332:
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3287:
561:
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50:
147:
162:
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in the
American Midwest. In 1851 the Iowa state legislature passed an unusual act to allow the Fox to buy land and stay in the state. Other Sac and Fox were removed to Indian territory in what became Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska. In the 21st century, two federally recognized tribes of "Sac and Fox"
458:
rivers. Nine hundred Fox (about 300 warriors and the remainder mostly women and children) tried to break out in
Illinois to reach the English and Iroquois to the east, but they were greatly outnumbered by a combined force of French and hundreds of allied Native Americans. On September 9, 1730, most
220:
The
Meskwaki suffered damaging wars with the French and their Native American allies in the early 18th century, with one in 1730 decimating the tribe. Euro-American colonization and settlement proceeded in the United States during the 19th century and forced the Meskwaki/Fox south and west into the
530:
over homelands in
Illinois. After the Black Hawk War of 1832, the United States officially combined the two tribes into a single group known as the Sac & Fox Confederacy for treaty-making purposes. The United States persuaded the Sauk and Meskwaki to sell all their claims to land in Iowa in a
576:
In 1851 the Iowa legislature passed an unprecedented act to allow the
Meskwaki to buy land even though they had occupied it by right before and stay in the state. American Indians had not generally been permitted to do so, as the U.S. Government had said that tribal Indians were legally not US
269:
name to the entire tribe who spoke the same language by calling them "les
Renards." Later the English and Anglo-Americans adopted the French name by using its translation in English as "Fox." This name was also used officially by the United States government from the 19th century.
605:
The U.S. government tried to force the tribe back to the Kansas reservation by withholding treaty-right annuities. Ten years later, in 1867, the U.S. finally began paying annuities to the
Meskwaki in Iowa. They recognized the Meskwaki as the
2490:
475:
border. In 1829 the US government estimated there were 1,500 Meskwaki along with 5,500 Sac (or Sauk). Both tribes relocated southward from
Wisconsin into Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. There are accounts of Meskwaki as far south as
449:
of 1728, the
Meskwaki were reduced to some 1500 people. They found shelter with the Sac, but French competition carried to that tribe. In the Second Fox War, the French increased their pressure on the tribe to gain access to the
547:
the "lost people" because they had been forced to leave their homelands. Some
Meskwaki remained hidden in Iowa, with others returning within a few years. Soon after, the U.S. government forced the Sauk to a reservation in
2622:
378:
are two distinct tribal groups. Linguistic and cultural connections between the two tribes have made them often associated in history. Under US government recognition treaties, officials treat the Sac (anglicized
437:
The Meskwaki fought against the French, in what are called the Fox Wars, for more than three decades (1701–1742) to preserve their homelands. The Meskwaki resistance to French encroachment was highly effective.
495:, meaning "people on the other shore", referring to their territories south of the Great Lakes. The French had adopted use of this name, and transliterated its spelling into their pronunciation system as
629:
By 1910, the Sac and Meskwaki together totaled only about 1,000 people. During the 20th century, they began to recover their cultures. By the year 2000, their numbers had increased to nearly 4,000.
617:
For the next 30 years, the Meskwaki were virtually ignored by federal as well as state policies, which generally benefited them. Subsequently, they lived more independently than tribes confined to
445:
with the French lasted from 1712 to 1714. This first Fox War was purely economic in nature, as the French wanted rights to use the river system to gain access to the Mississippi. After the
2765:
2825:
2795:
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2571:
2500:
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2495:
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in the American Southeast, but it was also used against tribes in what was then called the Northwest as well, the area east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio River.
467:
The Sauk and Meskwaki allied in 1735 in defense against the French and their allied Indian tribes. Descendants spread through southern Wisconsin, and along the present-day
2889:
2835:
2830:
2724:
2719:
2485:
1204:
I. American Indian Ethnohistory: North Central and Northeastern Indians American Indian Ethnohistory: North Central and Northeastern Indians. Garland Publishing, New York.
640:, along with Navajo and some other speakers of uncommon languages. Meskwaki men used their language to keep Allied communications secret in actions against the Germans in
2699:
621:
regulated by federal authority. To resolve this jurisdictional ambiguity, in 1896 the State of Iowa ceded to the Federal government all jurisdiction over the Meskwaki.
2856:
2810:
2505:
2790:
2053:
614:
services. It also had a continuing relationship with the State of Iowa due to the tribe's private ownership of land, which was held in trust by the governor.
2525:
2470:
2159:
683:
2867:
519:
of 1830 passed by Congress, authorizing US removal of eastern American Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River. The act was directed mainly at the
429:
At first European contact in 1698, the French estimated the number of Meskwaki as about 6,500. By 1712, the number of Meskwaki had declined to 3,500.
2840:
2031:
2882:
2815:
2805:
2520:
1345:
531:
treaty of October 1842. They moved to land west of a temporary line (Red Rock Line) in 1843. They were removed to a reservation in east central
2515:
2510:
2597:
2556:
2535:
1079:
265:
later was derived from a French mistake during the colonial era: hearing a group of Indians identify as "Fox", the French applied what was a
171:
152:
1034:
3364:
2729:
1057:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
2875:
1096:
765:
2905:
2046:
3349:
3291:
3104:
3344:
459:
of the Fox warriors were killed; many women and children were taken captive into Indian slavery or killed by the French allies.
1317:
677:
607:
1239:, 1923, Vol. 3, edited by S. A. Barrett, pp. 27–38. Board of Trustees, The Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
644:. Twenty-seven Meskwaki men, then 16% of the Meskwaki population in Iowa, enlisted together in the U.S. Army in January 1941.
2039:
1618:
198:
2897:
3124:
1719:
1251:
Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians II: Indians of E. Missouri, W. Illinois, and S. Wisconsin From the Proto-Historic Period to 1804
3044:
2917:
2704:
2602:
1897:
1338:
3064:
2069:
780:
114:
2061:
721:
2989:
2934:
2929:
2627:
2271:
2104:
2013:
1127:
760:
331:
133:
86:
2679:
2648:
2008:
288:
in tribal ceremonies to make one "sick all day long," smoking it at purification and other spiritual rituals. They
2709:
1937:
1193:
Green, Michael D. 1983 "We Dance in Opposite Directions": Mesquakie (Fox) Separatism from the Sac and Fox Tribe.
1122:. Volume 1 of American Indians and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. 2012. pp. 201–202.
93:
2592:
1836:
1759:
1588:
1331:
988:
71:
3324:
3199:
2714:
2439:
2434:
1876:
1769:
943:
2266:
1947:
293:
100:
3339:
3329:
3079:
2954:
2739:
2154:
1967:
1927:
1902:
706:
660:
610:". The jurisdictional status was unclear. The tribe had formal federal recognition with eligibility for
500:
299:
31:
3277:
3014:
2964:
2327:
2003:
1957:
1952:
411:
511:
The Meskwaki and Sac were forced to leave their territory by land-hungry American settlers. President
2984:
2969:
2403:
2352:
1866:
1816:
1811:
1764:
1729:
1623:
419:
82:
67:
17:
3229:
3094:
3084:
3049:
2475:
2337:
2243:
1821:
1744:
1540:
1377:
918:
611:
1093:
1026:
3334:
3024:
2238:
2144:
1942:
1779:
1774:
1570:
340:
60:
1297:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa/Meskwaki Nation – the Meskwaki
2999:
2994:
2800:
2780:
2760:
1932:
1831:
1307:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska – the Ne ma ha ha ki
1054:
914:
4:175–326, page 217218 (Note: This source comes from the Native American ethnobotany database (
813:
785:
755:
455:
2617:
2393:
2248:
1917:
520:
477:
451:
392:
3319:
3303:
3009:
2658:
2454:
2398:
2383:
2190:
1962:
1907:
1861:
1545:
1506:
313:
280:
1218:. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins 85, 95. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
8:
3234:
2770:
2019:
1998:
1988:
1684:
1638:
1608:
799:
618:
595:
565:
231:
227:
3184:
3164:
3074:
2449:
2367:
2317:
2215:
2185:
1922:
1871:
1856:
1786:
1749:
1532:
1291:
1190:. Center for the History of the American Indian, The Newberry Library Chicago, Chicago.
733:
667:
516:
348:
222:
187:
107:
3209:
3194:
3179:
3159:
3154:
2820:
2785:
2775:
2551:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2124:
1972:
1841:
1466:
1123:
581:
569:
544:
423:
206:
1302:
Official Site of the Sac and Fox Nation (of Oklahoma) – the Thakiwaki or Sa ki wa ki
3259:
3254:
3249:
3189:
3174:
3169:
3139:
3134:
3114:
2959:
2408:
2362:
2322:
2312:
2302:
1851:
1846:
1801:
1739:
1724:
1714:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1643:
1628:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1272:
Mesquakie (Fox) Material Culture: The William Jones and Frederick Starr Collections
671:
564:
1857 photograph of the "Mesquakie Indians responsible for the establishment of the
549:
1256:
Stucki, Larry R. 1967 Anthropologists and Indians: A New Look at the Fox Project.
395:
system in eastern and central Wisconsin. This river became vital for the colonial
383:
term) and Meskwaki as a single political unit, despite their distinct identities.
3244:
3224:
3149:
3034:
2979:
2949:
2653:
2444:
2418:
2388:
2297:
2287:
1993:
1912:
1881:
1826:
1689:
1679:
1633:
1550:
1511:
1117:
1100:
1061:
922:
807:
770:
739:
687:
364:
360:
352:
319:
166:
3264:
3219:
3214:
3144:
3109:
2587:
2307:
2200:
2094:
1613:
1560:
1555:
1474:
1438:
1354:
715:
527:
512:
446:
407:
311:, also using a compound of the plant heads medicinally. They eat the fruits of
651:, tribal schools, tribal courts, tribal police and a public works department.
3313:
3089:
3059:
3054:
2939:
2632:
2561:
2347:
2139:
1806:
1796:
1664:
1456:
1311:
648:
536:
442:
415:
403:
832:
Jones, William. "Episodes in the Culture-Hero Myth of the Sauks and Foxes",
3204:
3039:
3029:
2694:
2689:
2413:
2205:
2195:
2129:
2081:
1402:
1369:
641:
633:
591:
540:
356:
243:
38:
1094:
Elias Ellefson, "What it Means to be a Meskwaki": Ray Young Bear interview
1012:
576 F.2d 145 (1978); Duren J. H. Ward, Meskwakia and the Meskwaki people.
2684:
2480:
2332:
2149:
2134:
1603:
1598:
1494:
1382:
1323:
1249:
Stout, David B., Erminie Wheeler-Voegelin, and Emily J. Blasingham 1974
727:
637:
484:
375:
368:
202:
289:
3004:
2674:
2530:
2357:
1754:
1734:
1420:
1397:
946:. MultiTree:A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Archived from
599:
580:
In 1857, the Meskwaki purchased the first 80 acres (320,000 m) in
560:
396:
1301:
1165:
Buffalo, Jonathan 1993 Introduction to Mesquaki History, Parts I-III.
2342:
2119:
1790:
1484:
1448:
793:
775:
700:
399:
1148:
980:
242:
The name is derived from the Meskwaki creation myth, in which their
49:
2974:
2909:
2900:
2099:
2073:
2064:
1709:
1479:
1430:
1392:
965:
St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive,
468:
308:
304:
250:, created the first humans out of red clay. They called themselves
947:
745:
Mary Young Bear, inducted into the Iowa Women's hall of Fame; 2021
217:, which means "the Red-Earths", related to their creation story.
3099:
2292:
2089:
1387:
1119:
American Indians and Popular Culture: Media, Sports, and Politics
709:, activist for Native American and women's rights; textile artist
323:
into a lotion and use them on bee stings and for swollen faces.
3239:
3069:
586:
532:
285:
1320:(Mentions presence of Sauk Fox Tribes in Pike County Illinois)
1306:
884:
Smith, Huron H. (1928) "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians",
845:
Smith, Huron H. (1928) "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians",
146:
3019:
2944:
2612:
2566:
2169:
2164:
2109:
1412:
1312:"Estimating the Location of the Red Rock Treaty Line in Iowa"
1253:. American Indian Ethnohistory. Garland Publishing, New York.
910:
Smith, Huron H. (1928), Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians,
897:
Smith, Huron H. (1928), Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians,
871:
Smith, Huron H. (1928). Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians.
636:, Meskwaki men enlisted in the U.S. Army. Several served as
594:
of the early 19th century. Many Meskwaki later moved to the
1314:(Historical summary and effort to locate original position)
1296:
1242:
Smith, Huron H. 1928 Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians.
858:
Smith, Huron H. (1928), "Ethnobotany of Meskwaki Indians",
472:
266:
1207:
Leinicke, Will 1981 The Sauk and Fox Indians in Illinois.
1077:
Portrait and biography in Thomas McKenney and James Hall,
647:
The modern Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County maintains a
161:
30:"Outagamie" redirects here. For the Wisconsin county, see
1230:
The Last of the Mus-Qua-Kies and the Indian Congress 1898
406:, via the Mississippi River, and the French ports on the
336:
1010:
Sac & Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa V. Licklider,
915:
355:
culture area. The Meskwaki language is a dialect of the
317:
raw and cook them into a jam. They make the flowers of
402:
through the interior of North America between northern
1244:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
1237:
Yearbook of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
912:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
899:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
886:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
873:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
860:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
847:
Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee
3275:
2160:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
967:
Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015, pp. 25–26
684:
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
526:
Some Meskwaki were involved with Sac warriors in the
1265:
Art of the Red Earth People: The Mesquakie of Iowa.
1150:
A Social History of the Mesquakie Indians, 1800–1963
499:. This name was later used by Americans for today's
2623:
Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site
1183:. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.no
1181:
The Fox Wars: The Mesquakie Challenge to New France
297:and use it to revive unconscious people. They used
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3311:
169:; "Wa-pel-la the Prince, Musquakee Chief", from
1235:Smith, Huron H. 1925 The Red Earth Indians. In
975:
973:
1179:Edmunds, R. David, and Joseph L. Peyser 1993
252:
211:
201:people. They have been closely linked to the
2883:
2598:Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital
2047:
1339:
1080:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
172:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
153:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
1267:University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City.
1188:Mesquakie Separatism in the Mid 19th Century
970:
489:
1274:. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
766:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
359:language spoken by the Sauk, Meskwaki, and
205:people of the same language family. In the
2890:
2876:
2054:
2040:
1353:
1346:
1332:
1263:Torrence, Gaylord, and Robert Hobbs 1989
543:called the Meskwaki who moved west of the
1066:National Congress of the American Indian.
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1318:"Visitors Guide to Pike County Illinois"
1176:. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
1014:The Iowa Journal of History and Politics
959:
957:
577:citizens. Only citizens could buy land.
559:
330:
160:
145:
2857:Native American place names in Nebraska
258:in Meskwaki, meaning "the Red-Earths".
14:
3312:
678:Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa
654:
608:Sac and Fox of the Mississippi in Iowa
506:
2871:
2035:
1327:
1146:
1027:"Last Meskwaki code talker remembers"
963:Carl J. Ekberg and Sharon K. Person,
954:
386:
1279:Iowa Journal of History and Politics
742:, also featured in McKenney and Hall
414:, the Fox River allowed travel from
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
3365:Native American tribes in Wisconsin
2821:Fontenelle Forest Historic District
2705:Champe-Fremont 1 Archeological Site
694:
391:The Meskwaki gained control of the
24:
3375:Native American tribes in Michigan
3370:Native American tribes in Illinois
3360:Native American tribes in Nebraska
3355:Native American tribes in Missouri
3292:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3205:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
1277:Ward, Duren J. H. 1906 Meskwakia.
1153:(MS thesis). Iowa State University
1140:
781:Native American tribes in Nebraska
680:, headquartered in Tama, Iowa; and
27:Indigenous people of North America
25:
3386:
2628:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
2272:Nebraska Indian Community College
2105:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
2014:Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1285:
1225:. University of Chicago, Chicago.
1055:"Tribal Governments by Tribe: S."
834:The Journal of American Folklore,
761:Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska
462:
150:"Kee-shes-wa, A Fox Chief", from
3350:Native American tribes in Kansas
3297:
3285:
2899:
2063:
2009:First Treaty of Prairie du Chien
1174:The Meskwaki and Anthropologists
836:Vol. XIV, Oct–Dec. 1901. P. 239.
48:
2826:Wolfe and Grey (Schuyler) Sites
2710:Frank Parker Archeological Site
1110:
1087:
1071:
1048:
1037:from the original on 2008-05-05
1019:
1016:4, No. 2: 179–219. April, 1906.
1003:
991:from the original on 2023-09-25
722:Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc
624:
278:Historically the Meskwaki used
209:, the Meskwaki call themselves
59:needs additional citations for
3345:Native American tribes in Iowa
2796:Farwell Archeological District
2593:Genoa Indian Industrial School
1216:Contributions to Fox Ethnology
1214:Michelson, Truman 1927, 1930
936:
904:
891:
878:
865:
852:
839:
826:
418:and the other Great Lakes via
273:
186:), also known by the European
13:
1:
2801:Blue Springs, aka Wonder Site
2745:Table Rock Archeological Site
2715:Sweetwater Archeological Site
2608:Susan LaFlesche Picotte House
2572:Cunningham Archeological Site
2440:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
2435:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
2368:Moses J. "Chief" Yellow Horse
1877:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
1221:Peattie, Lisa Redfield 1950
1147:Brown, Richard Frank (1964).
819:
806:, a U.S. Navy ship named for
792:, a U.S. Navy ship named for
2501:Fullerton Archeological Site
2267:Little Priest Tribal College
944:"Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo language"
487:peoples called the Meskwaki
351:origin from the prehistoric
294:Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
237:
7:
2740:Humphrey Archeological Site
2735:Schrader Archeological Site
2496:Schrader Archeological Site
2155:Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska
2082:Historic and present tribes
1968:Battle of Wisconsin Heights
1928:Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds
1172:Daubenmier, Judith M. 2008
925:) which lists the plant as
749:
707:Jean Adeline Morgan Wanatee
501:Outagamie County, Wisconsin
432:
300:Agastache scrophulariifolia
32:Outagamie County, Wisconsin
10:
3391:
2836:Wiseman Archeological Site
2831:Schulte Archeological Site
2725:Ashland Archeological Site
2720:Burkett Archeological Site
2486:Horse Creek Pawnee Village
2328:Old Lady Grieves The Enemy
2004:Treaty of St. Louis (1804)
1958:Battle of Apple River Fort
1770:Stillman's Run Battle Site
1232:. W.R. Funk, Dayton, Ohio.
1202:Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians
933:. Accessed 19 January 2018
367:, and thus descended from
326:
157:(1836–1844, three volumes)
36:
29:
3123:
2916:
2849:
2753:
2667:
2641:
2580:
2544:
2463:
2427:
2404:Battle of Warbonnet Creek
2376:
2353:Susette LaFlesche Tibbles
2280:
2260:colleges and universities
2257:
2214:
2178:
2080:
1981:
1948:Battle of Kellogg's Grove
1890:
1702:
1652:
1569:
1531:
1524:
1493:
1465:
1447:
1429:
1411:
1368:
1361:
1270:VanStone, James W. 1998
1068:(retrieved 11 April 2010)
2476:Pike-Pawnee Village Site
2338:Susan La Flesche Picotte
1938:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1903:Battle of Stillman's Run
1223:Being a Mesquakie Indian
1186:Green, Michael D. 1977
663:Sac and Fox tribes are:
612:Bureau of Indian Affairs
335:Meskwaki signature of a
3170:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
2811:Kurz Omaha Village Site
2754:Other precontact places
2506:Oto Indian Village Site
2145:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
1953:Attack at Ament's Cabin
1943:Battle of Waddams Grove
1292:The 1730 Mesquakie Fort
1228:Rebok, Horace M. 1900
712:Ke-shes-wa, a Fox chief
555:
341:Great Peace of Montreal
253:
212:
2906:Native American tribes
2791:Nehawka Flint Quarries
2781:Hudson-Meng Bison Kill
2668:Precontact communities
2545:Historic sacred places
1933:Spafford Farm massacre
1355:Black Hawk War of 1832
1200:Gussow, Zachary 1974
1169::p. 11, 4.6, 6–7.
1000:retrieved July 12 2023
814:Mid-Continent Airlines
756:Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma
573:
552:present-day Oklahoma.
490:
412:Fox–Wisconsin Waterway
344:
307:of the root used as a
175:
158:
37:For the language, see
2618:Moses Merrill Mission
2581:Other historic places
2428:Historic reservations
2394:Battle of Mud Springs
1918:Indian Creek massacre
1258:Plains Anthropologist
916:http://naeb.brit.org/
584:; Tama was named for
563:
521:Five Civilized Tribes
478:Pike County, Illinois
365:Algic language family
334:
164:
149:
3325:Algonquian ethnonyms
3200:Mescalero-Chiricahua
2955:Cheyenne and Arapaho
2481:Skidi Pawnee Village
2464:Historic communities
2399:Battle of Rush Creek
2384:Battle of Ash Hollow
2216:Present reservations
2191:Omaha-Ponca language
1963:Sinsinawa Mound raid
1908:Buffalo Grove ambush
1105:Des Moines Register,
888:, 4:175–326 (p. 225)
724:, captured by French
661:federally recognized
363:. It belongs to the
314:Viburnum prunifolium
281:Triodanis perfoliata
68:improve this article
2771:Walker Gilmore site
2526:Theodore Davis Site
1989:Black Hawk Purchase
1847:Hamilton's Diggings
1685:Joseph Throckmorton
1639:James W. Stephenson
1609:William S. Hamilton
950:on August 11, 2011.
927:Oligoneuron rigidum
901:4:175–326, page 256
686:, headquartered in
670:, headquartered in
655:Contemporary tribes
619:Indian reservations
596:Meskwaki Settlement
566:Meskwaki Settlement
507:Kansas and Oklahoma
182:(sometimes spelled
3340:Great Lakes tribes
3330:Algonquian peoples
2970:Citizen Potawatomi
2642:Precontact peoples
2318:Francis La Flesche
1923:St. Vrain massacre
1787:Michigan Territory
1099:2017-02-09 at the
1060:2010-04-12 at the
921:2019-07-16 at the
875:4:175–326 (p. 212)
862:4:175–326 (p. 272)
849:4:175–326 (p. 206)
810:, a Meskwaki chief
796:, a Meskwaki chief
734:Ska-ba-quay Tesson
668:Sac and Fox Nation
574:
517:Indian Removal Act
387:Great Lakes region
345:
223:tall grass prairie
176:
159:
3273:
3272:
3195:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2935:Alabama-Quassarte
2865:
2864:
2786:Woodcliff Burials
2323:Joseph La Flesche
2179:Present languages
2125:Northern Cheyenne
2029:
2028:
1973:Battle of Bad Axe
1898:Minor engagements
1698:
1697:
1520:
1519:
1209:Historic Illinois
718:, writer and poet
570:Tama County, Iowa
545:Mississippi River
424:Mississippi River
410:. As part of the
374:The Meskwaki and
357:Sauk-Fox-Kickapoo
207:Meskwaki language
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3382:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3125:Tribal languages
3105:United Keetoowah
3035:Muscogee (Creek)
2995:Fort Sill Apache
2930:Absentee Shawnee
2904:
2903:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2491:Cottonwood Creek
2471:Ton'wontongathon
2409:Grattan massacre
2363:James Young Deer
2313:Logan Fontenelle
2303:Joba Chamberlain
2281:Historic figures
2070:Native Americans
2068:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2032:
1999:Keokuk's Reserve
1852:Pecatonica River
1802:Blue Mounds Fort
1715:Apple River Fort
1675:Joseph M. Street
1670:Antoine LeClaire
1660:George Davenport
1644:Samuel Whiteside
1629:John H. Rountree
1594:Ebenezer Brigham
1584:Milton Alexander
1579:John Giles Adams
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695:Notable Meskwaki
672:Stroud, Oklahoma
659:Today the three
550:Indian Territory
535:in 1845 via the
493:
347:Meskwaki are of
256:
230:, and one has a
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2980:Delaware Nation
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2841:Durflinger Site
2749:
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2603:Indian agencies
2576:
2540:
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2419:Indian Congress
2389:Massacre Canyon
2377:Historic events
2372:
2298:Chief Blackbird
2288:Antonine Barada
2276:
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2174:
2076:
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2060:
2030:
2025:
1994:Black Hawk Tree
1977:
1913:Plum River raid
1886:
1882:Wisconsin River
1862:Sinsinawa Mound
1837:Gratiot's Grove
1827:Fort Koshkonong
1750:Kellogg's Grove
1694:
1690:Satterlee Clark
1680:Felix St. Vrain
1648:
1634:Isaiah Stillman
1624:Alexander Posey
1619:Abraham Lincoln
1565:
1551:Jefferson Davis
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1982:Related topics
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1797:Bad Axe River
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537:Dragoon Trace
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443:First Fox War
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416:Lake Michigan
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85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3095:Thlopthlocco
2850:Other topics
2695:Signal Butte
2690:Schultz site
2659:Dismal River
2516:McClean Site
2511:Leshara Site
2414:Cheyenne War
2244:Santee Sioux
2206:Sac language
2196:Fox language
2170:Skidi Pawnee
2114:
2018:
1822:Fort Jackson
1780:Yellow Creek
1745:Indian Creek
1589:David Bailey
1498:
1403:Wabokieshiek
1370:British Band
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1195:Ethnohistory
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1157:February 14,
1155:. Retrieved
1149:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1089:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1031:USATODAY.com
1030:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
985:Meskwaki.org
984:
964:
948:the original
938:
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880:
872:
867:
859:
854:
846:
841:
833:
828:
801:
787:
658:
646:
642:North Africa
638:code talkers
634:World War II
631:
628:
625:20th century
616:
604:
585:
579:
575:
541:Dakota Sioux
525:
510:
496:
488:
482:
466:
440:
436:
428:
390:
380:
376:Sauk peoples
373:
346:
318:
312:
298:
292:
279:
277:
262:
260:
251:
247:
244:culture hero
241:
228:reservations
219:
210:
194:
190:
183:
179:
177:
170:
151:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
39:Fox language
3320:Sac and Fox
3075:Sac and Fox
2766:Indian Hill
2761:Indian Cave
2700:Site 25SM20
2557:Ahkawitakol
2536:Wright Site
2333:Petalesharo
2239:Sac and Fox
1891:Engagements
1604:Henry Dodge
1599:John Dement
1525:U.S. people
1383:Checokalako
1260:12:300–317.
1084:(1836–1844)
728:Duane Slick
582:Tama County
515:signed the
485:Anishinaabe
369:Proto-Algic
274:Ethnobotany
191:Fox Indians
3314:Categories
3235:Potawatomi
2920:recognized
2730:Yutan Site
2680:Ash Hollow
2675:Leary Site
2531:Kelso Site
2358:Jim Thorpe
1832:Fort Union
1755:Plum River
1735:Fort Beggs
1546:Hugh Brady
1467:Potawatomi
1398:Towaunonne
1378:Black Hawk
1281:4:178–219.
1167:The Legend
1041:2012-07-19
995:2023-07-12
820:References
397:New France
349:Algonquian
232:settlement
124:March 2016
94:newspapers
83:"Meskwaki"
3165:Chickasaw
3115:Wyandotte
2960:Chickasaw
2918:Federally
2343:Red Cloud
2249:Winnebago
2120:Missouria
1791:Wisconsin
1485:Waubonsie
1449:Menominee
1211:3(5):1–6.
981:"History"
794:Appanoose
788:Appanoose
776:Mascouten
701:Appanoose
497:Outagamie
491:Odagaamii
420:Green Bay
400:fur trade
393:Fox River
261:The name
238:Etymology
18:Outagamie
3210:Muscogee
3185:Delaware
3180:Comanche
3160:Cheyenne
3155:Cherokee
3080:Seminole
3015:Kickapoo
3010:Kialegee
2975:Comanche
2950:Cherokee
2910:Oklahoma
2654:Woodland
2455:Niobrara
2115:Meskwaki
2100:Comanche
2074:Nebraska
1760:Saukenuk
1710:Illinois
1499:Meskwaki
1480:Shabbona
1431:Ho-Chunk
1393:Pamisseu
1097:Archived
1058:Archived
1035:Archived
989:Archived
919:Archived
790:(AK-226)
771:Kickapoo
750:See also
736:, artist
730:, artist
469:Illinois
433:Fox Wars
426:system.
361:Kickapoo
309:diuretic
305:infusion
197:, are a
184:Mesquaki
180:Meskwaki
3278:Portals
3260:Wyandot
3255:Wichita
3250:Shawnee
3190:Koasati
3175:Choctaw
3140:Arapaho
3135:Alabama
3110:Wichita
3100:Tonkawa
3090:Shawnee
2965:Choctaw
2293:Big Elk
2095:Arikara
2090:Arapaho
2020:Warrior
1872:Victory
1857:Roxbury
1571:Militia
1512:Wapello
1457:Oshkosh
1421:Wapasha
1388:Neapope
931:rigidum
808:Wapello
804:(YN-56)
802:Wapello
740:Wapello
703:, chief
422:to the
339:on the
327:History
193:or the
188:exonyms
167:Wapello
108:scholar
3245:Seneca
3240:Quapaw
3225:Pawnee
3220:Ottawa
3150:Cayuga
3070:Quapaw
3060:Peoria
3055:Pawnee
3050:Ottawa
2940:Apache
2922:tribes
2685:Coufal
2450:Pawnee
2140:Pawnee
1842:Helena
1740:Galena
1703:Places
1653:Others
1507:Keokuk
1413:Dakota
1126:
649:casino
587:Taimah
539:. The
533:Kansas
290:smudge
286:emetic
284:as an
248:Wisaka
165:Chief
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3265:Yuchi
3230:Ponca
3215:Osage
3145:Caddo
3065:Ponca
3040:Osage
3030:Modoc
3025:Miami
3020:Kiowa
2945:Caddo
2613:Nanza
2567:Pahuk
2552:Pahur
2234:Ponca
2229:Omaha
2224:Ioway
2186:Hocak
2165:Sioux
2130:Omaha
2110:Kiowa
929:var.
598:near
592:chief
568:" in
303:, an
226:have
115:JSTOR
101:books
3000:Iowa
2135:Otoe
1533:Army
1497:and
1495:Sauk
1159:2013
1124:ISBN
800:USS
786:USS
600:Tama
556:Iowa
483:The
473:Iowa
456:Wolf
454:and
441:The
381:Sauk
267:clan
203:Sauk
178:The
87:news
3005:Kaw
2908:in
2445:Oto
2150:Sac
2072:in
632:In
452:Fox
337:fox
263:Fox
195:Fox
70:by
3316::
1103:,
1064:,
1029:.
987:.
983:.
972:^
956:^
602:.
503:.
480:.
371:.
246:,
234:.
3280::
2891:e
2884:t
2877:v
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
1793:)
1789:(
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1161:.
1132:.
1082:,
1044:.
998:.
690:.
674:;
606:"
572:.
471:-
343:.
155:,
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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