Other (philosophy)

1361: 271: 1289: 93: 1006: 1322:, the writing of distorted histories about the places and peoples of "The East", continues in contemporary journalism; e.g. in the Third World, political parties practice Othering with fabricated facts about threat-reports and non-existent threats (political, social, military) that are meant to politically delegitimise opponent political parties composed of people from the social and ethnic groups designated as the Other in that society. 693: 508: 897:(political and social) required for exploiting the subordinated natives and their country. As a function of empire, a settler colony is an economic means for profitably disposing of two demographic groups: (i) the colonists (surplus population of the motherland) and (ii) the colonised (the subaltern native to be exploited) who antagonistically define and represent the Other as separate and apart from the colonial Self. 1174: 43: 1455: 871:, of their lands, and of the natural resources of their country. The practise of Othering justifies the physical domination and cultural subordination of the native people by degrading them—first from being a national-citizen to being a colonial-subject—and then by displacing them to the periphery of the colony, and of geopolitical enterprise that is imperialism. 1352:. In contemporary cartography, the polar-perspective maps of the northern hemisphere, drawn by U.S. cartographers, also frequently feature distorted spatial relations (distance, size, mass) of and between the U.S. and Russia which according to historian Jerome D. Fellman emphasise the perceived inferiority (military, cultural, geopolitical) of the Russian Other. 545:(an exteriority) towards the Other that forever remains beyond any attempt at fully capturing the Other, whose Otherness is infinite; even in the murder of an Other, the Otherness of the person remains uncontrolled and not negated. The infinity of the Other allowed Lévinas to derive other aspects of philosophy and science as secondary to that ethic; thus: 371:(1905–1980) applied the dialectic of intersubjectivity to describe how the world is altered by the appearance of the Other, of how the world then appears to be oriented to the Other person, and not to the Self. The Other appears as a psychological phenomenon in the course of a person's life, and not as a radical threat to the 534:—the innate condition of otherness, by which the Other radically transcends the Self and the totality of the human network, into which the Other is being placed. As a challenge to self-assurance, the existence of the Other is a matter of ethics, because the ethical priority of the Other equals the primacy of ethics over 626:(2001). Bush's rhetorical interrogation of armed resistance to empire, by the non–Western Other, produced an Us-and-Them mentality in American relations with the non-white peoples of the Middle East; hence, as foreign policy, the War on Terror is fought for control of imaginary geographies, which originated from the 1236:

the Orient that appears in Orientalism, then, is a system of representations framed by a whole set of forces that brought the Orient into Western learning, Western consciousness, and later, Western empire. If this definition of Orientalism seems more political than not, that is simply because I think

1796:

ZIMMER: Well, turning other into a verb does have a long history. Actually, it goes all the way back to the German philosopher Hegel, who wrote in the early 19th century about consciousness of the self versus the other. And by the early 20th century in English writing, you see the other being turned

1387:

Post-colonial scholarship demonstrated that, in pursuit of empire, "the colonizing powers narrated an 'Other' whom they set out to save, dominate, control, civilize . . . extract resources through colonization" of the country whose people the colonial power designated as the Other. As facilitated

1240:

Orientalism is a school of interpretation whose material happens to be the Orient, its civilisations, peoples, and localities. Its objective discoveries – the work of innumerable devoted scholars who edited texts and translated them, codified grammars, wrote dictionaries, reconstructed dead epochs,

1120:

reported that a woman's social identity is formally established by the sexual politics of the Ordinate–Subordinate nature of the Man–Woman sexual relation, the social norm in the patriarchal West. When queried about their post-graduate lives, the majority of women interviewed at a university-class

621:

said that the US government's ideologic answers to questions about reasons for the terrorist attacks against the U.S. (i.e. 11 September 2001) reinforced the imperial purpose of the negative representations of the Middle-Eastern Other; especially when President G. W. Bush (2001–2009) rhetorically

1121:

reunion, used binary gender language, and referred to and identified themselves by their social roles (wife, mother, lover) in the private sphere of life; and did not identify themselves by their own achievements (job, career, business) in the public sphere of life. Unawares, the women had acted

1216:

of the Other (as a metaphor, as a metonym, and as an anthropomorphism) are manifestations of the xenophobia inherent to the European historiographies that defined and labelled non–European peoples as the Other who is not the European Self. Supported by the reductive discourses (academic and

1258:– in short, a sum of human relations, which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which, after long use, seem firm, canonical, and obligatory to a people: truths are illusions about which one has forgotten that this is what they are." 840: 1009:

The philosopher of existentialism Simone de Beauvoir developed the concept of The Other to explain the workings of the Man–Woman binary gender relation, as a critical base of the Dominator–Dominated relation, which characterises sexual inequality between men and

827:: (i) Homogenization (all Oriental peoples are one folk); (ii) Feminization (the Oriental always is subordinate in the East–West relation); and (iii) Essentialization (a people possess universal characteristics); thus established by Othering, the empire's 1156:, because the gender identity of woman is constitutionally different from the gender identity of man. The harm of Othering is in the asymmetric nature of unequal roles in sexual and gender relations; the inequality arises from the social mechanics of 1245:

verifiable learning – are and always have been conditioned by the fact that its truths, like any truths delivered by language, are embodied in language, and, what is the truth of language?, Nietzsche once said, but "a mobile army of

1232:(languages and literatures, arts and philologies) of the Middle East, but did not study that geographic space as a place inhabited by different nations and societies. About that Western version of the Orient, Edward Saïd said that: 953:

whom society has othered as "sexually deviant" from the norms of binary-gender heterosexuality. In practise, sexual Othering is realised by applying the negative denotations and connotations of the terms that describe lesbian, gay,

557:

of the human race, or chips off the old block. . . . The others concern me from the first. Here, fraternity precedes the commonness of a genus. My relationship with the Other as neighbor gives meaning to my relations with all the

1151:

In feminist definition, women are the Other to men (but not the Other proposed by Hegel) and are not existentially defined by masculine demands; and also are the social Other who unknowingly accepts social subjugation as part of

1337:; hence, the maps of Western cartographers emphasised and bolstered artificial representations of the national-identities, the natural resources, and the cultures of the native inhabitants, as culturally inferior to the West. 878:

of "colonial strength" (imperial power) against "native weakness" (military, social, and economic), the coloniser invents the non-white Other in an artificial dominator-dominated relationship that can be resolved only through

1275:

awareness of the Western world, as a term, The Orient later accrued many meanings and associations, denotations, and connotations that did not refer to the real peoples, cultures, and geography of the Eastern world, but to

684:." In the imperialist world system, political and economic affairs were fragmented, and the discrete empires "provided for most of their own needs ... their influence solely through conquest or the threat of conquest ." 779:

To European people, imperialism (military conquest of non-white people, annexation, and economic integration of their countries to the motherland) was intellectually justified by (among other reasons)

912:, of sex and gender, and of nation and religion. The profitable functioning of a colony (economic or settler) requires continual protection of the cultural demarcations that are basic to the unequal 444:

created and depicted with language that identifies, describes, and classifies. The conceptual re-formulation of the nature of the Other also included Levinas's analysis of the distinction between "

1797:

into a verb to describe the act of making a person or a group be excluded from a particular norm. And that's been called othering. So this otherize form has been showing up more frequently lately.

409:(1906–1995) established the contemporary definitions, usages, and applications of the constitutive Other, as the radical counterpart of the Self. Lacan associated the Other with language and with 594:

as a person with the right to participate in the geopolitical discourse with an empire who decides the colonial fate of the homeland of the Other. In that vein, the language of Otherness used in

257:, the practice of othering persons means to exclude and displace them from the social group to the margins of society, where mainstream social norms do not apply to them, for being the Other. 755: 759:(1963), the United Nations officially declared that racial differences are insignificant to anthropological likeness among human beings. Despite the United Nations' factual dismissal of 646:

and natural—our civilization is known and accepted, theirs is different and strange—whereas, in fact, the framework separating us from them is belligerent, constructed, and situational.

1384:; as a noun, the Other identifies and refers to a person and to a group of persons; as a verb, the Other identifies and refers to a category and a label for persons and things. 2620:

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006), "'Etymythological Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective",

676:

in which "the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states, and often in the form of an empire, based on

1407:

Counter to the post-colonial perspective of the Other as part of a Dominator–Dominated binary relationship, postmodern philosophy presents the Other and Otherness as

1221:, the colonialist misrepresentations of the Other explain the Eastern world to the Western world as a binary relation of native weakness against colonial strength. 1340:

Historically, Western cartography often featured distortions (proportionate, proximate, and commercial) of places and true distances by placing the cartographer's

147:

that corresponds to the relationship between opposite, but correlative, characteristics of the Self, because the difference is inner-difference, within the Self.

346: 1360: 904:

to the natives whom they othered into racial inferiority, as the non-white Other. That dehumanisation maintains the false binary-relations of social class,

815:

between white and non-white peoples to fetishize (identify, classify, subordinate) the peoples and cultures of Asia into "the Oriental Other"—who exists

528:(1961), Emmanuel Lévinas said that previous philosophy had reduced the constitutive Other to an object of consciousness, by not preserving its absolute 393:, 1807) and found it to be like the dialectic of the Man–Woman relationship, thus a true explanation for society's treatment and mistreatment of women. 2422: 475:, and to language ("to what is referred and to what is unsaid"). Nonetheless, in such psychologic and analytic usages, there might arise a tendency to 249:, as someone who belongs to the socially subordinate category of the Other. The practice of Othering excludes persons who do not fit the norm of the 2661: 1787: 61: 831:

reduces to inferiority the people, places, and things of the Eastern world, as measured against the West, the standard of superior civilisation.

799:(of people, places, and cultures) in books and pictures and fashion, which conflated different cultures and peoples into the binary relation of 214:. Therefore, the condition of Otherness is a person's non-conformity to and with the social norms of society; and Otherness is the condition of 893:

In establishing a colony, Othering a non-white people allowed the colonisers to physically subdue and "civilise" the natives to establish the

135:; hence, the Other is dissimilar to and the opposite of the Self, of Us, and of the Same. The Constitutive Other is the relation between the 970:

a city by creating social spaces that use the spatial and temporal plans of the city to allow the LGBT communities free expression of their

728:, which claimed that, in relation to a white-man's head, the head-size of the non-European Other indicated inferior intelligence; e.g. the 1089:

Woman as the sexual Other to Man. In a patriarchal culture, the Man–Woman relation is society's normative binary-gender relation, wherein

720:

during the 18th and 19th centuries was invented with the Othering of non-white peoples, which also was supported with the fabrications of

1762: 933:

function of Othering a person or a social group from mainstream society to the social margins—for being essentially different from the

1180:, an 1899 editorial cartoon depicting a Chinese man standing over a fallen white woman. The Chinese man, the "other", represents the 890:

to educate, convert, and then culturally assimilate the Other into the empire—thus transforming the "civilised" Other into the Self.

234:

the person labelled as "the Other" from the centre of society, and places him or her at the margins of society, for being the Other.

3542: 1701: 1673:

The relation of essential nature to outward manifestation in pure change ... to infinity ... as inner difference ... its own Self.

916:

between the "civilised man" (the colonist) and the "savage man", thus the transformation of the Other into the colonial subaltern.

358:. As such, the Other person posed and was an epistemological problem—of being only a perception of the consciousness of the Self. 966:, and so displace their LGBT communities to the legal margin of society. To neutralise such cultural Othering, LGBT communities 642:

To build a conceptual framework around a notion of Us-versus-Them is, in effect, to pretend that the principal consideration is

2266: 1204:

is the creation and maintenance of imaginary "knowledge of the Other"—which comprises cultural representations in service to

900:

Othering establishes unequal relationships of power between the colonised natives and the colonisers, who believe themselves

1573: 2654: 1319: 2270: 518:

said that the infinite demand the Other places on the Self makes ethics the foundation of human existence and philosophy.

1294: 3049: 986:

urban spaces is a political means for the non-binary sexual Other to establish themselves as citizens integral to the

2537: 2416: 2404: 1721: 1022:

identified the female Other as the female-half of the binary-gender relation that is the Man and Woman relation. The

79: 270: 3565: 811:

of the Western Self and the non–western Other. Orientalists rationalised the cultural artifice of a difference of

3537: 2647: 1046:

and independent of the patriarchy's formal subordination of the female sex with the institutional limitations of

3580: 1870: 1519: 1489: 1113:

represents only the negative, defined by limiting criteria, without reciprocity" from the first sex, from Man.

886:, the "moral responsibility" that psychologically allows the colonialist Self to believe that imperialism is a 763:, institutional Othering in the United States produces the cultural misrepresentation of political refugees as 483:. Likewise, problems arise from unethical usages of the terms The Other, Otherness, and Othering to reinforce 2889: 2481: 2360:, Israel Gershoni, Amy Singer, Y. Hakam Erdem, Eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006. pp. 19–21. 299: 3575: 3429: 1314:

of the West—Europe as a culturally homogeneous place—did not exist as a counterpart to Orientalism. In the

1205: 227: 17: 2076: 3384: 3187: 2060: 1105:

established that "a man represents both the positive and the neutral, as indicated by the common use of

1039: 909: 864: 246: 668:

world system of nation-states (with interdependent politics and economies) was preceded by the European

3399: 3339: 3192: 1408: 1381: 708:

justified anti-Black racism by claiming that the features of African-Americans had more in common with

428:

encounter (wherein a person is morally responsible to the Other person) to include the propositions of

386: 112: 28: 598:

perpetuates the cultural perspective of the dominantor–dominated relation, which is characteristic of

3474: 3404: 3265: 2356:

Humphreys, Steven R. "The Historiography of the Modern Middle East: Transforming a Field of Study",

1349: 425: 207: 155: 2283: 3454: 3260: 1587: 1439:

that moves sites once conceived of as 'marginal' to the centre of discussion and analysis" of the

541:

From that perspective, Lévinas described the nature of the Other as "insomnia and wakefulness"; an

2984: 3585: 3334: 1436: 479:

if the Other person (as a being of pure, abstract alterity) leads to ignoring the commonality of

445: 433: 3024: 2258: 3570: 3524: 3489: 3449: 3374: 3359: 2849: 2670: 1529: 868: 322: 311: 3459: 2964: 1931: 3300: 3212: 3197: 3004: 2784: 2487: 1593: 1484: 1397: 1213: 1094: 1086: 808: 796: 524: 492: 441: 363: 282:

introduced the concept of the Other as constituent part of human preoccupation with the Self.

159: 2624:, edited by Tope Omoniyi and Joshua A. Fishman, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237–258. 1669:

Force and the Understanding: Appearance and the Supersensible World: Phenomenology of Spirit

1435:, especially in the cities. As such, "the post-modern city is a geographical celebration of 57: 1544: 1330: 1288: 913: 860: 824: 559: 542: 199: 2939: 2924: 1128:

Although the nature of the social Other is influenced by the society's social constructs (

8: 3364: 3224: 3059: 3019: 2494:. Eds. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. Trans. Roy Harris. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. 2473: 2118: 1380:

proposed concrete definitions of the Other as a philosophic concept and as a term within

1228:

of the Orient as a cultural region, the Orientalists studied only what they said was the

1209: 1098: 1015: 937:(the plural Self)—is a socio-economic function of gender. In a society wherein man–woman 894: 677: 154:(the characteristics of the Other) is the state of being different from and alien to the 3029: 2929: 1727: 515: 3344: 3275: 3202: 2979: 2864: 2794: 2744: 2440: 2176:

Gallagher, Carolyn, Dahlman, Carl T., Gilmartin, Mary, Mountz, Alison, Shirlow, Peter.

1562: 1524: 1401: 1141: 1074: 887: 792: 382: 303: 215: 2934: 2884: 1125:, and automatically identified and referred to themselves as the social Other to men. 3484: 3389: 3295: 3104: 2684: 2533: 2412: 2262: 2254: 1866: 1717: 1539: 1504: 1499: 1460: 1440: 1404:

launched for the material, cultural, and spiritual benefit of the colonized peoples.

1218: 1193: 1157: 1122: 1047: 975: 848: 828: 749: 721: 697: 341: 231: 195: 144: 101: 2874: 331: 3140: 3099: 3069: 3044: 2969: 2894: 2869: 2839: 2754: 2729: 2724: 2709: 1709: 1277: 1255: 1035: 1019: 930: 595: 406: 368: 317: 1368:(1511) features wildlife (the deer in the foreground) that is not native to Syria. 1058:; the social subordination of women is communicated (denoted and connoted) in the 166:

of philosophy, the term Otherness identifies and refers to the characteristics of

3519: 3514: 3444: 3409: 3270: 3165: 3145: 3125: 3074: 2994: 2914: 2879: 2859: 2824: 2819: 2799: 2759: 2739: 2694: 2689: 2511: 1416: 1326: 1197: 1038:

of the female Other as the Woman who exists independently of male definition, as

971: 963: 938: 875: 852: 733: 665: 587: 464: 429: 254: 549:

The others that obsess me in the Other do not affect me as examples of the same

3439: 3285: 3250: 3207: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3135: 3130: 3009: 2989: 2974: 2959: 2944: 2904: 2899: 2834: 2814: 2779: 2734: 2719: 2467: 2459: 1713: 1622: 1612: 1341: 1272: 1225: 1181: 1082: 1070: 1023: 795:. Colonial empires were justified and realised with essentialist and reductive 705: 607: 421:; the ethical proposition is that the Other is superior and prior to the Self. 377: 337: 307: 279: 219: 111:

is a term used to define another person or people as separate from oneself. In

97: 3034: 2108:. Key Concepts in Political Geography, pp. 328–338. Retrieved 2 February 2016. 1685:

Findlay, J. N.; Hegel, G. W. F.; Miller, A. V. (1977). Hoffmeister, J. (ed.).

1567: 1237:

Orientalism was, itself, a product of certain political forces and activities.

635: 3559: 3504: 3469: 3394: 3229: 3064: 3014: 2949: 2909: 2769: 2749: 2699: 2505: 2497: 2449: 1617: 1607: 1377: 1329:(the ethnic group of the Self) that evaluates and assigns negative, cultural 1315: 1307: 1299: 1117: 1055: 950: 934: 788: 744: 717: 623: 618: 554: 402: 203: 3329: 2407:, ed. (2000). "Introduction: Identification, Appropriation, Proliferation", 1788:"With 'Otherize,' Pundits Reach Outside The Dictionary To Describe Politics" 432:(1930–2004) about the impossibility of the Other (person) being an entirely 3434: 3319: 3305: 3155: 3054: 2954: 2919: 2844: 2774: 2764: 2714: 2704: 2064: 1578: 1549: 1534: 1474: 1432: 1420: 1311: 1229: 1153: 1129: 991: 979: 804: 737: 643: 410: 250: 175: 140: 139:(essential nature) and the person (body) of a human being; the relation of 1684: 847:

is a colonial identity for the Other, which conceptually derives from the

385:(1908–1986) applied the concept of Otherness to Hegel's dialectic of the " 3509: 3419: 3324: 3219: 3150: 3094: 3084: 3079: 3039: 2854: 2829: 2804: 2789: 2639: 2593:. Trans. David B. Allison. Evanston: Ill.: Northwestern University Press. 1393: 1389: 1334: 1144:

to formally change the social relation between the male-defined Self and

959: 955: 820: 780: 673: 669: 631: 460: 453: 306:(preoccupation with the Self), which complemented the propositions about 302:(1770–1831) introduced the concept of the Other as a constituent part of 136: 413:

of things. Levinas associated the Other with the ethical metaphysics of

3464: 3369: 2809: 1514: 1469: 1242: 800: 725: 709: 476: 245:

describes the reductive action of labelling and defining a person as a

223: 183: 128: 92: 2409:

Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality

3499: 3494: 3479: 3349: 3120: 3089: 2999: 2599: 2232: 2072: 1989:, 2nd ed. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. pp. 39–40. 1509: 1494: 1189: 1102: 1051: 1005: 880: 784: 760: 729: 681: 627: 496: 418: 414: 372: 163: 756:

Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

3379: 3290: 3245: 1479: 1412: 1325:

The Othering of a person or of a social group—by means of an ideal

1310:, the investigation programme and academic curriculum of and about 1247: 1043: 692: 599: 574: 535: 530: 507: 484: 472: 437: 275: 179: 2591:

Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs

1671:(5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 98–9. 1042:

by patriarchy. That the female Other is a self-aware Woman who is

3280: 3160: 1689:(5 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 517–18. 1428: 1251: 987: 942: 901: 812: 468: 448:"; nonetheless, the nature of the Other retained the priority of 132: 2521:

Warner, Michael (1990). "Homo-Narcissism; or, Heterosexuality",

610:

as the primary voice in social discourse between women and men.

3313: 1708:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 588–591. 1173: 1137: 1059: 591: 512: 449: 191: 2603:. Trans. Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia University Press. 1930:(Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer Science+Business Media, 1974), 1667:

Hegel, G. W. F.; Miller, A. V. (1977). Hoffmeister, J. (ed.).

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people, in order to diminish their personal social status and

340:(1859–1938) applied the concept of the Other as the basis for 3414: 3255: 2358:

Middle East Historiographies: Narrating the Twentieth Century

1078: 905: 550: 488: 480: 2369:

Sehgal, Meera. "Manufacturing a Feminized Siege Mentality."

2015:

The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory

1666: 364:

Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology

3354: 2525:, p. 191. Eds. Boone and Cadden, London UK: Routledge. 1763:"Otherizing and the Death of Persuasion | Psychology Today" 287: 211: 124: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2134: 2132: 1101:, usually the women of the community, because patriarchal 839: 622:

asked: "Why do they hate us?" as political prelude to the

553:

united with my neighbor, by resemblance or common nature,

436:. That the Other could be an entity of pure Otherness (of 1976:, 4th Edition Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2000. p. 375. 1133: 946: 578:

of the Other is compromised, because the Other person is

350:(1931), Husserl said that the Other is constituted as an 187: 100:, identified the Other as one of the conceptual bases of 2608:

Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity

2163: 2129: 1217:

commercial, geopolitical and military) of the empire's

1081:'s conception of "the Other" (as a constituent part of 941:

is the sexual norm, the Other refers to and identifies

347:

Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology

2634: 2622:

Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion

2518:. Trans. Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press. 2334:, 25th Anniversary Ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. 2143:. New York: Vintage Books (Random House). p. xii. 1415:

progress for Man and Society. Public knowledge of the

819:

the Western Self. As a function of imperial ideology,

2615:

Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"

2454:

Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives

2017:

Third Edition (1991), Ja.A. Cuddon, Ed., pp. 660–661.

1957:

The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq

1944:

The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq

1706:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

652:

The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq

615:

The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine and Iraq

2152: 2150: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1865:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 673. 1450: 863:of the non-white Other for transformation into the 791:as "primitive peoples" requiring modernisation the 586:(otherness) is especially negative in the realm of 328:

An Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy

174:of the Other, which are distinct and separate from 52:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

2100: 2098: 1400:of a people and their land—is misrepresented as a 630:cultural representations of the Other invented by 226:) invested with the corresponding socio-political 2319:Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction 2306:Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction 2147: 2090:Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction 1879: 1280:, the academic field about the Orient as a word. 823:fetishizes people and things in three actions of 3557: 2573:The Four Fondamental Concepts of Psycho-analysis 1635: 1597:, 1972 movie based on the novel by Thomas Tryon. 602:; likewise, the sociologic misrepresentation of 27:"The other" redirects here. For other uses, see 2390:Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities 2095: 2030:Mountz, Alison (27 January 2016). "The Other". 1109:to designate human beings in general; whereas 344:, the psychological relations among people. In 253:, which is a version of the Self; likewise, in 1860: 1140:), as a human organisation, society holds the 990:(cultural and socio-economic) of their city's 659: 525:Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority 218:(political exclusion), effected either by the 127:, as a cumulative, constituting factor in the 2655: 2427:From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology 1687:Analysis of the Text: Phenomenology of Spirit 1443:between the Outsiders and the Establishment. 1348:; these ideas were often utilized to support 1184:and the woman represents Christian Europeans. 1903:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought 1810:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought 1750:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought 1655:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought 1366:The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus 1085:) to describe a male-dominated culture that 696:A manifestation of the Other in the form of 2554:. (Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence). 1168: 330:, the first formulation of the other after 182:(the authentic and unchangeable); from the 2669: 2662: 2648: 2586:. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage. 2384: 2382: 2249:Jemmer, Patrick. "The O(the)r (O)the(r)", 1302:" is the cartographic centre of the world. 712:than humans in comparison to white people. 700:: In this 1857 illustration from his work 405:(1901–1981) and the philosopher of ethics 310:(capacity for introspection) proffered by 2552:Autrement qu'être ou au-delà de l'essence 1355: 298:. Accordingly, in the late 18th century, 230:. Therefore, the imposition of Otherness 222:or by the social institutions (e.g., the 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 64:, without removing the technical details. 2269:), Newcastle UK: NewPhilSoc Publishing, 1359: 1333:to the ethnic Other—is realised through 1287: 1271:In so far as the Orient occurred in the 1172: 1004: 867:; a colonised people who facilitate the 838: 691: 506: 424:In the event, Levinas re-formulated the 269: 91: 2470:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2392:, 10th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. 2379: 2160:, pp. 94–98. Retrieved 2 February 2016. 2069:Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts 1928:Otherwise than Being, or Beyond Essence 572:Jacques Derrida said that the absolute 561:Otherwise than Being, or Beyond Essence 320:(1806–1873) introduced the idea of the 294:as the counterpart entity required for 14: 3558: 2462:(1966). "Letter to Georges Izambard", 2029: 1998: 463:), the Other identifies and refers to 3460:Violence § Philosophical perspectives 2643: 2516:Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays 2025: 2023: 1699: 1148:, the sexual Other, who is not male. 767:(from overseas) and of immigrants as 606:as the sexual Other to man reasserts 590:, wherein the native Other is denied 582:the Self and the group. The logic of 62:make it understandable to non-experts 2324: 2178:Key Concepts in Political Geography. 2138: 2044: 1999:Mountz, Alison (2009). "The Other". 1601: 997: 747:(1941–1945), with documents such as 459:In the psychology of the mind (e.g. 36: 34:Concept in philosophy and psychology 2635:The Centre for Studies in Otherness 2464:Complete Works and Selected Letters 2371:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 2032:Key Concepts in Political Geography 2001:Key Concepts in Political Geography 1374:Key Concepts in Political Geography 1306:In the Eastern world, the field of 834: 143:and superficial characteristics of 131:of a person; as acknowledgement of 24: 2544: 2434:Reader—Wmnst 590: Feminist Thought 2189: 2020: 1992: 1891:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 1863:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 1821: 1642:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 1178:The Yellow Terror in all His Glory 1030:(the subordinate party in the Man 924: 855:, an Italian Marxist intellectual. 567: 123:distinguish other people from the 25: 3597: 2628: 1987:The Modern Middle East: A History 1974:The Dictionary of Human Geography 1298:" (1570), by Sebastian Münster, " 919: 716:The racialist perspective of the 2411:. University of Illinois Press. 2284:"Yellow Terror in all His Glory" 1453: 949:(men who love men) as people of 859:Colonial stability requires the 724:, such as the pseudo-science of 104:, of the relations among people. 41: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2311: 2298: 2276: 2243: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2198: 2192:Key Concepts in Human Geography 2183: 2111: 2082: 2053: 2038: 2007: 1979: 1962: 1949: 1937: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1854: 1842: 1830: 1824:Key Concepts in Human Geography 1815: 1812:, Third Edition (1999), p. 620. 1752:, Third Edition (1999), p. 620. 1657:, Third Edition, (1999) p. 620. 1427:acknowledgement of their being 1318:, the Orientalist practices of 2598:Powers of Horror: An Essay on 2575:. London: Hogarth Press, 1977. 2429:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 2190:Mountz, Allison. "The Other". 1915:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1849:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1837:The Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1822:Mountz, Allison. "The Other". 1802: 1780: 1755: 1742: 1693: 1678: 1660: 1647: 1490:Dissociative Identity Disorder 774: 375:of the Self. In that mode, in 96:The founder of phenomenology, 13: 1: 2492:Course in General Linguistics 2444:: Unmasking Hidden Ontologies 2158:Dictionary of Human Geography 1629: 702:Indigenous Races of the Earth 396: 300:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 265: 260: 150:The condition and quality of 2452:. Kim, Seung-Kyung. (2003). 2432:Colwill, Elizabeth. (2005). 2388:Fellmann, Jerome D., et al. 2180:SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009. 1861:Honderich, Ted, ed. (2005). 1431:, thus they are part of the 1163: 1069:In 1949, the philosopher of 869:exploitation of their labour 732:cultural representations of 7: 3385:Interpellation (philosophy) 3188:Non-representational theory 1520:Marx's theory of alienation 1446: 1390:Orientalist representations 1283: 1034:Woman relation) produced a 945:(women who love women) and 660:Imperialism and colonialism 391:Herrschaft und Knechtschaft 10: 3602: 3340:Existence precedes essence 2568:. London: Tavistock, 1977. 2557:Levinas, Emmanuel (1972). 2550:Levinas, Emmanuel (1974). 2456:. Routledge. New York, NY. 2398: 2237:sarojinisahoo.blogspot.com 2049:. New York: Patheon Books. 1714:10.4135/9781412963909.n304 1392:of the non–Western Other, 807:. Orientalism created the 434:metaphysical pure-presence 290:requires the existence of 29:The Other (disambiguation) 26: 3533: 3475:Hermeneutics of suspicion 3238: 3113: 2677: 2589:Derrida, Jacques (1973). 2578:Foucault, Michel (1990). 2559:Humanism de l'autre homme 2532:, Peter Lang Publishing, 1574:The Wretched of the Earth 1210:hierarchies of domination 1208:and the establishment of 1036:conceptual reconstruction 895:hierarchies of domination 687: 502: 3455:Transvaluation of values 3261:Apollonian and Dionysian 2596:Kristeva, Julia (1982). 2580:The History of Sexuality 2442:Feminism and Metaphysics 2233:"Sense & Sensuality" 1555: 1214:cultural representations 1192:of the Other who is not 1188:About the production of 1169:Cultural representations 672:of economic and settler 3566:Concepts in metaphysics 2613:Butler, Judith (1993). 2606:Butler, Judith (1990). 2571:Lacan, Jacques (1964). 2564:Lacan, Jacques (1966). 2528:Tuttle, Howard (1996). 2286:. Ohio State University 2253:, Vol. 1, August 2010 ( 2141:Culture and Imperialism 1767:www.psychologytoday.com 1700:Given, Lisa M. (2008). 1350:imperialistic expansion 1016:philosopher of feminism 914:socio-economic relation 771:(usually from México). 617:(2004), the geographer 446:the saying and the said 158:of a person and to the 3525:Philosophy of language 3490:Linguistic determinism 3400:Master–slave dialectic 3375:Historical materialism 2671:Continental philosophy 2617:. New York: Routledge. 2610:. New York: Routledge. 2488:Saussure, Ferdinand de 2071:(London and New York: 1851:(1967) Vol. 8, p. 186. 1530:Otherness of childhood 1369: 1356:Practical perspectives 1320:historical negationism 1303: 1269: 1185: 1099:socio-political agency 1011: 861:cultural subordination 856: 713: 657: 634:; the cultural critic 565: 519: 312:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 292:the constitutive Other 283: 178:order of things; from 121:the Constitutive Other 105: 3581:Identity (philosophy) 3405:Master–slave morality 3213:Psychoanalytic theory 2139:Said, Edward (1993). 2123:wikiwash.metronews.ca 2045:Said, Edward (1978). 1839:(1967) Vol. 1, p. 76. 1485:Caste system in India 1398:economic exploitation 1363: 1344:in the centre of the 1291: 1234: 1206:socio-political power 1176: 1142:socio-political power 1008: 842: 695: 640: 547: 510: 485:ontological divisions 273: 95: 2530:The Crowd is Untruth 2484:. New York: Vintage. 2474:Nietzsche, Friedrich 1545:Vertiginous question 1224:In the 19th-century 951:same-sex orientation 902:essentially superior 825:cultural imperialism 809:artificial existence 465:the unconscious mind 200:political philosophy 160:identity of the Self 3576:Conceptions of self 3225:Speculative realism 2508:. New York: Norton. 2502:Écrits: A Selection 2446:. 28 November 2005. 2376:(2) (2007): p. 173. 2347:(1978) pp. 202–203. 2104:Mountz, A. (n.d.). 1730:on 21 November 2015 1588:Ryszard Kapuściński 1266:(1978) pp. 202–203. 511:The philosopher of 440:) personified in a 286:The concept of the 3345:Existential crisis 3276:Binary oppositions 3203:Post-structuralism 2439:Haslanger, Sally. 1525:Open individualism 1423:as "Outsiders" is 1402:civilizing mission 1370: 1304: 1196:, the philosopher 1186: 1075:Simone de Beauvoir 1012: 888:civilising mission 857: 793:civilising mission 765:illegal immigrants 714: 664:The contemporary, 520: 411:the symbolic order 401:The psychoanalyst 383:Simone de Beauvoir 304:self-consciousness 284: 216:disenfranchisement 106: 3551: 3550: 3485:Linguistic theory 3390:Intersubjectivity 2423:Cahoone, Lawrence 2267:978-1-907926-00-6 2092:(2008) pp. 76–77. 1985:Gelvin, James L. 1602:Sexual difference 1540:Social alienation 1505:Identity politics 1500:Generalized other 1461:Philosophy portal 1364:Orientalist art: 1256:anthropomorphisms 1219:dominant ideology 1158:intersubjectivity 1048:social convention 982:, etc.; as such, 972:social identities 849:Cultural hegemony 829:cultural hegemony 750:The Race Question 722:scientific racism 704:, anthropologist 698:scientific racism 387:Lord and Bondsman 342:intersubjectivity 296:defining the Self 145:personal identity 102:intersubjectivity 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 3593: 3141:Frankfurt School 2664: 2657: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2512:Althusser, Louis 2393: 2386: 2377: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2343:Saïd, Edward W. 2341: 2335: 2330:Saïd, Edward W. 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2251:Engage Newcastle 2247: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2161: 2154: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2127: 2126: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2027: 2018: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1968:Johnston, R.J., 1966: 1960: 1955:Gregory, Derek. 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1877: 1876: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1759: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1726:. Archived from 1697: 1691: 1690: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1409:phenomenological 1278:Oriental studies 1267: 1243:positivistically 1226:historiographies 1091:the sexual Other 1020:Cheshire Calhoun 980:gay-pride parade 931:social exclusion 865:subaltern native 845:subaltern native 835:Subaltern native 817:in opposition to 783:, the study and 655: 596:Oriental Studies 592:ethical priority 516:Emmanuel Lévinas 407:Emmanuel Levinas 369:Jean-Paul Sartre 318:John Stuart Mill 247:subaltern native 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 45: 44: 37: 21: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3529: 3520:Postcolonialism 3515:Linguistic turn 3445:Totalitarianism 3410:Oedipus complex 3271:Being in itself 3234: 3146:German idealism 3126:Critical theory 3109: 3025:Ortega y Gasset 2673: 2668: 2631: 2584:An Introduction 2561:. Fata Morgana. 2547: 2545:Further reading 2523:Engendering Men 2482:Walter Kaufmann 2478:The Gay Science 2460:Rimbaud, Arthur 2401: 2396: 2387: 2380: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204:McCann, p. 339. 2203: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2164: 2156:"Colonialism", 2155: 2148: 2137: 2130: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2096: 2087: 2083: 2058: 2054: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2021: 2012: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1925: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1889: 1880: 1873: 1859: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1803: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1724: 1698: 1694: 1683: 1679: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1604: 1558: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1441:human relations 1417:social identity 1358: 1327:ethnocentricity 1286: 1268: 1262: 1239: 1238: 1198:Michel Foucault 1171: 1166: 1097:with the least 1003: 964:political power 939:heterosexuality 927: 925:LGBT identities 922: 884:noblesse oblige 876:false dichotomy 853:Antonio Gramsci 837: 797:representations 777: 753:(1950) and the 734:coloured people 690: 670:imperial system 662: 656: 650: 644:epistemological 588:human geography 570: 568:Critical theory 505: 487:of reality: of 430:Jacques Derrida 399: 268: 263: 255:human geography 210:; and from the 208:social identity 156:social identity 86: 75: 69: 66: 58:help improve it 55: 46: 42: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3599: 3589: 3588: 3586:Discrimination 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3440:Self-deception 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3288: 3286:Class struggle 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3251:Always already 3248: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3208:Psychoanalysis 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3183:Non-philosophy 3180: 3178:Neo-Kantianism 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3136:Existentialism 3133: 3131:Deconstruction 3128: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2629:External links 2627: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2594: 2587: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2526: 2519: 2509: 2498:Lacan, Jacques 2495: 2485: 2471: 2468:Wallace Fowlie 2457: 2450:McCann, Carole 2447: 2437: 2430: 2420: 2405:Thomas, Calvin 2400: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2378: 2362: 2349: 2336: 2323: 2317:Rieder, John. 2310: 2304:Rieder, John. 2297: 2275: 2242: 2224: 2215: 2213:McCann, p. 33. 2206: 2197: 2182: 2162: 2146: 2128: 2110: 2094: 2088:Rieder, John. 2081: 2059:Ashcroft, B., 2052: 2037: 2019: 2006: 1991: 1978: 1961: 1959:(2004), p. 24. 1948: 1946:(2004), p. 21. 1936: 1919: 1917:(1967) p. 637. 1907: 1905:(1999 )p. 620. 1895: 1893:(1995) p. 637. 1878: 1871: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1814: 1801: 1779: 1754: 1741: 1722: 1692: 1677: 1659: 1646: 1644:(1995) p. 673. 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1623:Sarojini Sahoo 1620: 1615: 1613:Julia Kristeva 1610: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1590: 1581: 1570: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1448: 1445: 1357: 1354: 1316:postmodern era 1285: 1282: 1260: 1182:Boxer movement 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1123:conventionally 1083:self-awareness 1071:existentialism 1024:deconstruction 1002: 996: 926: 923: 921: 920:Gender and sex 918: 836: 833: 776: 773: 769:illegal aliens 743:Consequent to 706:Josiah C. Nott 689: 686: 661: 658: 654:(2004), p. 24. 648: 608:male privilege 569: 566: 555:individuations 538:in real life. 504: 501: 442:representation 398: 395: 378:The Second Sex 338:Edmund Husserl 334:(1596–1650). 332:René Descartes 308:self-awareness 280:G. W. F. 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KB Books. 2345:Orientalism 2332:Orientalism 2047:Orientalism 1702:"Otherness" 1653:The Other, 1586:(2006), by 1568:Edward Saïd 1566:(1978), by 1563:Orientalism 1419:of peoples 1413:ontological 1335:cartography 1312:the essence 1273:existential 1264:Orientalism 1001:as identity 960:transgender 821:Orientalism 781:orientalism 775:Orientalism 740:(1948–94). 710:chimpanzees 638:said that: 636:Edward Saïd 461:R. D. 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Trans. 2259:2045-0567 2222:Haslanger 2106:The Other 2075:, 1998), 2073:Routledge 1594:The Other 1584:The Other 1510:Kyriarchy 1495:Exoticism 1346:mapamundi 1248:metaphors 1241:produced 1190:knowledge 1164:Knowledge 1116:In 1957, 1103:semantics 1052:tradition 974:, e.g. a 881:racialist 761:racialism 497:existence 495:, and of 419:tradition 415:scripture 373:existence 352:alter ego 237:The term 232:alienates 164:discourse 162:. 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That 988:reality 813:essence 787:of the 543:ecstasy 469:silence 202:; from 56:Please 3314:Dasein 3065:Serres 3045:Sartre 3035:Ricœur 2990:Marcel 2980:Lukács 2955:Latour 2930:Kojève 2855:Fisher 2850:Fichte 2840:Engels 2810:Debord 2805:de Man 2795:Cixous 2790:Cioran 2770:Butler 2735:Bauman 2715:Badiou 2700:Arendt 2685:Adorno 2566:Ecrits 2536: 2415: 2265: 2257: 2194:: 335. 2077:p. 142 2003:: 332. 1932:p. 232 1869: 1826:: 328. 1720: 1254:, and 1138:gender 1054:, and 1010:women. 958:, and 908:, and 688:Racism 513:ethics 503:Ethics 450:ethics 192:beauty 3543:Index 3450:Trace 3430:Power 3425:Other 3415:Ontic 3256:Angst 3105:Žižek 3090:Weber 3080:Stein 3015:Negri 3010:Nancy 2950:Lacan 2935:Koyré 2890:Hegel 2845:Fanon 2800:Croce 2775:Camus 2765:Buber 1970:et al 1556:Books 1396:—the 1146:Woman 1111:Woman 1079:Hegel 1064:Woman 1028:Woman 999:Woman 968:queer 906:caste 551:genus 491:, of 489:being 481:truth 471:, to 467:, to 452:over 228:power 220:State 196:taste 172:What? 109:Other 3355:Gaze 3095:Weil 3040:Said 3000:Marx 2705:Aron 2534:ISBN 2413:ISBN 2292:2020 2271:p. 7 2263:ISBN 2255:ISSN 1867:ISBN 1774:2023 1736:2015 1718:ISBN 1429:real 1411:and 1292:In " 1014:The 978:, a 947:gays 929:The 910:race 843:The 803:and 680:and 417:and 288:Self 274:The 212:Self 206:and 170:and 168:Who? 125:Self 119:and 2830:Eco 1972:., 1792:NPR 1710:doi 1388:by 1372:In 1134:sex 1107:Man 1032:and 736:in 613:In 522:In 389:" ( 361:In 241:or 188:art 60:to 3562:: 2381:^ 2374:36 2261:; 2235:. 2165:^ 2149:^ 2131:^ 2121:. 2097:^ 2067:, 2022:^ 1881:^ 1794:. 1790:. 1765:. 1716:. 1704:. 1250:, 1160:. 1136:, 1132:, 1073:, 1066:. 1050:, 1018:, 994:. 499:. 456:. 194:, 190:, 2663:e 2656:t 2649:v 2540:. 2419:. 2294:. 2273:. 2239:. 2125:. 2079:. 2034:. 1934:. 1875:. 1776:. 1738:. 1712:: 186:( 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 31:. 20:)

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