240:
question were in fact those of
Stephanus, by an Athenian woman. Indeed, Christopher Carey points out that one of the sons, at least, was probably a legitimate son of Stephanus, being named after his father, and John Buckler notes that Apollodorus contradicts himself on whether Neaira's alleged sons were hers by another man, or hers by Stephanus.
150:' son-in-law Theomnestus, though apart from a brief introduction of the case given by Theomnestus, Apollodorus delivered the entirety of the speech. The case revolves around the accusation that Neaira, a foreigner, married an Athenian citizen, and that she was attempting to pass off her own children as Athenian citizens.
267:
The only surviving record of the trial is the speech given by
Theomnestus and Apollodorus against Neaira and Stephanus, and the outcome is unknown. No records of Neaira exist after the trial. Modern commentators have noted the weaknesses in Apollodorus' arguments, though as the outcome of an Athenian
153:
While the speech revolves around the life of Neaira, this is of little importance to the substance of the accusations. The details seem to be part of the speech in the hope that the salacious accusations will hide the weakness of
Apollodorus' case. The accuracy of the evidence given in the speech has
211:
to purchase Neaira from
Nikarete, at the high end of prices for hetaerae. When the men married, they agreed to let Neaira buy her freedom for twenty minae, which, with the aid of gifts and loans from her former customers, she did. As part of this deal, Neaira agreed to no longer work as a prostitute
243:
Phrynion learnt that Neaira was back in Athens, and attempted to take her back from
Stephanus. Stephanus resisted, claiming that as Neaira was a free woman he had no right; a claim which Phrynion proceeded to challenge in court, though he was persuaded to settle the case by arbitration instead. The
239:
In Megara, Neaira continued to work as a hetaera, and in 371 met
Stephanus. Stephanus offered to act as her patron if she returned with him to Athens. Apollodorus claims that with her she brought two sons and a daughter to Athens, but modern commentators have largely concluded that the sons in
264:(representing herself as a citizen when in fact she was not). If she was convicted, the maximum penalty Neaira faced was being sold into slavery and having her property sold. Neaira herself would not have been permitted to speak at her trial, though she was probably present.
158:, and is extremely valuable to historians as a source on women's lives in classical Greece. Indeed, it is the most reliable extant source on prostitution in the classical world and one of the best sources on women's lives and gender relations in general for the period.
186:
Neaira's work as a prostitute started before she reached puberty. She is twice described by
Apollodorus as having sex for money before she came of age, though possibly due to her age he implies that she was not yet a hetaera. During this time, the orator
227:. During this celebration, Apollodorus says, Neaira was sexually assaulted by the guests and slaves of Chabrias while she was drunk and asleep. Due to this and other mistreatment by Phrynion, in 372 BC Neaira left his household and went to
268:
trial depended heavily on what the parties involved could persuade the jury to accept, and how much of their dishonesty they could get away with, it cannot be said for certain that the suit failed.
191:
was a prominent guest in
Nikarete's brothel and a regular customer of Metaneira, another of Nikarete's girls. In order to reward her for her services, he arranged for her to be initiated into the
179:. Nikarete trained the girls she purchased to be hetaerae, calling them her daughters in order to increase the price her customers would pay, and lived with them in
99:. She was brought to trial between 343 and 340 BC, accused of marrying an Athenian citizen illegally and misrepresenting her daughter as an Athenian citizen.
252:(master). Despite this unusual level of freedom, however, Neaira was compelled to split her time between the two men as they agreed, without any input herself.
171:
Neaira was probably born in the first decade of the fourth century BC. Her place of birth is unknown, and the earliest event in her life that we know of is her
195:, and funded the journey. Neaira was at this time about twelve or thirteen, and Nikarete accompanied them. Neaira visited Athens again for the
154:
been questioned, and is known to contain both lies and inaccuracies. Despite this, the speech tells us much about the life of an accomplished
1197:
Natter, Tobias G. (2007). "Gustav Klimt and The
Dialogues of the Heterae. Erotic Boundaries in Vienna around 1900". In Price, Renée (ed.).
260:
Sometime between 343 and 340 BC, Neaira was brought to trial by
Theomnestus on behalf of his father-in-law Apollodorus, accused of
1252:
146:
is the source of most of the details of Neaira's biography. It concerns a case brought against Neaira when she was about fifty by
114:, who seems to have worked on many of the speeches given by Apollodorus. The speech provides more details than any other about
1206:
1072:
1112:
Goldhill, Simon (1994). "Representing Democracy: Women at the Great Dionysia". In Osborne, Robin; Hornblower, Simon (eds.).
1097:
Goldhill, Simon (1994). "Representing Democracy: Women at the Great Dionysia". In Osborne, Robin; Hornblower, Simon (eds.).
1232:
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1237:
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382:
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115:
248:(mistress); this was an extremely unusual decision in a society where all citizen women, at least, had a
231:, taking with her her clothing and jewellery, two maids, and other possessions belonging to Phrynion.
277:
172:
147:
103:
977:
Fisher, Nick (1993). "Review of "Apollodorus Against Neaira: 59" edited by Christopher Carey".
1136:
212:
in Corinth, and so left the city for Athens with Phrynion, who had helped her buy her freedom.
244:
arbitrators decided that Neaira was indeed free, and that in addition to this she was her own
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8:
176:
1129:
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745:
729:
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527:
482:
444:
436:
355:
320:
111:
633:
Macurdy, Grace (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech against Neaera (Pseudo-Dem. LIX)".
518:
Buckler, John (1995). "Review of "Apollodorus, the Son of Pasion" by Jeremy Trevett".
465:
Macurdy, Grace (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech against Neaera (Pseudo-Dem. LIX)".
303:
Macurdy, Grace (1942). "Apollodorus and the Speech against Neaera (Pseudo-Dem. LIX)".
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697:"Courtesan, Concubine, Whore: Apollodorus' Deliberate Use of Terms for Prostitutes"
642:
582:
474:
428:
347:
312:
68:
25:
779:
1114:
Ritual, Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic Accounts Presented to David Lewis
1099:
Ritual, Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic Accounts Presented to David Lewis
375:
Trying Neaira: The True Story of a Courtesan's Scandalous Life in Ancient Greece
207:
Around 376 BC, Timanoridas of Corinth and Eukrates of Lefkada paid thirty
142:
96:
52:
990:
573:
Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (2004). "Review of "Trying Neaira" by Debra Hamel".
351:
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419:
Johnstone, Steven (2002). "Apology for the Manuscript of Demosthenes 59.67".
224:
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of 378, this time accompanying Simus of Thessaly, a young aristocrat.
774:
119:
1180:
Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens
646:
478:
316:
220:
1199:
Gustav Klimt. The Ronald S. Lauder and Serge Sabarsky Collections
1065:
Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity
219:
by 373 BC, when he took her to a feast given by the general
180:
155:
92:
228:
216:
188:
110:' fifty-ninth speech, though the speech is often attributed to
80:
127:
56:
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761:
759:
83:
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43:
37:
31:
118:, and consequently a great deal of information about the
1041:
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28:
1135:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
40:
543:
541:
77:
34:
1128:
1116:. Wotton-under-Edge: Clarendon Press. p. 359.
1101:. Wotton-under-Edge: Clarendon Press. p. 357.
1219:
538:
502:Greek Orators VI: Apollodorus against Neaira 59
403:Greek Orators VI: Apollodorus against Neaira 59
102:The speech made against Neaira in this trial by
890:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 227–228.
202:
396:
394:
1154:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 42–43.
1010:
1008:
215:Neaira was certainly living with Phrynion in
1152:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
888:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
863:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
838:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
804:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
610:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
550:"Apollodorus Against Neaira" with commentary
504:. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. p. 12.
460:
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414:
412:
298:
296:
294:
292:
405:. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. p. 3.
391:
1005:
865:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 216.
840:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 217.
806:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 215.
338:Trevett, Jeremy (1990). "History in 59".
972:
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612:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 44.
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377:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
575:Journal of the History of Sexuality
95:who lived in the 4th century BC in
13:
1171:
1150:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
886:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
861:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
836:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
802:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
608:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
548:Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999).
14:
1264:
1253:Ancient Greek slaves and freedmen
704:The American Journal of Philology
635:The American Journal of Philology
467:The American Journal of Philology
421:The American Journal of Philology
305:The American Journal of Philology
1019:. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.
223:to celebrate his victory in the
67:
24:
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1120:
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1067:. London: Pimlico. p. 62.
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175:when she was a young girl by
203:Leaving Nikarete and Corinth
161:
16:4th-century BC Greek hetaera
7:
1233:4th-century BC Greek people
1178:Davidson, James N. (1997).
1015:Carey, Christopher (1992).
937:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.33-34
910:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.30-32
500:Carey, Christopher (1992).
401:Carey, Christopher (1992).
271:
10:
1269:
1248:4th-century BC Greek women
1238:Metics in Classical Athens
57:
1182:. London: HarperCollins.
991:10.1017/S0017383500022816
352:10.1017/s0009838800042981
278:Women in classical Athens
1087:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.16
1050:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.46
1038:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.45
1029:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.40
964:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.38
955:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.37
946:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.35
928:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.33
919:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.32
826:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.22
792:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.21
765:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.24
685:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.23
676:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.19
667:Pseudo-Demosthenes 59.18
255:
116:prostitutes of antiquity
340:The Classical Quarterly
716:10.1353/ajp.2003.0023
587:10.1353/sex.2004.0048
520:The Classical Journal
433:10.1353/ajp.2002.0024
373:Hamel, Debra (2003).
1127:Dover, K.J. (1968).
695:Miner, Jess (2003).
193:Eleusinian Mysteries
1201:. Munich: Prestel.
235:Life with Stephanus
167:Life with Nikarete
112:Pseudo-Demosthenes
1208:978-3-7913-3834-7
1074:978-0-7126-6054-9
1061:Pomeroy, Sarah B.
979:Greece & Rome
197:Great Panathenaea
122:in ancient Greek
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143:Against Neaira
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124:city-states
108:Demosthenes
104:Apollodorus
1222:Categories
725:2152/31252
641:(3): 267.
473:(3): 268.
311:(3): 258.
284:References
999:161469754
775:Athenaeus
595:142779951
449:161461068
360:170903514
162:Biography
120:sex trade
91:), was a
1228:Hetairai
1063:(1994).
750:28158600
742:21966719
272:See also
221:Chabrias
177:Nikarete
173:purchase
61:), also
734:1561932
532:3297540
441:1561742
181:Corinth
156:hetaera
134:Speech
93:hetaera
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323:
262:xenias
250:kyrios
229:Megara
217:Athens
189:Lysias
63:Neaera
58:Νέαιρα
20:Neaira
995:S2CID
783:13.65
746:S2CID
730:JSTOR
700:(PDF)
651:JSTOR
591:S2CID
528:JSTOR
483:JSTOR
445:S2CID
437:JSTOR
356:S2CID
321:JSTOR
256:Trial
246:kyria
209:minae
128:polis
53:Greek
1203:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1069:ISBN
892:ISBN
867:ISBN
842:ISBN
808:ISBN
738:PMID
614:ISBN
554:ISBN
379:ISBN
987:doi
720:hdl
712:doi
708:124
643:doi
583:doi
475:doi
429:doi
425:123
348:doi
313:doi
130:).
81:ɪər
1224::
1137:35
1043:^
1007:^
993:.
983:40
981:.
969:^
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