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rivers, and approach one another in a pincer-like formation at the northeastern half of the peninsula. Here, both walls terminate just before converging, allowing for a small entrance. Two ancient "pedestal" mounds— one 35 feet (11 m) in diameter and the other 48 feet (15 m) in diameter— are located on either side of the structure's entrance. The entrance continues through a 120-foot (37 m) L-shaped corridor, which opens into the structure's interior.
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281:(the section of the Duck River upstream from its confluence with the Little Duck is sometimes called "Barren Fork"). The Duck River forms the peninsula's northwestern boundary, the Little Duck forms the peninsula's southeastern boundary, and a westward bend in the Little Duck forms the peninsula's southern boundary. The walled area of the structure encompasses approximately 50 acres (200,000 m). (
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outward, are 2,116 feet (645 m) long. Large open sections are found between the southern wall, the northwestern wall, the southern wall, and the southeastern wall. These areas were probably left open because they overlook steep bluffs carved out by the Duck and Little Duck rivers, whose waters probably performed the same function as the mounds.
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In 1966, after the purchase of the Old Stone Fort, the
University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology investigated the structure's origins. Digging a series of trenches and test pits and conducting extensive research, the investigators determined the builders to be Native Americans of the Middle
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The walls of the Old Stone Fort consist of stone and earthwork and are, on average, approximately 4–6 feet high. They originally consisted of an inner and outer layer of crudely stacked rocks and slabs with gravel and earthen fill in between. Over the centuries, the earthen fill has spilled over the
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The property containing the Old Stone Fort was eventually passed to the
Chumbley family, who had ties to Stone Fort Paper. The Chumbleys, seeking to protect the Old Stone Fort, passed up numerous private offers for the land on which the ancient structure was located. In 1966, the State of Tennessee
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The walls can be divided into roughly three sections, with two sections running approximately parallel to the Duck and Little Duck Rivers and a third section running parallel to the southern rim of the peninsula. The sections paralleling the rivers gradually move inward, away from their respective
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The powerful Duck River made the Old Stone Fort's peninsula an attractive site for mills as early as 1823 when Samuel Murray built a rope factory on the Little Duck River. Although the factory burned in 1847, it was followed by W.S. Whitman's paper mill further downstream in 1852. In 1862, Whitman
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known as the
Highland Rim. As the Duck and Little Duck approach their convergence, they rapidly drop in elevation and have cut relatively deep gorges around the peninsula upon which the ancient structure is located. A series of substantial waterfalls and whitewater rapids highlight both gorges.
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By the time white long hunters and traders arrived in the area in the mid-18th century, a system of well-worn trails traversed the
Cumberland Plateau, connecting what is now Middle Tennessee with Georgia and Northern Alabama. One trail passed near the Old Stone Fort, closely following what is now
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The Old Stone Fort Museum, built by
Tennessee State Parks, is located near the entrance of Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park. The museum's exhibits interpret the theories regarding the fort's builders, archaeological excavations at the site, small theater, small welcome/gift shop center,
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The fort's northwestern walls (following the Duck River) are approximately 1,394 feet (425 m) long, and the southeastern walls (following the Little Duck) are approximately 1,094 feet (333 m) in length. The southern walls, which are straight except for an area where the ridge bulges
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A substantial ditch, known as the "moat", parallels the southern wall at the base of the ridge. This ditch is a natural feature and is an abandoned river channel. However, it is not known if this channel was artificially kept open in prehistory.
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towns. The structure also had an important symbolic significance for early Coffee County residents. The county's first court was held at the "Old Stone Fort Tavern" in 1836, and the county seat was laid out upon "Main Stone Fort Creek."
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historical lineage of early Native
Americans, and the culture of its builders. An observation deck atop the museum displays information about the Old Stone Fort and surrounding rivers and views of the Blue Hole Falls.
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For decades, it was largely assumed the structure was used for military defense. However, evidence from the 1966 excavations points more to a religious or ceremonial function. Faulkner based this on the following:
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purchased 400 acres (1.6 km) of the
Chumbley estate that became the core of Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park. The Old Stone Fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
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troops the following year. In 1879, the Stone Fort Paper
Company built a large mill near Big Falls on the Duck River. The mill supplied paper to newspapers throughout the Southeast— including the
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Between 1966 and 1971, five Middle
Woodland settlements were discovered within 20 miles (32 km) of the Old Stone Fort, including a substantial habitation area 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream.
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The
University of Tennessee determined that the fort had been built gradually over several hundred years. The builders are believed to be two distinct local Middle Woodland cultures known as the
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and the discovery of apparent Viking artifacts in various parts of North America led many to believe the Vikings built stone structures in the Eastern U.S.A., including the Old Stone Fort.
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The "moat" that parallels the base of the southwestern edge of the peninsula was originally considered artificial, although researchers now believe it may be a natural dry riverbed.
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in 1876 and uncovered several prehistoric artifacts. He was followed by Tennessee State Archaeologist P.E. Cox in 1928, who dug several trenches and analyzed the fort's composition.
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Close up of the falls directly at the beginning of the trail--can be seen from on the patio above the museum, or close up if using a dirt trail adjacent to the concrete walkways
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The 1966 excavations turned up almost no cultural artifacts, which implies the enclosure was kept clean and not continuously inhabited by its builders.
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Defensive structures are typically constructed quickly in response to a threat, but the Old Stone Fort was gradually built over several centuries.
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conducted archaeological excavations in 1966. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, various theories tried to identify the builders.
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This picture was taken from one of the provided benches between the 7 and 8 map markers towards the end of summer and beginning of fall
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The Old Stone Fort: Exploring an Archaeological Mystery (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1971), 3-6, 35-36, 50-51.
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The structure's composition, setting, and layout are similar to other structures built by Middle Woodland cultures, such as the
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after one of their ships wrecked off the coast of Florida and forced them inland. In the mid-20th century, the discoveries at
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The area within the walls is large, and its defense would require much more than a typical Middle Woodland fighting force.
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of charcoal samples found within the structure's walls all dated to approximately 30-430 AD in the Middle Woodland period.
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374:. The ancient structure was undoubtedly a vital landmark to early travelers in the Middle Tennessee area.
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304:. Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park encompasses 876 acres (3.55 km) and is managed by the
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The walls are not high enough to have been used for defense, and no evidence of a palisade was found.
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Woodland period. Charles Faulkner, a member of the excavation team, based this on three findings:
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The ruins of the Stone Fort Paper Mill near Big Falls at the Old Stone Fort's northwestern section
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The first serious investigation of the Old Stone Fort was conducted by Joseph Jones for the
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230:, in the Southeastern United States. Most likely built between 80 and 550 AD during the
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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The Old Stone Fort's entrance, with the "pedestal" mounds on the right and left
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
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The Old Stone Fort is located on a peninsula formed by the confluence of the
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Big Falls on the Duck River, below the Old Stone Fort's northwestern section
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The Old Stone Fort is located entirely within Coffee County, just west of
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The natural water power in these two gorges attracted entrepreneurs and
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The Duck River system spills over a limestone-rich shelf of the western
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2087:
1478:
1065:
908:
294:
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3179:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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52:
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rock layers, giving the walls their current mound-like appearance.
245:, one of two archaeological parks in Tennessee (the other being at
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1919:
1841:
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and was likely used for ceremonial purposes rather than defense.
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National Register of Historic Places in Coffee County, Tennessee
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built a powder factory adjacent to his paper mill to supply the
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1535:
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Information in the section obtained from Charles Faulkner,
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newspaper, argued Buccaneers built the Old Stone Fort from
348:
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655:(Nashville, Tenn.: Tennessee Book Company, 1965), 10.
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Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
306:
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
2781:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
381:, led by Major James Ore in the latter part of the
59:
Explorations of the Aboriginal Remains of Tennessee
3333:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
872:- TN History for Kids, park description and photos
105:
80:
3569:Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area
2812:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
608:The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
4437:
3254:
510:
440:The Old Stone Fort remained a mystery until the
427:
3366:Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
3204:National Register of Historic Places portal
1667:
905:
940:List of archaeological periods (North America)
436:Looking across the Old Stone Fort's south wall
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2736:
1653:
891:
777:
775:
773:
3394:Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail
630:
628:
544:
4481:Protected areas of Coffee County, Tennessee
1582:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
3315:Manhattan Project National Historical Park
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3233:
2743:
2729:
1660:
1646:
898:
884:
770:
423:The Old Stone Fort's builders and function
51:
2752:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2168:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1026:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
625:
40:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1101:Seip Earthworks and Dill Mounds District
864:Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park
604:Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park
548:
514:
431:
360:
352:
323:
315:
264:
243:Old Stone Fort State Archaeological Park
3310:Cumberland Gap National Historical Park
1434:Crystal River Archaeological State Park
1126:Williamson Mound Archeological District
4438:
4302:Stones River Cedar Glade & Barrens
3399:Trail of Tears National Historic Trail
598:
596:
568:Fort Mountain (Murray County, Georgia)
349:The Old Stone Fort in recorded history
4122:Gattinger’s Cedar Glade & Barrens
3305:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site
3228:
2724:
1641:
1153:Carrier Mills Archaeological District
879:
260:
4456:Native American museums in Tennessee
610:(2009). Retrieved: 11 October 2012.
255:National Register of Historic Places
57:Map of the fort from Joseph Jones's
16:Archaeological site in Tennessee, US
4476:Museums in Coffee County, Tennessee
4461:Archaeological museums in Tennessee
4420:Tennessee Department of Agriculture
4172:John & Hester Lane Cedar Glades
4117:Flat Rock Cedar Glade & Barrens
3389:Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail
3285:Great Smoky Mountains National Park
2639:Norse colonization of North America
593:
312:The structure of the Old Stone Fort
13:
4486:Pre-statehood history of Tennessee
3338:Fort Donelson National Battlefield
3167:National Historic Preservation Act
1340:Marksville Prehistoric Indian Site
836:"Home - The Old Stone Fort Museum"
328:The interior of the Old Stone Fort
14:
4507:
3670:Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail
3384:Appalachian National Scenic Trail
3348:Stones River National Battlefield
1307:Renner Village Archeological Site
1229:Albany Mounds State Historic Site
857:
709:The Mystery of the Old Stone Fort
4403:Catoosa Wildlife Management Area
3209:
3208:
3197:
1134:
907:
104:
97:
79:
72:
3427:National Wild and Scenic Rivers
2659:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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814:
801:
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753:
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727:
714:
590:; TN Government online – Parks;
3120:Federated States of Micronesia
2766:Architectural style categories
1612:Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks
1425:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture
1302:Cloverdale archaeological site
701:
684:
671:
658:
645:
613:
579:
253:). The site is listed on the
197:
1:
4212:North Chickamauga Creek Gorge
4062:Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lee Carter
3343:Shiloh National Military Park
1312:Trowbridge Archeological Site
1259:Naples Archeological District
679:The Mystery of Old Stone Fort
666:The Mystery of Old Stone Fort
653:The Mystery of Old Stone Fort
573:
511:Purpose of the Old Stone Fort
428:Who built the Old Stone Fort?
297:throughout the 19th century.
241:The structure is now part of
113:Show map of the United States
4102:Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade
2624:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2574:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1622:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1363:Bynum Mound and Village Site
1345:Mott Archaeological Preserve
21:United States historic place
7:
4372:William R. Davenport Refuge
4057:Carroll Cabin Barrens Glade
2008:Bandelier National Monument
1882:List of Mississippian sites
1669:Pre-Columbian North America
1244:Golden Eagle-Toppmeyer Site
561:
492:builders in West Tennessee.
10:
4512:
3675:Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork
3172:Historic Preservation Fund
3151:American Legation, Morocco
2428:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2033:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1742:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1520:Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)
1132:
553:The Old Stone Fort Museum.
4415:
4390:
4017:
3929:
3856:
3728:Bicentennial Capitol Mall
3718:
3635:David Crockett Birthplace
3605:
3596:
3559:
3491:
3445:National Wildlife Refuges
3443:
3425:
3407:
3374:
3358:National recreation areas
3356:
3323:
3293:
3275:
3266:
3192:
3159:
3138:
3113:Lists by associated state
3112:
3071:
2804:
2758:
2697:
2669:Three Sisters agriculture
2524:
2456:
1988:
1717:
1675:
1574:
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1488:Other Hopewellian peoples
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1419:
1391:
1353:
1320:
1292:
1219:
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1111:Shriver Circle Earthworks
948:
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545:The Old Stone Fort Museum
208:
196:NRHP reference
195:
185:
177:
140:
130:
122:
66:
50:
46:
37:
30:
26:
4466:State parks of Tennessee
4082:Crowder Cemetery Barrens
3417:Cherokee National Forest
3094:Northern Mariana Islands
2208:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1767:Buttermilk Creek complex
822:"The Old Stone Fort map"
228:Coffee County, Tennessee
4292:Stillhouse Hollow Falls
4197:Lucius Burch Jr. Forest
3748:Cordell Hull Birthplace
3325:National Military Parks
2408:Town Creek Indian Mound
2378:Sierra de San Francisco
2233:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1393:Point Peninsula complex
1221:Havana Hopewell culture
1121:Tremper Mound and Works
1056:Nettle Lake Mound Group
488:people of Ohio and the
468:Smithsonian Institution
442:University of Tennessee
4287:Sneed Road Cedar Glade
4202:Manus Road Cedar Glade
4077:Couchville Cedar Glade
3896:Nathan Bedford Forrest
3531:Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock
3376:National Trails System
3089:Minor Outlying Islands
3072:Lists by insular areas
2786:Keeper of the Register
2063:Coso Rock Art District
1950:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1853:List of Hopewell sites
1505:Fourche Maline culture
1464:Swift Creek mound site
1284:Toolesboro Mound Group
930:List of Hopewell sites
554:
520:
437:
402:; it was destroyed by
383:Cherokee–American wars
366:
358:
329:
321:
270:
232:Middle Woodland period
4352:Walterhill Floodplain
4312:Sunnybell Cedar Glade
4242:Powell River Preserve
4177:John Noel at Bon Aqua
4052:Campbell Bend Barrens
3584:Natchez Trace Parkway
3561:Other protected areas
2791:National Park Service
2771:Contributing property
2471:Arlington Springs Man
2313:Portsmouth Earthworks
1091:Rocky Fork Enclosures
1086:Portsmouth Earthworks
1031:Indian Mound Cemetery
996:Everett Knoll Complex
866:— official site
552:
518:
435:
364:
356:
327:
319:
302:Manchester, Tennessee
268:
226:structure located in
162:35.48278°N 86.10778°W
135:Manchester, Tennessee
88:Show map of Tennessee
4491:Archaeological parks
4398:Buffalo Ridge Refuge
4362:Watauga River Bluffs
4112:Fate Sanders Barrens
3886:Meeman-Shelby Forest
3620:Booker T. Washington
3536:Little Frog Mountain
3146:District of Columbia
2679:Transoceanic contact
2569:Container Revolution
2143:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2108:Etowah Indian Mounds
1439:Etowah Indian Mounds
1294:Kansas City Hopewell
1145:Crab Orchard culture
1006:Fortified Hill Works
479:Radiocarbon analysis
413:Atlanta Constitution
379:Nickajack Expedition
126:732 Stone Fort Drive
4446:Hopewellian peoples
4297:Stinging Fork Falls
4107:Falling Water Falls
4019:State natural areas
3630:Cumberland Mountain
3295:National historical
2599:Green Corn Ceremony
2413:Turkey River Mounds
2203:Lake Jackson Mounds
2023:Blue Spring Shelter
1421:Swift Creek culture
1406:Serpent Mounds Park
1041:Marietta Earthworks
1011:Great Hopewell Road
991:Ety Habitation Site
914:Hopewellian peoples
840:theoldstonefort.org
602:Charles Faulkner, "
505:Owl Hollow cultures
167:35.48278; -86.10778
158: /
4471:Forts in Tennessee
4377:Wilson School Road
4137:Hampton Creek Cove
4097:Duck River Complex
3833:Sgt. Alvin C. York
2684:Underwater panther
2358:Rosenstock Village
2228:Marmes Rockshelter
2213:L'Anse aux Meadows
1627:Underwater panther
1551:Fresh water pearls
1529:Exotic trade items
1454:Miner's Creek site
1411:LeVescounte Mounds
1322:Marksville culture
1279:Sinnissippi Mounds
1211:Norton Mound group
1076:Perin Village Site
1021:Hopeton Earthworks
809:The Old Stone Fort
796:The Old Stone Fort
783:The Old Stone Fort
761:The Old Stone Fort
748:The Old Stone Fort
735:The Old Stone Fort
722:The Old Stone Fort
692:The Old Stone Fort
636:The Old Stone Fort
555:
521:
461:L'Anse aux Meadows
453:Jackson, Tennessee
438:
367:
359:
330:
322:
290:Cumberland Plateau
271:
261:Geographic setting
4433:
4432:
4411:
4410:
4357:Washmorgan Hollow
4327:Vesta Cedar Glade
4257:Roundtop Mountain
3944:Cedars of Lebanon
3803:Mousetail Landing
3743:Cedars Of Lebanon
3592:
3591:
3579:Gatlinburg Bypass
3574:Foothills Parkway
3511:Big Laurel Branch
3222:
3221:
2776:Historic district
2718:
2717:
2710:Pre-Columbian era
2511:Spirit Cave mummy
2308:Plum Bayou Mounds
2218:Lynch Quarry Site
1737:Ancient Beringian
1635:
1634:
1495:Armstrong culture
1469:Third Gulf Breeze
1269:Ogden-Fettie Site
1178:O'byams Fort site
1173:Mount Vernon Site
1116:Stubbs Earthworks
1096:Rocky Fork Mounds
1061:Newark Earthworks
966:Cary Village Site
279:Little Duck River
222:is a prehistoric
216:
215:
4503:
4367:William B. Clark
4347:Walls of Jericho
4332:Vine Cedar Glade
3979:Martha Sundquist
3906:Pickwick Landing
3866:Big Cypress Tree
3838:South Cumberland
3773:Fall Creek Falls
3719:Middle Tennessee
3640:Fall Creek Falls
3603:
3602:
3546:Sampson Mountain
3501:Bald River Gorge
3493:Wilderness areas
3409:National forests
3273:
3272:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3125:Marshall Islands
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2654:Projectile point
2491:Leanderthal Lady
2418:Upward Sun River
2393:Stallings Island
2383:Shell ring sites
2333:Recapture Canyon
2248:Moorehead Circle
2093:El Fin del Mundo
2078:Cueva de la Olla
1884:
1871:Maritime Archaic
1855:
1685:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1607:Hopewell pottery
1335:Grand Gulf Mound
1254:Mound House site
1138:
1046:Moorehead Circle
1016:High Banks Works
976:Dunns Pond Mound
971:Cedar-Bank Works
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842:. March 12, 2020
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4272:Sequatchie Cave
4182:Langford Branch
4087:Devils Backbone
4032:Barnett's Woods
4013:
3994:Prentice Cooper
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3798:Montgomery Bell
3720:
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3705:Sycamore Shoals
3665:Indian Mountain
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3439:
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3297:parks and sites
3296:
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3256:Protected areas
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3198:
3196:
3188:
3155:
3134:
3108:
3067:
2800:
2754:
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2719:
2714:
2705:Genetic history
2693:
2547:Ceremonial pipe
2520:
2501:Minnesota Woman
2458:
2452:
2273:Ocmulgee Mounds
2253:Morrison Mounds
2198:Kolomoki Mounds
2188:Kimball Village
2048:Candelaria Cave
1990:
1984:
1965:Suwannee Valley
1900:Old Cordilleran
1880:
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1713:
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1597:Ceremonial pipe
1570:
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1515:Saugeen complex
1483:
1449:Kolomoki Mounds
1427:
1423:
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1387:
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1316:
1288:
1249:Kamp Mound Site
1215:
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1188:Yankeetown site
1139:
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1106:Shawnee Lookout
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925:Woodland period
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4167:Hubbard’s Cave
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4027:Auntney Hollow
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4004:Standing Stone
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3857:West Tennessee
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3850:
3845:
3843:Standing Stone
3840:
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3808:Old Stone Fort
3805:
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3758:David Crockett
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3710:Warriors' Path
3707:
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3660:Hiwassee/Ocoee
3657:
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3606:East Tennessee
3600:
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3563:
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3551:Unaka Mountain
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3277:National parks
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3079:American Samoa
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2629:Mound Builders
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2614:Medicine wheel
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2604:Horned Serpent
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2278:Old Stone Fort
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2243:Moaning Cavern
2240:
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2215:
2210:
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2200:
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2193:Kincaid Mounds
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2073:Cuarenta Casas
2070:
2065:
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2035:
2030:
2028:Bluefish Caves
2025:
2020:
2015:
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1989:Archaeological
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1787:Caloosahatchee
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1772:Caborn-Welborn
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1718:Archaeological
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1617:Horned Serpent
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1578:Related topics
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1500:Copena culture
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1401:Lewiston Mound
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1234:Dickson Mounds
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870:Old Stone Fort
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4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Walker Branch
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Taylor Hollow
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Short Springs
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Grundy Forest
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Big Bone Cave
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Bays Mountain
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Natchez Trace
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3974:Lone Mountain
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3931:State forests
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3916:Reelfoot Lake
3914:
3912:
3911:Pinson Mounds
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Paris Landing
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Natchez Trace
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Big Hill Pond
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Harpeth River
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Cummins Falls
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Burgess Falls
3736:
3734:
3733:Bledsoe Creek
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Seven Islands
3698:
3696:
3695:Roan Mountain
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:Panther Creek
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Pond Mountain
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:Lower Hatchie
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:West Virginia
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:New Hampshire
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Massachusetts
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Falcon dancer
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:Miscellaneous
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Melbourne Man
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:La Brea Woman
2484:
2482:
2481:Kennewick Man
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:Serpent Mound
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Pueblo Bonito
2321:
2319:
2318:Poverty Point
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Pinson Mounds
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Painted Bluff
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Horr's Island
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Effigy Mounds
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Crystal River
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1980:Weeden Island
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Safety Harbor
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Poverty Point
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Paleo-Indians
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:Mississippian
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:
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1845:
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1838:
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1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
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1716:
1710:
1707:
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1697:
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1690:
1687:
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1683:
1678:
1677:
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1628:
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1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1583:
1580:
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1573:
1567:
1564:
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1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Yearwood site
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1383:Pinson Mounds
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Ingomar Mound
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:Goodall focus
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Cleiman Mound
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:Pollock Works
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Ety Enclosure
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
949:Ohio Hopewell
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
915:
910:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
881:
878:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
841:
837:
831:
823:
817:
810:
804:
797:
791:
784:
778:
776:
774:
766:
762:
756:
749:
743:
736:
730:
723:
717:
710:
704:
697:
693:
687:
680:
674:
667:
661:
654:
648:
641:
637:
631:
629:
622:
616:
609:
605:
599:
597:
589:
588:
582:
578:
569:
566:
565:
559:
551:
542:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
525:
517:
508:
506:
502:
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:In 1823, the
445:
443:
434:
420:
416:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
391:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:U.S. Route 41
363:
355:
346:
342:
338:
334:
326:
318:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
291:
286:
284:
283:Click for Map
280:
276:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
247:Pinson Mounds
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:Added to NRHP
207:
204:
201:
194:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
100:
75:
65:
60:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
25:
19:
4337:Virgin Falls
4187:Laurel-Snow
4142:Hawkins Cove
4072:Colditz Cove
3921:T. O. Fuller
3807:
3788:Johnsonville
3783:Henry Horton
3655:Harrison Bay
3645:Fort Loudoun
3516:Citico Creek
3458:Cross Creeks
3018:South Dakota
3008:Rhode Island
3003:Pennsylvania
2983:North Dakota
2689:Water glyphs
2644:Oasisamerica
2634:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2594:Folsom point
2584:Effigy mound
2564:Clovis point
2532:Aridoamerica
2433:Wickiup Hill
2388:Spiro Mounds
2368:Salmon Ruins
2363:Russell Cave
2277:
2158:Helen Blazes
2153:Grimes Point
2133:Fort Juelson
2123:Fort Ancient
2098:El Vallecito
2058:Chaco Canyon
1998:Angel Mounds
1960:Steed-Kisker
1910:Paleo-Arctic
1832:Glacial Kame
1817:Fort Ancient
1709:Post-Classic
1680:
1602:Effigy mound
1592:burial mound
1519:
1444:Leake Mounds
1378:Pharr Mounds
1330:Crooks Mound
1206:Goodall site
1036:Keiter Mound
1001:Fort Ancient
981:Ellis Mounds
961:Benham Mound
844:. Retrieved
839:
830:
816:
808:
803:
795:
790:
782:
764:
760:
755:
747:
742:
734:
729:
721:
716:
708:
703:
695:
691:
686:
678:
673:
665:
660:
652:
647:
639:
635:
620:
615:
607:
586:
581:
556:
540:
522:
498:
490:Pinson Mound
472:
465:
448:
446:
439:
417:
412:
408:
392:
376:
368:
343:
339:
335:
331:
299:
287:
272:
242:
240:
219:
217:
131:Nearest city
58:
18:
4322:Twin Arches
4267:Savage Gulf
4247:Radnor Lake
4237:Pogue Creek
4232:Piney Falls
4227:Ozone Falls
4207:May Prairie
4157:Honey Creek
4152:Hill Forest
4127:Ghost River
4042:Beaman Park
3881:Fort Pillow
3859:state parks
3828:Rock Island
3823:Radnor Lake
3793:Long Hunter
3768:Edgar Evins
3763:Dunbar Cave
3721:state parks
3650:Frozen Head
3608:state parks
3139:Other areas
3099:Puerto Rico
2933:Mississippi
2848:Connecticut
2674:Thunderbird
2542:Black drink
2506:Peñon woman
2443:Winterville
2423:Velda Mound
2403:Taos Pueblo
2298:Parkin Park
2283:Orwell site
2268:Nodena site
2163:Holly Bluff
2138:Four Mounds
2128:Fort Center
2053:Casa Grande
2003:Anzick site
1895:Monongahela
1822:Fort Walton
1797:Coles Creek
1762:Belle Glade
1747:Anishinaabe
1587:Black drink
1459:Pierce Site
1373:Miller Site
1239:Duncan Farm
1183:Wilson site
1163:Hubele site
398:during the
396:Confederacy
387:Chickamauga
295:millwrights
165: /
141:Coordinates
4440:Categories
4252:Riverwoods
4222:Overbridge
4217:Old Forest
4192:Lost Creek
4092:Dry Branch
3964:John Tully
3954:Chuck Swan
3818:Port Royal
3680:Norris Dam
3435:Obed River
3048:Washington
2968:New Mexico
2963:New Jersey
2838:California
2619:Metallurgy
2579:Eden point
2476:Buhl Woman
2348:Rock Eagle
2338:River Styx
2263:Mummy Cave
2258:Moundville
2238:Mesa Verde
2223:Marksville
1970:Tchefuncte
1930:Plaquemine
1866:Las Palmas
1782:Calf Creek
1777:Cades Pond
1566:Sea shells
1479:Yent Mound
1066:Oak Mounds
807:Faulkner,
794:Faulkner,
781:Faulkner,
759:Faulkner,
746:Faulkner,
733:Faulkner,
720:Faulkner,
690:Faulkner,
634:Faulkner,
574:References
275:Duck River
181:0-499 A.D.
150:35°28′58″N
4307:Sunk Lake
4147:Hicks Gap
3949:Chickasaw
3876:Chickasaw
3848:Tims Ford
3625:Cove Lake
3615:Big Ridge
3526:Gee Creek
3483:Tennessee
3468:Lake Isom
3453:Chickasaw
3260:Tennessee
3058:Wisconsin
3023:Tennessee
2928:Minnesota
2903:Louisiana
2664:Stickball
2353:Rock Hawk
2183:Key Marco
1975:Troyville
1955:St. Johns
1940:Red Ocher
1699:Formative
1561:Pipestone
1168:Mann site
956:Beam Farm
707:McMahan,
677:McMahan,
664:McMahan,
501:McFarland
400:Civil War
153:86°6′28″W
4067:Chimneys
3959:Franklin
3690:Red Clay
3506:Big Frog
3478:Reelfoot
3214:Category
3043:Virginia
2993:Oklahoma
2973:New York
2948:Nebraska
2938:Missouri
2923:Michigan
2913:Maryland
2898:Kentucky
2878:Illinois
2853:Delaware
2843:Colorado
2833:Arkansas
2552:Chanunpa
2537:Ballgame
2516:Vero man
2466:Anzick-1
2438:Windover
2398:SunWatch
2328:Rassawek
2148:Glenwood
2038:Brewster
1890:Mogollon
1861:La Jolla
1847:Hopewell
1807:Deptford
1720:cultures
1556:Obsidian
846:July 17,
811:, 53-55.
785:, 28-29.
737:, 23-25.
562:See also
503:and the
486:Hopewell
411:and the
277:and the
203:73001757
123:Location
4009:Stewart
3989:Pickett
3939:Bledsoe
3813:Pickett
3521:Cohutta
3463:Hatchie
3268:Federal
3160:Related
3063:Wyoming
3038:Vermont
2943:Montana
2883:Indiana
2863:Georgia
2858:Florida
2828:Arizona
2818:Alabama
2701:Related
2559:Chunkey
2459:remains
2448:Wupatki
2288:Paquime
2178:Huápoca
2043:Cahokia
2013:Bastian
1920:Patayan
1842:Hohokam
1827:Fremont
1802:ComondĂş
1757:Baytown
1752:Avonlea
1732:Alachua
1704:Classic
1694:Archaic
1682:Periods
1071:Orators
750:, 9-18.
457:Seville
449:Pioneer
251:Jackson
186:Website
2998:Oregon
2953:Nevada
2893:Kansas
2868:Hawaii
2823:Alaska
2759:Topics
2118:Folsom
2083:Cutler
2018:Benson
1905:Oneota
1837:Glades
1812:Folsom
1792:Clovis
1689:Lithic
1541:Galena
1536:Copper
765:vi-vii
61:(1876)
4391:Other
4262:Rugby
3999:Scott
3969:Lewis
3598:State
3130:Palau
3028:Texas
2908:Maine
2873:Idaho
2649:Piasa
2457:Human
2088:Eaker
1991:sites
1925:Plano
1727:Adena
798:, 30.
711:, 44.
681:, 88.
668:, 10.
404:Union
249:near
236:South
178:Built
3084:Guam
3033:Utah
2988:Ohio
2888:Iowa
2609:Kiva
1546:Mica
848:2024
606:."
451:, a
377:The
218:The
212:1973
3258:of
2113:Eva
198:No.
4442::
838:.
772:^
763:,
696:vi
694:,
638:,
627:^
595:^
308:.
285:)
257:.
3248:e
3241:t
3234:v
2814::
2744:e
2737:t
2730:v
1661:e
1654:t
1647:v
899:e
892:t
885:v
850:.
824:.
767:.
698:.
642:.
640:v
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