campaign of intimidation, by sending boats to survey the surrounding area, and threatened to use force if the
Japanese guard boats around the American squadron did not disperse. He also presented the Japanese with a
624:
The American ships were almost surrounded by Japanese guard boats; however, Perry ordered that any attempt at boarding was to be repelled. One boat carried a large sign in French ordering the American fleet to depart immediately. On 9 July, a
705:
temporized, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at
341:
photographer Eliphalet M. Brown Jr. to join the expedition as official artists. Agricultural specialist Dr. James Morrow was assigned by the US State Department. Several Japanese castaways were also taken on as unofficial interpreters.
187:
sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. Between 1790 and 1853, at least twenty-seven U.S. ships, including three warships, visited Japan, only to be turned away.
771:
two advised that they would simply go along with whatever was decided. The only universal recommendation was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan's coastal defenses. Fortifications were hurriedly built close to current day
766:
for their opinions. This was the first time that the Tokugawa shogunate had allowed its decision-making to be a matter of public debate, and had the unforeseen consequence of portraying the shogunate as weak and indecisive.
617:, and position their guns towards the town of Uraga. He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannons, which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day. Perry's ships were equipped with new
918:
voted to grant him a reward of $ 20,000 (~$ 737,000 in 2022) in appreciation of his work in Japan. Perry used part of this money to prepare and publish a report of the expedition in three volumes, titled
294:
on an official mission with two ships, including one warship armed with seventy-two cannons, asking for ports to be opened for trade, but his requests for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful.
843:
lost his temper and threatened to bring 100 ships (more than the actual size of the US Navy at the time) within 20 days to war on Japan. Both sides eventually compromised on the tiny village of
1492:
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy
429:(with 4,000 cartridges), 20 percussion pistols (with 2,000 cartridges), 20 artillery swords, 20 muskets with Maynard percussion locks and 40 light cavalry sabers, as well as 100
714:), where he was allowed to land on 14 July. Perry went ashore with considerable pomp, landing with 250 sailors and Marines in 15 ships’ boats after a 13-gun salute from
885:
to American ships, provided for care of shipwrecked sailors, and the establishment of an American consulate in Shimoda. The treaty was signed on the Japanese side by
854:
Three weeks of negotiation ensued, accompanied by diplomatic gestures such as the exchange of state gifts. The Americans presented the Japanese with a miniature
232:
Perry was well aware of the difficulties involved in attempting to establish relations with Japan and initially protested that he would prefer to command the
927:
under Perry's supervision, using the written materials compiled by Perry and his colleagues during the expedition. It was first presented as a report to the
1858:
1734:
236:
of the U.S. Navy instead of being assigned to yet another attempt to open Japan, which he considered unlikely to succeed. Relevant precedents included:
168:
were all contributing factors in the decision by President Fillmore to dispatch an expedition to Japan. The Americans were also driven by concepts of
1495:, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
964:
2024:
726:
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and by Ido "Iwami-no-kami" Hiromichi. Perry's squadron eventually departed on 17 July for the Chinese coast, promising to return for a reply.
847:, where a purpose-built hall was erected. Perry landed on 8 March with 500 sailors and Marines in 27 ships' boats, with three bands playing "
441:
329:
they had the unfortunate Commodore Biddle. Perry also refused to allow any professional diplomats to accompany the expedition. He asked the
1723:
313:
In advance of his voyage, Perry read widely amongst available books about Japan. His research also included consultation with the renowned
2014:
249:
1691:
425:. Perry also received permission to take government stores as gifts for the natives, especially obsolete small arms. These included 40
216:
1738:
2059:
2054:
1796:
1781:
743:
After Perry's departure, an extensive debate ensued within the shogunal court on how to respond to the American's implied threats.
301:
sailed to Nagasaki, leading at last to the first successful negotiation by an American with Japan. James Glynn recommended to the
2064:
1712:
525:(May 4–17), where he met with the Dutch-born American diplomat Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the
233:
1402:
1142:
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obtain any exclusive privileges. Perry thus returned on 13 February 1854 with eight vessels and 1600 men. The fleet had lost
2039:
1726:
1308:
935:
on the retired list (when his health began to fail) as a reward for his services. He was known to have suffered severe
783:
1626:
The Americans in Japan: an abridgment of the Government narrative of the US expedition to Japan, under Commodore Perry
1801:
1658:
1264:
1231:
1197:
1167:
1640:
1629:
1607:
Hones, Sheila, and Yasuo Endo. "History, distance and text: narratives of the 1853–1854 Perry expedition to Japan."
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1833:
101:
if necessary. The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the
17:
696:
and by political indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On 11 July, senior
573:
283:, an American merchant ship. The ship was attacked several times and sailed back without completing its mission.
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1825:
1715:
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and negotiation of trade agreements with various nations of the region. Opening contact with the government of
413:. Commander Henry A. Adams became the Commodore's chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major
1883:
1806:
1786:
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184:
183:
By the early 19th century, the Japanese policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, Dutch
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and a letter which told them that in case they chose combat, the Americans would necessarily vanquish them.
248:
upon the request of the Dutch, who were not able to send their own ships because of their conflict with the
1523:
Artifacts of diplomacy: Smithsonian collections from Commodore Matthew Perry's Japan Expedition (1853–1854)
979:
791:
Although he had told the Japanese that he would return the following year, Perry soon learned that Russian
446:
320:. Siebold spent eight years working, teaching, and studying at the isolated Dutch island-trading post of
116:. Following the expedition, Japan's burgeoning trade routes with the world led to the cultural trend of
1899:
1843:
1766:
418:
406:
1577:
The Perry Expedition and the "Opening of Japan to the West," 1853–1873: A Short History with Documents
1469:
Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan
1992:
1873:
1853:
1677:
317:
80:
60:") was a diplomatic and military expedition in two separate voyages (1852–1853 and 1854–1855) to the
1490:
76:
was considered a top priority of the expedition, and was one of the key reasons for its inception.
2049:
989:
848:
394:
287:
224:, was a senior-ranking officer in the United States Navy, and had extensive diplomatic experience.
133:
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A miniature steam locomotive which was presented by the expedition and exhibited to great acclaim.
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saw an opportunity to open trade by trying to return to Japan three Japanese sailors (among them,
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272:
245:
2034:
2029:
1848:
1541:
A Scientist with Perry in Japan : the Journal of Dr. James Morrow. Edited by Allan B. Cole
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874:
828:
352:
346:
302:
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1932:
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613:. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of
502:
376:
1938:
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1529:
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that left him in frequent pain, that on occasion prevented him from fulfilling his duties.
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804:
173:
69:
8:
822:
816:
388:
382:
358:
201:
68:. The goals of this expedition included exploration, surveying, and the establishment of
2019:
1944:
1838:
1761:
1586:
Fullilove, Courtney. "Gift and Gunboat: Meanings of Exchange in the Perry Expedition."
1312:
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and advised that his defenses were totally inadequate to repel the Americans by force.
241:
109:
65:
61:
839:
arrived loaded with coal and stores on 19 March, bringing the total strength to nine.
30:
1614:
Macleod, Julia H., et al. "Three Letters Relating to the Perry Expedition to Japan."
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1512:
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in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and even purchased a plot of land.
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battery at the entrance of Tokyo, built in 1853–54 to prevent an American incursion
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638:
510:
426:
314:
221:
169:
161:
125:
90:
83:
1979:
1966:
1904:
931:
in 1856 and later published commercially. Perry was also promoted to the rank of
751:
590:
582:
264:
253:
1394:
Captains of the Old Steam Navy: Makers of the American Naval Tradition 1840–1880
1959:
1863:
1756:
1309:"Perry Ceremony Today; Japanese and U. S. Officials to Mark 100th Anniversary".
921:
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan
545:
541:
526:
197:
193:
1521:
750:
died days after Perry's departure, and was succeeded by his sickly young son,
687:
The Japanese government was paralyzed due to the incapacitation by illness of
633:
2008:
944:
886:
863:
719:
562:
557:. Knowing that his every action would be reported to Japanese authorities in
462:
430:
338:
334:
276:
209:
102:
621:, cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell.
393:. To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in the
1791:
1664:
932:
792:
702:
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in Japan on 8 July 1853. His fleet at this time consisted of four vessels:
554:
414:
205:
177:
105:
1427:
754:, leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders (
298:
57:
1483:, The Pacific Historical Review, vol. 22, no. 1, (1953), pp. 29–37.
1137:. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 158.
1619:
948:
681:
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and was allowed to meet Captain Franklin, whom he advised to travel to
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550:
936:
756:
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119:
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in order to protect Edo from a subsequent American naval incursion.
762:
689:
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in waters off Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential
1669:
1481:
Science vs. the Military: Dr. James Morrow and the Perry Expedition
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902:
882:
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wrestlers performed feats of strength and held exhibition matches.
844:
723:
661:
522:
466:
458:
268:
93:. Perry's primary goal was to force an end to Japan's 220-year-old
1160:
The Routledge Handbook of American Military and Diplomatic History
594:
470:
330:
97:
and to open Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of
1555:
The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas
1295:
The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan
1256:
Black Ships Off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry's Expedition
513:
translations of Perry's official letters, and rendezvoused with
1653:
772:
736:
627:
486:
325:
321:
157:
129:
94:
271:) who had been shipwrecked a few years before on the coast of
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that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of
732:
494:
153:
73:
718:. Major Zeilin's Marines presented arms, and a band played "
1816:
952:
867:
165:
1595:
Commodore Matthew Perry and the Perry expedition to Japan
614:
558:
501:(April 7–28). There he met with American-born Sinologist
449:
of Perry (center) and other high-ranking American seamen.
722:". President Fillmore's letter was formally received by
1534:
Old Bruin: Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1796–1858
1282:
Matthew Calbraith Perry: antebellum sailor and diplomat
421:) was the ranking Marine officer, and was stationed on
1637:
A journal of the Perry Expedition to Japan (1853–1854)
1543:. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press.
217:
American expansion across the North American continent
1368:
1366:
1465:
897:
240:
From 1797 to 1809, several American ships traded in
34:
A 1854 Japanese print depicting the Perry Expedition
1859:
An Act for the Admission of the State of California
914:After Perry returned to the United States in 1855,
1526:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1363:
1223:Arms and Men: A Study in American Military History
637:, Nakajima Saburosuke, accompanied by interpreter
568:
436:
305:that negotiations to open Japan be backed up by a
180:on what they perceived as backward Asian nations.
1390:
1158:Schroeder, John (2014). Thompson, Antonio (ed.).
2006:
965:List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868
345:The expedition was assigned the steam warships
108:, and eventually to the collapse of the ruling
51:
1397:. Naval Institute Press. p. 25, note 22.
778:
469:on 24 November 1852. Perry made port calls at
1685:
1450:'Old Bruin' Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry
1181:
1179:
803:of the original four, and now also included:
309:, thus paving the way for Perry's expedition.
27:1853–54 US naval expedition to Tokugawa Japan
1624:Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Robert Tomes.
453:Perry chose the black-hulled paddle-wheeled
117:
172:and the desire to impose the "benefits" of
1692:
1678:
1557:, Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co.
1539:Morrow, James, and Allan B. Cole. (1947).
1341:
1176:
1132:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1157:
1797:1856 United States presidential election
1782:1848 United States presidential election
1252:
1135:Annapolis, City on the Severn: A History
901:
782:
731:
572:
440:
324:in Nagasaki harbour before returning to
143:
29:
1428:"Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan"
1185:
1016:
873:Finally, on 31 March, Perry signed the
544:from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of
14:
2025:United States Navy in the 19th century
2007:
1219:
652:Kayama Eizaemon, pretending to be the
1673:
1189:The Perry Mission to Japan, 1853–1854
894:was formally signed on 11 July 1854.
152:Growing commerce between America and
1699:
1665:Perry Visits Japan: A Visual History
1536:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
259:In 1837, an American businessman in
1727:Vice President of the United States
1597:(The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004).
1284:by John H. Schroeder p. 286 Note 44
1100:English Knowledge on Preble Logbook
24:
2015:Expeditions from the United States
1628:(D. Appleton & Company, 1857)
1601:
1569:
1090:Sewell, pp. xxxiv–xxxv, xlix, lvi.
25:
2076:
1854:Indian Appropriations Act of 1851
1802:1856 American National Convention
1646:
1162:. Routledge. p. Chapter 29.
1067:"Aulick, John H. (ca. 1791–1873)"
1042:"Aulick, John H. (ca. 1791–1873)"
898:Return to the United States, 1855
866:, while a number of high-ranking
204:, to attempt to return seventeen
1988:
1987:
1834:Inauguration of Millard Fillmore
1815:
1652:
1472:(Thesis). University of Arizona.
536:Perry then switched his flag to
505:(who had been to Japan with the
79:The expedition was commanded by
2060:1854 in international relations
2055:1853 in international relations
1609:Journal of Historical Geography
1448:Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1967).
1442:
1420:
1411:
1384:
1375:
1354:
1328:
1319:
1302:
1297:Yosaburō Takekoshi pp. 285–286
1288:
1273:
1246:
1213:
1151:
569:Threat of force and negotiation
437:First visit to Japan, 1852–1853
164:by European colonial powers in
2065:Presidency of Millard Fillmore
1716:President of the United States
1126:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1059:
1034:
1003:
227:
13:
1:
1884:1852 Whig National Convention
1807:1856 Whig National Convention
1787:1848 Whig National Convention
1772:1844 Whig National Convention
1466:Arnold, Bruce Makoto (2005).
1459:
363:, the armed store steamships
208:Japanese sailors residing in
139:
1616:Huntington Library Quarterly
1520:Houchins, Chang-su. (1995).
1226:. Rutgers University Press.
1186:Beasley, William G. (2002).
1071:www.encyclopediavirginia.org
1046:www.encyclopediavirginia.org
980:Yokohama Archives of History
889:. Perry then dispatched the
202:American East India Squadron
7:
1639:(Kelly & Walsh, 1910).
958:
906:A bust of Matthew Perry in
779:Second visit to Japan, 1854
727:Toda "Izu-no-kami" Ujiyoshi
481:(January 24 – February 3),
215:The letter also boasted of
156:, the presence of American
52:
10:
2081:
2040:1850s in the United States
1900:Statue of Millard Fillmore
1844:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1391:James C. Bradford (2013).
877:which opened the ports of
577:Commodore Matthew Perry's
419:United States Marine Corps
417:(future commandant of the
114:restoration of the Emperor
1954:
1913:
1892:
1874:Illinois Central Railroad
1824:
1813:
1749:
1707:
1546:Schroeder, John. (2001).
1269:– via Google Books.
1253:Walworth, Arthur (2008).
1242:– via Google Books.
1209:– via Google Books.
1133:McWilliams, Jane (2011).
375:, and the sailing sloops
318:Philipp Franz von Siebold
66:United States Naval corps
62:Tokugawa shogunate (徳川幕府)
47:
1635:Williams, Samuel Wells.
1553:Sewall, John S. (1905).
1550:. Naval Institute Press.
996:
992:, similar event in Korea
990:General Sherman incident
849:The Star-Spangled Banner
529:, and rendezvoused with
447:Japanese woodblock print
1927:Millard Powers Fillmore
1548:Matthew Calbraith Perry
1515:at the Internet Archive
1220:Millis, Walter (1981).
672:, sent a report to the
509:in 1837), who provided
222:Matthew Calbraith Perry
148:Commodore Matthew Perry
84:Matthew Calbraith Perry
1849:Swamp Land Act of 1850
1757:Millard Fillmore House
1741:(1833–1835, 1837–1843)
923:. This was written by
911:
875:Convention of Kanagawa
788:
740:
589:Perry finally reached
586:
450:
307:demonstration of force
303:United States Congress
234:Mediterranean Squadron
149:
124:, in which aspects of
118:
35:
2045:19th century in Tokyo
1933:Mary Abigail Fillmore
1777:University at Buffalo
1611:32.3 (2006): 563–578.
1575:Clark, Paul Hendrix.
1530:Morison, Samuel Eliot
1349:The Meiji Restoration
1029:The Meiji Restoration
1011:The Meiji Restoration
905:
786:
735:
576:
549:with the Ryukyu King
503:Samuel Wells Williams
444:
196:authorized Commodore
147:
33:
1939:Caroline C. Fillmore
1869:Millard County, Utah
1661:at Wikimedia Commons
1590:42.1 (2018): 90–108.
1430:. Ben Griffiths 2005
1381:Sewall, pp. 243–264.
1325:Sewall, pp. 183–195.
1192:. Psychology Press.
929:United States Senate
395:Mexican–American War
174:Western civilization
86:, under orders from
70:diplomatic relations
1735:U.S. Representative
1417:Sewall, p. lxxxvii.
1110:Sewall, p. xxxviii.
619:Paixhans shell guns
593:at the entrance to
493:(March 25–29), and
286:In 1846, Commander
200:, commander of the
95:policy of isolation
64:by warships of the
1975:← George M. Dallas
1945:Nathaniel Fillmore
1839:Compromise of 1850
1762:Anti-Masonic Party
1593:Wittner, David G.
1588:Diplomatic History
1372:Hawks, p. 431, 438
1313:The New York Times
912:
789:
741:
587:
540:and called on the
521:. He continued to
485:(February 18–28),
473:(December 11–15),
451:
261:Canton (Guangzhou)
178:Christian religion
150:
128:influenced art in
110:Tokugawa shogunate
56:, "Arrival of the
36:
2002:
2001:
1980:William R. King →
1967:Franklin Pierce →
1657:Media related to
1618:(1943): 228–237.
1477:Dupree, A. Hunter
1404:978-1-59114-054-2
1144:978-0-8018-9659-0
985:Pacific Overtures
975:Meiji Restoration
908:Shimoda, Shizuoka
796:Yevfimiy Putyatin
563:Ogasawara Islands
477:(January 10–11),
427:M1819 Hall rifles
399:Franklin Buchanan
297:In 1849, Captain
99:gunboat diplomacy
16:(Redirected from
2072:
1991:
1990:
1960:← Zachary Taylor
1921:Abigail Fillmore
1879:Perry Expedition
1819:
1742:
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970:History of Japan
925:Francis L. Hawks
856:steam locomotive
748:Tokugawa Ieyoshi
694:Tokugawa Ieyoshi
639:Hori Tatsunosuke
511:Chinese-language
170:manifest destiny
162:coaling stations
126:Japanese culture
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91:Millard Fillmore
55:
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40:Perry Expedition
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18:Opening of Japan
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781:
752:Tokugawa Iesada
710:(in modern-day
641:, rowed out to
583:Brooklyn Museum
571:
489:(March 10–15),
439:
409:was captain of
401:was captain of
265:Charles W. King
254:Napoleonic Wars
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290:, anchored in
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250:United Kingdom
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53:kurofune raikō
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277:Uraga Channel
275:. He went to
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1958:
1923:(first wife)
1893:Public image
1878:
1792:Know Nothing
1636:
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1576:
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1432:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1393:
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1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:J. W. Hall,
1330:
1321:
1311:
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1255:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1222:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1159:
1153:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1119:J. W. Hall,
1115:
1106:
1095:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1028:
1010:
1005:
941:
933:rear-admiral
920:
913:
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793:Vice-Admiral
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742:
715:
703:Abe Masahiro
697:
688:
686:
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673:
665:
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656:, called on
653:
649:
648:On 10 July,
647:
642:
632:
626:
623:
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606:
602:
598:
588:
555:Shuri Castle
537:
535:
530:
518:
514:
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454:
452:
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415:Jacob Zeilin
410:
402:
397:. Commander
389:
383:
377:
372:
368:
364:
359:
353:
347:
344:
337:and pioneer
315:Japanologist
312:
288:James Biddle
280:
231:
214:
190:
182:
151:
106:Great Powers
78:
39:
37:
1729:(1849–1850)
1718:(1850–1853)
1351:, s. 90–95.
830:Southampton
716:Susquehanna
666:Uraga bugyō
658:Susquehanna
654:Uraga bugyō
643:Susquehanna
634:Uraga bugyō
603:Mississippi
599:Susquehanna
581:, from the
538:Susquehanna
531:Susquehanna
455:Mississippi
423:Mississippi
403:Susquehanna
373:Southampton
354:Susquehanna
348:Mississippi
299:James Glynn
252:during the
228:Preparation
206:shipwrecked
58:Black Ships
2009:Categories
1935:(daughter)
1826:Presidency
1767:Whig Party
1563:054820912X
1532:. (1967).
1489:. (1856).
1460:References
1338:, p. 211.
1239:2015-03-09
949:rheumatism
812:Macedonian
682:white flag
579:Black Ship
411:Macedonian
407:Joel Abbot
378:Macedonian
273:Washington
246:Dutch flag
244:under the
140:Background
2020:Bakumatsu
1123:, p. 207.
937:arthritis
806:Lexington
631:from the
499:Hong Kong
491:Singapore
483:Mauritius
479:Cape Town
475:St Helena
365:Lexington
120:Japonisme
88:President
81:Commodore
1993:Category
1947:(father)
1513:volume 4
1509:volume 3
1505:volume 2
1501:volume 1
1013:, p. 88.
959:See also
916:Congress
891:Saratoga
883:Hakodate
860:Powhatan
845:Yokohama
824:Vandalia
818:Powhatan
801:Plymouth
724:hatamoto
712:Yokosuka
708:Kurihama
662:Nagasaki
611:Saratoga
607:Plymouth
523:Shanghai
519:Saratoga
515:Plymouth
507:Morrison
467:Virginia
459:flagship
390:Saratoga
384:Plymouth
360:Powhatan
333:painter
281:Morrison
269:Otokichi
242:Nagasaki
176:and the
112:and the
44:Japanese
1452:p. 431.
1205:Jul 12,
1076:Jul 12,
1051:Jul 12,
1031:, p. 78
879:Shimoda
763:daimyōs
595:Edo Bay
551:Shō Tai
471:Madeira
457:as his
292:Edo Bay
158:whalers
134:America
103:western
1914:Family
1641:online
1630:online
1620:online
1581:online
1561:
1401:
1263:
1230:
1196:
1166:
1141:
836:Supply
827:, and
773:Odaiba
745:Shōgun
737:Odaiba
690:Shōgun
674:shōgun
650:yoriki
628:yoriki
487:Ceylon
387:, and
371:, and
369:Supply
357:, and
331:German
326:Leiden
322:Dejima
263:named
130:Europe
1929:(son)
1739:NY–32
1336:Japan
1121:Japan
997:Notes
947:, of
591:Uraga
495:Macao
279:with
154:China
74:Japan
1750:Life
1737:for
1724:12th
1713:13th
1559:ISBN
1436:2009
1399:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1207:2020
1194:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1078:2020
1053:2020
953:gout
881:and
868:sumo
757:rōjū
699:rōjū
609:and
517:and
497:and
405:and
166:Asia
132:and
48:黒船来航
38:The
851:."
615:Edo
559:Edo
553:at
2011::
1511:,
1507:,
1503:,
1479:,
1365:^
1178:^
1069:.
1044:.
1018:^
955:.
833:.
821:,
815:,
809:,
668:,
605:,
601:,
533:.
465:,
445:A
433:.
381:,
367:,
351:,
136:.
50:,
46::
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1632:.
1583:.
1565:.
1438:.
1407:.
1172:.
1147:.
1080:.
1055:.
910:.
585:.
256:.
42:(
20:)
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