7403:
7400:
3646:." Saharan–Songhay (especially Songhay) have seen substantial erosion of key characteristics, but this appears to be a secondary development and not evidence of early branching. "Core" Nilo-Saharan ("Central African" in Blench 2015) thus appears to be a typological rather than genetic grouping, though Maban is treated as a divergent branch of Eastern Sudanic; Kadu also seems to be quite close. The resulting structure is as follows:
904:
2989:
868:), largely due to its many noteworthy similarities with Songhay rather than with Nilo-Saharan as a whole, however this relationship is more likely due to a close relationship between Songhay and Mande many thousands of years ago in the early days of Nilo-Saharan, so the relationship is probably more one of ancient contact than a genetic link.
757:. In 1940 A. N. Tucker published evidence linking five of the six branches of Central Sudanic alongside his more explicit proposal for East Sudanic. In 1950 Greenberg retained Eastern Sudanic and Central Sudanic as separate families, but accepted Westermann's conclusions of four decades earlier in 1954 when he linked them together as
2592:
By 2015, and again in 2017, Blench had refined the subclassification of this model, linking Maban with Fur, Kadu with
Eastern Sudanic, and Kuliak with the node that contained them, and added a tentative, extinct branch he names "Plateau" as to explain a possible Nilo-Saharan substrate in the Malian
784:
noted that Chari–Nile was an artifact of the order of
European contact with members of the family and did not reflect an exclusive relationship between these languages, and the group has been abandoned, with its constituents becoming primary branches of Nilo-Saharan—or, equivalently, Chari–Nile and
3113:
There are faint suggestions that
Eastern and Central Sudanic may be related (essentially the old Chari–Nile clade), though that possibility is "unexplorable under current conditions" and could be complicated if Niger–Congo were added to the comparison. Starostin finds no evidence that the Komuz,
3633:
By 2023, Blench had slightly revised the model for a deep primary split between Koman–Gumuz and the rest. Kunama and Berta are "provisionally" placed as the next to branch off, because they only partially share the features that unite the rest of the family. However, it is not clear if this is
2311:
With a better understanding of Nilo-Saharan classifiers, and the affixes or number marking they have developed into in various branches, Blench believes that all of the families postulated as Nilo-Saharan belong together. He proposes the following tentative internal classification, with
Songhai
894:
show much internal diversity—are valid groups. However, there have been several conflicting classifications in grouping them together. Each of the proposed higher-order groups has been rejected by other researchers: Greenberg's Chari–Nile by Bender and Blench, and Bender's Core Nilo-Saharan by
4375:
and discussed in depth the grouping and the phonological system proposed by Ch. Ehret. Blench (2000) compares both systems (Bender's and Ehret's) and prefers the former because it is more secure and is based in more reliable data. For example, Bender points out that there is a set of phonemes
3933:
Beyond the work of
Colleen Ahland, Blench notes that the inclusion of Koman is buttressed by the work of Manuel Otero. The argument for Songhay is mostly lexical, especially the pronouns. Blench gives Greenberg credit for both East and Central Sudanic. Saharan and Songhay have some "striking"
4152:. However, Blench (2011) proposed that the similarities between Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan (specifically Atlantic–Congo and Central Sudanic) are due to contact, with the noun-class system of Niger–Congo developed from, or elaborated on the model of, the noun classifiers of Central Sudanic.
198:
3125:
In a follow-up study published in 2017, Starostin reiterated his previous points as well as explicitly accepting a genetic relationship between Macro-East
Sudanic and Macro-Central Sudanic. Starostin names this proposal "Macro-Sudanic". The classification is as follows.
317:
of Africa, other specialists in the field have accepted it as a working hypothesis since
Greenberg's classification. Linguists accept that it is a challenging proposal to demonstrate but contend that it looks more promising the more work is done.
859:
to be Nilo-Saharan, though unclassified within the family due to lack of data; Dimmendaal and Blench, based on a more complete description, consider it to be a language isolate on current evidence. Proposals have sometimes been made to add
4160:
Nilo-Saharan languages present great differences, being a highly diversified group. It has proven difficult to reconstruct many aspects of Proto-Nilo-Saharan. Two very different reconstructions of the proto-language have been proposed by
821:
Dimmendaal (2008) notes that
Greenberg (1963) based his conclusion on strong evidence and that the proposal as a whole has become more convincing in the decades since. Mikkola (1999) reviewed Greenberg's evidence and found it convincing.
7326:
3007:, and in addition finds probable and possible links between the families that will require reconstruction of the proto-languages for confirmation. Starostin also does not consider Greenberg's Nilo-Saharan to be a valid, coherent clade.
1587:, stating that it could not yet be adequately classified but might prove to be Nilo-Saharan once sufficient research has been done. This tentative and somewhat conservative classification held as a sort of standard for the next decade.
1852:
for more detail). Also, unusually, Songhay is well-nested within a core group and coordinate with Maban in a "Western
Sahelian" clade, and Kadu is not included in Nilo-Saharan. Note that "Koman" in this classification is equivalent to
3098:
In summary, at this level of certainty, "Nilo-Saharan" constitutes ten distinct and separate language families: Eastern
Sudanic, Central Sudanic – Kadu, Maba–Kunama, Komuz, Saharan, Songhai, Kuliak, Fur, Berta, and Shabo.
685:
16 is 38–39 million people. However, the data spans a range from ca. 1980 to 2005, with a weighted median at ca. 1990. Given population growth rates, the figure in 2010 might be half again higher, or about 60 million.
3377:
Starostin (2017) finds significant lexical similarities between Kadu and Central Sudanic, while some lexical similarities also shared by Central Sudanic with Fur-Amdang, Berta, and Eastern Sudanic to a lesser extent.
3055:
with Nubian, Nara, and Tama (NNT) is considered "highly likely" and close enough that proper comparative work should be able to demonstrate the connection if it's valid, though it would fall outside NNT proper (see
1570:
came up with a novel classification of Nilo-Saharan as a preliminary part of his then-ongoing research into the macrofamily. His evidence for the classification was not fully published until much later (see
7459:
Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland, Angelika Jakobi & Constance Kutsch-Lojenga (2019) "Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan'", in Wolff, Ekkehard (ed.)
804:
remain poorly attested and are difficult to work with, while arguments continue over the inclusion of Songhai. Blench (2010) believes that the distribution of Nilo-Saharan reflects the waterways of the
1583:
By 2000 Bender had entirely abandoned the Chari–Nile and Komuz branches. He also added Kunama back to the "Satellite–Core" group and simplified the subdivisions therein. He retracted the inclusion of
7629:
354:(2016) likewise does not accept a relationship between the branches of Nilo-Saharan, though he leaves open the possibility that some of them may prove to be related to each other once the necessary
7323:
8120:
7811:
8159:
8197:
3934:
similarities in their lexicon, which Blench argues is genetic, though the absence of reliable proto-Sarahan and proto-Songhay reconstructions makes evaluation difficult.
6988:
7960:
4838:. These authors state that the correspondences used by Ehret are not very clear and because of this many of the sounds in the table may only be allophonic variations.
7722:
Jordan, Linda, Hussein Mohammed, and Jillian Netzley. 2015. Sociolinguistic Survey of the Shabo of Ethiopia. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2015-019. SIL International.
1131:
6893:
3634:
because they actually diverged early, or if they might have lost those features at a later date. For example, Berta shares plausible lexical cognates with the
7337:
1142:
as an independent branch of the family. By 1991 he had added more detail to the tree, dividing Chari–Nile into nested clades, including a Core group in which
8470:
6754:. Whilst these are established on the Bantu peoples from which they adopted the language, they have preserved the bovine pastoralism of the Nilotic peoples.
7410:/ Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 3: Nilo-Saharan languages. Moscow: Издательский Дом ЯСК / LRC Press. 840 p.
7306:
7222:
7890:
7626:
6657:
and East Africa, Nilo-Saharan speakers are associated with the ruling class of powerful empires and sultanates that have dominated the region such as the
4394:, but it seems that they can be reconstructed only for core groups (E, I, J, L) and the collateral group (C, D, F, G, H), but not for Proto-Nilo-Saharan.
7734:
Sociolinguistic Survey Report of the Languages of the Gawwada, Tsamay, and Diraasha Areas with Excursions to Birayle (Ongota) and Arbore (Irbore): Part 2
1559:
Bender revised his model of Nilo-Saharan again in 1996, at which point he split Koman and Gumuz into completely separate branches of Core Nilo-Saharan.
84:
3102:
Possible further "deep" connections, which cannot be evaluated until the proper comparative work on the constituent branches has been completed, are:
8104:
776:
Greenberg's later contribution came in 1963, when he tied Chari–Nile to Songhai, Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman-Gumuz and coined the current name
8528:
3122:
were not considered, though Starostin had previously proposed that Mimi-D was also an isolate despite its slight similarity to Central Sudanic.
10731:
7808:
6948:
6869:
836:
are poorly known and have been difficult to evaluate until recently. Songhay is markedly divergent, in part due to massive influence from the
8416:
920:, set up the family with the following branches. The Chari–Nile core are the connections that had been suggested by previous researchers.
8833:
8458:
2203:(2006). It was not accepted by other linguists. Blench's (2006) internal classification of the Niger-Saharan macrophylum is as follows:
256:
As indicated by its hyphenated name, Nilo-Saharan is a family of the African interior, including the greater Nile Basin and the Central
8143:
329:
is estimated to date to at least the 5th millennium BC. Nilo-Saharan genetic unity would thus be much older still and date to the late
7793:
Bokula, Moiso & Agozia-Kario Irumu. 1994. Bibliographie et matériaux lexicaux des langues Moru-Mangbetu (Soudan-Central, Zaïre).
844:, which are spoken by hunter-gatherers and appear to retain a non-Nilo-Saharan core; Blench believes they might have been similar to
358:
work is done. According to Güldemann (2018), "the current state of research is not sufficient to prove the Nilo-Saharan hypothesis."
229:, north of where the two tributaries of the Nile meet. The languages extend through 17 nations in the northern half of Africa: from
8244:
7154:
6768:
2191:
1138:
to Nilo-Saharan, removed Kuliak from Eastern Sudanic, removed Gumuz from Koman (but left it as a sister node), and chose to posit
8497:
8031:
895:
Dimmendaal and Blench. What remains are eight (Dimmendaal) to twelve (Bender) constituent families of no consensus arrangement.
8181:
7736:
8042:
2007. Proceedings of the IInd International Conference on African Studies (April 2007). Plzeň: Dryáda, 2007. p. 19-38, 19 pp.
7758:
6998:
8485:
8047:
7483:
7415:
7324:
Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon
7062:
7045:
Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.).
6853:
6828:
1130:
came up with a classification which expanded upon and revised that of Greenberg. He considered Fur and Maban to constitute a
826:
notes morphological similarities in all putative branches, which leads him to believe that the family is likely to be valid.
17:
7957:
1857:, i.e. a family with Gumuz and Koman as primary branches, and Ehret renames the traditional Koman group as "Western Koman".
10246:
9827:
6890:
10356:
10859:
8521:
7938:
734:; this expanded Nilotic was in turn linked to Nubian, Kunama, and possibly Berta, essentially Greenberg's Macro-Sudanic (
793:
were not Niger–Congo, they were commonly assumed to therefore be Nilo-Saharan, but this remains somewhat controversial.
9328:
5197:
3024:
3018:
4356:
and supported by many phonetic correspondences (another author, C. Ehret, reconstructs for the coronal area the sound
4352:
correspond to coronal plosives, the phonetic details are difficult to specify, but clearly, they remain distinct from
1575:
below), and so it did not attain the same level of acclaim as competing proposals, namely those of Bender and Blench.
10513:
8374:
8340:
8281:
8191:
8153:
8114:
7301:
7276:
7029:
6971:
6932:
6798:
4932:: In table cells with slashes, the singular form is given before the slash, while the plural form follows the slash.
1316:
10489:
9728:
7334:
531:
414:
394:
Within the Nilo-Saharan languages are a number of languages with at least a million speakers (most data from SIL's
242:
10854:
9647:
9583:
8826:
8467:
7531:
7213:
1119:
was not recognized as distinct from neighbouring Koman; it was separated out (forming "Komuz") by Bender (1989).
879:
has been accepted by linguists such as Rille, Dimmendaal, and Blench as Nilo-Saharan, though others argue for an
322:
8007:
7887:
10260:
9502:
8514:
7439:
7384:
7358:
10011:
719:
10726:
10373:
9508:
9333:
9119:
9113:
9037:
8221:"Cattle herds and banana gardens: The historical geography of the western Great Lakes region, ca AD 800?1500"
5974:
10736:
10721:
10420:
9721:
9708:
9479:
9440:
723:
537:
350:
in Germany, does not recognise the unity of the Nilo-Saharan family or even of the Eastern Sudanic branch;
8299:
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2008-09-01). "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent".
4822:
4815:
4804:
4788:
4777:
4754:
4749:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4338:
4331:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4293:
4288:
4270:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4226:
4219:
730:
included three of the (still independent) Central Sudanic families within Nilotic in a proposal he called
10716:
10710:
10495:
9768:
9686:
9659:
9363:
9353:
8700:
8678:
6017:
3243:
3215:
3156:
1331:
7499:
337:, one of the oldest written African languages, attested in writing from the 8th to the 15th century AD.
10282:
9943:
9740:
9538:
9398:
9368:
9358:
9348:
9054:
8819:
366:
The constituent families of Nilo-Saharan are quite diverse. One characteristic feature is a tripartite
7981:. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika: Frankfurter Studien zur Afrikanistik, 13.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
7920:
Seligmann, Brenda Z. 1911–1912. Note on Two Languages in the Sennar Province of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
2288:
According to Blench (2006), typological features common to both Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan include:
718:
in 1880, the various constituent branches of Central Sudanic (but not the connection between them) by
10694:
10501:
10477:
10452:
10425:
10408:
9418:
9373:
9343:
9316:
8887:
8842:
8723:
8661:
8392:
Mikkola, Pertti (1999). "Nilo-Saharan revisited: some observations concerning the best etymologies".
7594:
Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. 1988. "The lexical reconstruction of proto-Nilotic: a first reconnaissance."
4143:
3960:
3851:
3777:
3551:
3498:
3140:
3114:
Kuliak, Saharan, Songhai, or Shabo languages are related to any of the other Nilo-Saharan languages.
3057:
3030:
3027:(Surmic, Temein, Jebel, Daju, Nilotic), though their exact relationships to each other remain obscure
2903:
2866:
2540:
2525:
2268:
2103:
1982:
1944:
1747:
1694:
1383:
1302:
1071:
1026:
891:
887:
865:
355:
298:
151:
146:
10741:
10548:
10185:
10173:
10005:
9067:
9060:
8876:
7264:
7246:
4901:
4162:
4009:
781:
545:
371:
7779:, 2 vols. Brussels: Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres, Université libre de Bruxelles dissertation.
7176:
1930:
1848:
9746:
9671:
9074:
9024:
8740:
8705:
6662:
5628:
5023:
4050:
3984:
3635:
3265:
916:
551:
378:. The distribution of the families may reflect ancient watercourses in a green Sahara during the
285:
8425:
8418:
Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?
741:
In 1920 G. W. Murray fleshed out the Eastern Sudanic languages when he grouped Nilotic, Nubian,
10760:
10608:
10403:
10179:
10132:
9762:
9679:
9338:
9322:
9130:
9031:
8870:
6681:
6677:
4563:
3639:
3067:
2260:
10398:
8455:
7049:. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 299–308.
6924:
6918:
1842:(2001). This model is notable in that it consists of two primary branches: Gumuz–Koman, and a
10806:
10704:
10393:
10196:
9986:
9975:
9937:
9544:
9518:
9423:
9413:
9096:
9012:
8863:
7401:Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 3. Нило-сахарские языки
6751:
3643:
2273:
880:
302:
294:
10507:
10232:
8335:. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. SUGIA Supplements. Vol. 12. Köln: R. Köppe Verlag.
8059:
Tourneux, Henry. 1992. Inventaire phonologiques et formation du pluriel en zaghawa (Tchad).
4846:
Dimmendaal (2016) cites the following morphological elements as stable across Nilo-Saharan:
10781:
10538:
10346:
10319:
10302:
10270:
10168:
9882:
9807:
9734:
9513:
9490:
9462:
9393:
9304:
9085:
7700:. Bruxelles: Université libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles.
7099:
6689:
3386:
715:
379:
347:
10666:
7684:
Rilly, Claude. 2010. Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
3951:
do not accept that the following families are demonstrably related with current research:
3603:
higher amount of both inflectional and derivational morphology, including the presence of
813:, which today are reflected in a diverse range of prefixes, suffixes, and number marking.
8:
10558:
10462:
10362:
10351:
10313:
10292:
10190:
10149:
9924:
9906:
9900:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9774:
9757:
9496:
9162:
9149:
9043:
8993:
8850:
8772:
7659:
6697:
6693:
4456:
4428:
4377:
4260:
4024:
3964:
2199:, a language macrofamily linking the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan phyla, was proposed by
750:
727:
476:
7103:
7088:"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert"
10472:
10467:
10457:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10414:
10383:
10378:
10331:
10325:
10276:
10221:
10144:
10028:
9992:
9953:
9895:
9702:
9697:
9408:
9167:
9136:
9102:
9090:
9049:
8924:
8695:
8236:
8220:
7577:
7569:
7146:
7122:
7087:
7068:
6942:
6863:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
5672:
4885:
4867:
4601:
4423:
4384:
3604:
3598:
3146:
488:
383:
367:
10569:
10532:
8567:
8494:
8028:
7990:
Gaudefroy-Demombynes, Maurice. 1907. Document sur les Langues de l'Oubangui-Chari. In
1146:
was considered divergent, and coordinating Fur–Maban as a sister clade to Chari–Nile.
101:
10483:
10388:
10368:
10307:
10287:
9998:
9959:
9930:
9918:
9855:
9801:
9779:
9752:
9692:
9665:
9484:
9445:
9435:
9403:
9276:
9202:
9184:
9178:
9080:
8998:
8912:
8786:
8753:
8690:
8650:
8643:
8380:
8370:
8346:
8336:
8328:
8316:
8312:
8287:
8277:
8240:
8187:
8149:
8110:
8043:
7581:
7561:
7479:
7411:
7381:
The Nilo-Saharan hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs
7272:
7127:
7072:
7058:
7025:
6967:
6928:
6913:
6849:
6824:
6727:
5844:
5715:
5372:
4980:
4873:
4443:
4433:
4402:
4207:
4195:
4190:
4166:
4148:
4101:
4096:
4066:
3738:
3723:
3638:(East Sudanic) and its system of grammatical number "closely resembles" those of the
3579:
3483:
3361:
3341:
3259:
3119:
2996:
2730:
2715:
2434:
2419:
2215:
2211:
2064:
1998:
1626:
1611:
1567:
1401:
1185:
1170:
1083:
969:
954:
872:
666:
351:
330:
310:
306:
269:
214:
141:
136:
10574:
10563:
10543:
8881:
7733:
649:(350,000 to 400,000) One of the northernmost Nilo-Saharan languages, extending from
10791:
10651:
10641:
10636:
10590:
10584:
10553:
10446:
10341:
10265:
10203:
10155:
10090:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10051:
10035:
9970:
9965:
9948:
9889:
9783:
9715:
9626:
9593:
9561:
9457:
9429:
9378:
9299:
9283:
9269:
9251:
9244:
9230:
9190:
9172:
9156:
9142:
8964:
8947:
8796:
8781:
8760:
8592:
8587:
8358:
8308:
8228:
7755:
7553:
7117:
7107:
7086:
Drake, N. A.; Blench, R. M.; Armitage, S. J.; Bristow, C. S.; White, K. H. (2011).
7050:
6518:
5502:
5459:
5415:
5284:
5152:
4879:
4742:
4418:
4413:
4281:
4185:
4126:
4106:
4076:
4034:
3910:
3814:
3527:
3437:
3355:
3301:
3271:
3249:
3221:
3085:
3063:
Other units that are "highly likely" to eventually prove to be valid families are:
3000:
2992:
Starostin's "Macro-Sudanic" in purple, surrounding language families shown as well.
2798:
2686:
2598:
2458:
2322:
2227:
1967:
1724:
1641:
1416:
1397:
1215:
1200:
1139:
1079:
1075:
1041:
911:
841:
796:
Progress has been made since Greenberg established the plausibility of the family.
707:
699:
617:
519:
493:
444:
290:
261:
126:
121:
10631:
10579:
9571:
8482:
7544:
Blench, Roger (2004). "Review of The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800".
886:
There is little doubt that the constituent families of Nilo-Saharan—of which only
10786:
10661:
10646:
10615:
10336:
10297:
10162:
10108:
9980:
9842:
9608:
9603:
9468:
9383:
9264:
9257:
9237:
9219:
9124:
9107:
8906:
8791:
8711:
8684:
8637:
8598:
8572:
8501:
8489:
8474:
8462:
8035:
8011:
7964:
7942:
7936:
Une enquête sociolinguistique parmi les Amdang (Mimi) du Tchad: Rapport Technique
7894:
7815:
7762:
7740:
7633:
7407:
7388:
7341:
7330:
7310:
7022:
From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa
6897:
6739:
6723:
6705:
6701:
6475:
6436:
6354:
6309:
6191:
6060:
5801:
5585:
5328:
5065:
4668:
4438:
4302:
4200:
4116:
4086:
4044:
4039:
4014:
4004:
3894:
3836:
3678:
3663:
3587:
3583:
3582:
too weak to draw any conclusions at present, whereas there is some evidence that
3502:
3415:
3333:
3316:
3310:
3253:
3227:
3209:
3198:
3152:
3091:
3081:
3052:
3044:
3038:
2827:
2655:
2640:
2611:
2594:
2582:
2480:
2381:
2366:
2337:
2239:
2235:
2219:
2107:
2079:
1908:
1893:
1879:
1854:
1777:
1762:
1709:
1664:
1475:
1460:
1446:
1424:
1363:
1266:
1143:
1116:
1056:
999:
938:
876:
861:
849:
837:
833:
829:
810:
801:
797:
695:
599:
571:
523:
440:
418:
326:
314:
217:
spoken by somewhere around 70 million speakers, mainly in the upper parts of the
131:
116:
96:
71:
7335:
http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/MT%20XX%20Blench%20off%20print.pdf
10796:
10656:
10625:
10596:
10227:
10113:
10096:
10046:
10041:
9912:
9849:
9619:
9613:
9533:
9528:
9474:
9451:
9196:
9018:
8975:
8958:
8952:
8930:
8918:
8735:
8670:
8632:
8606:
8561:
6665:
6561:
6146:
6103:
5931:
5888:
5758:
5543:
5109:
3974:
3968:
3955:
3799:
3575:
3367:
3287:
3277:
3192:
3160:
3074:
3034:
2888:
2510:
2251:
2243:
2231:
1792:
1584:
1500:
1135:
856:
845:
790:
754:
711:
703:
646:
561:
480:
466:
454:
111:
50:
7935:
7557:
7054:
309:
families. Although some linguists have referred to the phylum as "Greenberg's
10848:
10680:
10620:
10602:
10118:
10102:
10056:
9813:
9633:
9598:
9588:
9566:
9523:
9388:
8969:
8901:
8746:
8627:
8578:
8384:
8320:
7565:
7192:(1991) "Subclassification of Nilo-Saharan". In Bender, M. Lionel, ed. (1991)
7189:
6719:
6393:
6272:
6234:
5240:
4831:
4142:
Proposals for the external relationships of Nilo-Saharan typically center on
4056:
4018:
3999:
3994:
3762:
3452:
3325:
3293:
3233:
3173:
2842:
2495:
2223:
2021:
1679:
1420:
1251:
1127:
984:
746:
742:
674:
670:
620:(1.0 million with Laka). Central Sudanic, the principal language of southern
603:
581:
484:
472:
430:
422:
375:
340:
This larger classification system is not accepted by all linguists, however.
106:
8811:
8350:
8291:
8018:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 1591 entries.
7196:, Bayreuth, Aug. 30–Sep. 2, 1989. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. NISA 7, 1–36
7112:
321:
Some of the constituent groups of Nilo-Saharan are estimated to predate the
9577:
8412:
8269:
7527:
7209:
7131:
6712:
6685:
4897:
4835:
3168:
2312:
closest to Saharan, a relationship that had not previously been suggested:
2200:
823:
632:
426:
333:. The earliest written language associated with the Nilo-Saharan family is
7848:
The Kresh group, Aja and Baka languages (Sudan): A linguistic contribution
6794:
903:
176:
4911:
4767:
4405:
used a less clear methodology and proposed a maximalist phonemic system:
3593:
The large Northeastern division is based on several typological markers:
3178:
3014:(previous section), Starostin considers the following to be established:
766:
589:
585:
565:
402:
277:
218:
54:
8506:
7907:
Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1932. Ethnological Observations in Dar Fung.
7573:
4177:
The consonant system reconstructed by Bender for Proto-Nilo-Saharan is:
9224:
8232:
7828:
Santandrea, Stefano. 1966. The Birri language: Brief elementary notes.
6658:
6604:
4861:
4857:
3616:
2988:
806:
635:(500,000 in 1983, significantly more today). The eponymous language of
334:
7698:
A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages
628:
Some other important Nilo-Saharan languages under 1 million speakers:
8004:
7476:
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages
4850:
4638:
4326:
3947:
3183:
584:(1.1 million in 2011, significantly more today). The language of the
513:
448:
342:
297:
family. It contained all the languages that were not included in the
184:
170:
166:
7872:
Bender, M. Lionel. 1989. Berta Lexicon. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.),
7431:
7379:
7354:
2980:
Blench (2021) concludes that Maban may be close to Eastern Sudanic.
8546:
7518:. Doctoral thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon.
4905:
611:
593:
250:
7992:
Actes du XVIe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Alger, 1905
7756:
Lexique comparatif historique des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes
681:
The total for all speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages according to
8075:
7611:
Bender, M. Lionel. 1998. "The Eastern Jebel Languages of Sudan."
6673:
4891:
4450:
4372:
3622:
726:
in 1907. The first inklings of a wider family came in 1912, when
650:
462:
230:
2292:
Phonology: ATR vowel harmony and the labial-velars /kp/ and /gb/
526:(Low Lugbara) is included). The major Central Sudanic language;
10820:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
10801:
10699:
7753:
Boyeldieu, Pascal, Pierre Nougayrol, and Pierre Palayer. 2006.
6669:
3642:; Kunama could be divergent "due to long-term interaction with
3612:
3115:
636:
575:
555:
527:
265:
260:
Desert. Eight of its proposed constituent divisions (excluding
257:
197:
156:
7267:(2000). "Nilo-Saharan". In Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (eds.).
8618:
8550:
8106:
A History of African Motherhood: The Case of Uganda, 700–1900
7650:. Doctoral dissertation. Coleraine: New University of Ulster.
7436:
The University of Nairobi Journal of Language and Linguistics
6715:
6654:
3945:
In summarizing the literature to date, Hammarström et al. in
3574:
Dimmendaal et al. consider the evidence for the inclusion of
855:
Anbessa Tefera and Peter Unseth consider the poorly attested
753:
made similar proposals in 1926, and in 1935 Westermann added
662:
654:
640:
607:
554:(1.5 million). A Luo language, one of the major languages of
509:
505:
501:
497:
458:
273:
246:
238:
234:
226:
8091:
A Grammar of Tadaksahak: a Northern Songhay Language of Mali
4926:
Sample basic vocabulary in different Nilo-Saharan branches:
770:
658:
621:
433:
is also used for a wider group of languages which includes
313:", into which he placed all the otherwise unaffiliated non-
222:
7085:
3389:
suggests the following subclassification of Nilo-Saharan:
6980:
6966:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–73.
2192:
Niger–Congo languages § Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan
1838:
Ehret's updated classification was published in his book
8029:
On application of Glottochronology for Saharan Languages
8003:
Doris Löhr, H. Ekkehard Wolff (with Ari Awagana). 2009.
7516:
A Historical Reconstruction of the Koman Language Family
665:. Most Tubu speakers live in Northern Chad close to the
8333:
A historical-comparative reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan
7958:
The Maban languages and their place within Nilo-Saharan
4882:: first person singular *qa, second person singular *yi
1840:
A Historical–Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan
386:, when the desert was more habitable than it is today.
3021:
or "NNT" (Nubian, Nara, and Tama; see below for Nyima)
7153:(Sixteenth ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
8080:. (Westafrikanische Studien 4). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
3347:
Western Saharan group (Kanuri-Kanembu + Teda-Dazaga)
7806:Boone, Douglas; Richard L. Watson (editors). 1996.
4364:which perhaps are closer to the phonetic detail of
8014:. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.)
7819:. Nairobi, Kenya: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
6912:
202:Distribution of Nilo-Saharan languages (in yellow)
7842:
7840:
7838:
7432:"On stable and unstable features in Nilo-Saharan"
7425:
7423:
7194:Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo-Saharan Conference
6891:Saharan and Songhay form a branch of Nilo-Saharan
4830:Ehret's maximalist system has been criticized by
809:12,000 years ago, and that the protolanguage had
10846:
7204:
7202:
508:. Many Nubians have also migrated northwards to
370:, which Blench (2010) believes is a result of a
8145:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
7744:. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-066: 6–15.
7251:The Nilo-Saharan languages: a comparative essay
7178:The Shilluk people, their language and folklore
7092:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6990:The Classification of Gumuz and Koman Languages
4146:: Gregersen (1972) grouped the two together as
3003:based on Swadesh lists, is more inclusive than
1846:group containing the rest of the families (see
7859:Bender, Lionel. 2001. English-Kunama lexicon.
7835:
7822:
7420:
7024:. University of California Press. p. 31.
5636:*imbi; *EmbE; *mbili; *mbElE; *imbil-; *EmbEl-
3041:, which may prove to be closest to each other)
368:singulative–collective–plurative number system
8841:
8827:
8522:
8363:International Journal of American Linguistics
7777:Le Mangbetu: etude phonétique et phonologique
7692:
7690:
7257:
7239:
7199:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6818:
496:(1.7 million, all dialects). The language of
457:(6 million). Spread along the Niger River in
66:ca. 70 million for all branches listed below.
10830:Families with more than 30 languages are in
7680:
7678:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7208:
6986:
417:, Kenya's third largest ethnicity after the
8274:Archaeology, language, and the African past
8141:
7850:. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale.
7521:
6997:workshop, Lyons, December 4. Archived from
6819:Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007).
6668:that dominated the Sahel, West Africa, the
907:The branches of the Nilo-Saharan languages.
443:(4.0 million, all dialects; 4.7 million if
8834:
8820:
8529:
8515:
8436:Gregersen, Edgar (1972). "Kongo-Saharan".
8298:
8218:
7687:
7473:
7429:
7285:
6962:Bender, M. Lionel (2000). "Nilo-Saharan".
6947:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6910:
6877:
6868:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4172:
3073:Central Sudanic – Kadu (Central Sudanic +
852:and shifted incompletely to Nilo-Saharan.
689:
346:(2013), for example, a publication of the
8536:
8435:
8405:
8357:
7994:, Part II, 172–330. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
7971:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7713:. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
7669:
7462:Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics
7121:
7111:
7044:
6920:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
4921:
4397:
3590:belong together and may be Nilo-Saharan.
816:
465:, in the southern region of the historic
447:is included). The major ethnicity around
8142:Elfasi, M.; Hrbek, Ivan (January 1988).
8102:
7946:. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-028
7510:
7508:
6846:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics
6843:
5639:*Samɔ; *Samu; *Somu; *kanu; *kunu; *kVnV
3971:is also questionable as Central Sudanic)
3381:
2987:
2601:languages, for the following structure:
902:
789:retained. When it was realized that the
785:Nilo-Saharan have merged, with the name
8391:
8183:Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty
8179:
8103:Stephens, Rhiannon (2 September 2013).
7885:Ahland, Colleen and Eliza Kelly. 2014.
7047:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
6987:Blench, Roger; Ahland, Colleen (2010).
6888:Blench, Roger & Lameen Souag. m.s.
3937:
3350:Eastern Saharan group (Zaghawa + Berti)
574:(1.2 million). Another Luo language of
272:) are found in the modern countries of
14:
10847:
8411:
8369:(1). Bloomington: Indiana University.
8268:
7782:
7543:
7263:
7245:
7221:. Cambridge: Mallam Dendo. p. 5.
6961:
3010:In addition to the families listed in
2299:- affix for mass nouns in Nilo-Saharan
564:(1.4 million). The major ethnicity of
280:, through which the Nile River flows.
8815:
8510:
8327:
8078:, Bénin: avec un index français-dendi
7888:Daatsʼíin-Gumuz Comparative Word list
7627:Temein languages comparative wordlist
7505:
7144:
7019:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6648:
4137:
3262:(Western, Eastern, Southern branches)
3252:(Southern Surmic + Northern Surmic /
8180:Wrigley, Christopher (16 May 2002).
7662:. 1994. Comparative Kadu Wordlists.
7532:"The classification of Nilo-Saharan"
6821:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
3109:Central Sudanic – Kadu + Maba–Kunama
1122:
883:affiliation. It is poorly attested.
293:named the group and argued it was a
213:are a proposed family of around 210
27:Proposed family of African languages
8361:(1970). "The languages of Africa".
8200:from the original on 2 January 2023
8123:from the original on 2 January 2023
7355:"Africa over the last 12,000 years"
6726:ancestry and have led the powerful
2983:
694:The Saharan family (which includes
669:. Tubu has two main varieties: the
24:
8262:
8089:Christiansen-Bolli, Regula. 2010.
7874:Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics
7711:Kuliak Languages of Eastern Uganda
7352:
7269:African Languages: An Introduction
7151:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
6964:African Languages, An Introduction
6782:
3609:verb-final (SOV or OSV) word order
2302:Verbal extensions and plural verbs
2053: Western Sahelian
1956: Northern Sudanic
714:in 1853, the Nilotic languages by
389:
361:
25:
10871:
8449:
8424:. CALL 41. Leiden. Archived from
8394:Nordic Journal of African Studies
8225:The African Archaeological Review
7876:, 271–304. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
7546:The African Archaeological Review
5254:nɪ̀hɪ̀ / nɪ̀hɪ̀t-tá; nèʃɪ̀ / nèʃá
2787: Central African
898:
722:in 1889, and the Maban family by
398:16 (2009)). In descending order:
8495:Popular Overview of Nilo-Saharan
8313:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00085.x
8301:Language and Linguistics Compass
7922:Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen
7666:40:11–48. University of Cologne.
7534:(Afrika und Übersee 83). p. 299.
6923:. Vol. 3. Oxford. pp.
5266:ketti, kəti, kátɪ́ / ketta, kátá
4371:Bender gave a list of about 350
1849:Sudanic languages § Nilo-Saharan
532:Democratic Republic of the Congo
500:, extending today from southern
415:Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania
243:Democratic Republic of the Congo
196:
8247:from the original on 2023-01-02
8212:
8173:
8162:from the original on 2023-01-02
8135:
8096:
8083:
8066:
8053:
8021:
7997:
7984:
7949:
7927:
7914:
7901:
7879:
7866:
7853:
7800:
7769:
7747:
7725:
7716:
7703:
7653:
7640:
7618:
7605:
7588:
7537:
7514:Otero, Manuel Alejandro. 2019.
7492:
7478:. John Benjamins. p. 313.
7467:
7453:
7442:from the original on 2023-06-20
7393:
7372:
7361:from the original on 2022-04-09
7346:
7316:
7294:
7228:from the original on 2021-01-24
7183:
7169:
7157:from the original on 2008-10-23
7138:
7079:
6801:from the original on 2023-03-09
6722:of the great lakes are also of
4894:markers: singular *n, plural *k
3396: Nilo‑Saharan
1572:
927: Nilo‑Saharan
588:, another numerous people from
8276:. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
8186:. Cambridge University Press.
8109:. Cambridge University Press.
7861:Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
7664:Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
7474:Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2011).
7430:Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2016).
7271:. Cambridge University Press.
7038:
7013:
6955:
6911:Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (1992).
6904:
6837:
6812:
5260:aùlò / aùl-lá; àgúrá / àgúr-tà
3628:
2587:
2306:
2185:
1578:
13:
1:
8219:Schoenbrun, David L. (1993).
7303:The Niger-Saharan Macrophylum
7215:The Niger-Saharan Macrophylum
7147:"Maasai: A language of Kenya"
6775:
5076:kɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ̀n / kɪkɪ́mɪ́nʈɪ́nɪ̀
4841:
3206:Macro-Eastern Sudanic family
3149:(West-Central Sudanic branch)
3137:Macro-Central Sudanic family
3106:Eastern Sudanic + Fur + Berta
2106:(Eastern Sudanic) (including
1833:
1562:
602:(1.0 million). Spoken by the
546:Rift Valley, Kapchorua Uganda
8438:Journal of African Languages
7399:Starostin, Georgiy C. 2017.
7145:Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009).
7020:Clark, John Desmond (1984).
6823:. University of Utah Press.
5651:*manga; *masu; *mVsV; *nɖuma
4797:
4765:
4740:
4704:
4666:
4636:
4598:
4560:
4524:
4488:
4448:
4155:
3165:East-Central Sudanic branch
3025:Southern "N" Eastern Sudanic
3019:Northern "K" Eastern Sudanic
724:Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes
325:. For example, the unity of
7:
7846:Santandrea, Stefano. 1976.
7175:Diedrich Westermann, 1912.
6995:Language Isolates in Africa
6757:
6367:*sati-k; *sàdí-k / *sadi-ɲi
5251:demmo, dəmmo, dàm̀mò, dòmmò
1653: Satellite–Core
840:. Also problematic are the
225:rivers, including historic
53:, north-central Africa and
10:
10876:
10860:Proposed language families
8456:Roger Blench: Nilo-Saharan
7500:In defence of Nilo-Saharan
6795:"Nilo-Saharan; Ethnologue"
4856:Deverbal noun (abstract /
3134:Macro-Sudanic macrofamily
2295:Noun-class affixes: e.g.,
2189:
780:for the resulting family.
512:since the building of the
475:(1.9 million). Related to
10815:
10774:
10751:
10690:
10679:
10523:
10256:
10245:
10213:
10140:
10131:
10020:
9837:
9826:
9793:
9655:
9646:
9554:
9312:
9298:
9212:
9007:
8989:
8940:
8858:
8849:
8843:Primary language families
8770:
8731:
8722:
8660:
8617:
8545:
8074:Lexique dendi (songhay):
7558:10.1007/s10437-004-0752-7
7055:10.1515/9783110421668-002
6738:, the Kitara Empire, the
4766:
4741:
4667:
4637:
4449:
4410:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4206:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:
3907:
3891:
3849:
3834:
3827:
3812:
3797:
3790:
3775:
3760:
3736:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3676:
3661:
3654:
3549:
3525:
3496:
3481:
3474:
3450:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3058:Eastern Sudanic languages
2901:
2886:
2879:
2864:
2840:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2796:
2789:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2684:
2677:
2653:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2609:
2538:
2523:
2508:
2493:
2478:
2471:
2456:
2432:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2379:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2335:
2320:
2101:
2077:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2034:
2019:
2012:
1996:
1989:
1965:
1958:
1942:
1935:
1906:
1891:
1884:
1872:
1790:
1775:
1760:
1745:
1738:
1722:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1498:
1473:
1458:
1451:
1414:
1395:
1388:
1376:
1361:
1354:
1329:
1314:
1307:
1295:
1264:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1161:
1069:
1054:
1039:
1024:
1017:
997:
982:
967:
952:
936:
929:
195:
183:
165:
90:
80:
72:Linguistic classification
70:
60:
44:
39:
34:
9660:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
7809:Moru-Ma'di survey report
7709:Heine, Bernd. 1976. The
7378:George Starostin (2016)
7253:. Munich: Lincom Europa.
6914:"Nilo-Saharan Languages"
6848:(2nd ed.). Oxford.
6844:Matthews, P. H. (2007).
6676:and Central Africa, the
5198:Northern Eastern Sudanic
4870:suffixes: *-i, *-in, *-k
538:Nandi–Markweta languages
245:in the centre; and from
76:Proposed language family
10827:have no living members.
8016:World Loanword Database
7933:Wolf, Katharina. 2010.
7909:Sudan Notes and Records
7775:Demolin, Didier. 1992.
7731:Wedekind, Klaus. 2001.
7648:The Daju Language Group
7646:Thelwall, Robin. 1981.
7113:10.1073/pnas.1012231108
6769:Nilo-Saharan word lists
6680:in Central Africa, the
5366:*(ŋ)aat, pl. *(ŋ)ari-g
5342:*ŋesi-t(i), pl. *ŋes-oŋ
5292:*ugul(-e), sg. *ugul-di
5257:hàggà, àggà, ààdà, hàdà
5245:no, nòò / no-ta, nóó-ta
4392:/*ᵐb,*ⁿd,(*ⁿt),*ⁿɟ,*ᵑg/
4390:and prenasal constants
4388:/*pʼ,*tʼ,(*sʼ),*cʼ,*kʼ/
4173:Bender's reconstruction
3636:Eastern Jebel languages
917:The Languages of Africa
690:History of the proposal
544:, 1.6 million). Kenyan
286:The Languages of Africa
10855:Nilo-Saharan languages
10807:Unclassified languages
10761:list of sign languages
9729:Northeastern Tasmanian
8406:External relationships
8027:Blažek, Václav. 2007.
6682:Sultanate of Damagaram
5654:*Kinga; *Kunga; *Kingo
5339:*eme, sg. emi-ti (sg.)
5114:*aŋune / *aŋwe ~ *aŋun
4922:Comparative vocabulary
4398:Ehret's reconstruction
3640:East Sudanic languages
2993:
2265:Niger-Central Sudanic
1013: Chari–Nile
908:
817:Internal relationships
211:Nilo-Saharan languages
10782:Constructed languages
7977:Edgar, John T. 1991.
7955:Blench, Roger. 2021.
7696:Yigezu, Moges. 2001.
7498:Blench, Roger. 2023.
7322:Blench, Roger. 2015.
7300:Blench, Roger. 2006.
6752:Kingdom of Rwenzururu
5357:*gaan; *kiɲe(-ti) (?)
5310:*kiser, sg. *kisir-ti
3644:Afroasiatic languages
3597:tolerance of complex
3382:Dimmendaal 2016, 2019
2991:
2010: Sahelian
906:
864:(usually included in
522:(1.7 million, 2.2 if
18:Nilo-Saharan language
9329:Binanderean–Goilalan
6690:Sultanate of Bagirmi
3387:Gerrit J. Dimmendaal
3322:"Narrow Koman" group
3238:Nyimang-Afitti Group
2208:Proto-Niger-Saharan
1303:Central Sudanic
738:) proposal of 1954.
716:Karl Richard Lepsius
710:) was recognized by
639:Province in western
380:African humid period
348:Max Planck Institute
10611:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
10514:Tequiraca–Canichana
10357:Harákmbut–Katukinan
9120:Northwest Caucasian
9114:Northeast Caucasian
9038:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
8483:Map of Nilo-Saharan
7104:2011PNAS..108..458D
6698:Sultanate of Sennar
6694:Sultanate of Darfur
5660:*mEnE; *mAnɛ; *mani
5633:*kamɔ; *kamu; *kama
5354:*kei-ti, pl. *kei-ŋ
5313:*koor, sg. *koor-ti
751:Carlo Conti Rossini
728:Diedrich Westermann
10233:Tarascan/Purépecha
9722:Northern Tasmanian
9480:South Bougainville
9441:North Bougainville
8500:2022-09-03 at the
8488:2013-02-24 at the
8473:2020-06-25 at the
8461:2013-11-22 at the
8329:Ehret, Christopher
8233:10.1007/BF01118142
8072:Zima, Petr. 1994.
8061:Afrika und Übersee
8034:2020-03-28 at the
8010:2020-08-04 at the
7979:Maba-group Lexicon
7963:2021-01-15 at the
7941:2020-07-20 at the
7893:2019-03-29 at the
7830:Afrika und Übersee
7814:2022-03-05 at the
7795:Annales Aequatoria
7761:2021-01-24 at the
7739:2012-07-28 at the
7632:2021-01-25 at the
7613:Afrika und Übersee
7406:2021-08-06 at the
7387:2023-04-05 at the
7340:2020-07-03 at the
7329:2019-07-03 at the
7309:2013-11-26 at the
6896:2016-03-27 at the
6764:Languages of Sudan
6748:Kingdom of Karagwe
6744:Kingdom of Buganda
6736:Kingdom of Bunyoro
6732:Kingdom of Burundi
6678:Kanem–Bornu Empire
6663:largest contiguous
6649:Population history
5629:Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
5513:*nyab, pl. *nyabẹk
5510:*beos, pl. *beosẹk
5289:*maaɲ, sg. *miɲ-di
5126:*ɲabire / *ɲabirta
5094:mɛ́rɛŋɪ̀s / mɛ́rɛŋ
5070:nɪ́ŋɪ̀nàʈ / kɛ̀ɛ́n
4985:*(k)ɔŋ, pl. *(k)ɔɲ
4917:Negative verb: *kʊ
4886:Logophoric pronoun
4853:prefix: *ɪ- or *i-
4138:External relations
4047:(including Mimi-N)
3599:syllable structure
3147:Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
3051:A relationship of
2994:
1478:(including Shabo)
941:(including Gumuz)
909:
384:4.2-kiloyear event
237:in the west; from
85:Proto-Nilo-Saharan
10842:
10841:
10792:Language isolates
10770:
10769:
10675:
10674:
10241:
10240:
10127:
10126:
9822:
9821:
9769:Western Tasmanian
9687:Eastern Tasmanian
9642:
9641:
9364:East Geelvink Bay
9294:
9293:
8985:
8984:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8468:Nilo-Saharan list
8359:Greenberg, Joseph
8048:978-80-87025-17-8
8005:Kanuri vocabulary
7766:. Online version.
7660:Schadeberg, Thilo
7485:978-90-272-8722-9
7416:978-5-9909114-9-9
7190:Bender, M. Lionel
7064:978-3-11-042606-9
7001:on March 16, 2012
6855:978-0-19-920272-0
6830:978-0-87480-892-6
6728:kingdom of Rwanda
6646:
6645:
5538:*yed, pl. *yedẹk
5507:*ekw, pl. *ekw=ẹk
5298:*ŋil, sg. *ŋíl-di
5191:ɛɛrɛ / nigirɛɛnɛ
5173:niinɔ / niginíínɔ
5117:*wunute / *wunuge
4880:Personal pronouns
4828:
4827:
4801:
4774:
4708:
4675:
4604:
4566:
4528:
4492:
4459:
4403:Christopher Ehret
4346:
4345:
4235:
4214:
4167:Christopher Ehret
3930:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3749:
3748:
3689:
3688:
3571:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3538:
3537:
3514:
3513:
3463:
3462:
3260:Nilotic languages
3244:Southeast Sudanic
3216:Northeast Sudanic
2997:Georgiy Starostin
2977:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2853:
2852:
2777:
2776:
2741:
2740:
2666:
2665:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2445:
2444:
2392:
2391:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2090:
2089:
1919:
1918:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1736: Core
1568:Christopher Ehret
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1487:
1486:
1435:
1434:
1384:East Sudanic
1352: Core
1342:
1341:
1277:
1276:
1123:Bender 1989, 1991
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
873:Meroitic language
667:Tibesti Mountains
352:Georgiy Starostin
331:Upper Paleolithic
323:African neolithic
215:African languages
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
10867:
10688:
10687:
10642:Huaorani/Waorani
10526:(extant in 2000)
10490:Esmeralda–Yaruro
10261:Andoque–Urequena
10254:
10253:
10138:
10137:
9944:Plateau Penutian
9835:
9834:
9810:(Northern Daly?)
9653:
9652:
9539:Northwest Papuan
9503:Trans–New Guinea
9369:East New Britain
9344:Central Solomons
9310:
9309:
9055:Great Andamanese
9005:
9004:
8856:
8855:
8836:
8829:
8822:
8813:
8812:
8729:
8728:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8508:
8507:
8445:
8432:
8430:
8423:
8401:
8388:
8354:
8324:
8295:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8227:. 11–11: 39–72.
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8100:
8094:
8087:
8081:
8070:
8064:
8057:
8051:
8025:
8019:
8001:
7995:
7988:
7982:
7975:
7969:
7953:
7947:
7931:
7925:
7918:
7912:
7905:
7899:
7883:
7877:
7870:
7864:
7857:
7851:
7844:
7833:
7826:
7820:
7804:
7798:
7791:
7780:
7773:
7767:
7751:
7745:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7714:
7707:
7701:
7694:
7685:
7682:
7667:
7657:
7651:
7644:
7638:
7622:
7616:
7609:
7603:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7541:
7535:
7528:Blench, Roger M.
7525:
7519:
7512:
7503:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7471:
7465:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7427:
7418:
7397:
7391:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7350:
7344:
7333:. Available in:
7320:
7314:
7298:
7292:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7227:
7220:
7206:
7197:
7187:
7181:
7173:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7125:
7115:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6959:
6953:
6952:
6946:
6938:
6916:
6908:
6902:
6886:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6859:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6791:
5663:*OɲO; *ɔɲɔ; *VɲV
5407:*t̪a̍l- / *ta̍m-
5333:*me-ti, pl. *mVŋ
5301:*ŋal, sg. ŋal-di
5164:ámb-/nigáŋg-árɔk
5085:íʈùk / k(w)úʈɪ̀n
4935:
4934:
4824:
4817:
4806:
4799:
4790:
4779:
4772:
4756:
4751:
4735:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4455:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4340:
4333:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4295:
4290:
4272:
4267:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4180:
4179:
3830:
3829:
3793:
3792:
3717:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3477:
3476:
3431:
3430:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3250:Surmic languages
3047:(including Gule)
3001:lexicostatistics
2984:Starostin (2016)
2882:
2881:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2792:
2791:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2680:
2679:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2605:
2604:
2474:
2473:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2316:
2315:
2254:(Kadugli-Krongo)
2104:Eastern Sahelian
2058:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2015:
2014:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1961:
1960:
1938:
1937:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1741:
1740:
1658:
1657:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1454:
1453:
1391:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1357:
1356:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1020:
1019:
1014:
932:
931:
924:
923:
912:Joseph Greenberg
842:Kuliak languages
811:noun classifiers
720:Friedrich Müller
413:language of the
409:, 4.4 million).
291:Joseph Greenberg
200:
179:
32:
31:
21:
10875:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10864:
10845:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10837:
10811:
10797:Mixed languages
10766:
10747:
10682:
10671:
10525:
10519:
10374:Katembri–Taruma
10248:
10237:
10209:
10123:
10016:
9829:
9818:
9789:
9638:
9550:
9509:Turama–Kikorian
9419:Lower Mamberamo
9374:East Strickland
9302:
9290:
9208:
8996:
8991:
8981:
8936:
8845:
8840:
8810:
8801:
8766:
8724:Eastern Sudanic
8718:
8662:Central Sudanic
8656:
8613:
8553:
8541:
8535:
8502:Wayback Machine
8490:Wayback Machine
8475:Wayback Machine
8463:Wayback Machine
8452:
8428:
8421:
8408:
8377:
8343:
8284:
8265:
8263:Further reading
8260:
8259:
8250:
8248:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8201:
8194:
8178:
8174:
8165:
8163:
8156:
8140:
8136:
8126:
8124:
8117:
8101:
8097:
8088:
8084:
8071:
8067:
8058:
8054:
8036:Wayback Machine
8026:
8022:
8012:Wayback Machine
8002:
7998:
7989:
7985:
7976:
7972:
7965:Wayback Machine
7954:
7950:
7943:Wayback Machine
7932:
7928:
7919:
7915:
7906:
7902:
7895:Wayback Machine
7884:
7880:
7871:
7867:
7858:
7854:
7845:
7836:
7827:
7823:
7816:Wayback Machine
7805:
7801:
7792:
7783:
7774:
7770:
7763:Wayback Machine
7752:
7748:
7741:Wayback Machine
7730:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7708:
7704:
7695:
7688:
7683:
7670:
7658:
7654:
7645:
7641:
7634:Wayback Machine
7624:Blench, Roger.
7623:
7619:
7610:
7606:
7596:Afrikanistische
7593:
7589:
7542:
7538:
7526:
7522:
7513:
7506:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7472:
7468:
7458:
7454:
7445:
7443:
7428:
7421:
7408:Wayback Machine
7398:
7394:
7389:Wayback Machine
7377:
7373:
7364:
7362:
7353:Blench, Roger.
7351:
7347:
7342:Wayback Machine
7331:Wayback Machine
7321:
7317:
7311:Wayback Machine
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7262:
7258:
7244:
7240:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7207:
7200:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7143:
7139:
7084:
7080:
7065:
7043:
7039:
7032:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6960:
6956:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6909:
6905:
6898:Wayback Machine
6887:
6878:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6817:
6813:
6804:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6783:
6778:
6760:
6740:Kingdom of Toro
6706:Shilluk Kingdom
6702:Zabarma Emirate
6651:
6437:Mimi of Decorse
5642:*kanga; *nganga
5530:*ad, pl. *ad=is
5336:*(ŋ)usu-ti (sg)
5217:*ag-il ~ *ag-ul
5179:t̪iŋguba / kuba
5155:(Talla dialect)
5123:*ɲiɣte / *ɲiɣke
5103:kàlɪ́n, kàlɪ́ŋ
5008:*kɛ-ɛt, *kɪ-yat
4924:
4844:
4400:
4175:
4158:
4140:
4029:Central Sudanic
3961:Central Sudanic
3943:
3931:
3922:
3881:
3872:
3863:
3852:Eastern Sudanic
3778:Central Sudanic
3750:
3690:
3631:
3572:
3563:
3552:Central Sudanic
3539:
3515:
3499:Eastern Sudanic
3464:
3384:
3375:
3334:Gumuz languages
3328:(Anej) language
3210:Eastern Sudanic
3141:Central Sudanic
3094:(Koman + Gumuz)
3031:Central Sudanic
2986:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2904:Eastern Sudanic
2867:Central Sudanic
2854:
2778:
2742:
2667:
2590:
2583:Mimi of Decorse
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2541:Eastern Sudanic
2526:Central Sudanic
2446:
2393:
2309:
2286:
2269:Central Sudanic
2194:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2091:
2045:
2041:
1987:
1983:Saharo-Sahelian
1981:
1945:Central Sudanic
1920:
1870:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1748:Eastern Sudanic
1695:Central Sudanic
1600:
1596:
1581:
1565:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1488:
1436:
1343:
1293:
1289:
1278:
1240:
1236:
1159:
1155:
1125:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1072:Eastern Sudanic
1027:Central Sudanic
1015:
1012:
901:
892:Central Sudanic
888:Eastern Sudanic
838:Mande languages
819:
692:
392:
390:Major languages
372:noun-classifier
364:
362:Characteristics
327:Eastern Sudanic
315:click languages
203:
175:
152:Eastern Sudanic
147:Central Sudanic
63:
62:Native speakers
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10873:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10828:
10821:
10817:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10778:
10776:
10772:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10765:
10764:
10755:
10753:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10745:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10722:Indo-Pakistani
10719:
10714:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10691:
10685:
10677:
10676:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10605:
10600:
10593:
10588:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10529:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10517:
10511:
10505:
10499:
10493:
10487:
10481:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10421:Piaroa–Saliban
10418:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10322:
10317:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10257:
10251:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10238:
10236:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10217:
10215:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10188:
10186:Tequistlatecan
10183:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10099:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10032:
10024:
10022:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10009:
10002:
9995:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9922:
9915:
9910:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9858:
9853:
9846:
9838:
9832:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9811:
9805:
9797:
9795:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9777:
9772:
9765:
9760:
9755:
9750:
9744:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9718:
9713:
9709:Marrku–Wurrugu
9705:
9700:
9695:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9668:
9663:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9636:
9631:
9623:
9617:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9564:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9296:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9280:
9273:
9267:
9262:
9254:
9249:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9222:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9200:
9194:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9139:
9134:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9068:Hurro-Urartian
9064:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9016:
9008:
9002:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8973:
8967:
8962:
8955:
8950:
8944:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8899:
8891:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8867:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8839:
8838:
8831:
8824:
8816:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8778:
8776:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8757:
8750:
8743:
8738:
8732:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8716:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8682:
8675:
8666:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8624:
8622:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8603:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8570:
8565:
8557:
8555:
8543:
8542:
8534:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8492:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8451:
8450:External links
8448:
8447:
8446:
8433:
8431:on 2013-05-18.
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8389:
8375:
8355:
8341:
8325:
8307:(5): 840–858.
8296:
8282:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8211:
8192:
8172:
8154:
8134:
8115:
8095:
8082:
8065:
8052:
8020:
7996:
7983:
7970:
7948:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7878:
7865:
7852:
7834:
7821:
7799:
7781:
7768:
7746:
7724:
7715:
7702:
7686:
7668:
7652:
7639:
7617:
7604:
7587:
7552:(4): 239–242.
7536:
7520:
7504:
7491:
7484:
7466:
7452:
7419:
7392:
7371:
7345:
7315:
7293:
7284:
7277:
7265:Bender, Lionel
7256:
7247:Bender, Lionel
7238:
7198:
7182:
7168:
7137:
7078:
7063:
7037:
7030:
7012:
6979:
6972:
6954:
6933:
6903:
6876:
6854:
6836:
6829:
6811:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6766:
6759:
6756:
6666:Songhai Empire
6650:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6382:*ta-k / *ta-si
6380:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6313:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5610:ˈmitʃa (loan?)
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:ʔɑdabo (loan?)
5600:
5597:
5596:ˈsiːna (loan?)
5594:
5591:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5521:*ak, pl. *akẹk
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5269:tüm, tûm; kè́l
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:*kal- / *kamb-
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5161:naasɔ / isinɛ́
5159:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5147:*ange / *angu
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5091:àmɪ̀s / kɔ́maʔ
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5079:awɪ̀s / kɛ́ɛ̀ʔ
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5060:(siigə, saag)
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4909:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4854:
4843:
4840:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4399:
4396:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4174:
4171:
4157:
4154:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4051:Mimi-Gaudefroy
4048:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4012:
4010:Kadugli–Krongo
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3982:
3972:
3958:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:Shabo language
3365:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3309:Koman-Gumuz ("
3307:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3193:Krongo-Kadugli
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3163:
3150:
3131:Macro-Sudanic
3128:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3078:
3075:Kadugli–Krongo
3071:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3028:
3022:
2999:(2016), using
2985:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2589:
2586:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2263:
2257:Niger-Sudanic
2255:
2246:
2205:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:Kadugli–Krongo
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1134:branch, added
1124:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
935:
930:
928:
922:
900:
899:Greenberg 1963
897:
857:Shabo language
818:
815:
791:Kadu languages
749:, and Kunama.
732:Niloto-Sudanic
712:Heinrich Barth
704:Tebu languages
691:
688:
679:
678:
644:
626:
625:
615:
597:
579:
569:
559:
549:
535:
517:
504:into northern
491:
470:
467:Songhai Empire
452:
438:
391:
388:
374:system in the
363:
360:
356:reconstructive
205:
204:
201:
193:
192:
187:
181:
180:
173:
163:
162:
161:
160:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
92:
88:
87:
82:
81:Proto-language
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
51:Central Africa
48:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10872:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10814:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10750:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10732:Original Thai
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10678:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10522:
10515:
10512:
10509:
10506:
10503:
10500:
10497:
10496:Hibito–Cholón
10494:
10491:
10488:
10485:
10482:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10327:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10244:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10223:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10205:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10181:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10160:
10158:
10157:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10092:
10088:
10086:
10085:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10067:
10065:
10064:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10012:Yuman–Cochimí
10010:
10008:
10007:
10003:
10001:
10000:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9988:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9961:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9933:
9932:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9873:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9864:
9863:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9851:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9840:
9839:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9825:
9815:
9812:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9770:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9747:Southern Daly
9745:
9743:
9742:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9730:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9684:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9672:Darwin Region
9669:
9667:
9664:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9624:
9621:
9618:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9579:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9553:
9546:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9470:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9354:Demta–Sentani
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9301:
9297:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9279:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9240:
9239:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9204:
9201:
9198:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9154:
9152:
9151:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9075:Indo-European
9072:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9063:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9033:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9025:Austroasiatic
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8995:
8988:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8890:
8889:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8832:
8830:
8825:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8751:
8749:
8748:
8744:
8742:
8741:Eastern Jebel
8739:
8737:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8713:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8701:Mangbutu–Lese
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8679:Bongo–Bagirmi
8676:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8616:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:border region
8552:
8548:
8544:
8539:
8532:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8503:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8477:(Blench 2012)
8476:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8427:
8420:
8419:
8414:
8413:Blench, Roger
8410:
8409:
8400:(2): 108–138.
8399:
8395:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8376:0-87750-115-7
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8342:3-89645-098-0
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8283:0-7591-0465-4
8279:
8275:
8271:
8270:Blench, Roger
8267:
8266:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8215:
8199:
8195:
8193:9780521894357
8189:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8161:
8157:
8155:9789231017094
8151:
8147:
8146:
8138:
8122:
8118:
8116:9781107030800
8112:
8108:
8107:
8099:
8092:
8086:
8079:
8077:
8069:
8062:
8056:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8030:
8024:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8000:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7974:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7917:
7910:
7904:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7869:
7862:
7856:
7849:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7831:
7825:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7803:
7796:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7778:
7772:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7728:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7699:
7693:
7691:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7649:
7643:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7608:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7529:
7524:
7517:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7495:
7487:
7481:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7424:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7319:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7297:
7288:
7280:
7278:0-521-66178-1
7274:
7270:
7266:
7260:
7252:
7248:
7242:
7224:
7217:
7216:
7211:
7205:
7203:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7098:(2): 458–62.
7097:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7033:
7031:0-520-04574-2
7027:
7023:
7016:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6991:
6983:
6975:
6973:0-521-66178-1
6969:
6965:
6958:
6950:
6944:
6936:
6934:0-19-505196-3
6930:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6907:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6871:
6865:
6857:
6851:
6847:
6840:
6832:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6781:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6720:Rutara people
6717:
6714:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6641:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6318:dili, kiliŋgɛ
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6141:huu (= foot)
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:ìnɖrɔ́; ìnɖrá
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5420:*kɛɓɛrɛ (pl.)
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:*(o)mud̪- (?)
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:kal, kál, kár
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5170:áŋdáɗuk / ni-
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:*ewete / *ewe
5137:
5134:
5131:
5129:*ikke / *ikku
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:wénàʈ / kwèén
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5031:**si(di ~ gi)
5030:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4898:Postpositions
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4864:) prefix: *a-
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4381:/*ɓ,*ɗ,*ʄ,*ɠ/
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:, see infra)
4348:The phonemes
4328:
4324:
4304:
4300:
4283:
4279:
4262:
4258:
4232:
4231:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4163:Lionel Bender
4153:
4151:
4150:
4149:Kongo–Saharan
4145:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3985:Eastern Jebel
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3940:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3624:
3621:
3619:constructions
3618:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3404:Northeastern
3403:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3234:Nara language
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Mangbetu-Asoa
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:Maba–Kunama (
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:Kado-Sudanic
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:Niger-Saharan
2193:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:Western Koman
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:Moru–Mangbetu
1312:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Lionel Bender
1120:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
950:
949:
946:
945:
942:
940:
934:
933:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
913:
905:
896:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
783:
782:Lionel Bender
779:
774:
773:Watersheds).
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Macro-Sudanic
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
684:
676:
675:Teda language
672:
671:Daza language
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
638:
634:
631:
630:
629:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
604:Maasai people
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:). (The term
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:protolanguage
373:
369:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
253:in the east.
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
199:
194:
191:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
59:
56:
52:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
10831:
10824:
10823:Families in
10758:
10709:
10607:
10595:
10445:
10413:
10404:Pano-Tacanan
10361:
10324:
10312:
10283:Arutani–Sape
10275:
10220:
10202:
10195:
10180:Oto-Manguean
10178:
10161:
10154:
10101:
10089:
10082:
10075:
10068:
10061:
10034:
10027:
10004:
9997:
9985:
9958:
9936:
9929:
9917:
9905:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9848:
9841:
9800:
9767:
9763:Western Daly
9741:Pama–Nyungan
9739:
9727:
9720:
9707:
9685:
9680:Eastern Daly
9678:
9670:
9625:
9501:
9489:
9467:
9450:
9428:
9399:Kaure–Kosare
9359:Doso–Turumsa
9349:Chimbu–Wahgi
9339:Bulaka River
9323:Austronesian
9321:
9282:
9275:
9256:
9243:
9236:
9229:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9131:Sino-Tibetan
9129:
9112:
9095:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9042:
9032:Austronesian
9030:
9023:
9011:
8957:
8895:Nilo-Saharan
8894:
8893:
8886:
8871:Austronesian
8869:
8862:
8759:
8752:
8745:
8710:
8677:
8669:
8649:
8642:
8605:
8597:
8577:
8560:
8538:Nilo-Saharan
8537:
8441:
8437:
8426:the original
8417:
8397:
8393:
8366:
8362:
8332:
8304:
8300:
8273:
8249:. Retrieved
8224:
8214:
8202:. Retrieved
8182:
8175:
8164:. Retrieved
8144:
8137:
8125:. Retrieved
8105:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8073:
8068:
8063:75, 267–277.
8060:
8055:
8039:
8023:
8015:
7999:
7991:
7986:
7978:
7973:
7956:
7951:
7934:
7929:
7921:
7916:
7908:
7903:
7886:
7881:
7873:
7868:
7863:65: 201–253.
7860:
7855:
7847:
7829:
7824:
7807:
7802:
7797:10: 203‒245.
7794:
7776:
7771:
7754:
7749:
7732:
7727:
7718:
7710:
7705:
7697:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7642:
7625:
7620:
7612:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7523:
7515:
7494:
7475:
7469:
7464:, p.326-381.
7461:
7455:
7444:. Retrieved
7435:
7395:
7380:
7374:
7363:. Retrieved
7348:
7318:
7302:
7296:
7291:Ehret (2001)
7287:
7268:
7259:
7250:
7241:
7230:. Retrieved
7214:
7210:Roger Blench
7193:
7185:
7177:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7150:
7140:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7046:
7040:
7021:
7015:
7005:September 5,
7003:. Retrieved
6999:the original
6994:
6989:
6982:
6963:
6957:
6919:
6906:
6889:
6845:
6839:
6820:
6814:
6803:. Retrieved
6771:(Wiktionary)
6710:
6686:Wadai Empire
6661:, being the
6652:
6431:mílí-i/-síi
6214:*sʼámá; *bàs
5569:emɑhɑ; egege
5473:*ɲigidda (?)
5435:*(k)-ʊt̪t̪ʊk
5263:kitto, kɪ̀tò
5167:t̪- / iŋŋini
5135:*ŋai / *ŋayu
5054:**cii ~ *kii
4929:
4928:
4925:
4845:
4829:
4401:
4370:
4347:
4176:
4159:
4147:
4141:
4131:East Sudanic
4130:
4129:(putatively
4121:East Sudanic
4120:
4119:(putatively
4111:East Sudanic
4110:
4109:(putatively
4091:East Sudanic
4090:
4089:(putatively
4081:East Sudanic
4080:
4079:(putatively
4071:East Sudanic
4070:
4069:(putatively
4061:East Sudanic
4060:
4059:(putatively
4028:
4027:(putatively
3989:East Sudanic
3988:
3987:(putatively
3979:East Sudanic
3978:
3977:(putatively
3946:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3908:
3892:
3850:
3835:
3813:
3798:
3776:
3761:
3737:
3722:
3677:
3662:
3632:
3592:
3573:
3550:
3526:
3497:
3482:
3451:
3436:
3414:
3385:
3376:
3195:(Kadu) group
3169:Mangbutu-Efe
3124:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3068:East Sudanic
3062:
3050:
3011:
3009:
3004:
2995:
2979:
2902:
2887:
2865:
2841:
2826:
2797:
2767:
2729:
2714:
2685:
2654:
2639:
2610:
2591:
2580:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2494:
2479:
2457:
2433:
2418:
2380:
2365:
2336:
2321:
2310:
2296:
2287:
2261:East Sudanic
2196:
2195:
2102:
2078:
2063:
2020:
1997:
1966:
1943:
1907:
1892:
1867:Nilo-Saharan
1847:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1723:
1708:
1693:
1678:
1663:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1597:Nilo-Saharan
1582:
1566:
1558:
1499:
1474:
1459:
1415:
1396:
1362:
1330:
1315:
1265:
1250:
1214:
1199:
1184:
1169:
1156:Nilo-Saharan
1126:
1115:
1070:
1055:
1040:
1025:
998:
983:
968:
953:
937:
915:
910:
885:
871:The extinct
870:
854:
828:
824:Roger Blench
820:
795:
787:Nilo-Saharan
786:
778:Nilo-Saharan
777:
775:
762:
758:
740:
735:
731:
693:
682:
680:
627:
541:
434:
410:
406:
395:
393:
365:
341:
339:
320:
284:
283:In his book
282:
255:
210:
208:
189:
91:Subdivisions
47:distribution
35:Nilo-Saharan
29:
10717:Germanosign
10621:Mura-Pirahã
10502:Lule–Vilela
10478:Bora-Witoto
10453:Uru–Chipaya
10426:Ticuna–Yuri
10409:Peba–Yaguan
10394:Nambikwaran
10197:Uto-Aztecan
10133:Mesoamerica
9987:Uto-Aztecan
9976:Tsimshianic
9938:Palaihnihan
9808:Malak-Malak
9545:Papuan Gulf
9519:West Papuan
9424:Lower Sepik
9414:Lakes Plain
9317:Arai–Samaia
9305:the Pacific
9013:Afroasiatic
8888:Niger–Congo
8864:Afroasiatic
8444:(1): 69–89.
8040:Viva Africa
7924:2: 297–308.
7832:49: 81‒234.
7602:) 16: 5–67.
6713:pastoralist
6489:tímì; shélì
6226:*ʃa; *kʼama
5796:ngbá / nzú
5360:*kal /*kaal
5182:ffa / nááfa
5158:ayyɛ / iyyɛ
4912:Preposition
4876:marker: *rʊ
4858:participial
4768:approximant
4144:Niger–Congo
4017:(excluding
3963:(excluding
3629:Blench 2023
3501:(including
3302:Kunama-Ilit
3179:Lendu-Ngiti
3033:(including
2588:Blench 2015
2307:Blench 2010
2274:Niger-Congo
2186:Blench 2006
2042:Trans-Sahel
1579:Bender 2000
1201:Kunama–Ilit
1074:(including
881:Afroasiatic
875:of ancient
866:Niger–Congo
765:, from the
590:South Sudan
566:South Sudan
382:before the
311:wastebasket
303:Afroasiatic
299:Niger–Congo
278:South Sudan
55:East Africa
10849:Categories
10711:Francosign
10559:Chiquitano
10539:Alacalufan
10347:Guaicuruan
10320:Chapacuran
10303:Cahuapanan
10271:Araucanian
10174:Mixe–Zoque
10169:Misumalpan
9883:Comecrudan
9735:Nyulnyulan
9514:Upper Yuat
9491:Torricelli
9463:Senu River
9394:Foja Range
9300:New Guinea
9225:Burushaski
9086:Kartvelian
9061:Hmong–Mien
8877:Khoe–Kwadi
8251:2023-01-02
8166:2023-01-02
8148:. UNESCO.
7615:81: 39–64.
7446:2018-11-16
7365:2017-10-21
7232:2018-11-30
7161:2008-02-29
6805:2023-08-06
6776:References
6750:, and the
6704:, and the
6659:Gao Empire
6605:Tadaksahak
6398:kàʃì-k/-ñi
6312:(Kouchane)
6149:, Northern
5899:ímɔ̀; ámɔ̀
5666:*iɭi; *ʈV
5426:*ʊŋɛtʃ (?)
5278:ade, ààdà
5272:emba, mbàà
5248:tús / túsá
5082:mɛ́nɖɪnyàʈ
5028:**ed ~ *er
4994:*kɛ-la(-c)
4902:possessive
4842:Morphology
4378:implosives
4376:including
3941:4.0 (2019)
3617:light verb
3313:") family
3294:Fur-Amdang
3070:as a whole
2768:Plateau †
2190:See also:
1834:Ehret 2001
1573:Ehret 2001
1563:Ehret 1989
1332:Sara–Bongo
1290:Chari–Nile
807:wet Sahara
763:Chari–Nile
736:Chari–Nile
683:Ethnologue
477:Karamojong
421:-speaking
396:Ethnologue
335:Old Nubian
45:Geographic
40:(disputed)
10742:Tanzanian
10683:languages
10580:Hodï/Joti
10524:Isolates
10463:Yanomaman
10399:Otomákoan
10363:Jirajaran
10352:Guajiboan
10314:Catacaoan
10293:Barbacoan
10222:Cuitlatec
10191:Totonacan
10150:Jicaquean
10029:Chimariko
9925:Muskogean
9907:Kalapuyan
9901:Iroquoian
9876:Chumashan
9869:Chinookan
9862:Chimakuan
9780:Yangmanic
9775:Worrorran
9758:Wagaydyic
9648:Australia
9497:Trans-Fly
9163:Yeniseian
9150:Tyrsenian
9044:Dravidian
8773:Astaboran
8706:Moru–Madi
8385:795772769
8321:1749-818X
8241:161913402
8204:2 January
8127:2 January
8093:. Leiden.
7911:15: 1–61.
7582:162354153
7566:0263-0338
7073:133888593
6943:cite book
6864:cite book
6413:kan-a/-tu
6388:*mílí-ik
6370:*delemi-k
6288:adad ayan
6117:ndu-fuudí
5812:ondǐ̹tsǔ̹
5701:*kɪ́rɪ́ɛ̀
5692:*tí(kpɔ̀)
5645:*unɖɛ(C-)
5616:ˈtʃaːhawa
5488:*kɛdo (?)
5485:*giga (?)
5467:*ɲabi (?)
5460:SE Surmic
5429:*ɲiggɪtta
5416:SW Surmic
5235:*(ŋ)ɛr-i
5048:**(g-)am-
5045:**k-afa-d
5000:*(k)ʊt̪ʊk
4874:Reflexive
4851:Causative
4639:fricative
4527:voiceless
4457:implosive
4385:ejectives
4366:/*d₂,*t₂/
4350:/*d₂,*t₂/
4327:semivowel
4261:fricative
4213:voiceless
4156:Phonology
4025:Kresh–Aja
3965:Kresh–Aja
3948:Glottolog
3939:Glottolog
3370:(Mikeyir)
3256:branches)
3184:Moru-Madi
3039:Kresh–Aja
3012:Glottolog
3005:Glottolog
1237:Fur–Maban
1132:Fur–Maban
514:Aswan Dam
489:Nyangatom
461:and into
449:Lake Chad
343:Glottolog
185:Glottolog
167:ISO 639-2
10775:See also
10752:Isolates
10727:Japanese
10667:Yuracaré
10549:Candoshi
10508:Macro-Jê
10473:Zaparoan
10468:Zamucoan
10458:Witotoan
10441:Tucanoan
10436:Tiniguan
10431:Timotean
10415:Quechuan
10384:Matacoan
10379:Mascoian
10369:Jivaroan
10332:Chibchan
10326:Charruan
10277:Arawakan
10214:Isolates
10145:Chibchan
10021:Isolates
9993:Wakashan
9954:Salishan
9896:Eskaleut
9802:Giimbiyu
9794:Isolates
9703:Jarrakan
9698:Iwaidjan
9555:Isolates
9409:Kutubuan
9277:Sumerian
9213:Isolates
9168:Yukaghir
9137:Tungusic
9103:Mongolic
9091:Koreanic
9050:Eskaleut
8941:Isolates
8925:Ubangian
8696:Mangbetu
8547:Ethiopia
8540:branches
8498:Archived
8486:Archived
8471:Archived
8459:Archived
8415:(2011).
8351:48027016
8331:(2001).
8292:62281704
8272:(2006).
8245:Archived
8198:Archived
8160:Archived
8121:Archived
8032:Archived
8008:Archived
7961:Archived
7939:Archived
7891:Archived
7812:Archived
7759:Archived
7737:Archived
7630:Archived
7574:25130809
7440:Archived
7404:Archived
7385:Archived
7359:Archived
7338:Archived
7327:Archived
7307:Archived
7249:(1996).
7223:Archived
7212:(2006).
7155:Archived
7132:21187416
6894:Archived
6799:Archived
6758:See also
6718:and the
6615:t-í-nʒar
6547:bɛ̀gìdiː
6217:*ʃUImakʼ
6009:l-ọc(ic)
5991:ndjándja
5948:ndjindja
5917:kpi; kpɪ
5896:nvö; nvu
5893:mɛ́; mʊ́
5847:(Uganda)
5716:Mangbutu
5710:*kɛ̀lʊ̀
5673:Mangbetu
5580:woŋgɑse
5423:*it̪t̪at
5226:*koɲ-er-
5039:**kala-d
5017:*ka-ʀin
4997:*ŋa-lyɛp
4938:Language
4906:locative
4707:prenasal
4602:ejective
4564:aspirate
4373:cognates
4053:(Mimi-D)
3623:converbs
3120:Meroitic
673:and the
612:Tanzania
594:Ethiopia
542:Kalenjin
530:and the
289:(1963),
251:Tanzania
10825:italics
10802:Pidgins
10787:Creoles
10737:Swedish
10705:Chinese
10652:Urarina
10637:Puinave
10591:Itonama
10585:Irantxe
10554:Chimane
10484:Chimuan
10389:Nadahup
10308:Cariban
10288:Aymaran
10249:America
10091:Waikuri
10084:Tonkawa
10077:Timucua
10070:Takelma
10063:Siuslaw
10052:Kutenai
10036:Esselen
9999:Wintuan
9960:Shastan
9931:Na-Dene
9919:Maiduan
9856:Caddoan
9830:America
9784:Wagiman
9782:(incl.
9753:Tangkic
9693:Garawan
9666:Bunuban
9627:Tambora
9594:Maybrat
9562:Abinomn
9485:Teberan
9446:Pauwasi
9436:Mairasi
9404:Kiwaian
9284:Tambora
9270:Shompen
9252:Kusunda
9245:Kenaboi
9231:Elamite
9203:Siangic
9185:Kho-Bwa
9179:Hrusish
9097:Kra–Dai
9081:Japonic
8990:Eurasia
8965:Sandawe
8948:Bangime
8913:Songhay
8787:Nyimang
8754:Nilotic
8715: ?
8687: ?
8674: ?
8651:Songhay
8644:Saharan
8610: ?
8602: ?
8582: ?
8076:Djougou
7530:(2000)
7123:3021035
7100:Bibcode
6925:100–104
6724:Nilotic
6674:Maghreb
6653:In the
6578:dɛ́llɛ̀
6575:hínydyè
6519:Zaghawa
6422:soŋgo-k
6419:kàñjí-k
6410:delmi-k
6375:*fàrí-ŋ
6359:*kàSì-k
6348:tʃuluk
6229:*D̪uga
6208:*lEtʼ̪a
6132:s’ís’ía
6098:ˈkíidà
6083:kòkòˈbà
6071:bòbòˈnà
6034:ndindyi
5957:kpɔkpɔ́
5908:tyi(di)
5769:ndǔ̱tú̱
5720:owékékí
5619:ʔeˈdʒak
5613:ˈhɑntʃa
5599:ʔitiˈma
5464:*kabari
5380:*ɲɔgɔr-
5223:*kɛs-ɛr
5211:*ŋes-il
5205:*ɲog-ul
5176:ariid̪ʊ
5153:Kadugli
5132:*tamuke
5036:**ɲi-di
5011:*pi(-ʀ)
4991:*(q)ume
4981:Nilotic
4892:Deictic
4888:: *(y)ɛ
4800:complex
4451:plosive
4444:Glottal
4434:Palatal
4429:Retrof.
4424:Alveol.
4354:/*d,*t/
4208:plosive
4196:Palatal
4191:Coronal
4102:Songhai
4097:Saharan
4087:Nyimang
4067:Nilotic
3739:Songhay
3724:Saharan
3580:Songhay
3484:Saharan
3362:Songhay
3344:family
3342:Saharan
3336:(group)
3319:family
3246:family
3218:family
3212:family
3143:family
2731:Songhay
2716:Saharan
2599:Bangime
2435:Songhay
2420:Saharan
2216:Saharan
2212:Songhay
2065:Songhay
1999:Saharan
1933:
1931:Sudanic
1882:
1844:Sudanic
1627:Saharan
1612:Songhay
1449:
1402:Nilotic
1386:
1305:
1186:Saharan
1171:Songhay
1084:Nilotic
970:Songhay
955:Saharan
761:(later
708:Zaghawa
700:Kanembu
651:Nigeria
618:Ngambay
520:Lugbara
481:Turkana
463:Nigeria
445:Kanembu
423:Agĩkũyũ
307:Khoisan
295:genetic
270:Songhay
241:to the
231:Algeria
142:Songhay
137:Saharan
10700:BANZSL
10662:Yamana
10647:Trumai
10616:Movima
10570:Fulniô
10533:Aikanã
10447:Tupian
10342:Chonan
10266:Arauan
10204:Xincan
10156:Lencan
10109:Yokuts
10006:Yukian
9971:Tanoan
9966:Siouan
9949:Pomoan
9890:Coosan
9716:Mirndi
9609:Porome
9604:Pawaia
9458:Senagi
9430:Madang
9379:Eleman
9334:Border
9265:Nihali
9258:Minoan
9238:Hattic
9220:Basque
9191:Mijiic
9173:Digaro
9157:Uralic
9143:Turkic
8994:Europe
8851:Africa
8797:Temein
8782:Nubian
8761:Surmic
8712:Sinyar
8621:region
8599:Ongota
8593:Kunama
8588:Kuliak
8383:
8373:
8349:
8339:
8319:
8290:
8280:
8239:
8190:
8152:
8113:
8046:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7482:
7414:
7275:
7130:
7120:
7071:
7061:
7028:
6970:
6931:
6852:
6827:
6746:, the
6742:, the
6734:, the
6730:, the
6700:, the
6696:, the
6692:, the
6688:, the
6684:, the
6670:Sahara
6633:tugúdu
6627:kud-én
6618:ée-ʃan
6584:kpííʀì
6535:tàmsiː
6532:màrgiː
6504:kə̀ská
6501:shíllà
6492:tə́làm
6486:kə́nzà
6476:Kanuri
6407:sati-k
6385:*-aɲɔ-
6364:*dúrmì
6353:Proto-
6310:Amdang
6255:wāīdjo
6250:ŏdāīān
6220:*cwálá
6211:*tʼ̪wa
6190:Proto-
6185:tsʼéa
6164:kʼótʼá
6152:kʼwácá
6129:k’aara
6095:ˈìŋ(à)
6086:sàŋˈgà
6077:ŋèeˈlà
6068:ùkùˈnà
6061:Kunama
6003:kpikpi
6000:kpọkpŏ
5988:cẹ̀cẹ̀
5982:mbimbi
5960:kpikpi
5945:ʃɛ́ʃɛ̀
5939:mbímbi
5856:ɔ̀mvɔ̄
5839:óvôná
5809:ɓi(na)
5806:nikpɔ́
5707:*láɲɔ̀
5689:*kàɖrà
5671:Proto-
5627:Proto-
5622:ˈmiʃa
5605:ˈʔiːfa
5593:ˈwoːwa
5590:ˈʔaːfa
5586:Ongota
5533:*kywɛh
5518:*ɛd-eɓ
5503:Kuliak
5501:Proto-
5496:*sara
5470:*giroŋ
5458:Proto-
5453:*ðara
5444:*kɛɛt̪
5432:*ʌgʌʌt
5414:Proto-
5401:*t̪uma
5371:Proto-
5327:Proto-
5322:*er-i
5316:*es-ti
5307:*ùg-er
5285:Nubian
5283:Proto-
5220:*ug-er
5196:Proto-
5185:ɓiid̪i
5120:*mu-ne
5108:Proto-
5088:mónɪ̀ʈ
5066:Temein
5051:**kaca
5022:Proto-
4979:Proto-
4953:tongue
4868:Number
4836:Blench
4832:Bender
4743:liquid
4674:simple
4491:voiced
4419:Dental
4414:Labial
4282:liquid
4244:*d,*d₂
4234:voiced
4227:*k,*kʰ
4220:*t,*t₂
4186:Labial
4127:Temein
4107:Surmic
4077:Nubian
4040:Kunama
4035:Kuliak
3911:Kunama
3815:Kuliak
3613:coverb
3528:Kuliak
3438:Kunama
3356:Kuliak
3272:Temein
3254:Majang
3222:Nubian
3116:Mimi-D
3086:Kunama
2799:Kuliak
2687:Kunama
2459:Kuliak
2323:Kunama
2236:Kunama
2228:Kuliak
2201:Blench
2044:
1986:
1980:
1968:Kunama
1929:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1725:Kunama
1642:Kuliak
1599:
1595:
1445:
1417:Nubian
1398:Surmic
1382:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1239:
1235:
1216:Kuliak
1158:
1154:
1140:Kunama
1080:Nubian
1076:Kuliak
1042:Kunama
850:Dahalo
706:, and
702:, the
696:Kanuri
657:, and
637:Darfur
600:Maasai
576:Uganda
572:Acholi
556:Uganda
528:Uganda
524:Aringa
494:Nubian
485:Toposa
441:Kanuri
435:Dholuo
411:Dholuo
407:Dholuo
268:, and
266:Kuliak
262:Kunama
258:Sahara
157:Mimi-D
127:Kunama
122:Kuliak
10657:Warao
10626:Nukak
10597:Kunza
10575:Guató
10564:Cofán
10544:Camsá
10337:Choco
10298:Boran
10247:South
10228:Huave
10163:Mayan
10114:Yuchi
10097:Washo
10047:Karuk
10042:Haida
9981:Utian
9913:Keres
9850:Alsea
9843:Algic
9828:North
9620:Taiap
9614:Sulka
9469:Sepik
9384:Engan
9125:Ongan
9108:Nivkh
8976:Shabo
8959:Jalaa
8953:Hadza
8907:Mande
8691:Lendu
8685:Kresh
8671:Birri
8638:Maban
8628:Furan
8619:Sahel
8607:Shabo
8573:Koman
8568:Bʼaga
8562:Berta
8551:Sudan
8429:(PDF)
8422:(PDF)
8237:S2CID
8038:. In
7578:S2CID
7570:JSTOR
7226:(PDF)
7219:(PDF)
7069:S2CID
6716:Tutsi
6655:Sahel
6636:aryén
6630:biidí
6621:íilǝs
6612:haŋgá
6590:túúʀì
6569:háŋŋá
6562:Dendi
6553:sε:gì
6483:sə́mò
6401:koi-k
6336:dʊrtu
6330:sɪˈmi
6324:kɑlkɑ
6321:gʊrnɑ
6283:fufan
6280:igă̄n
6245:fufŭn
6223:*jiɗE
6202:*ʃʊnʃ
6192:Koman
6173:ʒákwá
6161:kʼósa
6155:tsʼéa
6147:Gumuz
6138:θɪ́ŋa
6135:fɪ'ri
6126:k’aβa
6104:Berta
6055:kiri
6043:gbäbí
6025:mimbi
6012:díri
5975:Dongo
5969:díri
5966:ɔ́ʃɔ́
5954:srama
5932:Kresh
5911:ɔ́tɔ́
5889:Birri
5862:lɛ̀ɖá
5845:Ma'di
5732:kedrú
5726:tongi
5698:*kpɔ̀
5683:*amɔ̀
5677:*mʷɔ̀
5657:*kaga
5648:*tara
5572:k’ɔnɑ
5563:kɑusɛ
5560:hɑndɑ
5551:k’iti
5544:Shabo
5482:*ɲaɓa
5479:*tuk-
5450:*ɗak-
5447:*maam
5441:*ɛmmɛ
5438:*ɓɪj-
5404:*bɔ́ŋ
5395:*wule
5392:*ŋàl-
5386:*ŋil-
5377:*a̍ŋV
5373:Nyima
5363:*ŋan-
5348:*auli
5345:*laat
5329:Taman
5319:*kal-
5304:*agil
5229:*mban
5208:*em-u
5057:**ɲam
5042:**udu
5024:Jebel
4988:*yit̪
4974:name
4968:water
4959:blood
4956:mouth
4950:tooth
4914:: *kɪ
4904:*ne,
4862:agent
4773:plain
4755:*r,*l
4669:nasal
4651:*s,*z
4439:Velar
4303:nasal
4289:*r,*l
4201:Velar
4045:Maban
4015:Koman
4005:Gumuz
3995:Furan
3969:Birri
3956:Berta
3895:Berta
3837:Maban
3679:Gumuz
3664:Koman
3605:cases
3588:Gumuz
3584:Koman
3503:Berta
3416:Maban
3364:group
3358:group
3317:Koman
3311:Komuz
3304:group
3296:group
3290:group
3288:Berta
3280:group
3274:group
3268:group
3266:Jebel
3230:group
3224:group
3201:group
3161:Birri
3153:Kresh
3092:Komuz
3082:Maban
3053:Nyima
3045:Koman
3035:Birri
2828:Maban
2656:Gumuz
2641:Koman
2612:Berta
2595:Dogon
2481:Maban
2382:Gumuz
2367:Koman
2338:Berta
2244:Shabo
2240:Komuz
2232:Berta
2108:Berta
2080:Maban
1894:Gumuz
1880:Koman
1855:Komuz
1778:Gumuz
1763:Koman
1710:Berta
1665:Maban
1585:Shabo
1476:Koman
1461:Gumuz
1447:Komuz
1425:Taman
1364:Berta
1267:Maban
1144:Berta
1117:Gumuz
1057:Berta
1000:Maban
939:Koman
914:, in
862:Mande
846:Hadza
834:Gumuz
830:Koman
802:Gumuz
798:Koman
767:Chari
755:Murle
663:Libya
661:into
655:Niger
641:Sudan
608:Kenya
562:Dinka
552:Lango
510:Cairo
506:Sudan
502:Egypt
498:Nubia
459:Niger
455:Zarma
431:"Luo"
427:Luhya
419:Bantu
274:Sudan
247:Egypt
239:Libya
235:Benin
227:Nubia
219:Chari
132:Maban
117:Koman
102:Bʼaga
97:Berta
10832:bold
10759:See
10695:Arab
10681:Sign
10632:Páez
10609:Maku
10603:Leco
10119:Zuni
10103:Yana
10057:Seri
9814:Tiwi
9634:Wiru
9599:Mpur
9589:Kuot
9572:Anêm
9567:Abun
9534:Yuat
9529:Yawa
9475:Skou
9452:Ramu
9303:and
9197:Miju
9019:Ainu
8999:Asia
8997:and
8970:Laal
8931:Kadu
8919:Ijaw
8882:Kx'a
8792:Tama
8747:Nara
8736:Daju
8633:Kadu
8579:Gule
8381:OCLC
8371:ISBN
8347:OCLC
8337:ISBN
8317:ISSN
8288:OCLC
8278:ISBN
8206:2023
8188:ISBN
8150:ISBN
8129:2023
8111:ISBN
8044:ISBN
7562:ISSN
7480:ISBN
7412:ISBN
7273:ISBN
7128:PMID
7059:ISBN
7026:ISBN
7007:2011
6968:ISBN
6949:link
6929:ISBN
6870:link
6850:ISBN
6825:ISBN
6711:The
6642:mân
6624:míya
6599:máà
6596:ŋwáà
6593:hàʀí
6587:bíʀí
6572:nínè
6556:tír
6529:síná
6526:kέbέ
6480:shîm
6468:ɲyam
6465:engi
6450:ɲain
6425:inji
6416:àríi
6404:boiñ
6394:Maba
6355:Maba
6342:sunu
6333:tʃoː
6327:dɔlː
6291:ĭten
6273:Gule
6242:ĭgŭn
6235:Gule
6199:*cʼɛ
6196:*D̪E
6170:maχá
6158:ííta
6123:n'du
6120:hala
6114:amúŋ
6111:iile
6092:bìˈà
6089:èˈlà
6080:ùˈdà
6049:ɓaɓa
6046:cící
6028:múmú
5985:ʔɔŋu
5979:mómu
5936:mumu
5926:iri
5923:ɔnyo
5868:àrɪ́
5830:ítsú
5802:Ndru
5759:Bale
5753:aɓé
5744:okpá
5741:ikpi
5738:koto
5729:usɛ́
5704:*gʷò
5695:*álí
5686:*kɪ́
5680:*bɪ́
5566:dɑmo
5557:k’ɑu
5554:sonɑ
5524:*seh
5476:*kat
5398:*amV
5351:*agi
5241:Nara
5214:*ŋal
5202:*maɲ
5188:oori
5144:*si-
5141:*ma-
5110:Daju
5100:láma
5014:*ɲam
5005:*käw
4965:tree
4962:bone
4947:nose
4930:Note
4834:and
4613:*t̪ʼ
4575:*t̪ʰ
4360:and
4165:and
4117:Tama
4057:Nara
4019:Gule
4000:Gule
3975:Daju
3800:Kadu
3586:and
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