340:
38:
900:
ships to transport their products, however, other companies continue to transport their product on the lower quality, older vessels due to the cheaper costs. The majority of charterers refuse to pay more for higher grade vessels despite the liability and compensation regulations enforced by OPA. The new and safer double hull tanker vessels are approximately 15-20% more costly to operate. In 1992, approximately 60% of global vessels was at least fifteen years old or older. The major oil companies are still delaying the fleet replacement requirement of retiring single hull vessels mandated by OPA. For example,
847:, which they view as further restricting free trade. After OPA was enacted, the shipping industry threatened to boycott the ports of the United States to protest this new industry liability in both federal and state laws. In particular, the oil and shipping industries objected to the inconsistency between the OPA and the international, federal and state laws that are impacted. As a result of the OPA enactment, certain insurance companies refused to issue certifications of financial liability under the Oil Pollution Act to avoid potential responsibility and compensation in the case of a disaster.
630:. It works to avoid oil spills from vessels and facilities by enforcing removal of spilled oil and assigning liability for the cost of cleanup and damage; requires specific operating procedures; defines responsible parties and financial liability; implements processes for measuring damages; specifies damages for which violators are liable; and establishes a fund for damages, cleanup, and removal costs. This statute has resulted in instrumental changes in the oil production, transportation, and distribution industries.
818:. Reimbursement claims must first be made to the responsible party. If the potentially responsible party refutes liability or fails to distribute the reimbursement within 90 days of the claim, the claimant may file suit in court or bring the claim to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund described below. In some instances, claims for removal cost reimbursement can be initially brought to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund thus sidestepping the responsible party. For example, claimants advised by the
826:
of government revenues, loss of profits or impaired earning capacity, damaged public services, and damage assessment costs. Additionally, some categories are recoverable for any person impacted by the incident while others are only recoverable by federal, tribal, and state governments. Furthermore, the Oil
Pollution Act proscribes limits to liability for damages based on the responsible party, the particular incident, and the type of vessel or facility from which the discharge occurred.
830:
not authorized until the Oil
Pollution Act's passage in 1990. The funds may be called upon to cover the cost of federal, tribal, state, and claimant oil spill removal actions and damage assessments as well as unpaid liability and damages claims. No more than one billion dollars may be withdrawn from the fund per spill incident. Over two decades of court cases have demonstrated that obtaining funding from the Oil Pollution Spill Liability Fund can be a difficult task.
822:, governors of affected states, and American claimants for incidents involving foreign vessels or facilities may initially present their claims to the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. When claims for removal cost reimbursement are brought to the fund, the claimant must prove that removal costs were sustained from activities required to avoid or alleviate effects of the incident and that such actions were approved or directed by the federal on-scene coordinator.
639:
885:
to apply to the Coast Guard to acquire a "Certificate of
Financial Responsibility" that serves as proof of their ability to financially responsible for cleanup and damages of an oil spill. In the case of an uncertified vessel entering the waters of the United States, the vessel will have to be forfeited to the United States. This is not a new protocol because vessel owners were always mandated to acquire certificates under the
873:
Thus, the inability to acquire proof of financial liability results in vessels not being able to legally enter waters of the United States. Since OPA does not exempt vessel creditors to enter U.S. waters, there is a disincentive for any lender to finance fleet modernization and or replacement. Lastly, OPA has the ability to directly impact the domestic oil production industry due to the rigorous offshore facility provisions.
810:, or the shorelines of such covered waters. Responsible parties are strictly, jointly, and severally liable for the cost of removing the oil in addition to any damages linked to the discharge. Unlike the liability for removal costs which are uncapped, liability for damages is limited as discussed in further detail below. Furthermore, the Oil Pollution Act allows for additional liability enacted by other relevant state laws.
851:
oil industry, but also the vessel owners and operators would be held liable for an oil spill, facing a significant increase in financial responsibility. The OPA's liability increase for vessel owners raised fears and concerns from the vast majority of the shipping industry. Vessel owners objected that additional oil spill penalties imposed by the states are free from OPA limitations of the
924:
responsible parties are mandated to provide evidence declaring financial responsibility of $ 150 million for potential liability. If a party is unable to provide evidence declaring financial responsibility of $ 150 million, they will be subject to pay a penalty of $ 25,000 per day in violation of OPA and may also be subject to judicial decision of terminating all operations.
949:
to make a profit. By
October 1993, 93% of all oil and natural gas exploration and drilling were from independents producers. Of these new exploration projects, approximately 85% of drilling operations were in the Gulf of Mexico. The independent oil producers generated nearly 40% of the crude oil in the United States and 60% of domestic natural gas.
745:, a longtime transportation consultant and public official, as the chairman of the commission. Under Parker, the Commission issued 52 recommendations for improvements to industry, state, and federal regulations. Fifty of these recommendations were worked into the Oil Pollution Act bill that was introduced into legislation on March 16, 1989, by
928:
Before the Oil
Pollution was enacted, offshore facilities were required to provide evidence that declared financial responsibility of $ 35 million. After OPA, these offshore facilities had to increase their proof of financial responsibility by 4 times and OPA's requirement of financial responsibility
916:
have ordered two new double hull tankers. Leading by example, other independent shipping companies to invest in new double hull tankers as well. Despite the change from single to double tanker vessels, it is still not sufficient enough to accommodate the needs of the oil industry. It is expected that
838:
President Bush acknowledged the changes the world would have to endure when signing the Oil
Pollution Act and as a result, he pushed the Senate to quickly ratify the new international protocols. The reactions from industries were negative. Industry objected that the Oil Pollution Act would hinder the
884:
is responsible for the implementation of the vessel provisions mandated by the Oil
Pollutions Act. According to OPA, vessel owners need evidence of financial liability that covers complete responsibility of a disaster if their vessel weighs more than 300 gross tons. Vessel owners are required by OPA
863:
reacted positively to OPA's efforts to reduce their risk of liability for oil spill disasters. To help ensure OPA compliance, Exxon
Shipping compiled all state and federal regulations to which they must abide. Several independent and non-U.S. companies and operators, however, may avoid operations in
829:
The Oil Spill
Liability Trust Fund is a trust fund managed by the federal government and financed by a per-barrel tax on crude oil produced domestically in the United States and on petroleum products imported to the United States for consumption. The fund was created in 1986, but use of the fund was
1407:
in some cases, substantial compensation may be available under applicable national law, as for instance in the case of the United States Oil
Pollution Act 1990 (OPA 1990). includes notably the United States, where, however, strong national legislation to provide for liability and compensation has
948:
Due to environmental pressures and the restrictive governmental regulations enforced by OPA, substantial proposals of exploration and production in the United States have been withdrawn. As a result of major companies withdrawing their plans to drill, many smaller, independent producers had entered
923:
In the Oil Pollution Act, the U.S. Coast Guard is in charge of screening the application process for vessels, however, the Department of Interior's Bureau of Ocean energy Management (BOEM) implements and enforces all of the Oil Pollution Act's regulations for offshore oil facilities. Under OPA, the
858:
However, there were positive reactions from the oil industries despite the newly enforced codes and regulations. In 1990, the oil industry united to form the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MRSC), a non-profit corporation whose expenses would be compensated by the oil producers and transporters.
850:
President Bush also predicted that the enactment of the OPA could lead to larger oil shipping companies being replaced by the smaller shipping companies to avoid liability. In particular, smaller companies with limited resources would lack the finances to remediate oil spill disasters. Not just the
825:
In a manner similar to that described above, costs for damages can be recovered from a responsible party. However, the Oil Pollution Act only covers certain categories of damages. These categories include: natural resource damages, damages to real or personal property, loss of subsistence use, loss
899:
Since the Oil Pollution Act holds the vessel owners fully liable, it has created a disincentive for oil companies to transport crude oil in their vessels and for charterers to transport their oil on the most suitable vessels. Many financially successful oil companies select the highest quality of
872:
The Oil Pollution act imposes long-term impacts due to the potential for unlimited liability and the statute's that hold insurers to serve as guarantors, which has ultimately resulted in the refusal of insurance companies to issue agreements of financial liability to vessel operators and owners.
709:
of 1978, and the Alaska Oil Spill Commission of 1990. However, this fragmented collection of federal and state laws provided only limited safeguards against the hazards of oils spills. In 1976, a bill to create a cohesive safe measure for oil pollution was introduced to Congress. Neither the
697:
and had previously only covered sewage and Industrial discharge. The FWPA set specific liability limitations. For example, vessels transporting oil were liable only up to $ 250,000 or $ 150 per gross ton. These limitations rarely covered the cost of removal and cleanup, let alone damages.
729:
and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of crude oilâthe largest marine oil spill in recorded history up to that point. Soon afterward, in June 1989, three smaller spills occurred within coastal waters of the United States. This was timely evidence that oil spills were not uncommon.
917:
over the next decade there will be a serious lack of suitable tonnage to meet the expected demand for newer vessels. It is estimated that the global oil industry must invest approximately 200-350 billion dollars to meet global demands for new and environmentally sound vessels.
662:. This statue, in an attempt to protect the shipping industry, stated that vessel owners were liable for incident-related costs up to the post-incident value of their vessel. The shortcomings of this law were revealed in 1967 with the release of over 100,000 tons of
790:
August 2, 1990: a conference committee was created, including members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, in order to resolve differences and propose a final bill for approval. Initially, the Senate agreed to the committee's final proposed
864:
the United States ports due to the OPA liability. Though the majority of elicited reactions and criticism from the enactment of OPA has been negative, it has nevertheless led to founding and designing safer requirements for ships and global oil trade.
813:
Under the Oil Pollution Act, federal, tribal, state, and any other person can recover removal costs from a responsible party so long as such entity has incurred costs from carrying out oil removal activities in accordance with the
945:. Major producers are most likely able to meet OPA's requirement of financial responsibility, however, the major oil companies within the Gulf of Mexico have largely withdrawn the operation of their offshore facilities.
2647:
2066:
2249:
966:
794:
August 4, 1990: both chambers of Congress had passed the bill in identical form. The final step in the legislative process was for the bill to go to the President to either approve and sign or veto it.
2319:
1506:
302:
2265:
855:. Ultimately, the threat of unlimited liability under the OPA and other state statutes has led countless oil shipping companies to reduce oil trade to and from the ports of the United States.
2052:
787:, with revisions. The bill was sent back to the House of Representatives for approval of the changes added by the Senate. However, the House of Representatives did not agree to the revisions.
1180:
2583:
806:
A responsible party under the Oil Pollution Act is one who is found accountable for the discharge or substantial threat of discharge of oil from a vessel or facility into navigable waters,
1941:
962:
674:. Of the $ 8 million of cleanup-related costs, the owners of the Torrey Canyon were held liable for only $ 50âthe value of the only remaining Torrey Canyon lifeboat. In the meantime, the
1704:
2303:
2273:
1639:
181:
701:
In the decades to follow, several other laws that dealt with oil spill liability and compensation were passed. These statues include: the Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972, the
2859:
1890:
2545:
2529:
2381:
2663:
193:
185:
2453:
1934:
3100:
3003:
1731:
1602:
2631:
2615:
2599:
2591:
2537:
1157:
1697:
3279:
2205:
1533:
3408:
2915:
2311:
933:, marina fuel docks, tanks, and oil production facilities that are located in, on, or under state coastal waters, and are adjacent to inland channels, lakes, and
1897:
3341:
3258:
3246:
3093:
2553:
2397:
1948:
1775:
2821:
1660:
307:
291:
268:
3166:
3069:
1876:
1681:
969:
which have a similar intention as the Act, have not been signed by the United States, as it was deemed the Oil Pollution Act provided sufficient coverage.
859:
The major MRSC responsibility was to develop new response plans for oil spills cleanups and for the OPA-required remediation. Shipping companies like the
2909:
1595:
1588:
1581:
282:
3039:
3021:
177:
2679:
2639:
2022:
3151:
2373:
2281:
2045:
1190:
189:
3161:
2405:
2327:
1784:
1690:
754:
436:
929:
expanded to include facilities in state waters as well. Facilities in state waters that are subject to the $ 150 million requirement includes
843:. Not only does the OPA impose restrictions on trading imported oil overseas, but it also implements the state oil liability and compensation
3418:
3171:
3143:
3106:
2198:
2015:
1526:
993:
819:
3086:
2389:
1632:
1574:
1560:
1551:
456:
3027:
2343:
2335:
2131:
2038:
605:
2429:
2421:
1674:
1485:
1459:
770:
2779:
2101:
2742:
2191:
2087:
1667:
1519:
1501:
978:
3314:
3176:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2145:
2138:
1883:
1713:
702:
1653:
1012:
3269:
3112:
3009:
2997:
2671:
2473:
777:
711:
3378:
3357:
2878:
2655:
1131:
1073:
441:
3057:
3015:
2073:
1333:
1303:"Liability, Compensation, and Financial Responsibility Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990: A Review of the Second Decade"
3329:
3181:
2491:
2437:
2351:
2006:
1858:
1618:
1611:
852:
659:
3051:
2815:
2575:
2513:
2483:
2222:
1992:
1962:
251:
127:
114:
2884:
2827:
2791:
2623:
2293:
1567:
1420:
706:
3393:
3309:
3289:
3156:
3045:
2991:
2866:
2117:
1807:
750:
693:
placed oil pollution under the authority of the Federal Water Pollution Act (FWPA) of 1965, which later became the
451:
163:
893:. Since 2011, over 23,000 vessels have obtained the Coast Guard Certificates to allow access to waters of the U.S.
3383:
2945:
2902:
2214:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1542:
598:
354:
95:
87:
1365:
1152:
1097:
3236:
3216:
2927:
2872:
2754:
2521:
2503:
1969:
908:
have delayed the replacement of their single hull vessels for new double-hulled ships. However, companies like
569:
446:
431:
3398:
2845:
2363:
1911:
339:
2809:
1814:
623:
57:
1255:
3274:
3221:
3191:
3074:
2896:
2161:
1999:
840:
766:
March 16, 1989: H.R. 1465, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, was introduced in the House of Representatives.
2701:
2170:
1835:
797:
August 18, 1990: the bill was signed by the President and the Oil Pollution Act was officially enacted.
591:
80:
3264:
3201:
3080:
2933:
2839:
2803:
1927:
1828:
1625:
1447:
988:
930:
881:
675:
574:
482:
374:
1451:
3413:
3403:
3352:
3347:
3284:
2607:
1983:
1904:
689:
made national headlines and thrust oil pollution into the public spot light. As a result, in 1970,
519:
3388:
3132:
2939:
2031:
807:
671:
737:
authorized the creation of the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in 1989 to examine the causes of the
2080:
1976:
1798:
1276:
958:
738:
690:
647:
263:
155:
17:
1511:
1467:
1387:
3252:
3241:
3126:
3119:
2833:
2797:
2709:
2241:
1955:
942:
686:
559:
524:
311:
295:
272:
1482:
140:
37:
3335:
2785:
2461:
2413:
2108:
2059:
1185:
1016:
784:
746:
726:
715:
643:
369:
159:
287:
8:
3231:
3226:
2748:
2233:
2124:
1760:
909:
507:
487:
395:
1038:
131:
2257:
1849:
1210:
472:
390:
230:
222:
202:
121:
1397:. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 31 January 2012. pp. 20, 23
937:. The most evident impact of the enactment of OPA, is on the oil producers within the
718:
could agree on a single statue and the bill fell out of consideration numerous times.
275:
3294:
2921:
2851:
2767:
1918:
1302:
1127:
1069:
983:
627:
534:
364:
331:
240:
1223:
941:. Many offshore facilities are located in the Gulf of Mexico and in the marshes and
891:
Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)
3211:
1842:
742:
564:
2183:
1455:
2890:
2727:
2565:
2445:
1489:
886:
815:
694:
667:
359:
1282:. United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard. 2004
3304:
1181:"Longtime Alaska resources and transportation adviser Walter Parker dead at 87"
938:
549:
167:
2648:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1477:
3372:
3319:
3299:
1496:
685:
Two years following the Torrey Canyon spill, an oil platform eruption in the
655:
529:
410:
3206:
1791:
967:
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage
734:
722:
554:
405:
638:
3324:
1646:
957:
In the case of oil pollution caused by other nations (especially ships),
741:
and issue recommendations on potential policy changes. Cowper appointed
99:
2760:
860:
502:
477:
400:
3033:
2773:
2691:
2320:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1462:
890:
663:
492:
963:
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
1821:
1256:"Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA): Liability of Responsible Parties"
1039:"George Bush: "Statement on Signing the Oil Pollution Act of 1990""
1013:"Bill Summary & Status â 101st Congress (1989â1990) â H.R.1465"
579:
544:
539:
512:
415:
1472:
2860:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
934:
844:
497:
1891:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
2546:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2530:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1541:
905:
2664:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
2616:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2538:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
2454:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
1036:
642:
Heavy sheens of oil as visible on the surface of the water in
1153:"After a long life of service, Walt Parker passes away at 87"
913:
901:
2632:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
2600:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
2592:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
1277:"Report on Implementation of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990"
1388:"Liability and Compensation for Ship-source Oil Pollution"
3280:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2312:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
1158:
Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council
776:
November 9, 1989: H.R. 1465 was passed by a vote in the
678:
had passed, but this statute only limited liability for
2554:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
2398:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
2274:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
1949:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1494:
1334:"The Oil Pollution Act of 1990: reaction and response"
897:
Disincentives for fleet replacement and modernization:
622:(OPA) (101 H.R.1465, P.L. 101â380) was passed by the
3070:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1877:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1211:
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d101:HR01465
1037:
Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T (August 18, 1990).
2910:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
2213:
283:
CITGO Asphalt Refining Co. v. Frescati Shipping Co.
3040:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
3094:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
2023:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
3370:
3152:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2916:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
2282:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
2046:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
3409:United States federal environmental legislation
1126:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
703:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973
3162:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
2406:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
2328:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1421:"Entry into force of Bunker Convention â GARD"
1224:"Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (1990 - H.R. 1465)"
839:free flow in the trade of imported oil in the
783:November 19, 1989: the bill was passed by the
48:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 â Public Law 101-380
3172:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2822:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
2199:
2016:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
1527:
994:United States Environmental Protection Agency
599:
2382:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
3028:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
2344:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2336:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
2039:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
867:
755:North Carolina's 1st congressional district
3022:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
2430:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
2422:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
2374:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2206:
2192:
1534:
1520:
771:Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries
606:
592:
215:Reported by the joint conference committee
2780:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2749:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
2390:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
2102:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1331:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1121:
1045:. University of California, Santa Barbara
952:
833:
816:Clean Water Act National Contingency Plan
2743:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
2088:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
1505:) is being considered for deletion. See
1478:Roll call of voting members of the House
979:Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion
637:
3177:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2146:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
2139:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
2067:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
1884:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1723:
1253:
705:, the Deep Water Port Act of 1974, the
14:
3371:
3270:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
3113:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
3010:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2998:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
2672:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1363:
1348:
1178:
1140:
1095:
1063:
437:International environmental agreements
303:United States v. Trafigura Trading LLC
211:on November 19, 1989 (voice vote)
3358:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
2879:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
2656:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
2266:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
2187:
1515:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1300:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
760:
682:discharge of oil into marine waters.
182:House Public Works and Transportation
3419:Water pollution in the United States
3087:Energy Independence and Security Act
3058:National Environmental Education Act
2074:National Environmental Education Act
1117:
1115:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1066:The ABCs of Environmental Regulation
457:Supranational environmental agencies
3330:Significant New Alternatives Policy
3182:U.S. Global Change Research Program
2492:Southern Union Co. v. United States
2438:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
2352:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
2007:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1338:Villanova Environmental Law Journal
853:Limitation of Liability Act of 1851
194:House Science, Space and Technology
178:House Merchant Marine and Fisheries
24:
3107:America's Water Infrastructure Act
3097:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
2816:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2576:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2514:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
2484:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1993:Global Change Research Act of 1990
1963:Integrated Farm Management Program
1320:
1240:
1172:
1068:. Lanham, Maryland: Bernan Press.
186:House Interior and Insular Affairs
25:
3430:
3123:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
2885:National Environmental Policy Act
2863:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
2624:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
2584:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
1509:to help reach a consensus. âș
1441:
1112:
1082:
1005:
707:Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act
654:Laws governing oil spills in the
3310:Presidential Climate Action Plan
3290:New Source Performance Standards
3157:Council on Environmental Quality
3046:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
2118:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
1912:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
1370:Fordham Environmental Law Review
1102:Fordham Environmental Law Review
1015:. Thomas.loc.gov. Archived from
338:
36:
2946:Water Resources Development Act
2903:Coastal Zone Management Program
2215:United States environmental law
1543:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1502:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1463:Statute Compilations collection
1413:
1380:
1366:"The Oil Pollution Act of 1990"
1294:
1269:
1098:"The Oil Pollution Act of 1990"
1043:The American Presidency Project
355:Environmental impact assessment
3237:Environmental impact statement
3217:Corporate average fuel economy
3101:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
2522:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1970:Stewardship Incentives Program
1263:Congressional Research Service
1216:
1204:
1057:
1030:
801:
570:Right to a healthy environment
13:
1:
999:
773:reported the bill as amended.
633:
442:Environmental laws by country
3379:101st United States Congress
3016:Toxic Substances Control Act
1124:Oil and Wilderness in Alaska
624:101st United States Congress
58:101st United States Congress
7:
3275:National Climate Assessment
3222:Discharge Monitoring Report
3075:Food Quality Protection Act
2897:Coastal Zone Management Act
2000:National Climate Assessment
1332:Donaldson, Michael (1992).
1310:Tulane Maritime Law Journal
1179:Dunham, Mike (2014-06-26).
972:
841:Waters of the United States
660:Limitation of Liability Act
252:United States Supreme Court
115:33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters
10:
3435:
3052:Global Change Research Act
2702:United States v. Bestfoods
1705:Presidential proclamations
1468:Oil Pollution Act Overview
1122:Busenberg, George (2013).
201:on November 9, 1989 (
3325:Section 608 Certification
3265:Maximum contaminant level
3202:Best available technology
3190:
3142:
2848:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
2828:Air Pollution Control Act
2792:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
2724:
2690:
2564:
2502:
2472:
2362:
2292:
2221:
2155:
2095:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
1928:Energy Policy Act of 1992
1868:
1774:
1732:Joint session of Congress
1626:White House horseshoe pit
1550:
1448:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
989:United States Coast Guard
878:Financial responsibility:
676:Oil Pollution Act of 1924
620:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
575:War and environmental law
483:Climate change litigation
375:Environmental cleanup law
258:
250:
147:
138:
120:
110:
105:
86:
76:
71:
63:
52:
44:
35:
31:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
3353:Toxicity category rating
3348:Total maximum daily load
3285:National Priorities List
3167:Office of Surface Mining
2992:Federal Noxious Weed Act
2893:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
2867:Solid Waste Disposal Act
2608:Rapanos v. United States
2171:Clinton administration â
1984:Wetlands Reserve Program
1905:Civil Rights Act of 1991
1675:Supreme Court candidates
1507:templates for discussion
1364:Morgan, Jeffery (2011).
1301:Kiern, Lawrence (2011).
1096:Morgan, Jeffery (2011).
868:Long-term effects of OPA
808:exclusive economic zones
778:House of Representatives
712:House of Representatives
626:and signed by President
520:Environmental personhood
452:Environmental ministries
229:on August 4, 1990 (
221:on August 2, 1990 (
3394:1990 in the environment
3315:Renewable Fuel Standard
3133:Inflation Reduction Act
2940:Safe Drinking Water Act
2162:â Reagan administration
2032:Immigration Act of 1990
1815:Chemical Weapons Accord
1254:Nichols, James (2010).
1064:Telsey, Albert (2016).
721:On March 24, 1989, the
695:Clean Water Act of 1972
658:began in 1851 with the
219:agreed to by the Senate
174:Committee consideration
3384:Exxon Valdez oil spill
2928:Endangered Species Act
2873:Endangered Species Act
2755:Rivers and Harbors Act
2304:United States v. SCRAP
2250:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
2081:National Space Council
1977:USDA Rural Development
1829:1991 Madrid Conference
959:International treaties
953:International treaties
834:Concerns and reactions
739:Exxon Valdez oil spill
651:
648:Exxon Valdez oil spill
447:Environmental lawsuits
432:Environmental journals
264:United States v. Locke
3253:Executive Order 13990
3247:Executive Order 13432
3242:Environmental justice
3127:CHIPS and Science Act
2834:Fish and Wildlife Act
2710:Guam v. United States
2242:Sierra Club v. Morton
1956:Forest Legacy Program
1661:Judicial appointments
943:wetlands of Louisiana
727:Prince Williams Sound
687:Santa Barbara Channel
641:
560:Public trust doctrine
525:Environmental justice
383:Natural resources law
347:Pollution control law
190:House Foreign Affairs
3399:1990 in American law
3336:State of the Climate
3004:MagnusonâStevens Act
2810:McSweeney-McNary Act
2462:West Virginia v. EPA
2414:Massachusetts v. EPA
2109:Truth in Savings Act
2060:Lead and Copper Rule
1935:FDIC Improvement Act
1785:Soviet Union summits
1633:Presidential pardons
1473:Full text of the Act
1458:) as amended in the
1186:Alaska Dispatch News
921:Domestic production:
747:Walter B. Jones, Sr.
644:Prince William Sound
370:Waste management law
160:Walter B. Jones, Sr.
3300:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
3232:Environmental crime
3227:Effluent guidelines
2988:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
2728:federal legislation
2234:Missouri v. Holland
2132:1992 VRA Amendments
2125:Ryan White CARE Act
1640:International trips
769:June 21, 1989: The
725:hit aground in the
508:Environmental crime
488:Earth jurisprudence
424:Reference materials
396:Water resources law
326:Part of a series on
217:on August 1, 1990;
170:) on March 16, 1989
141:Legislative history
32:
3120:Louisiana v. Biden
3034:CERCLA (Superfund)
2942:(1974, 1986, 1996)
2258:Hughes v. Oklahoma
1859:NAFTA negotiations
1850:Unified Task Force
1808:Invasion of Panama
1714:Clinton transition
1488:2009-01-16 at the
761:Enactment timeline
652:
473:Administrative law
391:Species protection
243:on August 18, 1990
30:
3366:
3365:
3295:New Source Review
3081:Energy Policy Act
3064:Oil Pollution Act
2934:Oil Pollution Act
2922:Noise Control Act
2852:Acid Rain Program
2840:Oil Pollution Act
2804:Oil Pollution Act
2798:ClarkeâMcNary Act
2720:
2719:
2680:Sackett v. EPA II
2181:
2180:
1919:Acid Rain Program
1770:
1769:
1754:1992 SOTU Address
1747:1991 SOTU Address
1740:1990 SOTU Address
1691:Executive actions
1619:Broccoli comments
1612:Vomiting incident
1133:978-1-58901-662-0
1075:978-1-59888-725-9
984:Environmental law
753:congressman from
628:George H. W. Bush
616:
615:
535:International law
365:Water quality law
332:Environmental law
321:
320:
241:George H. W. Bush
209:Passed the Senate
89:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
3426:
3212:Clean Power Plan
3144:Federal agencies
2786:WeeksâMcLean Act
2640:Sackett v. EPA I
2290:
2289:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2165:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1843:Somali Civil War
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1700:
1698:Executive orders
1693:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1647:Oval Office desk
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1346:
1345:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1189:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:on July 17, 2012
1009:
882:U.S. Coast Guard
751:Democratic Party
743:Walter B. Parker
733:Alaska Governor
608:
601:
594:
565:Rights of nature
342:
323:
322:
199:Passed the House
154:in the House as
143:
124:sections created
90:
40:
33:
29:
21:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3414:Oil and gas law
3404:Ocean pollution
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3194:
3186:
3138:
2891:Clean Water Act
2735:
2734:and lower court
2733:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2686:
2560:
2498:
2468:
2446:Michigan v. EPA
2358:
2288:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2053:JFK Records Act
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1898:Cannabis policy
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1869:Domestic policy
1864:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1836:New world order
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1510:
1490:Wayback Machine
1444:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1362:
1349:
1330:
1321:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1120:
1113:
1094:
1083:
1076:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
975:
955:
870:
836:
804:
763:
668:English Channel
636:
612:
360:Air quality law
317:
246:
237:Signed into law
139:
88:
67:August 18, 1990
53:Enacted by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:1990 in Alaska
3386:
3381:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3342:Tailoring Rule
3339:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:PACE financing
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1780:
1778:
1776:Foreign policy
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1443:
1442:External links
1440:
1438:
1437:
1412:
1379:
1347:
1319:
1293:
1268:
1239:
1215:
1203:
1171:
1139:
1132:
1111:
1081:
1074:
1056:
1029:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
974:
971:
954:
951:
939:Gulf of Mexico
926:
925:
918:
894:
869:
866:
861:Exxon Shipping
835:
832:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
792:
788:
781:
774:
767:
762:
759:
646:following the
635:
632:
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
550:Law of the sea
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
516:
515:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Bankruptcy law
475:
467:
466:
465:Related topics
462:
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
426:
425:
421:
420:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
349:
348:
344:
343:
335:
334:
328:
327:
319:
318:
316:
315:
314:___ (2023)
299:
298:___ (2020)
279:
259:
256:
255:
248:
247:
245:
244:
234:
212:
206:
196:
171:
156:H.R. 1465
148:
145:
144:
136:
135:
125:
118:
117:
112:
111:Titles amended
108:
107:
103:
102:
92:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
27:US federal law
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3431:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Right to know
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:Clean Air Act
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:Supreme Court
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:controversies
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1408:been enacted.
1396:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1193:on 2015-12-08
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
892:
888:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
865:
862:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
831:
827:
823:
821:
817:
811:
809:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
764:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:Torrey Canyon
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:United States
649:
645:
640:
631:
629:
625:
621:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
530:Insurance law
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
514:
511:
510:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
427:
423:
422:
417:
414:
412:
411:Fisheries law
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
346:
345:
341:
337:
336:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
313:
309:
305:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
249:
242:
239:by President
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:) and by the
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
91:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3334:
3207:Citizen suit
3195:and concepts
3118:
3092:
3063:
2858:
2708:
2700:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2490:
2482:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2169:
2160:
2094:
1761:Chicken Kiev
1568:Inauguration
1500:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1406:
1399:. Retrieved
1394:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1341:
1337:
1313:
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1271:
1262:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1184:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1161:. 2014-06-26
1156:
1123:
1105:
1101:
1065:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1007:
961:such as the
956:
947:
927:
920:
896:
877:
871:
857:
849:
837:
828:
824:
812:
805:
735:Steve Cowper
732:
723:Exxon Valdez
720:
700:
684:
679:
653:
619:
617:
555:Property law
406:Forestry law
301:
281:
262:
236:
226:
218:
214:
208:
198:
173:
151:
106:Codification
3192:Regulations
1545:(1989â1993)
1495:âč The
1425:www.gard.no
1286:December 4,
1228:GovTrack.us
802:Enforcement
278: (2000)
3373:Categories
2761:Refuse Act
1561:Transition
1483:Cosponsors
1395:unctad.org
1316:(1): 1â64.
1233:2016-12-05
1197:2014-11-16
1165:2014-11-23
1108:(1): 1â27.
1049:19 October
1023:2012-08-27
1000:References
680:deliberate
634:Background
503:Energy law
401:Mining law
152:Introduced
77:Public law
45:Long title
2774:Weeks Act
2768:Lacey Act
2736:decisions
2732:treaties,
2226:decisions
1942:FIRRE Act
931:pipelines
670:from the
666:into the
664:crude oil
493:Earth law
128:33 U.S.C.
94:104
72:Citations
64:Effective
3259:LDV Rule
1822:Gulf War
1799:Helsinki
1724:Speeches
1575:Timeline
1552:Timeline
1497:template
1486:Archived
973:See also
935:wetlands
887:FWPCA 74
845:statutes
714:nor the
691:Congress
580:Wild law
545:Land use
540:Land law
513:poaching
416:Game law
2899:(1972)
2757:(1899)
1654:Cabinet
1603:1992â93
1499:below (
1456:details
1430:30 June
1401:30 June
1376:: 1â27.
1344:: 1â40.
910:Chevron
791:report.
498:Ecocide
81:101-380
3344:(2010)
3261:(2010)
3255:(2022)
3249:(2007)
3135:(2022)
3129:(2022)
3115:(2021)
3109:(2018)
3103:(2016)
3089:(2007)
3083:(2005)
3077:(1996)
3066:(1990)
3060:(1990)
3054:(1990)
3048:(1986)
3042:(1986)
3036:(1980)
3030:(1978)
3024:(1977)
3018:(1976)
3012:(1976)
3006:(1976)
3000:(1975)
2994:(1975)
2936:(1973)
2930:(1973)
2924:(1972)
2918:(1972)
2912:(1972)
2887:(1970)
2881:(1970)
2875:(1969)
2869:(1965)
2842:(1961)
2836:(1956)
2830:(1955)
2824:(1954)
2818:(1934)
2812:(1928)
2806:(1924)
2800:(1924)
2794:(1918)
2788:(1913)
2782:(1911)
2776:(1911)
2770:(1900)
2751:(1897)
2745:(1872)
2713:(2021)
2705:(1998)
2692:CERCLA
2683:(2023)
2675:(2020)
2667:(2018)
2659:(2016)
2651:(2013)
2643:(2012)
2635:(2009)
2627:(2009)
2619:(2007)
2611:(2006)
2603:(2006)
2595:(2004)
2587:(2001)
2579:(1985)
2557:(2021)
2549:(2018)
2541:(2007)
2533:(1995)
2525:(1992)
2517:(1978)
2495:(2012)
2487:(1978)
2465:(2022)
2457:(2021)
2449:(2015)
2441:(2014)
2433:(2011)
2425:(2007)
2417:(2007)
2409:(2004)
2401:(2004)
2393:(2001)
2385:(1984)
2377:(1975)
2355:(2010)
2347:(2008)
2339:(2004)
2331:(2004)
2323:(1983)
2315:(1983)
2307:(1973)
2285:(2021)
2277:(2000)
2269:(1990)
2261:(1979)
2253:(1978)
2245:(1972)
2237:(1920)
1734:(1989)
1668:Thomas
1130:
1072:
906:Texaco
785:Senate
716:Senate
290:,
288:18-565
286:, No.
134:§ 2701
132:ch. 40
122:U.S.C.
98:
18:OPA 90
2725:Major
2694:cases
2568:cases
2506:cases
2476:cases
2366:cases
2296:cases
1792:Malta
1391:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1259:(PDF)
914:Mobil
902:Exxon
310:
294:
271:
254:cases
231:360â0
227:House
203:375â5
130:
96:Stat.
2986:2007
2982:2000
2978:1999
2974:1996
2970:1992
2966:1990
2962:1988
2958:1986
2954:1976
2950:1974
2474:RCRA
2294:NEPA
1596:1991
1589:1990
1582:1989
1432:2017
1403:2017
1288:2016
1128:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1051:2013
965:and
912:and
904:and
889:and
880:The
749:, a
618:The
312:U.S.
296:U.S.
273:U.S.
223:99â0
56:the
2566:CWA
2504:ESA
2364:CAA
1460:GPO
1452:PDF
820:EPA
308:599
292:589
269:529
176:by
158:by
100:484
3375::
2984:,
2980:,
2976:,
2972:,
2968:,
2964:,
2960:,
2956:,
2952:,
1423:.
1405:.
1393:.
1372:.
1368:.
1350:^
1340:.
1336:.
1322:^
1314:36
1312:.
1308:.
1261:.
1242:^
1226:.
1183:.
1155:.
1142:^
1114:^
1104:.
1100:.
1084:^
1041:.
757:.
306:,
276:89
267:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
168:NC
2948:(
2730:,
2207:e
2200:t
2193:v
1535:e
1528:t
1521:v
1454:/
1450:(
1434:.
1374:6
1342:3
1290:.
1265:.
1236:.
1213::
1200:.
1168:.
1136:.
1106:6
1078:.
1053:.
1026:.
780:.
650:.
607:e
600:t
593:v
233:)
205:)
166:-
164:D
162:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)