69:
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337:
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42:
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2512:
521:
is done instead if imaging is not enough to confirm nephrocalcinosis. Once the diagnosis is confirmed additional testing is needed to find the underlying cause because the underlying condition may require treatment for reasons independent of nephrocalcinosis. These additional tests will measure
647:
In recent findings they have found that there is a genetic predisposition to nephrocalciosis, however the specific genetic and epigenetic factors are not clear. There seems to be multiple genetic factors that regulate the excretion of the different urinary risk factors. There has been some
599:
Increasing fluid intake to yield a urine output of greater than 2 liters a day can be advantageous for all patients with nephrocalcinosis. Patients with hypercalciuria can reduce calcium excretion by restricting animal protein, limiting
639:. Once nephrocalcinosis is found, it is unlikely to be reversed, however, partial reversal has been reported in patients who have had successful treatment of hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria following corrective intestinal surgery.
1325:
1305:
678:. This theory says that the increasing concentration of lithogenic solutes along the segments of the nephron leads to the formation, growth, and collection of crystals that might get trapped in the tubular
612:
can increase the solubility of calcium in urine and limit the development of nephrocalcinosis. Citrate is not given to patients who have urine pH equal to or greater than 7.
1033:
Evan, Andrew P.; Lingeman, James E.; Coe, Fredric L.; Parks, Joan H.; Bledsoe, Sharon B.; Shao, Youzhi; Sommer, Andre J.; Paterson, Ryan F.; Kuo, Ramsay L. (March 2003).
675:
604:
intake to less than 100 meq a day and being lax of potassium intake. If changing one's diet alone does not result in a suitable reduction of hypercalciuria, a
674:
seems to be a gene involved in renal morphogenesis. In conjunction with the gene research is another theory of how the disease manifests. This is called the
824:
542:. If no underlying cause can be found then urine collection should be done for 24 hours and measurements of the excretion of calcium, phosphate,
1666:
670:
2031:
2372:
620:
The prognosis of nephrocalcinosis is determined by the underlying cause. Most cases of nephrocalcinosis do not progress to end stage
1436:
1971:
2271:
1097:
Kim, Y. G.; Kim, B.; Kim, M. K.; Chung, S. J.; Han, H. J.; Ryu, J. A.; Lee, Y. H.; Lee, K. B.; Lee, J. Y. (December 2001).
456:, and patients frequently present with both conditions, however there have been cases where one occurs without the other.
135:, and appears as a fine granular mottling over the renal outlines. It is most commonly seen as an incidental finding with
131:. These outlines eventually come together to form a dense mass. During its early stages, nephrocalcinosis is visible on
2407:
1749:
1487:
167:, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, severe pain in the belly area, flanks of the back, groin, or testicles.
2525:
2397:
1831:
1676:
491:. The calcium phosphate plaques can enlarge into the surrounding interstitial tissue, or even rupture into the
213:
1492:
410:
284:
of calcium. In conjunction with nephrocalcinosis, hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria the following can occur:
976:"Nephrocalcinosis: A Review of Monogenic Causes and Insights They Provide into This Heterogeneous Condition"
2377:
1429:
273:
2021:
1463:
690:, and the transit time in the nephron. All of these combined show more and more support for this theory.
2001:
1552:
1035:"Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle"
406:
These conditions can cause nephrocalcinosis in association with hypercalciuria without hypercalcaemia:
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68:
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2144:
2139:
2059:
1819:
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364:
144:
1229:
Pajarinen, Jukka; Gallo, Jiri; Takagi, Michiaki; Goodman, Stuart B.; Mjöberg, Bengt (2017-11-16).
2202:
2176:
1592:
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and begin the process of stone formation. Some of the backing behind this theory is the speed of
661:
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348:
136:
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264:, and the increased excretion of calcium, phosphate, and/or oxalate in the urine. A high urine
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1878:
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Nephrocalcinosis is diagnosed for the most part by imaging techniques. The imagings used are
492:
241:
232:
There are several causes of nephrocalcinosis that are typically acute and present only with
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2016:
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975:
875:"Primary hyperparathyroidism: is there an increased prevalence of renal stone disease?"
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by obtaining a tissue sample from a biopsy. However, this cannot be seen in an X-ray.
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724:"Nephrocalcinosis: molecular insights into calcium precipitation within the kidney"
429:
395:
225:
159:, if symptoms are present they are usually related to the causative process, (e.g.
97:
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139:
on an abdominal x-ray. It may be severe enough to cause (as well as be caused by)
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1345:
1099:"Medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with long-term furosemide abuse in adults"
679:
495:
457:
316:
281:
187:
127:. It is caused by multiple different conditions and is determined by progressive
105:
86:
1169:"Recent advances in managing and understanding nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis"
624:, however if not treated it can lead to renal dysfunction this includes primary
2367:
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2134:
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1883:
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prevailing locally in the organism. The deposits are collected in the inner
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1991:
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16:
Medical condition caused by the deposition of calcium salts in the kidneys
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2011:
1986:
1804:
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1375:
992:
609:
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147:, due to disruption of the kidney tissue by the deposited calcium salts.
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1961:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1924:
1397:
739:
581:
551:
507:
341:
209:
179:
117:
104:. The term nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both
90:
440:
Nephrocalcinosis is caused by an increase in the urinary excretion of
2475:
2217:
2212:
2076:
2054:
1929:
1893:
1613:
1608:
1386:
1050:
535:
514:
imaging. Of the 3 techniques CT and US are the preferred modalities.
445:
307:
194:. Less commonly, it can result from calcified bodies moving into the
164:
124:
1981:
1758:
605:
205:
201:
175:
41:
873:
Suh, Jane M.; Cronan, John J.; Monchik, Jack M. (September 2008).
722:
Sayer, John A.; Carr, Georgina; Simmons, Nicholas L. (June 2004).
2460:
1920:
1888:
1781:
1414:
687:
567:
543:
531:
511:
472:
464:
449:
441:
291:: Nephrocalcinosis is one of the most common symptoms of primary
93:
62:
116:. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal
1633:
1309:
608:
can be administered in patients who do not have hypercalcemia.
601:
518:
590:: Occurs when calcification can be seen through X-ray imaging.
268:
can lead to nephrocalcinosis but only if it is accompanied by
920:
Muther, R. S.; McCarron, D. A.; Bennett, W. M. (April 1981).
571:
382:
Immobilization (leading to hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria)
132:
315:
because it increases the absorption of ingested calcium and
1727:
1228:
228:
in whom essential tubular salt reabsorption is compromised.
89:, is a term originally used to describe the deposition of
256:
Nephrocalcinosis is connected with conditions that cause
401:
668:
mutation of a still unknown gene, however the genes is
539:
265:
303:: Nephrocalcinosis is one of the most common symptoms.
1167:
Gambaro, Giovanni; Trinchieri, Alberto (2016-04-18).
919:
1287:
1032:
566:: Defined as a measurable increase in intracellular
570:concentrations, however, it is not visible through
487:in the basement membranes of the thin limbs of the
224:nephrocalcinosis of any cause, or in children with
212:from reduced urinary concentrating capacity (i.e.
1166:
498:and can promote calcium oxalate stone formation.
2558:
872:
721:
1096:
974:Dickson, Fay J.; Sayer, John A. (2020-01-06).
452:. Nephrocalcinosis is closely associated with
186:Renal colic is usually caused by pre-existing
1743:
1430:
580:: Occurs when depositis are visible by light
557:
331:
311:: This can cause nephrocalcinosis because of
973:
420:Neonatal nephrocalcinosis and loop diuretics
163:). Some of the symptoms that can happen are
980:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2032:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
1750:
1736:
1437:
1423:
819:
817:
815:
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811:
809:
807:
67:
40:
2373:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1262:
1202:
1184:
1114:
1066:
1009:
991:
969:
967:
965:
963:
825:"Nephrocalcinosis, Clinical presentation"
1153:. Oxford University Press. p. 1375.
1148:
335:
190:, as may occur in patients with chronic
804:
2559:
1151:Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology
960:
879:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
843:
841:
686:, the diameter of the segments of the
564:Chemical or Molecular nephrocalcinosis
49:Bilateral nephrocalcinosis seen on an
1731:
1418:
1224:
1222:
1162:
1160:
1144:
1142:
1103:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1039:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
922:"Renal manifestations of sarcoidosis"
402:Hypercalciuria without hypercalcaemia
150:
2511:
2272:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1667:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome
1231:"Particle disease really does exist"
853:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
2521:
838:
13:
2408:Medical Scientist Training Program
1444:
1219:
1157:
1139:
1083:
656:and vitamin D receptors. Repeated
642:
244:, and occasional cases of enteric
14:
2578:
1283:
700:
155:Though this condition is usually
2540:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2500:
276:, since having a normal urinary
2541:
827:. UpToDate Online. January 2010
652:related to stone formation for
510:(US), abdominal plain film and
2398:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1832:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1026:
913:
866:
783:
762:
340:Medullary nephrocalcinosis in
214:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1:
1247:10.1080/17453674.2017.1402463
1186:10.12688/f1000research.7126.1
926:Archives of Internal Medicine
791:"Albright's Nephrocalcinosis"
693:
479:of these compounds under the
411:Distal renal tubular acidosis
2378:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2145:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
1757:
648:correlation seen that shows
615:
594:
588:Macroscopic nephrocalcinosis
578:Microscopic nephrocalcinosis
501:
435:
7:
1464:Template:Glomerular disease
289:Primary hyperparathyroidism
10:
2583:
1553:Balkan endemic nephropathy
938:10.1001/archinte.141.5.643
558:Stages of nephrocalcinosis
332:Medullary nephrocalcinosis
2496:
2418:
2356:
2117:
2045:
2000:
1909:
1780:
1765:
1644:
1601:
1588:Renovascular hypertension
1563:
1533:
1473:
1452:
1366:
1291:
56:
48:
39:
29:
24:
2332:Transplantation medicine
2223:Clinical neurophysiology
2140:Obstetric anesthesiology
2060:Interventional radiology
1820:Digestive system surgery
1689:Renal papillary necrosis
1583:Hypertensive nephropathy
654:calcium-sensing receptor
481:physiological conditions
365:Renal papillary necrosis
251:
145:end stage kidney disease
2203:Intensive care medicine
2177:Mass gathering medicine
2022:Maternal–fetal medicine
1593:Renal cortical necrosis
772:. eMedicine. 2003-09-09
662:medullary sponge kidney
423:Inherited tubulopathies
416:Medullary sponge kidney
349:Medullary sponge kidney
137:medullary sponge kidney
1795:Cardiothoracic surgery
1629:Chronic kidney disease
1543:Interstitial nephritis
1500:Acute tubular necrosis
1483:Renal tubular acidosis
1116:10.1093/ndt/16.12.2303
684:growth of the crystals
517:In some cases a renal
485:medullary interstitium
355:renal tubular acidosis
344:
141:renal tubular acidosis
2446:Personalized medicine
2305:Reproductive medicine
2230:Occupational medicine
2184:Evolutionary medicine
1652:Analgesic nephropathy
1573:Renal artery stenosis
1149:Davidson, AM (2005).
664:may be related to an
635:nephrocalcinosis and
339:
280:usually inhibits the
242:phosphate nephropathy
112:. It may cause acute
83:Albright's calcinosis
34:Anderson-Carr kidneys
2466:Traditional medicine
2426:Alternative medicine
2293:Addiction psychiatry
2107:Transfusion medicine
2102:Medical microbiology
2017:Gynecologic oncology
1869:Reproductive surgery
1657:Renal osteodystrophy
993:10.3390/ijms21010369
676:free particle theory
386:Milk-alkali syndrome
370:And other causes of
238:tumor lysis syndrome
216:) as can be seen in
2488:History of medicine
2471:Veterinary medicine
2278:Preventive medicine
2130:Adolescent medicine
1972:Infectious diseases
1624:Acute renal failure
891:10.2214/AJR.07.3160
574:or microscopically.
477:limit of solubility
426:Chronic hypokalemia
293:hyperparathyroidism
102:hyperparathyroidism
2436:Molecular oncology
2393:Doctor of Medicine
2383:Master of Medicine
2300:Radiation oncology
2172:Emergency medicine
2125:Addiction medicine
2092:Clinical chemistry
2087:Clinical pathology
1879:Transplant surgery
1837:Orthopedic surgery
1815:Colorectal surgery
1715:Reflux nephropathy
1672:Diabetes insipidus
1454:Glomerular disease
1367:External resources
770:"Nephrocalcinosis"
740:10.1042/CS20040048
666:autosomal dominant
650:gene polymorphisms
391:Hypervitaminosis D
345:
165:blood in the urine
151:Signs and symptoms
129:kidney dysfunction
2554:
2553:
2388:Master of Surgery
2352:
2351:
2337:Tropical medicine
2283:Prison healthcare
2198:Hospital medicine
2162:Disaster medicine
2152:Aviation medicine
1967:Hospital medicine
1874:Surgical oncology
1859:Pediatric surgery
1853:
1800:Endocrine surgery
1725:
1724:
1602:General syndromes
1523:Liddle's syndrome
1518:Gitelman syndrome
1412:
1411:
1235:Acta Orthopaedica
1109:(12): 2303–2309.
606:thiazide diuretic
462:calcium phosphate
313:vitamin D therapy
262:hyperphosphatemia
110:calcium phosphate
76:
75:
19:Medical condition
2574:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2504:
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2208:Medical genetics
2193:General practice
2070:Nuclear medicine
1945:Gastroenterology
1901:Vascular surgery
1851:
1778:
1777:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1513:Bartter syndrome
1508:Fanconi syndrome
1439:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1403:Nephrocalcinosis
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1051:10.1172/JCI17038
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777:
766:
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759:
728:Clinical Science
719:
660:associated with
538:, and the urine
430:Beta thalassemia
396:Multiple myeloma
236:. These include
226:Bartter syndrome
98:renal parenchyma
81:, once known as
79:Nephrocalcinosis
72:
71:
44:
25:Nephrocalcinosis
22:
21:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2567:Kidney diseases
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2492:
2481:Chief physician
2414:
2359:
2348:
2342:Travel medicine
2327:Sports medicine
2310:Sexual medicine
2250:Palliative care
2245:Pain management
2189:Family medicine
2167:Diving medicine
2113:
2041:
2003:
1996:
1912:
1905:
1864:Plastic surgery
1810:General surgery
1790:Cardiac surgery
1771:
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1721:
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849:"Hypercalcemia"
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645:
643:Recent research
618:
597:
560:
554:are looked at.
504:
458:Calcium oxalate
454:nephrolithiasis
438:
404:
334:
319:, resulting in
317:bone resorption
282:crystallization
254:
188:nephrolithiasis
153:
106:calcium oxalate
87:Fuller Albright
66:
51:abdominal x-ray
20:
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12:
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2419:Related topics
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2368:Medical school
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2322:Sleep medicine
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2135:Anesthesiology
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2065:Neuroradiology
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2029:
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2019:
2014:
2008:
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2002:Obstetrics and
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1884:Trauma surgery
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1847:Otolaryngology
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1773:subspecialties
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1705:Hydronephrosis
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1626:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
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1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Renal ischemia
1575:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1548:Pyelonephritis
1539:
1537:
1531:
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1528:
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1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:Kidney disease
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1392:article/243911
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1364:
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1359:
1348:
1337:
1322:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:Classification
1285:
1284:External links
1282:
1279:
1278:
1241:(1): 133–136.
1218:
1156:
1138:
1082:
1045:(5): 607–616.
1025:
959:
932:(5): 643–645.
912:
885:(3): 908–911.
865:
837:
803:
782:
761:
734:(6): 549–561.
698:
697:
695:
692:
658:calcium stones
644:
641:
637:Dent's disease
633:hypercalciuric
630:hypomagnesemic
617:
614:
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593:
592:
591:
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559:
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467:form when the
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393:
388:
383:
376:hypercalciuria
372:hypercalcaemia
368:
367:
362:
357:
351:
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:hypercalciuria
321:hypercalcaemia
304:
296:
274:hypocitraturia
270:hypercalciuria
258:hypercalcaemia
253:
250:
234:kidney failure
230:
229:
199:
192:hypercalciuria
170:These include
152:
149:
91:poorly soluble
74:
73:
60:
54:
53:
46:
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37:
36:
31:
27:
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2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Public health
2449:
2447:
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2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Allied health
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2427:
2424:
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2417:
2409:
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2256:
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2248:
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2243:
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2240:Oral medicine
2238:
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2235:Ophthalmology
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2128:
2126:
2123:
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2120:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Cytopathology
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
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2057:
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2053:
2052:
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2044:
2038:
2037:Urogynecology
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2033:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
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1940:Endocrinology
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1684:Renal papilla
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1619:Renal failure
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622:renal disease
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384:
381:
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363:
361:
360:Hyperoxaluria
358:
356:
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350:
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346:
343:
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322:
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310:
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290:
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271:
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263:
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219:
218:hypercalcemia
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189:
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161:hypercalcemia
158:
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126:
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121:calcification
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2441:Nanomedicine
1992:Rheumatology
1923: /
1842:Hand surgery
1827:Neurosurgery
1710:Pyonephrosis
1662:Nephroptosis
1535:Interstitium
1461:
1396:
1385:
1374:
1350:
1339:
1324:
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856:. Retrieved
852:
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785:
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669:
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577:
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516:
505:
475:exceeds the
439:
405:
369:
306:
298:
288:
255:
231:
169:
157:asymptomatic
154:
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77:
33:
2526:Wikiproject
2315:Venereology
2260:Neonatology
2157:Dermatology
2012:Gynaecology
2004:gynaecology
1987:Pulmonology
1805:Eye surgery
1767:Specialties
1696:Major calyx
1677:Nephrogenic
1376:MedlinePlus
300:Sarcoidosis
172:renal colic
118:parenchymal
30:Other names
2288:Psychiatry
2274:(PM&R)
2267:Phlebology
2255:Pediatrics
2082:Anatomical
2047:Diagnostic
2027:Obstetrics
1977:Nephrology
1962:Hematology
1957:Geriatrics
1950:Hepatology
1935:Cardiology
1925:Immunology
1398:Patient UK
1352:DiseasesDB
986:(1): 369.
831:2010-05-29
797:2007-03-10
776:2007-03-10
694:References
582:microscope
552:creatinine
508:ultrasound
374:(and thus
342:sonography
210:polydipsia
180:polydipsia
2476:Physician
2360:education
2218:Neurology
2213:Narcology
2077:Pathology
2055:Radiology
1930:Angiology
1894:Andrology
1614:Nephrosis
1609:Nephritis
1387:eMedicine
1255:1745-3674
1195:2046-1402
1125:0931-0509
1059:0021-9738
1002:1422-0067
946:0003-9926
899:1546-3141
748:0143-5221
616:Prognosis
595:Treatment
536:phosphate
502:Diagnosis
473:reactants
448:, and/or
446:phosphate
436:Mechanism
308:Vitamin D
222:medullary
125:radiology
58:Specialty
2561:Category
2506:Category
1982:Oncology
1913:medicine
1911:Internal
1759:Medicine
1565:Vascular
1504:Genetic
1488:proximal
1273:29143557
1213:27134735
1133:11733620
1077:12618515
1020:31935940
907:18716127
756:15027893
465:crystals
240:, acute
206:polyuria
202:Nocturia
196:calyceal
176:polyuria
143:or even
2546:Outline
2516:Commons
2461:Therapy
2358:Medical
1921:Allergy
1889:Urology
1782:Surgery
1475:Tubules
1346:D009397
1264:5810823
1204:4837977
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1011:6981752
954:7224744
858:25 July
688:nephron
610:Citrate
568:calcium
548:citrate
544:oxalate
532:calcium
471:of the
450:oxalate
442:calcium
353:Distal
278:citrate
198:system.
100:due to
94:calcium
63:Urology
2536:Portal
2403:MD–PhD
1700:pelvis
1634:Uremia
1493:distal
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550:, and
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493:tubule
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1315:E83.5
680:lumen
572:X-ray
524:serum
496:lumen
252:Cause
133:x-ray
1462:See
1357:8902
1341:MeSH
1330:9-CM
1269:PMID
1251:ISSN
1209:PMID
1191:ISSN
1129:PMID
1121:ISSN
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860:2021
752:PMID
744:ISSN
671:GDNF
460:and
323:and
272:and
178:and
108:and
1852:ENT
1770:and
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