171:
772:
281:. The number of fluent native speakers of Kunigami is not known. As a result of Japanese language policy, the younger generation mostly speaks Japanese as their first language.
388:
Like most
Ryukyuan languages north of Central Okinawan, Kunigami has series of so-called "tensed" or "glottalized" consonants. While the nasals and glides are truly
2216:
508:
340:(1907–1995) stated that the dialect of his home community Yonamine, Nakijin Village had (corresponding Standard Japanese word forms in parentheses):
337:
2067:
518:
600:
656:
2310:
2263:
451:, and elision of Proto-Japonic *r before *i. The Kunigami language also makes distinctions in certain word pairs, such as Nakijin dialect
1010:
726:
2062:
630:
475:
One notable difference in the use of certain morphological markers between
Kunigami language and Standard Japanese is the use of the
289:
In addition to the northern portion of
Okinawa Island, Kunigami is spoken on the small neighboring islands of Ie, Tsuken and Kudaka.
1689:
1684:
198:
1168:
1569:
813:
336:
The speakers of
Kunigami have various words for "language", "dialect", and "style of speech". For example, linguist
2303:
2275:
1994:
578:
1948:
1943:
1469:
1003:
719:
188:
2117:
495:
form is used exclusively to derive abstract nouns of quality and amount ("-ness" forms) from adjectival stems.
1958:
1674:
376:. The northern part of Okinawa was colloquially known as Yanbaru and hence its language was sometimes called
2089:
1928:
1487:
1175:
492:
488:
480:
476:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
424:
417:
409:
405:
401:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
349:
341:
2571:
2296:
1822:
1802:
1606:
1559:
868:
791:
97:
2545:
1938:
996:
828:
712:
309:
247:
1812:
2223:
2201:
1989:
608:
278:
664:
2496:
2258:
2196:
2186:
2150:
2048:
1999:
1923:
1898:
1507:
2371:
1564:
808:
1642:
898:
125:
2550:
2540:
2501:
1659:
1843:
2140:
2029:
1502:
1048:
1038:
977:
960:
443:(light, a lamp); the Kunigami form is distinguished from its Japanese cognate by the initial
427:
or otherwise the zero initial in certain conditioning environments. Thus, for example, the
2434:
2401:
2191:
2014:
1918:
1792:
1594:
1529:
1043:
972:
953:
823:
634:
316:; these (along with all other languages of the northern Ryukyu Islands) are classified as
8:
2507:
2491:
2486:
2396:
2240:
2122:
2094:
2009:
1589:
397:
2361:
1534:
761:
2476:
2366:
2319:
2270:
2211:
2132:
2019:
1953:
1838:
1551:
1293:
965:
940:
782:
301:
239:
170:
92:
1539:
1375:
1324:
161:
2439:
2411:
2391:
2338:
2333:
2099:
2034:
2004:
1807:
1626:
1611:
1584:
1517:
1455:
1430:
1365:
1239:
1077:
1067:
1058:
1019:
911:
883:
854:
754:
749:
735:
413:
87:
1283:
1082:
194:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2406:
2228:
2206:
1984:
1780:
1621:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1396:
1249:
1185:
1141:
906:
428:
393:
328:, following Uemura (2003), includes Okinoerabu and Yoron as varieties of Kunigami.
266:
1749:
1344:
1288:
1126:
2454:
2386:
2253:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1616:
1389:
1300:
1200:
1161:
1156:
1117:
1097:
888:
800:
317:
300:, following Pellard (2009), classifies Kunigami with Central Okinawan as the two
79:
60:
1382:
2416:
2376:
2248:
1599:
1574:
1497:
1477:
1450:
1401:
1353:
1317:
1271:
1215:
1210:
1190:
833:
818:
313:
270:
243:
118:
538:
2565:
2524:
2356:
2039:
1785:
1764:
1482:
1334:
1278:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1102:
1092:
935:
421:
685:
Samuel E. Martin (1970) "Shodon: A Dialect of the
Northern Ryukyus", in the
2024:
1853:
1418:
1312:
1256:
1225:
1220:
1033:
948:
145:
2079:
1307:
389:
269:
dialect is often considered representative of
Kunigami, analogous to the
2108:
2074:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1754:
771:
543:
400:
of the "plain" stops . Kunigami is also notable for the presence of an
2444:
2288:
1888:
1817:
1797:
1739:
154:
138:
1759:
1744:
988:
704:
372:. The Yonamine dialect was part of Nakijin's western dialect called
2053:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1651:
1492:
206:
2168:
436:
2449:
2145:
2084:
1701:
259:
255:
202:
2163:
1696:
1664:
2158:
1706:
1669:
49:
1716:
274:
251:
511:. A dictionary of the Yonamine dialect of Nakijin village.
364:). The language of one's own community was referred to as
205:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
408:
phoneme that is believed to be the historical source of
559:
258:
region, historically the territory of the kingdom of
943:
649:
631:"Nakijin Dialect Dictionary: Nakijin-hōgen gaisetsu"
479:
form as an adverb in
Kunigami: e.g. Nakijin dialect
689:, vol. 90, no. 1 (Jan–Mar), pp. 97–139.
459:(spider), which in Japanese are almost homophonic (
2563:
224:
623:
571:
487:("It is far away"). In Standard Japanese, the
231:
33:
27:
2304:
1004:
720:
593:
553:
483:, which is equivalent to Standard Japanese
292:
2311:
2297:
1011:
997:
727:
713:
169:
687:Journal of the American Oriental Society
326:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
199:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2564:
2318:
2292:
1018:
992:
734:
708:
491:form is used adverbially, while the
420:instead has two different sources:
331:
13:
770:
698:Acute accent indicates a high tone
532:
439:), which is cognate with Japanese
14:
2583:
521:. A dictionary of the Ie dialect.
560:Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1981).
692:
679:
1:
663:(in Japanese). Archived from
657:"Nakijin Dialect Dictionary:
633:(in Japanese). Archived from
607:(in Japanese). Archived from
601:"Nakijin Dialect Dictionary:
525:
470:
2155:Kanji pronunciation sources
1929:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
850:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
498:
383:
7:
2264:Speculative fiction writers
1823:Transcription into Japanese
505:Okinawa Nakijin Hōgen Jiten
284:
225:
10:
2588:
1182:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
567:(in Japanese). p. 26.
515:Okinawa Iejima Hōgen Jiten
404:phoneme separate from the
221:Northern Okinawan language
34:
28:
16:Northern Ryukyuan language
2533:
2517:
2427:
2349:
2326:
2239:
2179:
2131:
1973:
1831:
1773:
1715:
1650:
1641:
1550:
1525:
1516:
1468:
1441:
1364:
1238:
1066:
1057:
1026:
928:
897:
876:
867:
842:
799:
790:
781:
768:
742:
254:, otherwise known as the
232:
185:
168:
152:
136:
131:
115:
76:
66:
55:
45:
26:
21:
2428:Non-Indigenous languages
2049:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
1508:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
431:dialect of Kunigami has
293:Scope and classification
1995:Godan and ichidan verbs
1813:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
563:Zusetsu Ryūkyū-go jiten
549:(subscription required)
775:
187:This article contains
2100:Court lady language (
1570:Southern Amami Ōshima
1503:Yilan Creole Japanese
978:Early Modern Japanese
961:Early Middle Japanese
774:
396:, in contrast to the
378:/jˀan⸢ba⸣rukʰut˭uuba/
2350:Indigenous languages
1919:Small Kana Extension
1530:Eastern Old Japanese
1169:Northern Izu Islands
973:Late Middle Japanese
954:Eastern Old Japanese
481:/tʰuusápʰanaaɽít˭un/
374:/ʔirinsimaakʰut˭uba/
370:/sima(a)kʰu⸢t˭uu⸣ba/
1470:Pidgins and creoles
667:on 22 February 2014
2572:Ryukyuan languages
2320:Languages of Japan
2271:Classical Japanese
2118:Gender differences
1954:Extended shinjitai
966:Classical Japanese
941:Peninsular Japonic
776:
485:toókú hanárete irú
435:(light, a lamp, a
302:Okinawan languages
2559:
2558:
2546:Amami Oshima Sign
2327:National language
2286:
2285:
1990:Verb conjugations
1969:
1968:
1637:
1636:
1518:Japonic languages
1464:
1463:
1456:Okinawan Japanese
1020:Japanese language
986:
985:
924:
923:
920:
919:
863:
862:
755:Japanese dialects
736:Japonic languages
637:on 5 January 2020
547:(18th ed., 2015)
414:Japonic languages
248:Kunigami District
240:Ryukyuan language
213:
212:
195:rendering support
191:phonetic symbols.
98:Northern Ryukyuan
72:5,000 (2004)
2579:
2518:Creole languages
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2229:Polivanov system
2090:Honorific speech
1985:Japanese grammar
1648:
1647:
1523:
1522:
1064:
1063:
1013:
1006:
999:
990:
989:
945:
874:
873:
797:
796:
788:
787:
729:
722:
715:
706:
705:
699:
696:
690:
683:
677:
676:
674:
672:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
597:
591:
590:
588:
586:
575:
569:
568:
557:
551:
550:
536:
494:
490:
482:
478:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
426:
419:
411:
407:
403:
392:, the stops are
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
351:
343:
332:Folk terminology
279:Central Okinawan
237:
235:
234:
228:
178:
173:
164:
148:
141:
121:
82:
37:
36:
31:
30:
19:
18:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2529:
2513:
2497:Zainichi Korean
2423:
2345:
2322:
2317:
2287:
2282:
2235:
2180:Transliteration
2175:
2151:Sound symbolism
2127:
2109:Role language (
2068:from Portuguese
2000:Irregular verbs
1978:
1976:
1965:
1914:Kana Supplement
1909:Kana Extended-B
1904:Kana Extended-A
1827:
1803:Historical kana
1769:
1711:
1690:by stroke count
1681:Kanji radicals
1675:by stroke count
1633:
1546:
1512:
1488:Hawaiian Creole
1460:
1437:
1360:
1234:
1053:
1022:
1017:
987:
982:
916:
893:
859:
838:
777:
766:
738:
733:
703:
702:
697:
693:
684:
680:
670:
668:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
629:
628:
624:
614:
612:
611:on 4 March 2016
599:
598:
594:
584:
582:
577:
576:
572:
558:
554:
548:
537:
533:
528:
509:Seizen Nakasone
501:
473:
386:
366:/simaagu⸢tsʰii/
338:Nakasone Seizen
334:
318:Amami languages
295:
287:
229:
193:Without proper
181:
180:
176:
160:
144:
137:
122:
117:
111:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
61:Okinawa Islands
17:
12:
11:
5:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2534:Sign languages
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2051:
2046:
2040:Native words (
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1643:Writing system
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Pseudo-Chinese
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Bamboo English
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:Amami Japanese
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1246:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
993:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
958:
957:
956:
946:
938:
932:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
903:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:
880:
878:
871:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
857:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
814:Southern Amami
811:
805:
803:
794:
785:
779:
778:
769:
767:
765:
764:
759:
758:
757:
746:
744:
740:
739:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
701:
700:
691:
678:
659:yanbaru kotoba
648:
622:
592:
570:
552:
530:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
512:
500:
497:
472:
469:
412:in most other
385:
382:
333:
330:
294:
291:
286:
283:
244:Okinawa Island
233:山原言葉/ヤンバルクトゥーバ
226:Yanbaru Kutūba
211:
210:
197:, you may see
183:
182:
179: Kunigami
175:
174:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
142:
134:
133:
132:Language codes
129:
128:
123:
119:Writing system
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
47:
46:Native to
43:
42:
40:Yanbaru Kutūba
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2584:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2551:Miyakubo Sign
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2525:Bonin English
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:Sakhalin Ainu
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Hokkaido Ainu
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
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2250:
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2227:
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2224:Cyrillization
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Wāpuro rōmaji
2210:
2208:
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2200:
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2043:
2042:yamato kotoba
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2030:Counter words
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2026:
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2016:
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2011:
2008:
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1660:Script reform
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1483:Bonin English
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1027:Earlier forms
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1021:
1014:
1009:
1007:
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991:
979:
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964:
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936:Proto-Japonic
934:
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899:Macro-Yaeyama
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531:
520:
519:Mutsuko Oshio
516:
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486:
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438:
430:
423:
422:Proto-Japonic
415:
399:
395:
391:
381:
363:
355:
347:
339:
329:
327:
324:. The UNESCO
323:
319:
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311:
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172:
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81:
75:
71:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
41:
25:
20:
2381:
2372:Amami Ōshima
2217:In Esperanto
2187:Romanization
2141:Pitch accent
2123:Dictionaries
2110:
2102:nyōbō kotoba
2101:
2055:
2054:Loan words (
2041:
2025:Topic marker
1939:ARIB STD B24
1685:by frequency
1579:
1565:Amami Ōshima
1442:
1431:
1390:
1376:
1366:
1354:
1341:East San'in
1325:
1301:
1272:
1250:
1240:
1176:
1127:
1083:
1068:
1049:Early Modern
1039:Early Middle
949:Old Japanese
849:
694:
686:
681:
669:. Retrieved
665:the original
658:
651:
639:. Retrieved
635:the original
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:the original
602:
595:
583:. Retrieved
573:
564:
561:
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542:
534:
514:
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484:
474:
455:(cloud) and
387:
361:
353:
345:
335:
325:
321:
305:
297:
296:
288:
264:
250:and city of
242:of Northern
220:
216:
214:
186:
153:
102:
39:
2402:Tokunoshima
2197:Nihon-shiki
2080:Wasei-kango
2015:Possessives
1975:Grammar and
1808:Modern kana
1793:Punctuation
1774:Orthography
1595:Tokunoshima
1207:Gifu-Aichi
1177:Tōkai–Tōsan
1044:Late Middle
824:Tokunoshima
416:; Kunigami
390:glottalized
350:/hut˭uu⸢ba/
342:/kʰu⸢tsʰii/
277:dialect of
201:instead of
2508:Kuril Ainu
2492:Vietnamese
2487:Indonesian
2435:Portuguese
2397:Okinoerabu
2241:Literature
2111:yakuwarigo
2095:Honorifics
2075:Wasei-eigo
2063:from Dutch
2010:Adjectives
1977:vocabulary
1755:Hentaigana
1750:Man'yōgana
1590:Okinoerabu
1294:Okuyoshino
829:Okinoerabu
671:1 February
641:1 February
615:1 February
585:1 February
579:"Kunigami"
544:Ethnologue
526:References
471:Morphology
398:aspiration
358:/munu⸢ʔii/
310:Okinoerabu
306:Ethnologue
2477:Esperanto
2445:Cantonese
2133:Phonology
2020:Particles
1959:Half/Full
1889:Shift JIS
1818:Yotsugana
1798:Kanazukai
1740:Okurigana
1652:Logograms
1264:Shiramine
1109:Southern
1089:Northern
499:Resources
447:, tenuis
384:Phonology
322:Glottolog
298:Glottolog
155:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
59:Northern
35:ヤンバルクトゥーバ
2566:Category
2541:Nihonshu
2460:Mandarin
2412:Yonaguni
2392:Okinawan
2382:Kunigami
2367:Ryukyuan
2339:Variants
2334:Japanese
2056:gairaigo
2035:Numerals
2005:Pronouns
1944:Enclosed
1924:Katakana
1899:Hiragana
1895:Unicode
1850:ISO/IEC
1832:Encoding
1735:Furigana
1730:Katakana
1725:Hiragana
1627:Yonaguni
1607:Southern
1585:Okinawan
1580:Kunigami
1560:Northern
1552:Ryukyuan
1493:Kyowa-go
1424:Tsushima
1414:Nagasaki
1409:Kumamoto
1397:Chikuzen
1261:Kanazawa
1251:Hokuriku
1186:Shizuoka
1153:Eastern
1142:Kanagawa
1133:Western
1078:Hokkaidō
1059:Dialects
912:Yonaguni
884:Miyakoan
877:Miyakoan
869:Southern
855:Okinawan
843:Okinawan
792:Northern
783:Ryukyuan
750:Japanese
743:Japanese
581:. UNESCO
565:図説 琉球語辞典
539:Kunigami
453:/k˭umuú/
433:/hak˭áí/
285:Location
238:), is a
217:Kunigami
207:Help:IPA
162:kuni1268
126:Japanese
103:Kunigami
93:Ryukyuan
22:Kunigami
2482:Turkish
2472:Russian
2467:English
2455:Hoochew
2450:Hokkien
2440:Chinese
2407:Yaeyama
2362:Hachijō
2259:Writers
2192:Hepburn
2146:Rendaku
2085:Engrish
1781:Braille
1702:Ryakuji
1622:Yaeyama
1540:grammar
1535:Hachijō
1432:Satsugū
1391:Hichiku
1377:Hōnichi
1331:San'yō
1326:Chūgoku
1302:Shikoku
1241:Western
1201:Nagaoka
1197:Echigo
1162:Tochigi
1157:Ibaraki
1118:Nairiku
1098:Tsugaru
1069:Eastern
929:History
907:Yaeyama
762:Hachijō
441:/akárí/
429:Nakijin
267:Nakijin
260:Hokuzan
256:Yanbaru
203:Unicode
88:Japonic
2387:Miyako
2254:Poetry
2202:Kunrei
2164:Kan-on
1935:Other
1844:EUC-JP
1760:Sōgana
1745:Gojūon
1697:Kokuji
1665:Kanbun
1617:Tarama
1612:Miyako
1402:Hakata
1367:Kyūshū
1355:Umpaku
1318:Sanuki
1284:Banshū
1273:Kansai
1216:Mikawa
1211:Nagoya
1191:Narada
1084:Tōhoku
889:Tarama
603:kotoba
465:/kumó/
461:/kúmo/
457:/húbu/
394:tenuis
362:monoii
356:) and
354:kotoba
177:
56:Region
2417:Yoron
2377:Kikai
2276:texts
2249:Books
2169:Tō-on
2159:Go-on
1786:Kanji
1707:Ateji
1670:Kanji
1600:Yoron
1575:Kikai
1443:Other
1345:Inshū
1335:Bingo
1289:Kishū
1279:Awaji
1147:Tokyo
1137:Gunma
1128:Kantō
1113:Kesen
1103:Akita
1093:Nanbu
834:Yoron
819:Kikai
809:Amami
801:Amami
493:/-sa/
489:/-ku/
477:/-sa/
437:shōji
346:kuchi
314:Yoron
308:adds
271:Shuri
50:Japan
1884:0213
1879:0212
1874:0211
1869:0208
1864:0201
1860:JIS
1854:2022
1717:Kana
1419:Saga
1383:Ōita
1313:Tosa
1257:Kaga
1226:Hida
1221:Mino
673:2014
643:2014
617:2014
587:2014
463:and
449:/k˭/
425:/*k/
312:and
275:Naha
265:The
252:Nago
215:The
29:山原言葉
2207:JSL
1949:EIS
1839:EUC
1308:Iyo
1034:Old
541:at
517:by
507:by
467:).
445:/h/
418:/h/
410:/h/
406:/p/
402:/h/
368:or
348:),
320:by
304:.
262:.
246:in
219:or
189:IPA
146:xug
2568::
380:.
38:,
2510:†
2504:†
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728:e
721:t
714:v
675:.
661:"
645:.
619:.
605:"
589:.
360:(
352:(
344:(
273:-
236:)
230:(
223:(
209:.
32:/
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