1444:
1478:
20:
263:
778:
941:
992:. Both English and Chinese terms such as "China" and "Zhongguo" were frequently used by Qing consulates and legations there to refer to the Qing state during their diplomatic correspondences with foreign states. The English name "China" was also used domestically by the Qing, such as in its officially released stamps since Qing set up a modern postal system in 1878. The
617:, which included clauses like "鏡大清者，視乎大明" and "鑑於大清，視於大明", whereas "Great Qing" (大清) referred to the sky and "Great Ming" (大明) referred to the Sun and Moon, with the sky covering the Sun and Moon. "Qing" is also the name of several rivers in Manchuria, at one of which Nurhaci won a key battle in 1619. Also, in its
2089:
of 1689, the first international treaty signed by the Qing, the term "Китайский" meaning "Chinese" was used to refer to the Qing side in the
Russian version of the treaty, and the term "Imperium Sinicum" meaning "Chinese Empire" was used to refer to the Qing empire in the Latin version of the treaty.
999:
By the early 20th century, various textbooks with the names "Chinese geography" (中國地理) and "Chinese history" (中國歷史) had emerged for education. Geography textbooks published in the period gave detailed descriptions of China's regional position and territorial space. For example, the "Elementary
1832:
bannerman Lomi and
Injannashi since 1735. Nevertheless, while early Mongol historians presented the idea of the Mongols as a distinct entity under the Qing, in the 19th century Mongol historians began to focus on the entire Qing, of which the Mongols, along with the Manchus, Han Chinese, and
1416:
Appeared in some
English publications in the 19th century, using a transliteration based off of the Postal romanisation system. Also referred to as the "Tai-tsing dynasty", "Great Tsing dynasty", or as the "Ta Ching dynasty" or "Ta Ch'ing dynasty", from the Wade-Giles romanisation of 大清,
1040:." On the other hand, the history textbook "Chinese History of the Present Dynasty" published in 1910 stated in the beginning that "the history of our present dynasty is part of the history of China, that is, the most recent history in its whole history. China was founded as a country
2049:(China) as a country name equivalent to "Great Qing" could naturally be used internationally, which could not be changed. In the end, both sides agreed that while in the first lines "Great Qing" would be used, whether the Chinese text in the body of the treaty would use the term
1185:
scholars). Alternatively (and historically) rendered as "Manchoo empire" or "Mantchoo empire" in the 19th century. Also written as "Manchu empire of China". Additional names such as "Manchu Qing dynasty" or "Manchu Qing empire" are used for emphasizing the
Manchuness of the Qing
2629:
A History of All
Nations: From the Earliest Periods to the Present Time; Or, Universal History: in which the History of Every Nation, Ancient and Modern, is Separately Given. Illustrated by 70 Stylographic Maps, and 700 Engravings, Volume 1, Samuel Griswold Goodrich,
1884:, literally "vast black") was commonly used among Tibetans at the time, which generally referred to the areas of Han Chinese and Manchus in the east, and the term itself did not indicate any specific connection between Tibet and China (proper), even though Tibet was
603:), both associated with the water element. This association would justify the Qing conquest as defeat of fire by water. The water imagery of the new name may also have had Buddhist overtones of perspicacity and enlightenment and connections with the Bodhisattva
1746:" (Manchu State), "the state of our Manchu Emperor", or "Emperor's state", which were traditionally used by some Mongol subjects under the Qing. On the other hand, unlike in Chinese and Manchu languages, the counterpart in Mongolian language for the name "
2032:
was "meant to compare with the frontier areas of the country" and insisted that only "Great Qing" be used for the Qing in the
Chinese version of the treaty. However, this was firmly rejected by the Qing representatives: "Our country China has been called
1044:
and has the longest history in the world. And its culture is the best among all the
Eastern countries since ancient times. Its territory covers about 90% of East Asia, and its rise and fall can affect the general trend of the countries in Asia...".
1668:
may therefore have meant "warrior state", a pun that was only intelligible to Manchu and Mongol people. In the later part of the dynasty, however, even the
Manchus themselves had forgotten this possible meaning. Similar to in the Chinese language,
1000:
Chinese
Geography Textbook" (蒙學中國地理教科書) published in 1905 described the boundaries of China's territory and neighboring countries as follows: "The western border of China is located in the center of Asia, bordering the (overseas) territories of
937:(血統), which means "bloodline" as a literal translation, is used to explain the descent relationship that would characterize someone as being of Chinese descent, and therefore, eligible under the Qing laws and beyond, for Chinese citizenship.
1398:
Appeared in some
English publications in the 19th century. Also rendered as "Manchoo Tartar dynasty","Mantchoo Tartar dynasty", "Tartar-Manchu dynasty", "Tartar-Mantchoo dynasty", or simply "Manchu dynasty", "Manchoo dynasty" or "Mantchoo
2094:
along with "Sinenses" appearing in the body of the treaty meaning "Chinese". In the Qing treaties of the 19th-20th centuries with all European states (other than Russia), only variations of "China" and "Chinese Empire" were indicated. In
2553:
1405:
Appeared in some English publications in the 19th century, using a transliteration based off of the Postal romanisation system. Sometimes rendered as "Ching dynasty" or "Ch'ing dynasty", based off of the Wade-Giles romanisation for 清,
996:(known as 大龍郵票 in Chinese) had a design of a large dragon in the centre, surrounded by a boxed frame with a bilingual inscription of "CHINA" (corresponding to the Great Qing Empire in Chinese) and the local denomination "CANDARINS".
2111:) was also used, although it is not found in Chinese-language version of treaties during the Qing dynasty (in Chinese version of the treaties the word for Great (大) always appeared before the word for Qing (淸), along with the term
4256:
2090:
Sometimes the names for "Great Qing" also appeared in such treaties. For example, the term "Imperii Tai-tscim" meaning "Empire of the Great Qing" appeared in the first paragraph of the Latin version of the
3179:
3180:
Dmitriev, S.V. and Kuzmin, S.L. 2015. Conquest Dynasties of China or Foreign Empires? The Problem of Relations between China, Yuan and Qing, International J. Central Asian Studies, vol. 19, p. 59-91.
1532:
The Qing dynasty was established in Chinese as "Da Qing" (大清, "Great Qing") in 1636, but other Chinese names containing the name "Qing" had appeared in official documents such as treaties, including
4320:
977:
1876:
of 1856 both Tibetans and Nepalese agreed to "regard the Chinese Emperor as heretofore with respect, in accordance with what has been written". The traditional Tibetan term for "China",
2045:
was always being used. There has never been a precedent for changing the country name" (我中華之稱中國，自上古迄今，由來已久。即與各國立約，首書寫大清國字樣，其條款內皆稱中國，從無寫改國號之例). The Chinese representatives believed that
2297:
1560:. Han Chinese literati had some time to adapt this, but by the 19th century the notion of China as a multinational state had become the standard terminology for Han Chinese writers.
4876:
2004:
names in some languages (mostly in Chinese and Mongolian) for the Qing, such as Mǎn Qīng (滿清/满清 or манж Чин, lit. "Manchu Qing") and Dá Qīng (韃清/鞑清, lit. "Tartar Qing"), used by
2390:
2696:
1981:) were sometimes also used by the Turki subjects to refer to the Qing dynasty (or China in general) at that time. The name "Chinese khagan" (Khāqān-i Chīn) referring to the
1032:
by mountains. From the west to the north and the northeast, the three sides of China are all Russian territories. Only the southern border of the northeast is connected to
4154:
2969:
Christianity in China, Tartary and Thibet: From the establishment of the Mantchoo-Tartar dynasty to the commencement of the eighteenth century, by Evariste Régis Huc, p38
1376:
as "Middle Flowery Kingdom", "Central Flowery Kingdom", or "Central Flowery State" during the period. Some have since argued that the translation "flowery" from Chinese:
556:
first appeared in 1636. Since there was no official explanation from the Qing government about the origin of the name, there are competing explanations on the meaning of
4915:
3109:
2438:
886:
3685:
3119:
2307:
3406:
897:(1768), a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits, referred to people from the Qing as "people from the Central Kingdom" (
2897:
British relations with the Chinese empire in 1832: comparative statement of the English and American trade with India and Canton, by Robert Montgomery Martin
3544:
4249:
4920:
4756:
1312:. This English term was sometimes used, although increasingly only in a poetic sense, until the 19th century, when it was completely replaced by "China".
1993:
which were circulated widely in Xinjiang, and during the Qing dynasty the Turkic Muslim subjects in Xinjiang (and surrounding Muslim khanates like the
1754:" (China) did not appear to be commonly used among Mongol writers in such sense during the Qing period. The traditional Mongolian name for China is
4595:
2785:
4335:
2888:
Ecclesiastical annals from the commencement of Scripture history to the epoch of the Reformation. Tr., compressed and illustr, by G. Wright, p586
1443:
4740:
4711:
4330:
3786:
4412:
3951:
1041:
1001:
981:
4293:
1548:(中國, "China"). In the Chinese-language versions of its treaties and its maps of the world, the Qing government used "Great Qing" and "
4400:
4385:
2061:
Apart from the English name of "China" or the "Chinese Empire", it is also known in similar names in other western languages such as
2009:
4087:
2572:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World, by Joseph Esherick, Hasan Kayalı, Eric Van Young, p229
2174:"The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800" by José Rabasa, Masayuki Sato, Edoardo Tortarolo, Daniel Woolf, p30
3324:
2906:
The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, Volume 25, by Black, Parbury, & Allen, 1828
894:
5123:
4462:
1386:
Appeared in some English publications in the 19th century. Also rendered as "Chinese-Tartar empire" or simply "Chinese empire".
5154:
4395:
3626:
3605:
3389:
2461:
915:) as any person born to a Chinese father. Children born to a Chinese mother inherited her nationality only if the father was
4624:
4375:
4288:
4012:
3663:; Chia, Ning (2004). "The Qing hunt at Mulan". In Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe; et al. (eds.).
2085:, which are the standard translations for "China" or "Chinese Empire" in these languages. For example, in the Sino-Russian
1965:
word for China (or the people from the Chinese heartland) and was used by the Turki subjects in Xinjiang (now known as the
976:
known as the "Chinese Legation", "Imperial Consulate of China", "Imperial Chinese Consulate (General)" or similar names in
3686:"Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century"
4197:
4027:
99:
3491:
4840:
4209:
4082:
3906:
2407:
1392:
Appeared in some English publications in the 19th century, or simply "Tartar dynasty (of China)" or "Chinese dynasty".
5129:
4970:
4845:
4202:
3779:
3724:
3674:
3650:
3347:
3309:
3284:
3245:
3153:
3093:
2864:
2810:
2769:
2742:
2245:
2220:
2195:
1796:
in 1727 and late Qing textbooks) to refer to the whole empire, including usages like "the Mongolian Kalun of China" (
3068:
Bilik, Naran. "Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use."
2732:
2341:
1945:, "Khagan of China") during the Qing era, where "khāqān" is a Persianized form of the traditional title used by the
4940:
1427:
Appeared in certain English publications in the 19th century, with "Great Pure" being a translation of the Chinese:
1473:... For 5000 years, culture flourished (in the land of China)... Since we are Chinese, how can we not love China."
5200:
5195:
5057:
4300:
3987:
3873:
3252:
2484:
864:. They used both "Zhongguo" and "Great Qing" to refer to their state in official documents. "Chinese language" (
856:) in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, and rejecting the idea that
4641:
4507:
4275:
4022:
3961:
3931:
3921:
658:
411:
129:
2325:
5075:
4850:
4706:
4390:
4380:
4365:
4360:
4192:
4142:
4122:
4062:
3896:
2759:
1207:
1087:
Mostly used when specifically referring to the empire. The three spellings (Qing, Ching, Ch'ing) are various
677:
430:
151:
3735:
Shao, Dan (2009). "Chinese by Definition: Nationality Law, Jus Sanguinis, and State Succession, 1909–1980".
1008:. The terrain is humped, like a hat. So all mountains and rivers originate from here. To the east, it faces
4834:
4612:
4479:
4345:
4239:
3849:
3839:
3772:
1677:
to refer to the Qing dynasty during the Qing. From a Manchu perspective, the concept of "China" (Chinese:
4751:
4734:
4244:
4219:
4182:
4092:
4052:
3804:
1477:
584:
327:
2008:
revolutionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. On the other hand, before the signing of the
1909:
5134:
4580:
2139:
2134:
1820:" started to be used among Mongol nobility themselves it seemed to be limited to the area south of the
1603:" (China), but in a different version of the same treaty, it was replaced by the term "our territory" (
1498:
1190:
960:. They were commonly used in international communications and treaties in addition to English-language
786:
560:(lit. "clear" or "pure"). The name may have been selected in reaction to the name of the Ming dynasty (
537:
271:
4863:
4792:
4585:
4117:
4042:
3911:
3829:
2152:
1301:
351:
3469:
2996:
The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 5, by Appleton, p110
2924:
Massacres of Christians by heathen Chinese and horrors of the Boxers, by Harold Irwin Cleveland, p70
5065:
4885:
4619:
4590:
4340:
3660:
3636:
3263:
Santa Barbara, "A Union of Religion and Politics: The Tibetan Regency of Ngawang Tsültrim", Page 18
2395:
2091:
1595:
as the state title: "All of the land to the south of the Xing’an mountains and all branches of the
2915:
The Parliamentary Debates (Authorized Edition), by Great Britain. Parliament, William Cobbett, p85
2854:
1627:
and appeared in official documents produced by the Qing court beginning in 1689, if not earlier.
1567:, the Qing court routinely used other terms as well in referring to its state in Chinese, such as
1068:
As a general term for the imperial state. Applied to the Qing dynasty since the early Qing period.
860:
only meant Han areas. The Qing emperors proclaimed that both Han and non-Han peoples were part of
5190:
4661:
4127:
4112:
3946:
3844:
3597:
Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan
3195:
1962:
1766:), which only refers to the areas of native (Han) Chinese. Whereas the counterpart for the name "
1088:
948:
The Qing became widely known internationally in English as "China" or the "Chinese Empire", with
902:
95:
89:
1997:) associated the Qing rulers with this name and commonly referred to the Qing emperors as such.
5042:
4930:
4811:
4636:
3854:
2593:
Our Great Qing: The Mongols, Buddhism, And the State in Late Imperial China, by Johan Elverskog
2037:
for a long time since ancient times. We have signed treaties with various countries, and while
1366:
as appeared in certain English publications in the 19th century. Also translated from Chinese:
1238:
2800:
2399:
2351:
2335:
5185:
5116:
4975:
4935:
4602:
4564:
4452:
4432:
4350:
4149:
4132:
3997:
3966:
3901:
3510:
3445:
2533:
2185:
1913:
1885:
1081:, as a general term for the country. Applied to the Qing dynasty since the early Qing period.
1025:
70:
ethnicity. Officially known as the Great Qing, the dynastic empire was also widely known in
19:
5047:
5014:
4980:
4925:
4805:
4787:
4497:
4427:
4234:
4017:
2710:
2685:
2674:
2422:
1873:
1308:), and it took a while for most Europeans to be convinced that Cathay referred to China or
1062:
As a general term for the country. Applied to the Qing dynasty since the early Qing period.
331:
63:
3237:
Minority Education in China: Balancing Unity and Diversity in an Era of Critical Pluralism
1969:) to refer to the country or area ruled by the Qing emperors during the period. The terms
1354:
925:
was chosen to define Chinese nationality so that the Qing could counter foreign claims on
82:
both during its existence, especially internationally, and after the fall of the dynasty.
8:
5100:
4950:
4890:
4822:
4502:
4355:
4310:
4057:
3936:
3916:
3824:
2086:
2005:
1588:
1557:
1256:
868:) included Chinese, Manchu, and Mongolian languages, and "Chinese people" (Chinese:
4985:
4696:
4691:
4517:
4457:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4261:
4107:
3926:
3752:
3716:
3708:
2779:
2657:
2639:
A Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern, by Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff, p24
1986:
1896:" (i.e. "China" in Chinese and Manchu languages) did appear in the Tibetan language as
1705:
1514:
1456:
59:
3470:"Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages"
3423:
2648:
The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, by Ian Nish, Professor Ian Nish, Professor, p12
4995:
4990:
4965:
4910:
4905:
4828:
4776:
4681:
4512:
4417:
4315:
4214:
4177:
4102:
4032:
4002:
3956:
3756:
3720:
3670:
3646:
3622:
3601:
3385:
3343:
3305:
3280:
3241:
3149:
3089:
3041:
Catalogue of a Collection of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery Lent for Exhibition, p112
3005:
Catalogue of a Collection of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery Lent for Exhibition, p112
2860:
2806:
2765:
2738:
2457:
2403:
2241:
2216:
2191:
2096:
2020:) in the treaty (partly in response to China's earlier objections for the term "天皇" (
1994:
1861:
1793:
1522:
1191:
Historical names or romanizations officially used during the Qing dynasty in English
5149:
5032:
4955:
4895:
4701:
4422:
4283:
4229:
4072:
4037:
3941:
3866:
3834:
3744:
3700:
3418:
3207:
2951:
The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal, by Ralph Griffiths, G. E. Griffiths, p373
2434:
2074:
2025:
2016:, Japanese representatives once raised objections to China's use of the term "中國" (
1982:
1905:
1849:
1506:
1490:
1460:
1340:
1315:
1182:
1097:
1021:
926:
705:
458:
190:
71:
41:
3577:
3381:
Forging the Golden Urn: The Qing Empire and the Politics of Reincarnation in Tibet
1738:, i.e. "Great Qing state"), along with other variation terms for the empire like "
5164:
5110:
4960:
4945:
4769:
4224:
4187:
4137:
4097:
4047:
3992:
3861:
3664:
3640:
3595:
3379:
3337:
3274:
3235:
3083:
2451:
2162:
2066:
2013:
1924:
1788:, literally "central state"), which was used by the Qing government (such as the
1526:
1510:
1452:
1017:
1009:
833:
770:
618:
523:
363:
339:
255:
5027:
4900:
4666:
4629:
4077:
4067:
4007:
2734:
Death on the Chang Tang - Tibet, 1950 : the Education of an Anthropologist
2129:
2124:
2082:
1946:
1938:
1293:
1013:
1005:
985:
726:
479:
371:
323:
211:
3493:
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
3212:
3148:. Lantham, Boulder, New York and London: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 448.
933:
of its subjects living abroad through paternal lineage. A Chinese word called
5179:
5139:
5105:
5070:
4686:
4676:
4492:
3883:
3704:
1912:
he compiled in 1763 and the Tibetan-language inscription of his 1792 article
1837:
1829:
1596:
1518:
1486:
1438:
1344:
1332:
1252:
1033:
993:
989:
921:
916:
613:
383:
67:
24:
3642:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
3616:
2041:
did appear in the first lines of such treaties, in the body of the treaties
5159:
4856:
4798:
4487:
4469:
4325:
3795:
3666:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
3276:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
1954:
1494:
1305:
1172:
832:). The emperors equated the lands of the Qing state (including present day
802:
712:
465:
375:
197:
32:
2506:
5095:
4816:
4537:
4532:
3446:"China in Islam: Turki Views from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries"
2658:
China (Empire) Tai Ching Ti Kuo Copper Coin (10 and 20 Cash) 1903 to 1911
1587:(China) as interchangeable. For example, the Chinese version of the 1689
1553:
1309:
1255:) during the late Qing dynasty, using a transliteration based off of the
1029:
3712:
1296:
as appeared in some English-language publications. The term was used in
4763:
4607:
4557:
4527:
4370:
3748:
2001:
1821:
1789:
1502:
1348:
1297:
1241:
during the late Qing dynasty, based off of the Wade-Giles romanisation
1211:
1037:
961:
930:
901:, i.e. "Chinese people" in Manchu). The Qing dynasty created the first
379:
355:
3764:
3566:
2053:
in the same manner as "Great Qing" would be up to China's discretion.
1431:
1428:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1324:
1321:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1203:
1200:
1171:
Used by some westerners, similar to the name "Mongol dynasty" for the
1159:
1156:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1078:
1075:
814:
811:
687:
684:
668:
665:
600:
596:
592:
580:
576:
572:
564:
561:
440:
437:
421:
418:
378:(1368–1644). The Qing dynasty completely conquered the Ming dynasty's
343:
302:
299:
296:
164:
161:
158:
142:
139:
136:
4552:
4542:
1990:
1686:
1470:
1336:
973:
965:
740:
493:
262:
225:
2761:
Shaanxi Teachers University journal - Philosophy and Social sciences
2737:. University of Montana Printing & Graphic Services. p. 9.
940:
893:) in a Manchu-language memorial. The Manchu-language version of the
362:
in 1636, sometimes referred to as the Predynastic Qing. In 1644 the
5037:
4782:
4729:
4671:
4547:
4522:
3125:
1694:
1690:
969:
841:
837:
747:
604:
500:
232:
1339:
mass media in the 19th century, in reference to the status of the
824:, lit. "middle state", the name for China), and referred to it as
777:
5022:
3555:
1978:
1966:
1552:" interchangeably. Instead of the earlier Ming idea of an ethnic
1481:
Official map of the empire published by the Qing dynasty in 1905.
1281:
1265:
Appeared in most treaties, official documents, postal stamps etc.
626:
367:
287:
2391:
Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness
2757:
1950:
1904:, literally "central land") which was used by Qing rulers like
1888:
since the 18th century. However, the counterpart for the name "
1287:
889:, they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into "China" (
3302:
British India's Relations with the Kingdom of Nepal, 1857–1947
1673:(the Manchu term for "Zhongguo" or "China") is used alongside
4746:
4305:
2313:
2213:
Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places
2100:
1698:
1544:(中華大清國, "Chinese Great Qing State"), in addition to the name
1328:
1100:
845:
44:
2987:
The British Quarterly Review, Volume 26, by Henry Allon, p57
2933:
Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information, Volume 2, p130
2834:
Mission Stories of Many Lands, A Book for Young People, p174
2602:
Voyages in World History, by Valerie Hansen, Ken Curtis, p53
1469:
published in Qing dynasty: "Our country China is located in
4916:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
4405:
2697:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2511:
2285:
1816:
as appeared in the 1727 Treaty of Kiakhta), when the term "
1106:
50:
2620:
The Natural History of Man, by James Cowles Prichard, p215
2273:
1583:(本朝, lit. "our dynasty"). But it treated these titles and
1439:
Native language names within the Qing dynasty and contexts
2187:
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Culture
1916:
to refer to China (in the same sense as the Chinese term
1251:
Appeared in certain treaties in English (signed with the
1103:
752:
505:
237:
47:
905:
in 1909, which defined a Chinese national (Chinese:
2852:
1656:, may in fact have been derived from a Mongolian word "
2099:
version of some treaties during the Qing dynasty, the
2012:
in 1871, the first treaty between Qing China and the
731:
717:
484:
470:
216:
202:
4921:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2028:to be used in the treaty), declaring that the term
3407:"The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors"
3325:Treaty between Tibet and Nepal, 1856 (translation)
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
1937:), and the Qing emperors were referred to as the "
1615:is the standard translation for the Chinese terms
1607:): "All of the land ... belong to our territory" (
1556:state, this new Qing China was a self-consciously
3014:The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal, p210
2856:Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery
2825:Man and the universe. Japan. Siberia. China, p710
1848:), and the Qing emperors were referred to as the
1175:. Sometimes written as "Manchu Dynasty of China".
5177:
3146:The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture
2942:Mediaeval History, by George Thomas Stokes, p215
968:etc. during the Qing. The Qing also established
583:), both associated with the fire element of the
3162:
2730:
1210:during the late Qing dynasty, based off of the
1053:
4321:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
3196:"Zhong Han's Critique of the New Qing History"
3088:. Harvard University Press. pp. 210–211.
2589:
2587:
1908:in for example the Tibetan translation of the
1648:) sounds like a phonetic rendering of Chinese
1282:Other (unofficial) historical names in English
1271:Appeared in international treaties in English.
828:in Manchu (lit. "central state", from Chinese
636:
4741:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4712:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3780:
2670:
2668:
2666:
1464:
682:
663:
435:
416:
350:, "gold")). The dynasty became known as the
156:
134:
2784:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2183:
1989:works like the great 11th-century epic poem
1928:
318:'Later Gold State'; Jurchen/Manchu:
3659:
3240:. Hong Kong University Press. p. 345.
2978:The Chinese Repository, Volumes 17-18, p458
2721:New England Stamp Monthly, Volumes 1-2, p67
2584:
2319:
2291:
2056:
1949:to refer to a ruler (similar to Mongolian "
1872:) during the Qing era. For example, in the
1828:" in meaning), such as in the works of the
1084:Qing Empire, Ching Empire, or Ch'ing Empire
1048:
978:various countries with diplomatic relations
313:
3787:
3773:
3489:
3384:. Columbia University Press. p. 190.
3050:Mesny's Chinese Miscellany, Volume 3, p269
2706:
2704:
2663:
1985:as a symbol of power appeared in medieval
952:being the standard English translation of
882:) referred to all subjects of the empire.
805:, the Manchus commonly called their state
389:
290:declared himself the "Bright Khan" of the
4401:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
3422:
3211:
3023:The Visitor: Or, Monthly Instructor, p400
2010:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty
1973:(a traditional Turki name for China) and
1208:banknotes of the Ta Ching Government Bank
1028:. To the southwest, it is separated from
4250:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3614:
3377:
3189:
3187:
2843:Mesny's Chinese Miscellany, Volume 2, p3
2279:
2260:
2238:Beijing: Geography, History, and Culture
2235:
1929:
1685:) embraced the entire empire, including
1591:as inscribed in the border markers used
1540:(大清帝國, "Empire of the Great Qing"), and
1505:. During the Qing period languages like
1476:
1442:
1277:Appeared in certain treaties in English.
1181:Used by some westerners (including some
939:
18:
4857:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3794:
3635:
3272:
3233:
3131:
2960:The Chinese Repository, Volume 19, p651
2701:
2387:
2331:
2158:
929:populations and maintain the perpetual
322:) in honor both of the 12–13th century
100:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5178:
3593:
3299:
2798:
2611:The Military Engineer, Volume 40, p580
2347:
2210:
1359:The (literal) translation of Chinese:
1016:. To the south, it is adjacent to the
5155:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
4396:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3768:
3404:
3304:. Taylor & Francis. p. 380.
3279:. Taylor & Francis. p. 124.
3184:
3143:
2879:The Methodist Review, Volume 44, p210
2805:. Simon & Schuster. p. 631.
2357:
2261:李勤璞; 陳明; 朱漢民, eds. (2017). "关于清朝国号".
2215:. Taylor & Francis. p. 744.
1860:) and "the Great Emperor" (or "Great
1529:) were often used in the Qing realm.
4376:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3734:
3683:
3411:Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies
3342:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 278.
3335:
3193:
3115:
3085:China's Last Empire - The Great Qing
3081:
2758:Xi'an, Shaanxi Sheng, China (1994).
2375:
2363:
2303:
2190:. Taylor & Francis. p. 57.
1485:The Qing dynasty was founded by the
366:established the dynastic capital in
27:, used Manchu and Chinese characters
5124:History of Qing (People's Republic)
3529:
3362:
1852:(or "Chinese Emperor", in Tibetan:
1824:(essentially the same as the word "
944:Qing postal stamps released in 1878
919:or had unknown nationality status.
633:, meaning "militant" or "warlike".
611:may come from ancient Chinese text
13:
4841:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4210:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4203:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
4083:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3907:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3499:. Harvard University. p. 320.
2802:The Complete Story of Civilization
2581:Gold Mountain Blues, by Ling Zhang
1630:The Manchu name for the state was
14:
5212:
5130:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4971:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4846:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3998:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
3424:10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004
2859:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 69.
2439:Second State of the Union Address
1708:, the state was usually known as
1497:, and by the 18th century it had
1146:, the "official name" in Chinese.
4941:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4257:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4013:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2853:Patricia Bjaaland Welch (2013).
1886:subordinated to the Qing dynasty
1304:in the 13th century (during the
1224:The transliteration of Chinese:
1199:The transliteration of Chinese:
1096:
1071:Central State, or Middle Kingdom
776:
261:
107:
40:
3988:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3874:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3594:Cassel, Par Kristoffer (2012).
3571:
3560:
3549:
3538:
3523:
3503:
3483:
3462:
3438:
3398:
3371:
3356:
3329:
3318:
3293:
3266:
3257:
3227:
3137:
3075:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2792:
2751:
2724:
2715:
2690:
2679:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2575:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2499:
2487:. Stanley Gibbons. 7 April 2020
2477:
2444:
2428:
2416:
2381:
2369:
1953:", sometimes also rendered as "
1927:, the Qing dynasty is known as
1840:, the Qing dynasty is known as
1814:dumdadu gürün-ü mongγol qaraγul
1810:dumdadu ulus un mongγol qaraγul
753:
575:is composed of elements "sun" (
506:
238:
4642:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3932:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3615:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997).
3586:
2254:
2229:
2204:
2177:
2168:
1833:Tibetans, were only one part.
1465:
911:
874:
820:
732:
718:
683:
664:
485:
471:
436:
417:
374:shortly after the fall of the
308:
295:
217:
203:
157:
135:
1:
5076:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4851:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4707:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
4391:Provincial military commander
4381:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4366:Imperial Household Department
4193:Preparative Constitutionalism
3897:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3645:. Stanford University Press.
3200:Journal of Chinese Humanities
2456:. 上海古籍出版社. 2020. p. 28.
2145:
4835:Researches on Manchu Origins
4240:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3850:Transition from Ming to Qing
3840:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2485:"The Large Dragons of China"
2388:Clayton, Cathryn H. (2010).
1870:vjam dbyangs gong ma chen po
1571:(國朝, lit. "state dynasty"),
1320:The translation of Chinese:
1259:system for the Chinese part.
1054:Alternative names in English
7:
4735:Changzhou School of Thought
4245:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4220:Railway Protection Movement
4198:1909 Parliamentary election
4183:British expedition to Tibet
4093:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
4053:Self-Strengthening Movement
4028:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3600:. Oxford University Press.
2507:"地理书写与国家认同：清末地理教科书中的民族主义话语"
2118:
1774:" in Mongolian appeared as
1575:(我界, "our territory"), and
1536:(大清國, "Great Qing State"),
887:conquered Dzungaria in 1759
637:The name China for the Qing
382:(collectively known as the
10:
5217:
5135:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4023:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3962:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3952:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3922:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3144:Smith, Richard J. (2015).
3032:The Month, Volume 68, p332
2140:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2135:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia
1641:
1631:
1294:alternative name for China
775:
595:) is composed of "water" (
528:
260:
16:Names for the Qing dynasty
5145:Names of the Qing dynasty
5088:
5056:
5013:
5006:
4875:
4793:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4720:
4652:
4573:
4478:
4274:
4165:
4123:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4118:Gongche Shangshu movement
4063:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3975:
3912:Chinese Rites controversy
3882:
3812:
3803:
3545:Нерчинский договор (1689)
3511:"清朝时期"中国"作为国家名称从传统到现代的发展"
3490:Schluessel, Eric (2016).
3213:10.1163/23521341-12340114
2534:"清朝时期"中国"作为国家名称从传统到现代的发展"
2320:Elliott & Chia (2004)
2292:Elliott & Chia (2004)
1640:). While the Manchu term
906:
869:
810:
795:
785:
769:
764:
746:
739:
725:
711:
704:
699:
695:
676:
657:
652:
648:
643:
571:), whereas the character
546:
536:
522:
517:
499:
492:
478:
464:
457:
452:
448:
429:
410:
405:
401:
396:
370:and was enthroned in the
280:
270:
254:
249:
231:
224:
210:
196:
189:
184:
180:
172:
150:
128:
123:
119:
114:
5066:Great Qing Treasure Note
4886:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
4596:Administrative divisions
4413:Administrative divisions
4341:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3705:10.1177/0097700405282349
3567:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3405:Onuma, Takahiro (2014).
3194:Wong, Young-tsu (2021).
3072:9.1 (2007): 23–39. p. 34
3059:The Asiatic Journal, p35
2731:Frank B. Bessac (2006).
2396:Harvard University Press
2240:. ABC-CLIO. p. 48.
2092:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2057:Names in other languages
1742:" ("Our Great Qing "), "
1722:, i.e. "Qing state") or
1664:) that means "warrior".
1152:Translation of Chinese:
1139:Translation of Chinese:
1120:Translation of Chinese:
1117:Empire of the Great Qing
1074:Translation of Chinese:
1049:List of names in English
899:Dulimbai gurun i niyalma
880:Dulimbai gurun i niyalma
659:Traditional Chinese
412:Traditional Chinese
130:Traditional Chinese
4662:Chengde Mountain Resort
4463:Three Eastern Provinces
4113:First Sino-Japanese War
4088:Northern Chinese Famine
3947:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3845:Qing invasion of Joseon
3737:Twentieth-Century China
3234:Leibold, James (2014).
2211:Watson, Noelle (2012).
903:Chinese nationality law
678:Simplified Chinese
585:Chinese zodiacal system
431:Simplified Chinese
390:Origin of the name Qing
354:by historians. His son
152:Simplified Chinese
5201:Lists of country names
5196:Country name etymology
5043:Great Qing Copper Coin
4931:Convention of Tientsin
4864:Annotated Bibliography
4812:Qing official headwear
3855:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3378:Oidtmann, Max (2018).
3339:Tibet Past and Present
3336:Bell, Charles (1992).
3273:Dunnell, Ruth (2004).
2764:. 陕西师范大学. p. 91.
1866:འཇམ་དབྱངས་གོང་མ་ཆེན་པོ
1482:
1474:
1389:Tartar Chinese dynasty
1239:Great Qing Copper Coin
945:
866:Dulimbai gurun i bithe
88:This article contains
28:
5117:Draft History of Qing
4976:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4757:performance criticism
4361:Imperial Commissioner
4351:Great Qing Legal Code
4150:Eight-Nation Alliance
4133:Third plague pandemic
4043:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3967:White Lotus Rebellion
3300:Husain, Asad (2023).
2799:Durant, Will (2014).
2554:"中國歷史教科書（原名本朝史講義）第1页"
2184:Sin-wai Chan (2019).
1914:The Discourse of Lama
1542:Zhong Hua Da Qing Guo
1480:
1463:Trilingual Textbook"
1446:
1395:Manchu Tartar dynasty
1383:Tartar Chinese Empire
943:
895:Convention of Kyakhta
629:with the Mongol word
23:The “Daqing Gate” in
22:
5048:Great Qing Gold Coin
4981:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4926:Convention of Peking
4806:Pentaglot Dictionary
4788:Literary inquisition
4498:Ever Victorious Army
4331:Deliberative Council
4235:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4188:1905 Batang uprising
4128:Hundred Days' Reform
4018:Small Swords Society
3534:. 大象出版社. p. 48.
3367:. 大象出版社. p. 20.
2453:晚清駐英使館照會檔案, Volume 1
1874:Treaty of Thapathali
1740:man-u Dai Chin (uls)
1499:extended its control
1091:for the same sound (
848:and other areas) as
358:renamed the dynasty
294:state (Chinese:
5101:Anti-Qing sentiment
4951:Treaty of the Bogue
4891:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4823:Complete Tang Poems
4503:Green Standard Army
4386:Provincial governor
4356:Imperial Clan Court
4336:Diplomatic missions
4311:Consultative Bureau
4058:Tongzhi Restoration
3937:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3917:Ten Great Campaigns
3825:Jurchen unification
3684:Zhao, Gang (2006).
3556:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3134:, p. 402, note 118.
3082:Rowe, Rowe (2010).
2282:, pp. 212–213.
2087:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1611:). The Manchu term
1589:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1380:might be incorrect.
1257:Postal romanisation
1237:as appeared in the
1206:as appeared in the
4986:Treaty of Tientsin
4697:Western Qing tombs
4692:Eastern Qing tombs
4518:Peking Field Force
4262:Manchu Restoration
4155:Declaration of war
4108:Jindandao incident
3927:Lhasa riot of 1750
3749:10.1353/tcc.0.0019
2350:, pp. 44 and
2322:, pp. 77, 83.
2308:4, 7–10, and 12–14
1987:Persian literature
1706:Mongolian language
1558:multi-ethnic state
1493:who conquered the
1483:
1475:
1424:Great Pure dynasty
946:
90:special characters
58:) was an imperial
29:
5173:
5172:
5084:
5083:
4996:Treaty of Whampoa
4991:Treaty of Wanghia
4966:Treaty of Nanking
4936:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4911:Chefoo Convention
4906:Burlingame Treaty
4777:Kangxi Dictionary
4682:Old Summer Palace
4513:Firearm Battalion
4316:Cup of Solid Gold
4270:
4269:
4215:Manchurian plague
4178:Late Qing reforms
4169:(1901–1912)
4103:Sikkim expedition
4033:Panthay Rebellion
4003:Taiping Rebellion
3979:(1801–1900)
3957:Sino-Nepalese War
3902:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3888:(1683–1799)
3816:(1616–1683)
3628:978-1-55786-560-1
3607:978-0-19-979205-4
3391:978-0-231-54530-3
2711:Treaty of Nanking
2686:Treaty of Wanghia
2675:Burlingame Treaty
2463:978-7-5325-9609-6
2435:McKinley, William
2423:Treaty of Nanking
2378:, pp. 13–14.
2236:Qian Guo (2020).
2097:Japanese-language
1995:Khanate of Kokand
1961:is a traditional
1862:Emperor Manjushri
1794:Treaty of Kiakhta
1331:) as appeared in
980:, such as in the
801:After conquering
799:
798:
760:
759:
706:Standard Mandarin
607:. Alternatively,
550:
549:
513:
512:
459:Standard Mandarin
352:Later Jin dynasty
320:Amaga Aisin gurun
316:
284:
283:
276:Amaga Aisin Gurun
245:
244:
191:Standard Mandarin
96:rendering support
5208:
5150:New Qing History
5033:Qianlong Tongbao
5011:
5010:
4956:Treaty of Canton
4896:Unequal treaties
4702:Fuling Mausoleum
4301:Advisory Council
4230:Wuchang Uprising
4170:
4073:Tianjin Massacre
4038:Second Opium War
3980:
3942:Sino-Burmese War
3889:
3867:Battle of Penghu
3835:Seven Grievances
3817:
3810:
3809:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3731:
3729:
3723:. Archived from
3690:
3680:
3661:Elliott, Mark C.
3656:
3637:Elliott, Mark C.
3632:
3611:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3206:(1–2): 201–211.
3191:
3182:
3177:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2708:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2156:
2026:Emperor of Japan
1983:Emperor of China
1932:
1931:
1906:Qianlong Emperor
1899:
1879:
1867:
1858:rgya nag gong ma
1855:
1850:Emperor of China
1846:Ching rgyal rabs
1843:
1838:Tibetan language
1807:
1779:
1757:
1729:
1713:
1659:
1643:
1635:
1468:
1467:
1413:Ta-tsing dynasty
1341:Emperor of China
1316:Celestial Empire
1243:Ta-ch'ing-ti-kuo
1221:Tai Ching Ti Kuo
1183:New Qing History
1165:
1149:Great Qing state
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1095:
927:overseas Chinese
913:
908:
876:
875:Zhōngguó zhī rén
871:
822:
817:
781:
780:
756:
755:
735:
734:
721:
720:
697:
696:
691:
690:
672:
671:
641:
640:
587:. The character
532:
531:
509:
508:
488:
487:
474:
473:
450:
449:
444:
443:
425:
424:
394:
393:
342:for the Chinese
317:
314:
310:
305:
266:
265:
241:
240:
220:
219:
206:
205:
182:
181:
176:Later Gold State
168:
167:
146:
145:
112:
111:
57:
56:
53:
52:
49:
46:
39:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5165:Willow Palisade
5111:Chuang Guandong
5080:
5052:
5002:
4961:Treaty of Kulja
4946:Treaty of Aigun
4879:
4871:
4770:History of Ming
4722:
4716:
4654:
4648:
4574:Special regions
4569:
4508:Imperial Guards
4474:
4266:
4225:1911 Revolution
4171:
4168:
4161:
4138:Boxer Rebellion
4098:Sino-French War
4048:Amur Annexation
3993:First Opium War
3981:
3978:
3971:
3890:
3887:
3878:
3862:Great Clearance
3818:
3815:
3799:
3793:
3763:
3727:
3688:
3677:
3653:
3629:
3608:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3163:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2441:". 5 Dec. 1898.
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2342:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2280:Crossley (1997)
2278:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2121:
2059:
2014:Empire of Japan
2000:There are also
1925:Uyghur language
1910:Śūraṅgama Sūtra
1897:
1877:
1865:
1864:", in Tibetan:
1853:
1841:
1812:, or initially
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1777:
1775:
1755:
1744:Manj (Chin) uls
1727:
1725:
1723:
1711:
1709:
1657:
1633:
1491:Tungusic people
1441:
1355:Flowery Kingdom
1300:'s book on his
1284:
1274:Empire of China
1248:Ta Tsing Empire
1193:
1163:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1056:
1051:
1042:5,000 years ago
1018:South China Sea
834:Northeast China
639:
621:pronunciation,
599:) and "azure" (
529:
392:
364:Shunzhi Emperor
173:Literal meaning
110:
105:
104:
103:
94:Without proper
60:Chinese dynasty
43:
37:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5191:Names of China
5188:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:Kangxi Tongbao
5025:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4901:Boxer Protocol
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4667:Forbidden City
4664:
4658:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4630:General of Ili
4627:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4613:List of ambans
4610:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Margary Affair
4075:
4070:
4068:Mudan incident
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Nian Rebellion
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3762:
3761:
3732:
3730:on 2014-03-25.
3681:
3675:
3657:
3651:
3633:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3559:
3548:
3537:
3522:
3502:
3482:
3461:
3437:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3355:
3348:
3328:
3317:
3310:
3292:
3285:
3265:
3256:
3246:
3226:
3183:
3161:
3154:
3136:
3132:Elliott (2001)
3124:
3108:
3094:
3074:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2865:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2811:
2791:
2770:
2750:
2743:
2723:
2714:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2662:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2545:
2525:
2498:
2476:
2462:
2443:
2427:
2415:
2409:978-0674035454
2408:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2340:
2332:Elliott (2001)
2324:
2312:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2253:
2246:
2228:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2176:
2167:
2159:Elliott (2001)
2150:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:Chinese Empire
2127:
2125:Names of China
2120:
2117:
2079:Sinici Imperii
2058:
2055:
1947:Turkic peoples
1939:Chinese khagan
1935:Ching sulalisi
1894:Dulimbai Gurun
1772:Dulimbai Gurun
1752:Dulimbai Gurun
1683:Dulimbai Gurun
1671:Dulimbai Gurun
1613:Dulimbai Gurun
1538:Da Qing Di Guo
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1357:
1352:
1333:North American
1318:
1313:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:Chinese Empire
1266:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1222:
1219:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1168:Manchu dynasty
1166:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1134:
1118:
1115:
1085:
1082:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:Chinese Empire
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1020:, and borders
1014:East China Sea
986:British Empire
982:United Kingdom
958:Dulimbai Gurun
912:Zhōngguó Guójí
909:; pinyin:
891:Dulimbai Gurun
885:When the Qing
872:; pinyin:
854:Dulimbai Gurun
826:Dulimbai Gurun
818:; pinyin:
809:(Chinese:
797:
796:
793:
792:
791:Dulimbai Gurun
789:
783:
782:
773:
767:
766:
762:
761:
758:
757:
750:
744:
743:
741:Yue: Cantonese
737:
736:
729:
723:
722:
715:
709:
708:
702:
701:
700:Transcriptions
693:
692:
680:
674:
673:
661:
655:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
638:
635:
579:) and "moon" (
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
526:
520:
519:
515:
514:
511:
510:
503:
497:
496:
494:Yue: Cantonese
490:
489:
482:
476:
475:
468:
462:
461:
455:
454:
453:Transcriptions
446:
445:
433:
427:
426:
414:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:
398:
391:
388:
372:Forbidden City
306:; pinyin:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
258:
252:
251:
247:
246:
243:
242:
235:
229:
228:
226:Yue: Cantonese
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
200:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:Transcriptions
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
154:
148:
147:
132:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
109:
106:
98:, you may see
86:
85:
84:
80:Chinese Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5213:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5140:Manchu people
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5106:Canton System
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Hubu Guanpiao
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:Society &
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:Summer Palace
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Mukden Palace
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:Palaces &
4651:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Eight Banners
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Grand Council
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4166:20th century
4164:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3976:19th century
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3676:9780415320061
3672:
3669:. Routledge.
3668:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:9780804746847
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3526:
3512:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3475:September 21,
3471:
3465:
3454:September 21,
3447:
3441:
3430:September 17,
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3349:9788120810679
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3311:9781000855562
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3286:9781134362226
3282:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3247:9789888208135
3243:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3155:9781442221925
3151:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3118:, pp. n
3117:
3112:
3097:
3095:9780674054554
3091:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2868:
2866:9781462906895
2862:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2814:
2812:9781476779713
2808:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2771:9780977341825
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2744:9780977341825
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2569:
2555:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2348:Cassel (2012)
2344:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2306:, pp. n
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2247:9781440868054
2243:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2222:9781136639791
2218:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2197:9781315453477
2193:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Turco-Persian
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Khāqān-i Chīn
1940:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:རྒྱ་ནག་གོང་མ་
1851:
1847:
1842:ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Dumdadu gürün
1784:or initially
1783:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:Daicing Gurun
1672:
1667:
1666:Daicing Gurun
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1638:Daicing Gurun
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:Heilong River
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Manchu people
1479:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:(中國) of "The
1450:
1445:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1402:Tsing dynasty
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Son of Heaven
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:United States
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:romanisation
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1178:Manchu empire
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1090:
1089:romanizations
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:British India
1027:
1026:British Burma
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
994:postal stamps
991:
990:United States
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
942:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
922:Jus sanguinis
918:
914:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
794:
790:
788:
784:
779:
774:
772:
771:Manchu script
768:
763:
751:
749:
745:
742:
738:
730:
728:
724:
716:
714:
710:
707:
703:
698:
694:
689:
686:
681:
679:
675:
670:
667:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
644:Central State
642:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
545:
542:Daicing Gurun
541:
539:
535:
527:
525:
524:Manchu script
521:
516:
504:
502:
498:
495:
491:
483:
481:
477:
469:
467:
463:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
420:
415:
413:
409:
404:
400:
395:
387:
385:
384:Southern Ming
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
311:
304:
301:
298:
293:
289:
279:
275:
273:
269:
264:
259:
257:
256:Manchu script
253:
248:
236:
234:
230:
227:
223:
215:
213:
209:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
163:
160:
155:
153:
149:
144:
141:
138:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
108:Earlier names
101:
97:
93:
91:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:ruled by the
61:
55:
34:
26:
25:Mukden Palace
21:
5186:Qing dynasty
5160:Treaty ports
5144:
5122:
5115:
5089:Other topics
4862:
4855:
4833:
4821:
4804:
4799:Peiwen Yunfu
4797:
4775:
4768:
4739:
4488:Beiyang Army
4470:Zongli Yamen
4326:Da-Qing Bank
4143:Red Lanterns
3796:Qing dynasty
3740:
3736:
3725:the original
3696:
3693:Modern China
3692:
3665:
3641:
3617:
3596:
3573:
3562:
3551:
3540:
3531:
3530:黄兴涛 (2023).
3525:
3514:. Retrieved
3505:
3492:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3464:
3452:. Retrieved
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3417:(20220303).
3414:
3410:
3400:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3363:黄兴涛 (2023).
3358:
3338:
3331:
3320:
3301:
3295:
3275:
3268:
3259:
3236:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3203:
3199:
3145:
3139:
3127:
3111:
3101:February 15,
3099:. Retrieved
3084:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2760:
2753:
2733:
2726:
2717:
2692:
2681:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2577:
2568:
2557:. Retrieved
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2452:
2446:
2430:
2418:
2389:
2383:
2371:
2366:, p. 5.
2359:
2343:
2327:
2315:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2186:
2179:
2170:
2154:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2017:
1999:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1942:
1934:
1930:چىڭ سۇلالىسى
1922:
1917:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1835:
1830:Eight-Banner
1825:
1818:Dumdadu ulus
1817:
1813:
1809:
1785:
1782:Dumdadu ulus
1781:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:Dai Chin uls
1735:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1703:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1495:Ming dynasty
1484:
1466:(滿蒙漢三語合璧教科書)
1448:
1418:
1407:
1327:(a name for
1306:Yuan dynasty
1242:
1215:
1173:Yuan dynasty
1164:ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
1022:French Annam
998:
957:
953:
949:
947:
934:
920:
910:
898:
890:
884:
879:
873:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
829:
825:
819:
806:
803:China proper
800:
787:Romanization
713:Hanyu Pinyin
653:Chinese name
630:
622:
612:
608:
588:
568:
557:
553:
551:
538:Romanization
530:ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
466:Hanyu Pinyin
406:Chinese name
380:rump regimes
376:Ming dynasty
359:
347:
335:
319:
307:
291:
285:
272:Romanization
239:hau gam gwok
218:Hou Chin Kuo
198:Hanyu Pinyin
124:Chinese name
87:
79:
75:
33:Qing dynasty
30:
5096:Aisin Gioro
5058:Paper money
4817:Qing poetry
4538:Wuwei Corps
4533:Shuishiying
4294:Family tree
3743:(1): 4–28.
3699:(1): 3–30.
3618:The Manchus
3587:Works cited
3116:Zhao (2006)
2304:Zhao (2006)
1660:, дайчин" (
1563:Apart from
1554:Han Chinese
1534:Da Qing Guo
1461:Han Chinese
1310:North China
1036:across the
1012:across the
765:Manchu name
518:Manchu name
386:) by 1662.
332:Aisin Gioro
330:and of his
328:Jin dynasty
309:Hòu Jīn Guó
250:Manchu name
204:Hòu Jīn Guó
64:Aisin Gioro
5180:Categories
4764:Four Wangs
4655:mausoleums
4608:Golden Urn
4581:Inner Asia
4558:Xiang Army
4528:Hushenying
4453:Liangguang
4433:Liangjiang
4371:Lifan Yuan
4276:Government
3516:2024-03-23
3219:August 23,
3070:Inner Asia
2559:2024-06-20
2539:2024-06-04
2491:August 21,
2469:August 22,
2398:. p.
2334:, p.
2269:. 湖南大學出版社.
2161:, p.
2146:References
2105:Qing state
2039:Great Qing
2002:derogatory
1822:Great Wall
1790:Lifan Yuan
1732:Их Чин Улс
1681:; Manchu:
1599:belong to
1503:Inner Asia
1453:Manchurian
1349:Sinosphere
1337:Australian
1298:Marco Polo
1212:Wade-Giles
1162:or Manchu:
1136:Great Qing
1038:Yalu River
988:) and the
974:consulates
966:newspapers
962:mass media
931:allegiance
878:; Manchu:
727:Wade–Giles
625:is a near
609:Great Qing
569:Great Ming
554:Great Qing
480:Wade–Giles
397:Great Qing
360:Great Qing
356:Hong Taiji
212:Wade–Giles
4586:Manchuria
4553:Huai Army
4543:Yong Ying
4428:Shaan-Gan
3884:High Qing
3830:Later Jin
3757:201771890
3721:144587815
3621:. Wiley.
2780:cite book
2376:Shao 2009
2364:Shao 2009
2006:anti-Qing
1991:Shahnameh
1898:ཡུལ་དབུས།
1687:Manchuria
1654:Dai Ching
1621:Zhongyuan
1515:Mongolian
1471:East Asia
1457:Mongolian
1419:Ta-ch'ing
1399:dynasty".
1216:Ta-ch'ing
1094:English:
970:legations
917:stateless
754:zung gwok
733:Chung-kuo
552:The name
507:daai cing
486:Ta Ch'ing
292:Later Jin
115:Later Jin
38:English:
5038:Hongqian
5007:Currency
4877:Treaties
4783:Kaozheng
4730:Booi Aha
4672:Hetu Ala
4625:Timeline
4620:Xinjiang
4591:Mongolia
4548:Chu Army
4523:New Army
4480:Military
4418:Viceroys
3713:20062627
3639:(2001).
2518:June 20,
2294:, p. 98.
2119:See also
2113:Zhongguo
2109:Shinkoku
2103:for the
2051:Zhongguo
2047:Zhongguo
2043:Zhongguo
2035:Zhongguo
2030:Zhongguo
2018:Zhongguo
1957:"), and
1918:Zhongguo
1902:yul dbus
1890:Zhongguo
1882:rgya nag
1768:Zhongguo
1748:Zhongguo
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