31:
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555:, to depose the state government. In the interim, he handed executive power to the Wehrmacht commanders in the two states, who banned public gatherings and took control of the state police. At the same time, Gessler sought to avoid confrontation with the ultraconservative Bavarian government, who established a quasi-dictatorship in the latter months of the year and were known to be plotting a putsch against Berlin. The KPD were in fact planning a national uprising, and as preparation entered into coalition government in both Saxony and Thuringia alongside the SPD. However, after a joint conference in Chemnitz on 21 October indicated no desire for even a
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Five days later, they demanded the formation of new governments in both Saxony and
Thuringia without the Communists or else they would be deposed and Reich commissars installed to govern the states. While Thuringian premier August Frölich agreed to resign, Zeigner refused, stating that only the state
530:
and turning it into a modern army. Gessler did not see his role as controlling the military, but rather in cooperating with the military command staff, which for its part viewed the
Reichswehr's position as an independent and autonomous "state within the state". From 1920 to 1924, Gessler was also a
571:
on 29 October to depose him. This intervention, combined with the lack of action against the rebellious
Bavarian government, led the SPD to threaten to quit cabinet. Gessler encouraged their departure, stating that their continued presence further incited the Bavarians to action; a "negotiated
550:
for a parliamentary majority. Tensions grew throughout August and
September as public clashes increased and Gessler cut contact with Zeigner. In early October, he called for the federal government to exercise its emergency powers, granted in response to the ongoing economic crisis and
576:
described his stance as "nothing less than a partial capitulation" to the
Bavarian regime. The SPD parliamentary group voted to withdraw from cabinet, and the rump minority government fell less than a month later, ending Stresemann's tenure as Chancellor.
580:
From
October to December 1925, Gessler also served as provisional Minister of the Interior and in May 1926 was Vice-Chancellor of Germany for a few days. In January 1927, the DDP voted against working with the coalition of the cabinet of
3936:
684:
After the end of World War II, Gessler became involved in humanitarian organizations. In 1949, he became president of the
Bavaria Red Cross (a post he retained until his death) and in 1950 president of the
546:, an outspoken critic of the Wehrmacht, shared a mutual antipathy. Gessler and conservative elements considered the Saxon and Thuringian governments suspect due to their reliance on the
1935:
3911:
1059:
458:. He successfully headed the town administration of Nuremberg in the war years and contributed to the fact that there were no leftist takeovers in Nuremberg and
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After the accusation of financial anomalies in his ministry associated with the secret re-armament of the
Reichswehr (also known as the
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parliament had the authority to force a change in government. The federal cabinet requested and received approval from
President
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and served in various positions in the
Bavarian justiciary (1903 clerk in the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, 1904 prosecutor in
393:
as the son of the non-commissioned officer Otto Gessler and his wife Karoline (née Späth). He finished school in 1894 with the
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and the cabinet were swayed to Gessler's side and approved action; the state was occupied by the Wehrmacht on 22 October.
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and received his doctorate there in 1900. Initially, he worked for the judicial service of Leipzig. He then moved to
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493:. Gessler was not a staunch supporter of the new republic, describing himself as a "republican by reason" only.
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657:, and, in the event that the coup succeeded, was slated to be political commissioner in Military District VII (
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689:. He was instrumental in the post-war reconstruction of the organization, serving as president until 1952.
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1980:
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1972:
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722:
Reichswehrminister Otto Geßler. Eine Studie zu "unpolitischer" Militärpolitik in der Weimarer Republik
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1736:
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1381:
433:) before moving into public administration. In 1903, Gessler married Maria Helmschrott (died 1954).
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in 1933, he retired from politics, in part due to ill health, and at first lived in seclusion at
573:
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2003:
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1115:
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Gessler kept that position for the next eight years, despite numerous changes of government. As
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from 1913 to 1919. Because of reduced mobility due to a handicap he did not serve during
948:, “in Parliamentary Data Bank of the Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte in the Bavariathek.
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Gessler died on 24 March 1955 in Lindenberg im Allgäu. In 1958, his memoirs
681:
and then held at various Berlin prisons until his release in February 1945.
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Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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1627:
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1322:
1199:
1125:
662:
646:
585:. To retain his position as Minister of Defence, Gessler left the party.
497:
455:
386:
271:
90:
3412:
2306:
2002:
572:
solution" could only be reached with them out of the picture. Historian
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754:(in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 350
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among the left, plans were called off. Nonetheless, Chancellor
430:
394:
645:, however, he became a member of the resistance group around
373:. He served in numerous Weimar cabinets, most notably as
477:
in November 1918. In October 1919, he was appointed as
508:
who was forced to resign as a result of the putsch.
609:. From 1931 to 1933, Gessler was president of the
1067:
711:The hospital in Lindenberg is named for Gessler.
677:of 20 July 1944. He was detained and tortured at
385:Otto Karl Gessler was born on 6 February 1875 in
3883:
1519:
743:
616:Verein fĂĽr Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland
592:) Gessler was forced to resign in January 1928.
353:) (6 February 1875 – 24 March 1955) was a
3912:Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
833:. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from
732:. Bd. 794). Lang, Frankfurt am Main u.a. 1998,
462:the immediate aftermath of the war during the
3732:
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3398:
3257:
3106:
2936:
2772:
2609:
2445:
2292:
2143:
1988:
1805:
1505:
1053:
692:From 1950 to 1955, Gessler was member of the
441:
595:From 1928 to 1933, he was president of the
3739:
3725:
3574:
3560:
3405:
3391:
3264:
3250:
3113:
3099:
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2150:
2136:
1995:
1981:
1812:
1798:
1512:
1498:
1060:
1046:
134:23 October 1925 – 5 December 1925
29:
542:. He and left-wing SPD premier of Saxony
377:(Minister of Defence) from 1920 to 1928.
3942:RavensbrĂĽck concentration camp survivors
3124:– 30 November 1923 to 26 May/3 June 1924
365:. From 1910 until 1914, he was mayor of
184:25 October 1919 – 24 March 1920
58:27 March 1920 – 19 January 1928
913:
886:
730:Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften
597:Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge
500:in March 1920 he assumed the office of
3932:People from the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
3884:
962:Newspaper clippings about Otto Gessler
790:"Biografie Otto Karl Gessler (German)"
706:Reichswehrpolitik in der Weimarer Zeit
538:Gessler played a key role in the 1923
473:and became one of the founders of the
3720:
3555:
3386:
3245:
3094:
2924:
2760:
2597:
2463:– 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922
2433:
2280:
2131:
1976:
1793:
1493:
1041:
860:
858:
856:
854:
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819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
675:assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler
2954:– 6 October 1923 to 23 November 1923
2627:– 22 November 1922 to 12 August 1923
893:. New York: Macmillan. p. 425.
673:and was arrested two days after the
611:Verein fĂĽr das Deutschtum im Ausland
450:from 1910 to 1914 and lord mayor of
3907:German Democratic Party politicians
699:
661:) in the shadow cabinet of General
607:Bund fĂĽr die Erneuerung des Reiches
436:
13:
2790:– 13 August 1923 to 3 October 1923
849:
804:
771:
714:
14:
3958:
955:
868:. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
831:"Biografie Otto Gessler (German)"
172:Reich Minister for Reconstruction
3870:
3750:– 17 May 1926 to 1 February 1927
3705:
3540:
3371:
3230:
3079:
2909:
2745:
2582:
2418:
2310:– 10 May 1921 to 22 October 1921
2265:
2116:
1658:
1609:
1573:
1529:
1353:
1299:
1255:
1141:
1077:
653:, was included the resistance’s
3416:– 15 January to 5 December 1925
2006:– 27 March 1920 to 21 June 1920
1823:– 21 June 1919 to 27 March 1920
792:. Bayerische Nationalbibliothek
669:. He was named in documents of
479:Reichsminister fĂĽr Wiederaufbau
939:
907:
880:
726:Europäische Hochschulschriften
679:RavensbrĂĽck concentration camp
122:Reich Minister of the Interior
1:
2161:– 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921
1111:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1069:Interior Ministers of Germany
764:
708:were published posthumously.
622:
380:
16:German politician (1875–1955)
3927:German War Graves Commission
3275:– 3 June to 15 December 1924
1521:Defence Ministers of Germany
1106:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
1101:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher
1020:Interior Minister of Germany
602:German War Graves Commission
464:German Revolution of 1918-19
7:
3917:Ministers of the Reichswehr
3585:– 20 January to 18 May 1926
1666:Federal Republic of Germany
1361:Federal Republic of Germany
993:Defence Minister of Germany
966:20th Century Press Archives
866:"Dr. Otto Gessler (German)"
504:(Minister of Defence) from
483:Minister for Reconstruction
10:
3963:
3947:German Red Cross personnel
1762:Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
1747:Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
1617:German Democratic Republic
1307:German Democratic Republic
442:Empire and Weimar Republic
326:Progressive People's Party
3868:
3755:
3703:
3590:
3538:
3421:
3369:
3280:
3228:
3129:
3077:
2959:
2952:Second Stresemann cabinet
2907:
2795:
2743:
2632:
2580:
2468:
2416:
2315:
2263:
2166:
2114:
2011:
1828:
1780:
1656:
1607:
1571:
1527:
1480:
1351:
1297:
1253:
1139:
1075:
1026:
1017:
1009:
999:
990:
982:
977:
887:Quigley, Carroll (1966).
744:Vogelsang, Thilo (1964),
340:
332:
319:
309:
285:
258:
253:
249:
241:
230:
222:
210:
198:
188:
177:
170:
158:
146:
138:
127:
120:
108:
96:
62:
51:
46:Reich Minister of Defence
44:
40:
28:
21:
2788:First Stresemann cabinet
751:Neue Deutsche Biographie
667:Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
649:, had contacts with the
399:Humanistisches Gymnasium
3902:People from Ludwigsburg
1837:Reichsministerpräsident
574:Heinrich August Winkler
517:he worked closely with
314:German Democratic Party
2719:Frederic von Rosenberg
1402:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
671:Claus von Stauffenberg
553:occupation of the Ruhr
519:Chef der Heeresleitung
403:Dillingen an der Donau
391:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
369:and from 1913 to 1919
276:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
3583:Second Luther cabinet
2171:Constantin Fehrenbach
1343:Peter-Michael Diestel
469:Gessler was close to
446:Gessler was mayor of
71:Constantin Fehrenbach
3922:Mayors of Regensburg
3414:First Luther cabinet
2461:Second Wirth cabinet
2004:First MĂĽller cabinet
1757:Ursula von der Leyen
1457:Hans-Peter Friedrich
1422:Friedrich Zimmermann
1116:Clemens von DelbrĂĽck
639:Lindenberg im Allgäu
498:Kapp-LĂĽttwitz Putsch
405:. He studied law in
296:Lindenberg im Allgäu
35:Gessler in the 1920s
3273:Second Marx cabinet
2308:First Wirth cabinet
1767:Christine Lambrecht
1722:Gerhard Stoltenberg
1682:Franz Josef Strauss
1592:Werner von Blomberg
1563:Kurt von Schleicher
925:. p. 127-158.
746:"GeĂźler, Otto Karl"
3748:Third Marx cabinet
3501:Otto von Schlieben
3462:Gerhard von Kanitz
3344:Gerhard von Kanitz
3203:Gerhard von Kanitz
3122:First Marx cabinet
3030:Gerhard von Kanitz
2543:Johannes Giesberts
2384:Johannes Giesberts
2243:Johannes Giesberts
2159:Fehrenbach cabinet
2094:Johannes Giesberts
2070:Alexander Schlicke
1923:Johannes Giesberts
1901:Alexander Schlicke
1851:Matthias Erzberger
1752:Thomas de Maizière
1687:Kai-Uwe von Hassel
1462:Thomas de Maizière
1452:Thomas de Maizière
1220:Walter von Keudell
978:Political offices
524:in setting up the
514:Reichswehrminister
502:Reichswehrminister
375:Reichswehrminister
371:mayor of Nuremberg
205:Office established
3879:
3878:
3861:Gustav Stresemann
3806:Heinrich Haslinde
3714:
3713:
3696:Gustav Stresemann
3635:Heinrich Haslinde
3549:
3548:
3531:Gustav Stresemann
3380:
3379:
3362:Gustav Stresemann
3239:
3238:
3221:Gustav Stresemann
3088:
3087:
2964:Gustav Stresemann
2918:
2917:
2857:Rudolf Hilferding
2800:Gustav Stresemann
2754:
2753:
2591:
2590:
2427:
2426:
2274:
2273:
2125:
2124:
1970:
1969:
1955:Walther Reinhardt
1787:
1786:
1487:
1486:
1447:Wolfgang Schäuble
1427:Wolfgang Schäuble
1036:
1035:
1027:Succeeded by
1000:Succeeded by
720:Möllers, Heiner:
561:Gustav Stresemann
471:Friedrich Naumann
347:Otto Karl Gessler
344:
343:
83:Gustav Stresemann
3954:
3874:
3852:
3839:
3814:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3709:
3687:
3674:
3643:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3522:
3509:
3486:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3339:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3198:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3070:Wilhelm Sollmann
3019:
2996:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2900:Wilhelm Sollmann
2871:
2842:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2733:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2570:
2551:
2497:Walther Rathenau
2454:
2447:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2409:Walther Rathenau
2392:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2251:
2197:Erich Koch-Weser
2152:
2145:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2102:
2026:Erich Koch-Weser
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1961:Adolf von Trotha
1944:
1931:
1883:Erich Koch-Weser
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1742:Franz Josef Jung
1732:Rudolf Scharping
1692:Gerhard Schröder
1670:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1648:Rainer Eppelmann
1643:Theodor Hoffmann
1621:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1382:Gerhard Schröder
1372:Gustav Heinemann
1365:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1333:Friedrich Dickel
1311:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1289:Wilhelm Stuckart
1279:Heinrich Himmler
1267:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1240:Wilhelm von Gayl
1195:Wilhelm Sollmann
1175:Erich Koch-Weser
1153:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1010:Preceded by
997:1920–1928
983:Preceded by
975:
974:
949:
943:
937:
936:
911:
905:
904:
890:Tragedy And Hope
884:
878:
877:
875:
873:
862:
847:
846:
844:
842:
827:
802:
801:
799:
797:
786:
758:full text online
755:
700:Death and legacy
687:German Red Cross
437:Political career
292:
268:
266:
254:Personal details
235:
217:Walther Rathenau
213:
201:
182:
161:
149:
132:
111:
99:
56:
33:
19:
18:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3866:
3846:
3833:
3808:
3780:Heinrich Brauns
3751:
3745:
3715:
3710:
3701:
3681:
3668:
3637:
3605:Heinrich Brauns
3586:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3516:
3503:
3480:
3436:Heinrich Brauns
3417:
3411:
3381:
3376:
3367:
3333:
3309:Heinrich Brauns
3276:
3270:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3192:
3158:Heinrich Brauns
3125:
3119:
3089:
3084:
3075:
3054:Gustav Radbruch
3013:
2990:
2978:Heinrich Brauns
2955:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2894:Hans von Raumer
2888:Gustav Radbruch
2865:
2836:
2824:Heinrich Brauns
2791:
2785:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2727:
2683:Wilhelm Groener
2663:Heinrich Brauns
2647:Heinrich Albert
2628:
2622:
2592:
2587:
2578:
2564:
2556:Wilhelm Groener
2545:
2531:Gustav Radbruch
2525:Heinrich Brauns
2464:
2458:
2428:
2423:
2414:
2397:Wilhelm Groener
2386:
2362:Heinrich Brauns
2350:Georg Gradnauer
2344:Friedrich Rosen
2311:
2305:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2256:Hans von Raumer
2245:
2237:Wilhelm Groener
2225:Heinrich Brauns
2162:
2156:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2096:
2007:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1938:
1925:
1824:
1818:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1772:Boris Pistorius
1669:(1949–present)
1668:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1558:Wilhelm Groener
1539:
1537:Weimar Republic
1530:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1437:Manfred Kanther
1407:Werner Maihofer
1387:Hermann Höcherl
1364:(1949–present)
1363:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1235:Wilhelm Groener
1180:Georg Gradnauer
1160:Friedrich Ebert
1151:
1149:Weimar Republic
1142:
1140:
1135:
1121:Karl Helfferich
1087:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1005:
1003:Wilhelm Groener
996:
988:
958:
953:
952:
944:
940:
933:
915:Ullrich, Volker
912:
908:
901:
885:
881:
871:
869:
864:
863:
850:
840:
838:
837:on May 15, 2013
829:
828:
805:
795:
793:
788:
787:
772:
767:
717:
715:Further reading
702:
694:Bavarian senate
630:Machtergreifung
625:
590:Phoebus scandal
569:Friedrich Ebert
548:Communist Party
522:Hans von Seeckt
444:
439:
383:
363:Weimar Republic
321:
320:Other political
310:Political party
294:
290:
270:
269:6 February 1875
264:
262:
236:
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211:
199:
183:
178:
159:
147:
133:
128:
115:Wilhelm Groener
109:
97:
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77:
73:
69:
57:
52:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3960:
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3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3877:
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3869:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3858:
3841:
3831:Peter Reinhold
3828:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3793:
3786:Julius Curtius
3783:
3777:
3771:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3676:
3666:Peter Reinhold
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3632:
3622:
3615:Julius Curtius
3612:
3602:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3511:
3498:
3495:Martin Schiele
3492:
3478:Albert Neuhaus
3475:
3465:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3433:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3410:
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3261:
3254:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3187:
3181:
3171:
3164:Erich Emminger
3161:
3155:
3145:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3064:Robert Schmidt
3061:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3008:
2998:
2988:Johannes Fuchs
2985:
2975:
2960:
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2956:
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2925:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2906:
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2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
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2854:
2844:
2834:Johannes Fuchs
2831:
2821:
2814:Robert Schmidt
2811:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2695:Andreas Hermes
2692:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
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2589:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2559:
2553:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2519:Robert Schmidt
2516:
2513:Andreas Hermes
2510:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2403:Andreas Hermes
2400:
2394:
2381:
2375:
2368:Eugen Schiffer
2365:
2359:
2356:Robert Schmidt
2353:
2347:
2341:
2331:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
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2272:
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2262:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2219:Andreas Hermes
2216:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2064:Andreas Hermes
2061:
2058:Robert Schmidt
2055:
2045:
2042:Andreas Blunck
2039:
2033:
2023:
2016:Hermann MĂĽller
2012:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1895:Robert Schmidt
1892:
1889:Rudolf Wissell
1886:
1880:
1874:
1871:Hermann MĂĽller
1868:
1861:Eugen Schiffer
1858:
1848:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
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1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Manfred Wörner
1709:
1704:
1699:
1697:Helmut Schmidt
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Heinz Hoffmann
1630:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
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1525:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:Horst Seehofer
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Rudolf Seiters
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:JĂĽrgen Schmude
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:Lothar Ahrendt
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Karl Steinhoff
1314:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Martin Schiele
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:Martin Schiele
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
989:
984:
980:
979:
973:
972:
957:
956:External links
954:
951:
950:
938:
931:
906:
899:
879:
848:
803:
769:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
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716:
713:
701:
698:
651:Kreisau Circle
624:
621:
557:general strike
540:German October
531:member of the
443:
440:
438:
435:
427:Gewerberichter
382:
379:
342:
341:
338:
337:
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330:
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323:
317:
316:
311:
307:
306:
293:(aged 80)
287:
283:
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251:
250:
247:
246:
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238:
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223:Member of the
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67:Hermann MĂĽller
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34:
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3823:
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3819:Rudolf Krohne
3817:
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3807:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:Johannes Bell
3772:
3769:
3765:
3764:Reichskanzler
3761:
3758:
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3648:Rudolf Krohne
3646:
3641:
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3606:
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3599:Reichskanzler
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3468:Rudolf Krohne
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3450:
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3446:Josef Frenken
3444:
3441:
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3430:Reichskanzler
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3289:Reichskanzler
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3138:Reichskanzler
3135:
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2804:Reichskanzler
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2689:Rudolf Heinze
2687:
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2668:
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2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:Johann Becker
2651:
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2641:Reichskanzler
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2477:Reichskanzler
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2324:Reichskanzler
2321:
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2297:
2295:
2290:
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2249:
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2241:
2239:(independent)
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2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:(independent)
2192:
2191:Walter Simons
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:Rudolf Heinze
2179:
2176:
2173:(Chancellor,
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2100:
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2082:Johannes Bell
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2024:
2021:
2018:(Chancellor,
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
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1962:
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1950:
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1936:Wilhelm Mayer
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1913:Johannes Bell
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1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:Reichskanzler
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1821:Bauer cabinet
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1795:
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1735:
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1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Rupert Scholz
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Theodor Blank
1675:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Heinz Kessler
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1606:
1599:
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1315:
1313:
1308:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1274:Wilhelm Frick
1272:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Carl Severing
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
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1198:
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1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1138:
1132:
1131:Karl Trimborn
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:German Empire
1074:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1004:
995:
994:
987:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
960:
959:
947:
946:“Otto Geßler”
942:
934:
932:9781324093466
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
902:
900:0-945001-10-X
896:
892:
891:
883:
867:
861:
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853:
836:
832:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
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791:
785:
783:
781:
779:
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775:
770:
759:
753:
752:
747:
742:
739:
738:3-631-33191-6
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:
712:
709:
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695:
690:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
631:
620:
618:
617:
612:
608:
605:) and of the
604:
603:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
578:
575:
570:
564:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
544:Erich Zeigner
541:
536:
534:
529:
528:
523:
520:
516:
515:
509:
507:
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492:
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434:
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356:
352:
348:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
318:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
289:24 March 1955
288:
284:
281:
280:German Empire
277:
273:
261:
257:
252:
248:
245:National list
244:
240:
234:
229:
226:
221:
218:
215:
209:
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197:
194:
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187:
181:
176:
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163:
157:
154:
151:
145:
141:
137:
131:
126:
123:
119:
116:
113:
107:
104:
101:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3825:Wilhelm KĂĽlz
3796:Otto Gessler
3795:
3763:
3760:Wilhelm Marx
3660:Wilhelm Marx
3654:Wilhelm KĂĽlz
3625:Otto Gessler
3624:
3598:
3452:Otto Gessler
3451:
3429:
3356:Rudolf Oeser
3315:Otto Gessler
3314:
3288:
3285:Wilhelm Marx
3215:Rudolf Oeser
3174:Otto Gessler
3173:
3137:
3134:Wilhelm Marx
3048:Rudolf Oeser
3036:Joseph Koeth
3001:Otto Gessler
3000:
2967:
2882:Rudolf Oeser
2847:Otto Gessler
2846:
2803:
2713:Rudolf Oeser
2673:Otto Gessler
2672:
2640:
2637:Wilhelm Cuno
2625:Cuno cabinet
2537:Otto Gessler
2536:
2507:Adolf Köster
2487:Gustav Bauer
2476:
2473:Joseph Wirth
2378:Otto Gessler
2377:
2334:Gustav Bauer
2323:
2320:Joseph Wirth
2231:Otto Gessler
2230:
2213:Ernst Scholz
2207:Joseph Wirth
2107:Eduard David
2088:Gustav Bauer
2076:Otto Gessler
2075:
2048:Joseph Wirth
2036:Adolf Köster
1949:Otto Gessler
1948:
1907:Gustav Noske
1877:Eduard David
1840:
1836:
1833:Gustav Bauer
1782:East Germany
1737:Peter Struck
1581:Nazi Germany
1553:Otto Gessler
1552:
1548:Gustav Noske
1482:East Germany
1472:Nancy Faeser
1412:Gerhart Baum
1284:Paul Giesler
1263:Nazi Germany
1245:Franz Bracht
1230:Joseph Wirth
1215:Wilhelm KĂĽlz
1209:
1190:Rudolf Oeser
1185:Adolf Köster
1170:Eduard David
1096:Karl Hofmann
1088:(1871–1918)
1030:Wilhelm KĂĽlz
1018:
991:
986:Gustav Noske
941:
919:Germany 1923
918:
909:
889:
882:
870:. Retrieved
839:. Retrieved
835:the original
794:. Retrieved
756:; (
749:
729:
725:
721:
710:
705:
703:
691:
683:
643:World War II
628:
626:
614:
613:(VDA, today
610:
606:
600:
596:
594:
587:
583:Wilhelm Marx
579:
565:
537:
525:
518:
512:
510:
506:Gustav Noske
501:
495:
491:Gustav Bauer
478:
468:
445:
426:
398:
384:
374:
350:
346:
345:
322:affiliations
304:West Germany
291:(1955-03-24)
242:Constituency
232:
212:Succeeded by
204:
193:Gustav Bauer
179:
165:Wilhelm KĂĽlz
160:Succeeded by
129:
110:Succeeded by
103:Gustav Noske
87:Wilhelm Marx
79:Wilhelm Cuno
75:Joseph Wirth
53:
23:Otto Gessler
3897:1955 deaths
3892:1875 births
3847: [
3844:Karl Stingl
3834: [
3809: [
3682: [
3679:Karl Stingl
3669: [
3638: [
3595:Hans Luther
3517: [
3514:Karl Stingl
3504: [
3481: [
3426:Hans Luther
3350:Hans Luther
3334: [
3331:Anton Höfle
3325:Eduard Hamm
3299:Karl Jarres
3209:Hans Luther
3193: [
3190:Anton Höfle
3184:Eduard Hamm
3148:Karl Jarres
3042:Hans Luther
3024:Karl Jarres
3014: [
3011:Anton Höfle
2991: [
2876:Hans Luther
2866: [
2863:Anton Höfle
2837: [
2728: [
2725:Karl Stingl
2707:Karl MĂĽller
2701:Hans Luther
2565: [
2546: [
2387: [
2246: [
2097: [
1939: [
1926: [
1727:Volker RĂĽhe
1702:Georg Leber
1628:Willi Stoph
1598:Karl Dönitz
1594:(1933–1938)
1442:Otto Schily
1397:Ernst Benda
1377:Robert Lehr
1323:Willi Stoph
1210:Otto GeĂźler
1200:Karl Jarres
1126:Max Wallraf
728:. Reihe 3.
663:Ludwig Beck
647:Franz Sperr
641:. Later in
456:World War I
387:Ludwigsburg
361:during the
328:(1910-1918)
272:Ludwigsburg
200:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
142:Hans Luther
98:Preceded by
91:Hans Luther
3886:Categories
2562:Anton Fehr
1620:(1949–90)
1584:(1933–45)
1540:(1918–33)
1392:Paul LĂĽcke
1328:Karl Maron
1310:(1949–90)
1266:(1933–45)
1165:Hugo PreuĂź
1152:(1918–33)
1024:1925-1926
765:References
655:1944 plans
627:After the
623:After 1933
527:Reichswehr
496:After the
448:Regensburg
381:Early life
367:Regensburg
359:politician
336:Politician
333:Profession
265:1875-02-06
189:Chancellor
139:Chancellor
63:Chancellor
3815:(Zentrum)
3782:(Zentrum)
3776:(Zentrum)
3662:(Zentrum)
3644:(Zentrum)
3448:(Zentrum)
3340:(Zentrum)
3311:(Zentrum)
3301:(Deputy,
3199:(Zentrum)
3160:(Zentrum)
3150:(Deputy,
3020:(Zentrum)
2872:(Zentrum)
2816:(Deputy,
2709:(Zentrum)
2697:(Zentrum)
2552:(Zentrum)
2527:(Zentrum)
2515:(Zentrum)
2489:(Deputy,
2405:(Zentrum)
2393:(Zentrum)
2364:(Zentrum)
2336:(Deputy,
2252:(Zentrum)
2227:(Zentrum)
2221:(Zentrum)
2209:(Zentrum)
2183:(Deputy,
2103:(Zentrum)
2084:(Zentrum)
2066:(Zentrum)
2028:(Deputy,
1945:(Zentrum)
1932:(Zentrum)
1863:(Deputy,
1853:(Deputy,
1707:Hans Apel
923:Liveright
533:Reichstag
485:) in the
460:Franconia
452:Nuremberg
423:Straubing
237:1920–1924
233:In office
225:Reichstag
180:In office
54:In office
1839:, later
917:(2023).
872:26 March
841:26 March
796:26 March
411:TĂĽbingen
407:Erlangen
3768:Zentrum
3609:Zentrum
3440:Zentrum
3293:Zentrum
3142:Zentrum
2982:Zentrum
2828:Zentrum
2667:Zentrum
2481:Zentrum
2328:Zentrum
2175:Zentrum
2052:Zentrum
1917:Zentrum
1855:Zentrum
968:of the
964:in the
633:of the
487:cabinet
425:, 1905
419:Bavaria
415:Leipzig
397:at the
389:in the
357:German
355:liberal
300:Bavaria
3510:(DNVP)
3497:(DNVP)
1663:
1614:
1600:(1945)
1578:
1534:
1358:
1304:
1260:
1146:
1082:
929:
897:
736:
659:Munich
431:Munich
395:Abitur
351:GeĂźler
130:Acting
3863:(DVP)
3851:]
3840:(DDP)
3838:]
3827:(DDP)
3821:(DVP)
3813:]
3698:(DVP)
3686:]
3675:(DDP)
3673:]
3656:(DDP)
3650:(DVP)
3642:]
3533:(DVP)
3521:]
3508:]
3485:]
3364:(DVP)
3358:(DDP)
3338:]
3327:(DDP)
3223:(DVP)
3217:(DDP)
3197:]
3186:(DDP)
3072:(SPD)
3066:(SPD)
3050:(DDP)
3026:(DVP)
3018:]
2995:]
2902:(SPD)
2896:(DVP)
2890:(SPD)
2884:(DDP)
2870:]
2859:(SPD)
2841:]
2732:]
2715:(DDP)
2691:(DVP)
2569:]
2550:]
2539:(DDP)
2533:(SPD)
2521:(SPD)
2509:(SPD)
2411:(DDP)
2391:]
2380:(DDP)
2358:(SPD)
2352:(SPD)
2258:(DVP)
2250:]
2233:(DDP)
2215:(DVP)
2109:(SPD)
2101:]
2090:(SPD)
2078:(DDP)
2072:(SPD)
2060:(SPD)
2044:(DDP)
2038:(SPD)
1951:(DDP)
1943:]
1930:]
1909:(SPD)
1903:(SPD)
1897:(SPD)
1891:(SPD)
1885:(DDP)
1879:(SPD)
1873:(SPD)
635:Nazis
3601:, -)
3489:DNVP
3432:, -)
2643:, -)
927:ISBN
895:ISBN
874:2014
843:2014
798:2014
734:ISBN
665:and
413:and
349:(or
286:Died
259:Born
3855:BVP
3800:DDP
3790:DVP
3690:BVP
3629:DDP
3619:DVP
3525:BVP
3472:DVP
3464:(-)
3456:DDP
3352:(-)
3346:(-)
3319:DDP
3303:DVP
3211:(-)
3205:(-)
3178:DDP
3168:BVP
3152:DVP
3058:SPD
3044:(-)
3038:(-)
3032:(-)
3005:DDP
2997:(-)
2972:DVP
2878:(-)
2851:DDP
2843:(-)
2818:SPD
2808:DVP
2736:BVP
2721:(-)
2703:(-)
2685:(-)
2677:DDP
2657:DVP
2649:(-)
2558:(-)
2501:DDP
2491:SPD
2399:(-)
2372:DDP
2346:(-)
2338:SPD
2201:DDP
2185:DVP
2030:DDP
2020:SPD
1963:(–)
1957:(–)
1865:DDP
1845:SPD
970:ZBW
724:(=
619:).
489:of
475:DDP
429:in
401:in
3888::
3849:de
3836:de
3811:de
3766:,
3684:de
3671:de
3640:de
3519:de
3506:de
3483:de
3336:de
3291:,
3195:de
3140:,
3016:de
2993:de
2970:,
2868:de
2839:de
2806:,
2730:de
2573:BB
2567:de
2548:de
2499:((
2479:,
2389:de
2326:,
2248:de
2099:de
1941:de
1928:de
1843:,
921:.
851:^
806:^
773:^
748:,
696:.
535:.
466:.
409:,
302:,
298:,
278:,
274:,
3857:)
3853:(
3802:)
3798:(
3792:)
3788:(
3770:)
3762:(
3740:e
3733:t
3726:v
3692:)
3688:(
3631:)
3627:(
3621:)
3617:(
3611:)
3607:(
3597:(
3575:e
3568:t
3561:v
3527:)
3523:(
3491:)
3487:(
3474:)
3470:(
3458:)
3454:(
3442:)
3438:(
3428:(
3406:e
3399:t
3392:v
3321:)
3317:(
3305:)
3295:)
3287:(
3265:e
3258:t
3251:v
3180:)
3176:(
3170:)
3166:(
3154:)
3144:)
3136:(
3114:e
3107:t
3100:v
3060:)
3056:(
3007:)
3003:(
2984:)
2980:(
2974:)
2966:(
2944:e
2937:t
2930:v
2853:)
2849:(
2830:)
2826:(
2820:)
2810:)
2802:(
2780:e
2773:t
2766:v
2738:)
2734:(
2679:)
2675:(
2669:)
2665:(
2659:)
2655:(
2639:(
2617:e
2610:t
2603:v
2575:)
2571:(
2503:)
2493:)
2483:)
2475:(
2453:e
2446:t
2439:v
2374:)
2370:(
2340:)
2330:)
2322:(
2300:e
2293:t
2286:v
2203:)
2199:(
2187:)
2177:)
2151:e
2144:t
2137:v
2054:)
2050:(
2032:)
2022:)
1996:e
1989:t
1982:v
1919:)
1915:(
1867:)
1857:)
1847:)
1835:(
1813:e
1806:t
1799:v
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
1061:e
1054:t
1047:v
935:.
903:.
876:.
845:.
800:.
760:)
740:.
599:(
481:(
267:)
263:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
