151:
1801:
1433:
Pellard (2009) took a computational approach to the classification problem. His phylogenetic inference was based on phonological and lexical traits. The results dismissed the three-subdivision hypothesis and re-evaluated the two-subdivision hypothesis although the internal classification of Amami is
1437:
The membership of Kikai Island remains highly controversial. The northern three communities of Kikai Island share the seven-vowel system with Amami Ōshima and
Tokunoshima while the rest is grouped with Okinoerabu and Yoron for their five-vowel systems. For this reason, Nakamoto (1990) subdivided
217:
while shima were individual villages. There were about 800 shima in the Ryukyu
Kingdom. Linguists Seizen Nakasone and Satoshi Nishioka have proposed that each shima developed their own distinct dialects or accents due to people very rarely traveling outside of their shima.
1482:
Based on other evidence, however, Karimata (2000) tentatively grouped Kikai dialects together. Lawrence (2011) argued that lexical evidence supported the Kikai cluster although he refrained from determining its phylogenetic relationship with other Amami dialects.
1490:
presents another two-subdivision hypothesis: it groups
Southern Amami, Northern Okinawa and Southern Okinawa to form Southern Amami–Okinawan, which is contrasted with Northern Amami–Okinawan. It also identifies Kikai as Northern Amami–Okinawan.
1398:
These shared features appear to support the three-subdivision hypothesis. However, Karimata also pointed out several features that group
Northern and Southern Amami together. In Amami, word-medial
372:
The other hypothesis, the three-subdivision hypothesis, is proposed by Uemura (1972). He first presented a flat list of dialects and then discussed possible groupings, one of which is as follows:
419:
The difference between the two hypotheses is whether
Southern Amami and Northern Okinawan form a cluster. Thorpe (1983) presented a "tentative" classification similar to Uemura's:
314:
Several others have attempted to create intermediate groups. One of two major hypotheses divides
Northern Ryukyuan into Amami and Okinawan, drawing a boundary between Amami's
1430:
in
Okinawan. Uemura (1972) also argued that if the purpose of classification was not of phylogeny, the two-subdivision hypothesis of Amami and Okinawan was also acceptable.
1494:
Heinrich et al. (2015) refers to the subdivisions of
Northern Ryukyuan as only "Amami" and "Okinawan". There is a note that other languages, specifically within the
1685:消滅危機方言の調査・保存のための総合的研究: 喜界島方言調査報告書 (General Study for Research and Conservation of Endangered Dialects in Japan: Research Report on the Kikaijima Dialects )
520:
3245:
331:
1112:
can be observed at various stages in Amami–Okinawan. Unlike
Northern Amami and Southern Okinawan, Southern Amami and Northern Okinawan tend to maintain
323:
327:
523:(2000) investigated Southern Amami in detail and found inconsistency among isoglosses. Nevertheless, he favored the three-subdivision hypothesis:
3096:
245:
3292:
2039:
1755:
3091:
2718:
791:. The boundary between Northern and Southern Amami is clear while Southern Amami and Northern Okinawan have no clear isogloss.
2713:
1514:
Smits, Gregory. "Examining the Myth of
Ryukyuan Pacifism". Asia-Pacific Journal, 2010. Date accessed=7 October 2015. <
221:
At high level, linguists mostly agree to make the north–south division. In this framework, Northern Ryukyuan covers the
17:
2197:
2598:
1842:
269:
3304:
3023:
2977:
2972:
2498:
2032:
1748:
1434:
substantially different from conventional ones. The renewed classification is adopted in Heinrich et al. (2015).
3146:
2987:
2703:
3118:
2957:
2516:
2204:
1599:
1595:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1109:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1000:
995:
985:
980:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
935:
930:
925:
915:
910:
905:
895:
890:
880:
875:
865:
860:
850:
845:
835:
830:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
788:
784:
780:
771:
766:
761:
751:
746:
741:
731:
726:
721:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
681:
671:
666:
661:
651:
646:
641:
631:
626:
621:
611:
606:
601:
576:
572:
568:
3327:
2851:
2831:
2635:
1897:
1579:
787:
before certain vowels in Southern Amami and several Northern Okinawan dialects while Northern Amami has
2967:
2025:
1857:
1741:
549:
403:
2841:
3252:
3230:
3018:
1680:
1641:
555:
500:
410:
3287:
3225:
3215:
3179:
3077:
3028:
2952:
2927:
2536:
2593:
1837:
440:
435:
261:
2671:
1927:
2688:
1683:
Shōmetsu kiki hōgen no chōsa hozon no tame no sōgōteki kenkyū: Kikai-jima hōgen chōsa hōkokusho
2872:
3169:
3058:
2531:
2077:
2067:
2006:
1989:
1515:
3220:
3043:
2947:
2821:
2623:
2558:
2072:
2001:
1982:
1852:
535:
446:
388:
276:
226:
214:
168:
53:
8:
3269:
3151:
3123:
3038:
2618:
541:
456:
398:
281:
2563:
1790:
3299:
3240:
3161:
3048:
2982:
2867:
2580:
2322:
1994:
1969:
1811:
237:. The subdivision of Northern Ryukyuan, however, remains a matter of scholarly debate.
234:
184:
176:
83:
61:
2568:
2404:
2353:
141:
3128:
3063:
3033:
2836:
2655:
2640:
2613:
2608:
2546:
2484:
2459:
2394:
2268:
2106:
2096:
2087:
2048:
1940:
1912:
1883:
1878:
1783:
1778:
1764:
1702:
1556:
565:
493:
488:
466:
361:
356:
334:(1990) offered a detailed argument for it. He proposed the following classification.
305:
299:
188:
125:
118:
78:
2312:
2111:
3257:
3235:
3013:
2809:
2650:
2452:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2278:
2214:
2170:
1935:
1495:
1113:
150:
2778:
2373:
2317:
2155:
1649:(Thesis) (in French). Paris, France: École des hautes études en sciences sociales.
1561:奄美沖縄方言群における沖永良部方言の位置づけ (Position of Okierabu Dialect in Northern Ryukyu Dialects)"
3282:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2645:
2418:
2329:
2229:
2190:
2185:
2146:
2126:
1917:
1829:
476:
230:
172:
112:
73:
57:
2411:
3277:
2628:
2603:
2526:
2506:
2479:
2430:
2382:
2346:
2300:
2244:
2239:
2219:
1862:
1847:
1659:
1611:
545:
531:
471:
461:
430:
383:
319:
294:
256:
200:
3321:
3068:
2814:
2793:
2511:
2363:
2307:
2175:
2165:
2141:
2131:
2121:
1964:
222:
164:
49:
1626:, respectively. (Martin (1970) "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus",
3053:
2882:
2447:
2341:
2285:
2254:
2249:
2062:
1977:
191:. The subdivisions of Northern Ryukyuan are a matter of scholarly debate.
3108:
2336:
1615:
3137:
3103:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2783:
1800:
1498:, should be recognized as independent due to mutual unintelligibility.
1487:
2917:
2846:
2826:
2768:
315:
135:
2788:
2773:
2017:
1733:
3082:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2680:
2521:
3197:
1660:
Patrick Heinrich; Shinsho Miyara; Michinori Shimoji, eds. (2015).
3174:
3113:
2730:
564:
Karimata (2000)'s proposal is based mostly on phonetic grounds.
3192:
2725:
2693:
205:
3187:
2735:
2698:
1643:
Ogami: Éléments de description d'un parler du sud des Ryukyus
1559:
Amami Okinawa hōgengun ni okeru Okinoerabu hōgen no ichizuke"
1418:. This can rarely be observed in Okinawan dialects. Japanese
180:
65:
322:. The same boundary was also set by early studies including
2745:
1516:
http://www.japanfocus.org/-Gregory-Smits/3409/article.html
1116:, though the degree of preservation varies considerably.
481:
1554:
1679:喜界島方言の系統的位置について". In Kibe Nobuko; et al. (eds.).
1972:
1527:
1406:or even dropped entirely when it was surrounded by
1532:琉球語: 「シマ」ごとに異なる方言". In Kurebito Megumi 呉人恵 (ed.).
3319:
1674:
1550:
1548:
1546:
2033:
1749:
1677:Kikai-jima hōgen no keitōteki ichi ni tsuite
1584:(Thesis). University of Southern California.
1668:
1653:
1543:
1521:
575:in Northern Amami while it was merged into
183:. It is one of two primary branches of the
2040:
2026:
1756:
1742:
1633:
194:
1571:
1628:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1232:Kunigami, Wadomari (Eastern Okinoerabu)
942:Wadomari, Wadomari (Eastern Okinoerabu)
922:Kunigami, Wadomari (Eastern Okinoerabu)
698:Kunigami, Wadomari (Eastern Okinoerabu)
1639:
758:Shuritonokura, Naha (Southern Okinawa)
163:are a group of languages spoken in the
14:
3320:
1577:
1530:Ryūkyūgo: shima goto ni kotonaru hōgen
2047:
2021:
1763:
1737:
1695:
1312:Yonamine, Nakijin (Northern Okinawa)
1242:Gushiken, China (Western Okinoerabu)
1022:Yonamine, Nakijin (Northern Okinawa)
718:Gushiken, China (Western Okinoerabu)
1277:Benoki, Kunigami (Northern Okinawa)
992:Benoki, Kunigami (Northern Okinawa)
1618:are typically described as "plain"
395:Okinoerabu–Northern Okinawan group
24:
1799:
1725:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages
1662:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages
209:, which in turn were divided into
25:
3339:
1362:Iha, Ishikawa (Southern Okinawa)
1212:Nakazato, Kikai (Southern Kikai)
1192:Shitooke, Kikai (Northern Kikai)
1077:Iha, Ishikawa (Southern Okinawa)
902:Nakazato, Kikai (Southern Kikai)
887:Shitooke, Kikai (Northern Kikai)
738:Jana, Nakijin (Northern Okinawa)
678:Nakazato, Kikai (Southern Kikai)
1691:(in Japanese). pp. 115–122.
1565:Nihon Tōyō bunka ronshū 日本東洋文化論集
1555:Karimata Shigehisa 狩俣繁久 (2000).
1287:Ōgimi, Ōgimi (Northern Okinawa)
1007:Ōgimi, Ōgimi (Northern Okinawa)
579:in Southern Amami and Okinawan.
248:simply left its subgroups flat:
149:
1717:
1372:Shuri, Naha (Southern Okinawa)
1332:Kushi, Nago (Northern Okinawa)
1092:Shuri, Naha (Southern Okinawa)
1047:Kushi, Nago (Northern Okinawa)
556:South–Central Okinawan dialects
411:South–Central Okinawan dialects
213:. A magiri was comparable to a
1602:are traditionally transcribed
1588:
1528:Satoshi Nishioka 西岡敏 (2011). "
1508:
1347:Onna, Onna (Northern Okinawa)
1062:Onna, Onna (Northern Okinawa)
13:
1:
1622:and "tense" or "glottalized"
1501:
962:Gushiken, China (Okinoerabu)
528:Amami–Okinawan dialect group
377:Amami–Okinawan dialect group
253:Amami–Okinawan dialect group
203:, territory was divided into
187:, which are then part of the
3184:Kanji pronunciation sources
2958:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1879:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
1182:Inutabu, Isen (Tokunoshima)
1152:Itsubu, Naze (Amami Ōshima)
872:Inutabu, Isen (Tokunoshima)
827:Itsubu, Naze (Amami Ōshima)
658:Inutabu, Isen (Tokunoshima)
598:Itsubu, Naze (Amami Ōshima)
7:
3293:Speculative fiction writers
2852:Transcription into Japanese
161:Northern Ryukyuan languages
27:Group of languages in Japan
10:
3344:
2211:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
453:South Amami–North Okinawa
443:(with Kakeroma, Yoro, Uke)
339:Northern Ryukyuan dialect
3268:
3208:
3160:
3002:
2860:
2802:
2744:
2679:
2670:
2579:
2554:
2545:
2497:
2470:
2393:
2267:
2095:
2086:
2055:
1957:
1926:
1905:
1896:
1871:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1797:
1771:
1723:Heinrich, Patrick et al.
1581:Ryūkyūan language history
1578:Thorpe, Maner L. (1983).
1567:(in Japanese) (6): 43–69.
1384:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1314:
1299:
1279:
1269:
1254:
1234:
1224:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1108:The pan-Japonic shift of
1094:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1049:
1024:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
984:
979:
969:
964:
944:
924:
904:
894:
889:
879:
874:
864:
859:
849:
844:
834:
829:
501:Central and South Okinawa
380:Ōshima–Tokunoshima group
148:
134:
106:
98:
74:Linguistic classification
72:
42:
37:
32:
3078:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
2537:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
1675:Wayne Lawrence (2011). "
1640:Pellard, Thomas (2009).
3024:Godan and ichidan verbs
2842:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1462:Southern Amami dialect
1446:Northern Amami dialect
195:Internal classification
102:Proto-Northern Ryukyuan
1804:
3129:Court lady language (
2599:Southern Amami Ōshima
2532:Yilan Creole Japanese
2007:Early Modern Japanese
1990:Early Middle Japanese
1803:
1452:Southern Amami Ōshima
1449:Northern Amami Ōshima
1172:Inokawa, Tokunoshima
857:Inokawa, Tokunoshima
638:Inokawa, Tokunoshima
262:Amami Ōshima language
2948:Small Kana Extension
2559:Eastern Old Japanese
2198:Northern Izu Islands
2002:Late Middle Japanese
1983:Eastern Old Japanese
277:Tokunoshima language
227:Kagoshima Prefecture
169:Kagoshima Prefecture
54:Kagoshima Prefecture
2499:Pidgins and creoles
1705:. SIL International
1535:Nihon no kiki gengo
508:Kume, Aguni, Kerama
282:Okinoerabu language
215:Japanese prefecture
3328:Ryukyuan languages
3300:Classical Japanese
3147:Gender differences
2983:Extended shinjitai
1995:Classical Japanese
1970:Peninsular Japonic
1805:
1624:⟨C‘⟩
1620:⟨C’⟩
302:(Kunigami dialect)
235:Okinawa Prefecture
185:Ryukyuan languages
177:Okinawa Prefecture
62:Okinawa Prefecture
18:Okinawan languages
3315:
3314:
3019:Verb conjugations
2998:
2997:
2666:
2665:
2547:Japonic languages
2493:
2492:
2485:Okinawan Japanese
2049:Japanese language
2015:
2014:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1892:
1891:
1784:Japanese dialects
1765:Japonic languages
1727:. 2015. Pp 13–15.
1610:. The (slightly)
1608:⟨ë⟩
1604:⟨ï⟩
1396:
1395:
1162:Shodon, Setouchi
1106:
1105:
842:Shodon, Setouchi
777:
776:
618:Shodon, Setouchi
566:Standard Japanese
550:Northern Okinawan
404:Northern Okinawan
362:Southern Okinawan
357:Northern Okinawan
353:Okinawan dialect
306:Southern Okinawan
300:Northern Okinawan
189:Japonic languages
157:
156:
89:Northern Ryukyuan
33:Northern Ryukyuan
16:(Redirected from
3335:
3258:Polivanov system
3119:Honorific speech
3014:Japanese grammar
2677:
2676:
2552:
2551:
2093:
2092:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2018:
1974:
1903:
1902:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1703:"Amami-Okinawan"
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1496:Yaeyama language
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1017:
1012:
1002:
997:
987:
982:
972:
967:
957:
952:
947:
937:
932:
927:
917:
912:
907:
897:
892:
882:
877:
867:
862:
852:
847:
837:
832:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
794:
793:
790:
786:
782:
773:
768:
763:
753:
748:
743:
733:
728:
723:
713:
708:
703:
693:
688:
683:
673:
668:
663:
653:
648:
643:
633:
628:
623:
613:
608:
603:
582:
581:
578:
574:
570:
472:Motobu Peninsula
270:Southern dialect
266:Northern dialect
242:Okinawa-go jiten
179:of southwestern
153:
144:
126:Central Okinawan
30:
29:
21:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3264:
3209:Transliteration
3204:
3180:Sound symbolism
3156:
3138:Role language (
3097:from Portuguese
3029:Irregular verbs
3007:
3005:
2994:
2943:Kana Supplement
2938:Kana Extended-B
2933:Kana Extended-A
2856:
2832:Historical kana
2798:
2740:
2719:by stroke count
2710:Kanji radicals
2704:by stroke count
2662:
2575:
2541:
2517:Hawaiian Creole
2489:
2466:
2389:
2263:
2082:
2051:
2046:
2016:
2011:
1945:
1922:
1888:
1867:
1806:
1795:
1767:
1762:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1612:aspirated stops
1607:
1603:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1553:
1544:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1480:
1422:corresponds to
571:corresponds to
562:
518:
505:Central Okinawa
417:
370:
312:
289:Western dialect
286:Eastern dialect
231:Okinawa Islands
197:
173:Okinawa Islands
140:
58:Okinawa Islands
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3080:
3075:
3069:Native words (
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2672:Writing system
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Pseudo-Chinese
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Bamboo English
2503:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:Amami Japanese
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Southern Amami
1840:
1834:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1694:
1667:
1652:
1632:
1587:
1570:
1542:
1539:(in Japanese).
1520:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:Southern Kikai
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:Northern Kikai
1453:
1450:
1443:Amami dialect
1440:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:Gusuku, Yoron
1264:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
988:
983:
978:
977:Gusuku, Yoron
974:
973:
968:
963:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
899:
898:
893:
888:
884:
883:
878:
873:
869:
868:
863:
858:
854:
853:
848:
843:
839:
838:
833:
828:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
561:
560:
559:
558:
553:
539:
525:
517:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
506:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
474:
469:
464:
459:
451:
450:
449:
444:
438:
433:
424:Amami–Okinawa
421:
416:
415:
414:
413:
408:
407:
406:
401:
393:
392:
391:
386:
374:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
351:
350:
349:
348:Southern Amami
346:
345:Northern Amami
342:Amami dialect
336:
320:Okinawa Island
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
297:
295:Yoron language
292:
291:
290:
287:
279:
274:
273:
272:
267:
259:
257:Kikai language
250:
201:Ryukyu Kingdom
196:
193:
155:
154:
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
130:
129:
122:
115:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:Proto-language
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
76:
70:
69:
46:
40:
39:
38:Amami–Okinawan
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:Cyrillization
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Wāpuro rōmaji
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3071:yamato kotoba
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Counter words
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3001:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2794:Kana ligature
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:Script reform
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Bonin English
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:Earlier forms
2054:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Proto-Japonic
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1928:Macro-Yaeyama
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1726:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:in Amami and
1389:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1110:/p>ɸ>h/
1099:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1006:
1005:
991:
990:
976:
975:
961:
960:
954:
949:
941:
940:
934:
929:
921:
920:
914:
909:
901:
900:
886:
885:
871:
870:
856:
855:
841:
840:
826:
825:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
796:
795:
792:
779:Word-initial
770:
765:
760:
757:
756:
750:
745:
740:
737:
736:
730:
725:
720:
717:
716:
710:
705:
700:
697:
696:
690:
685:
680:
677:
676:
670:
665:
660:
657:
656:
650:
645:
640:
637:
636:
630:
625:
620:
617:
616:
610:
605:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
584:
583:
580:
567:
557:
554:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
529:
527:
526:
524:
522:
511:South Okinawa
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:North Okinawa
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
423:
422:
420:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
376:
375:
373:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
352:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
338:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
304:
301:
298:
296:
293:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
252:
251:
249:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Amami Islands
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Amami Islands
162:
152:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
128:
127:
123:
121:
120:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
105:
101:
97:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:Amami Islands
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3246:In Esperanto
3216:Romanization
3170:Pitch accent
3152:Dictionaries
3139:
3131:nyōbō kotoba
3130:
3084:
3083:Loan words (
3070:
3054:Topic marker
2968:ARIB STD B24
2714:by frequency
2594:Amami Ōshima
2588:
2471:
2460:
2419:
2405:
2395:
2383:
2370:East San'in
2354:
2330:
2301:
2279:
2269:
2205:
2156:
2112:
2097:
2078:Early Modern
2068:Early Middle
1978:Old Japanese
1820:
1724:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1697:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1616:tenuis stops
1590:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1510:
1493:
1486:As of 2014,
1485:
1481:
1465:
1455:
1436:
1432:
1397:
1107:
778:
563:
519:
489:Izena, Iheya
480:
441:South Ōshima
436:North Ōshima
427:North Amami
418:
371:
316:Yoron Island
313:
246:Uemura Yukio
241:
239:
220:
210:
204:
198:
160:
158:
124:
117:
107:Subdivisions
88:
45:distribution
3226:Nihon-shiki
3109:Wasei-kango
3044:Possessives
3004:Grammar and
2837:Modern kana
2822:Punctuation
2803:Orthography
2624:Tokunoshima
2236:Gifu-Aichi
2206:Tōkai–Tōsan
2073:Late Middle
1853:Tokunoshima
1594:The vowels
1402:changed to
783:changed to
536:Tokunoshima
447:Tokunoshima
389:Tokunoshima
326:(1961) and
199:Within the
3270:Literature
3140:yakuwarigo
3124:Honorifics
3104:Wasei-eigo
3092:from Dutch
3039:Adjectives
3006:vocabulary
2784:Hentaigana
2779:Man'yōgana
2619:Okinoerabu
2323:Okuyoshino
1858:Okinoerabu
1709:1 February
1502:References
1488:Ethnologue
1470:Okinoerabu
542:Okinoerabu
479: [
399:Okinoerabu
43:Geographic
3162:Phonology
3049:Particles
2988:Half/Full
2918:Shift JIS
2847:Yotsugana
2827:Kanazukai
2769:Okurigana
2681:Logograms
2293:Shiramine
2138:Southern
2118:Northern
1122:Japanese
1114:labiality
797:Japanese
136:Glottolog
3322:Category
3085:gairaigo
3064:Numerals
3034:Pronouns
2973:Enclosed
2953:Katakana
2928:Hiragana
2924:Unicode
2879:ISO/IEC
2861:Encoding
2764:Furigana
2759:Katakana
2754:Hiragana
2656:Yonaguni
2636:Southern
2614:Okinawan
2609:Kunigami
2589:Northern
2581:Ryukyuan
2522:Kyowa-go
2453:Tsushima
2443:Nagasaki
2438:Kumamoto
2426:Chikuzen
2290:Kanazawa
2280:Hokuriku
2215:Shizuoka
2182:Eastern
2171:Kanagawa
2162:Western
2107:Hokkaidō
2088:Dialects
1941:Yonaguni
1913:Miyakoan
1906:Miyakoan
1898:Southern
1884:Okinawan
1872:Okinawan
1821:Northern
1812:Ryukyuan
1779:Japanese
1772:Japanese
552:dialects
538:dialects
521:Karimata
457:Okierabu
332:Nakamoto
330:(1964).
328:Hirayama
324:Nakasone
244:(1963),
229:and the
171:and the
142:nort3255
119:Kunigami
84:Ryukyuan
3288:Writers
3221:Hepburn
3175:Rendaku
3114:Engrish
2810:Braille
2731:Ryakuji
2651:Yaeyama
2569:grammar
2564:Hachijō
2461:Satsugū
2420:Hichiku
2406:Hōnichi
2360:San'yō
2355:Chūgoku
2331:Shikoku
2270:Western
2230:Nagaoka
2226:Echigo
2191:Tochigi
2186:Ibaraki
2147:Nairiku
2127:Tsugaru
2098:Eastern
1958:History
1936:Yaeyama
1791:Hachijō
1537:日本の危機言語
1438:Kikai:
477:Ieshima
240:In the
79:Japonic
3283:Poetry
3231:Kunrei
3193:Kan-on
2964:Other
2873:EUC-JP
2789:Sōgana
2774:Gojūon
2726:Kokuji
2694:Kanbun
2646:Tarama
2641:Miyako
2431:Hakata
2396:Kyūshū
2384:Umpaku
2347:Sanuki
2313:Banshū
2302:Kansai
2245:Mikawa
2240:Nagoya
2220:Narada
2113:Tōhoku
1918:Tarama
1630:90:1.)
1420:/-awa/
593:front
494:Kudaka
384:Ōshima
206:magiri
3305:texts
3278:Books
3198:Tō-on
3188:Go-on
2815:Kanji
2736:Ateji
2699:Kanji
2629:Yoron
2604:Kikai
2472:Other
2374:Inshū
2364:Bingo
2318:Kishū
2308:Awaji
2176:Tokyo
2166:Gunma
2157:Kantō
2142:Kesen
2132:Akita
2122:Nanbu
1863:Yoron
1848:Kikai
1838:Amami
1830:Amami
1689:(PDF)
1647:(PDF)
1518:>.
1473:Yoron
1428:/-aː/
1424:/-oː/
590:hair
546:Yoron
532:Amami
485:]
462:Yoron
431:Kikai
211:shima
181:Japan
113:Amami
66:Japan
2913:0213
2908:0212
2903:0211
2898:0208
2893:0201
2889:JIS
2883:2022
2746:Kana
2448:Saga
2412:Ōita
2342:Tosa
2286:Kaga
2255:Hida
2250:Mino
1711:2014
1614:and
1606:and
1598:and
1400:/kʰ/
1146:/hi/
1141:/hu/
1136:/ho/
1131:/he/
1126:/ha/
1101:t͡ʃʰ
1086:t͡ʃʰ
956:t͡ʃʰ
936:t͡ʃʰ
916:t͡ʃʰ
821:/ki/
816:/ku/
811:/ke/
806:/ko/
801:/ka/
789:/k˭/
781:/kʰ/
767:kʰiː
747:k˭iː
727:kʰiː
707:k˭iː
687:k˭iː
667:k˭ɨː
647:k˭ɨː
627:k˭ɨː
587:eye
318:and
159:The
48:The
3236:JSL
2978:EIS
2868:EUC
2337:Iyo
2063:Old
1600:/ɘ/
1596:/ɨ/
1416:/o/
1414:or
1412:/e/
1408:/a/
1404:/h/
785:/h/
772:meː
762:miː
752:meː
742:miː
732:meː
722:miː
712:meː
702:miː
692:meː
682:miː
672:mɘː
662:mɨː
652:mɘː
642:mɨː
632:mɘː
622:mɨː
607:k˭ɨ
577:/i/
573:/ɨ/
569:/e/
482:sic
3324::
1563:.
1545:^
1410:,
1356:pʰ
1351:p˭
1341:pʰ
1326:pʰ
1321:p˭
1316:p˭
1306:pʰ
1296:pʰ
1206:p˭
1196:p˭
1096:kʰ
1081:kʰ
1071:kʰ
1066:k˭
1056:kʰ
1051:k˭
1041:tʒ
1036:kʰ
1031:k˭
1016:kʰ
1001:kʰ
986:kʰ
971:kʰ
951:kʰ
931:kʰ
911:kʰ
896:kʰ
881:kʰ
876:k˭
866:kʰ
861:k˭
851:kʰ
846:k˭
836:kʰ
831:k˭
612:mɘ
602:mɨ
233:,
225:,
175:,
167:,
64:,
56:,
52:,
3142:)
3133:)
3087:)
3073:)
2041:e
2034:t
2027:v
1973:†
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1713:.
1664:.
1557:"
1391:ɸ
1386:h
1381:ɸ
1376:h
1366:h
1336:ɸ
1301:ɸ
1291:ɸ
1281:ɸ
1271:ɸ
1261:h
1256:ɸ
1251:h
1246:ɸ
1236:ɸ
1226:ɸ
1221:h
1216:ɸ
1201:ɸ
1186:h
1176:h
1166:h
1156:h
1026:h
1011:h
996:h
981:h
966:h
946:h
926:h
906:h
891:h
548:–
544:–
534:–
68:)
60:(
20:)
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