60:. For example, a trip planner can show that the user can get from one destination to another by using a train/bus combination. The user can then choose their preferred trip based on cost, time, and convenience. At that point, any necessary bookings (e.g. calling a taxi, reserving a seat on a long-distance train) would be performed as a unit. It is expected that this service should allow roaming, that is, the same end-user app should work in different cities, without the user needing to become familiar with a new app or to sign up to new services. Together with other emerging vehicular technologies such as automated driving, connected cars and electric vehicles, MaaS is contributing to a new type of future mobility, which is autonomous, connected, electric and shared vehicles.
327:
including populations without smartphones, those who need wheelchair-accessible vehicles, unbanked populations, low-income populations, people of color, and populations with limited
English proficiency, and inform best practices and FTA guidance for public-private partnerships and novel transit service delivery models. Although the project had to be terminated when the COVID-a9 epidemic began, the evaluation found that transit agencies improved and increase access to transit. Through significant public-private coordination, the pilot provided valuable lessons to inform how transit agencies can leverage on-demand first/last mile services to enhance mobility.
282:
electric autonomous vehicles . The notion of a digitally connected seamless multi-modal transportation network was discussed as a potential outcome of the real-time connectivity offered by the newly introduced smart phone. The idea was that this would become so ubiquitous and seamless that mobility could be "backgrounded" in the urban fabric similar to other essential utilities or services. It would come to be seen as common place as turning on the tap to get water or the light switch to get illumination; hence mobility-as-a-service.
179:, the MaaS operator can purchase bulk transit services and act as the middleman through the product, Hannovermobil. It is not necessary that the operator include all forms of transport, but just enough to be able to provide reasonable guarantees. A monthly subscription will also provide enough funding for the MaaS operator to purchase significant enough transit services that it can use market power to achieve competitive prices. In particular, a MaaS operator may improve the problems of low utilization - e.g. in
323:
company was melded with the efficiency of a fixed-route bus by grouping customers traveling in similar patterns and allowing quicker connections to the core transit system. The evaluation revealed the AMORE service worked as anticipated in the test environment, but lack of demand during implementation limited its effectiveness. Successor programs are under development.
191:
applications would operate as search engines, seeking to draw all transport service providers into a single application, enabling users to avoid having to interact with multiple gateways in an attempt to assemble the optimal trip. Many cities have cards which pay for intermodal public transport, including
144:
charges, train ticket admin fees and even the time taken to book a journey) businesses can make informed decisions about travel policy, fleet management and expense claims. Some MaaS companies suggest that in journey planning alone, it can take up to 9 steps before a simple travel arrangement is booked.
52:
providers are combined through a unified gateway, usually via an app or website, that creates and manages the trip and payments, including subscriptions, with a single account. The key concept behind MaaS is to offer travelers flexible mobility solutions based on their travel needs, thus "mobility as
143:
MaaS equally has many benefits for the business world - understanding the Total Cost of
Business Mobility could help travel decision makers in the corporate world save hundreds of thousands. By analysing data and costs attributed to "business mobility" (e.g. vehicle rental costs, fuel costs, parking
326:
The Puget Sound First/Last Mile
Partnership with Via to Transit project was designed to improve mobility by expanding access to transit by developing a partnership with a private sector mobility company, integrating the services with existing transit services, broadening access to a wider audience,
151:
MaaS also holds remarkable potential in the revolutionizing of public transport systems in developing countries. Since developing countries tend to depend heavily on informal and unstructured public transport modes, the concept of MaaS according to some researchers, could hold the key to providing
281:
In June 2012, Agrion, an energy storage company, sponsored a 1/2-day conference in San
Francisco, CA titled "E-Mobility as a Service" at which the concept of Mobility as a Service was discussed as a potential outcome of the confluence between the digital realm of smartphone technology and shared
139:
MaaS could improve ridership habits, transit network efficiency, decrease costs to the user, improve utilization of MaaS transit providers, reduce city congestion as more users adopt MaaS as a main source of transit, and reduce emissions as more users rely on public transit component, autonomous
322:
The Palo Alto, California "Adaptive
Mobility with Reliability and Efficiency" (AMORE) project tested a flexible service for commuting or first/last-mile connections to fixed-route service in relatively high-income, high-vehicle-ownership communities. The flexibility of a transit-hailing private
247:
Autonomous vehicles could allow the public to use roads in low cost-per-kilometre, self-navigating vehicles to a preferred destination at a significantly lower cost than current taxi and ridesharing prices. The vehicles could have a large impact on the quality of life in urban areas and form a
251:
Modelling scenarios were conducted on the deployment of shared autonomous vehicles on the city of Lisbon by PTV as part of the
International Transport Forum's Corporate Partnership Board. This model shows that the positive impacts on transport networks and mobility in congested places will be
190:
model operates well in environments with a high number of "one-off" riders (tourists, transit networks in areas with high car adoption, etc.). Each leg of the booked trip (each train trip, taxi trip etc.) is priced separately and is set by the transport service provider. In this model, mobile
317:
In the United States, the US Department of
Transportation began a series of demonstration projects called the "Mobility on Demand Sandbox Program" in 2016. Overseen by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the goals of the program included improved efficiency, effectiveness, and customer
170:
model assumes that enough users consume public transit services on a monthly basis to offer bundled transit service. Users pay a monthly fee and receive bundled transit services such as unlimited travel on urban public transport in addition to a fixed number of taxi kilometers. The monthly
105:) to pay for their travel. Between the multiple modes, trips, and payments, data is gathered and used to help people's journeys become more efficient. In the government space, the same data allows for informed decision-making when considering improvements in regional transit systems.
202:
Both models have similar requirements, such as trip planners to construct optimal trip chains, and technical and business relationships with transport service providers, (i.e. a taxi booking/payment API and e-ticketing, QR codes on urban buses and metros, etc.).
219:
has announced that it plans to transition its app to a fully autonomous service and aims to be cheaper than car ownership. Many automobile manufacturers and technology companies have announced plans or are rumored to develop autonomous vehicles, including
131:
during which many private cars were deregistered for the duration of the trial and utilization of existing transit services increased the efficiency of the overall network. Ultimately, a more efficient network coupled with new technology such as
183:, taxi drivers spend 75% of their working time waiting for a customer, and 50% of kilometers driven without generating revenue. A MaaS operator can solve this problem by guaranteeing a base salary to taxi drivers through existing employers.
252:
realised to their greatest extent with increases in shared minibus/bus scale public transport in addition to ride-sharing; whereas autonomous taxis with individual passengers would see a large increase in vehicle kilometres and congestion.
318:
experience of transportation services. Eleven cities received almost $ 8 million to conduct demonstration projects which were evaluated based on performance measures provided by the project partners, as well as independent evaluators.
152:
more efficient, equitable and accessible transportation services. In these contexts however, MaaS may need to be re-envisioned, and tailored to the unique challenges of the developing world, in order to create the desired impacts.
96:
This shift is further enabled by improvements in the integration of multiple modes of transport into seamless trip chains, with bookings and payments managed collectively for all legs of the trip. In London, commuters may use a
1254:
93:, which puts into question the economic benefit of owning a personal car over using on-demand car services, which are widely expected to become significantly more affordable when cars can drive autonomously.
147:
However, there are also many anticipated challenges for sustainability and governance stemming from MaaS, ranging from increased energy use, reduced health effects, and up to conflicts across organizations.
68:
Booming demand for more personalised transport services has created a market space and momentum for MaaS. The movement towards MaaS is fueled by a myriad of innovative new mobility service providers such as
534:
428:
to have 200 participants provide feedback. The app included mapping, planning, mobile ticketing, real-time arrival information, and parking options. The pilot was funded by with $ 150,000 each from the
278:
under the monthly subscription model. The service was well received; however, it was discontinued due to lack of support at the government level for third party on-selling of public transport tickets.
127:
MaaS could significantly increase the efficiency and utilization of transit providers that contribute to the overall transit network in a region. The predictions were validated by the Ubigo trial in
1875:
285:
The idea then gained widespread publicity through the efforts of Sampo
Hietanen, CEO of ITS Finland (later founder and CEO of Maas Global), and Sonja Heikkila, then a Masters student at
925:
Dzisi, Emmanuel Komla Junior; Obeng, Daniel Atuah; Ackaah, Williams; Tuffour, Yaw
Adubofour (1 January 2022). "MaaS for paratransit minibus taxis in developing countries: A review".
614:
548:
Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul; Al-Turjman, Fadi (2021). "Introductory
Chapter: A Brief Overview of Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Vehicles as the Future of Mobility".
314:(BVG) continued Mobility as a Service development by launching first in the world large scale and city owned project "Jelbi" together with a Lithuanian mobility startup Trafi.
408:
launched a trial in 2018 that was promoted as the first MaaS app in the UK but it ultimately didn't the usage they expected but a new trial is expected to launch in 2024.
1258:
307:
The EU-funded "Mobinet" project has laid some of the groundwork for MaaS, e.g. pan-European identity management of travelers, and payments, and links to trip planners.
171:
subscription model incorporates a well-funded commercially operated "MaaS Operator" which will purchase transport services in bulk and provide guarantees to users. In
124:
Mobility as a service may cause a decline in car ownership. If average vehicle occupancy for on-road time decreases, total vehicle-kilometres-travelled will increase.
1868:
44:) is a type of service that enables users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services through a combined platform. Transportation services from
1044:
1356:
1010:
1357:"U.S. DOT Secretary Foxx Participates in White House Frontiers Conference, Announces Nearly $ 65 Million in Advanced Technology Transportation Grants | FTA"
1861:
53:
a service" also refers to the broader concept of a shift away from personally-owned modes of transportation and towards mobility provided as a service.
1338:
1280:
1652:
1461:
1726:
1434:
1134:
707:
Taiebat; Brown; Safford; Qu; Xu (2018). "A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles".
2384:
1702:
293:
868:"Modifying the SERVPERF to assess paratransit minibus taxis trotro in Ghana and the relevance of mobility-as-a-service features to the service"
1518:
2374:
1090:
622:
248:
critical part of the future of transportation, while benefiting the traveler, the environment, and even other sectors such as healthcare.
116:
there is demand and proposals may have different characteristics like support for offline access and integration with informal transport.
160:
The concept assumes use through mobile app, although the concept can also be used for any type of payment (transit card, ticket, etc.).
267:
In 1996, the concept of an "intelligent information assistant" integrating different travel and tourism services was introduced at the
31:
1750:
1487:"Empower or Thwart? Insights from Vienna and Helsinki regarding the role of public authorities in the development of MaaS schemes"
1159:
Tschanz, Nico; Zimmermann, Hans-Dieter (1996). "The Electronic Mall Bodensee as Platform for the Development of Travel Services".
1294:
827:"Interpretative flexibility and conflicts in the emergence of Mobility as a Service: Finnish public sector actor perspectives"
1176:
565:
510:
17:
2293:
430:
984:
590:
1980:
1066:
1462:"Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Demonstration: Puget Sound First/Last Mile Partnership with Via (Report 0183) | FTA"
1383:
89:
services as well as on-demand "pop-up" bus services. On the other hand, the trend is motivated by the anticipation of
2192:
2002:
1911:
1853:
1036:
442:
1014:
535:"Global Intelligent Transportation Systems Market to Grow at a CAGR of over 10% Through 2020 Finds TechSci Research"
1616:"Civil servant tactics for realizing transition tasks understanding the microdynamics of transformative government"
1820:
2206:
1916:
1412:
Mobility on Demand Sandbox Demonstration: Adaptive Mobility with Reliability and Efficiency (AMORE), Final Report
1951:
2313:
2037:
1114:
2229:
1970:
349:
In September 2023, Brussels launched Floya, as MaaS app to book public transport, scooters, bikes, and cars.
300:, and subsequently, the Mobility as a Service Alliance was formed. In 2017 the MaaS Alliance published its
2349:
2318:
2224:
2053:
2012:
1901:
1796:
1589:
2007:
1906:
447:
405:
1751:"Moving MaaS: Mobility as a Service in the United States and Abroad – The Eno Center for Transportation"
760:
259:, secured funding to be used over the next ten years to support the development of autonomous vehicles.
2440:
2247:
2151:
1985:
1206:
960:
2379:
2359:
2278:
1926:
311:
2298:
2177:
2042:
1568:
1522:
2126:
1995:
1677:
2283:
82:
78:
49:
2214:
2435:
2369:
2288:
1228:
74:
45:
1229:"Mobility as a Service - A Proposal for Action for the Public Administration, Case Helsinki"
1936:
1931:
1544:
879:
656:
645:"Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in the Global South: research findings, gaps, and directions"
786:"Questioning mobility as a service: Unanticipated implications for society and governance"
784:
Pangbourne, Kate; Mladenović, Miloš N.; Stead, Dominic; Milakis, Dimitris (January 2020).
8:
2410:
2092:
1037:"Uber CEO explains his company's highly ambitious goal to end car ownership in the world"
133:
98:
1614:
Braams, Rik B.; Wesseling, Joeri H.; Meijer, Albert J.; Hekkert, Marko P. (2023-05-11).
883:
660:
341:
The SMILE (Simply MobILE) project started in 2012 and the trial began in November 2014.
2187:
2182:
2110:
2017:
1941:
942:
902:
867:
848:
807:
742:
716:
571:
516:
502:
1883:
1975:
1633:
1172:
1116:
Urban Mobility System Upgrade: How shared self-driving cars could change city traffic
946:
907:
852:
811:
734:
684:
575:
561:
520:
506:
357:
Whim started in Helsinki in 2016 and provided 1.8 Million trips a year after launch.
746:
416:
Go Denver was launched in February 2016, and it had over 7,000 users by June 2017.
304:
on Mobility as a Service, and how to create foundation for thriving MaaS ecosystem.
2086:
1921:
1884:
1623:
1498:
1415:
1164:
934:
897:
887:
838:
797:
726:
674:
664:
553:
498:
286:
268:
90:
1727:"Go Denver opens up a world of seamless mobility and better data-driven decisions"
892:
473:
2166:
2120:
1168:
57:
1503:
1486:
557:
2405:
2400:
1990:
843:
826:
669:
644:
421:
420:
ran the "Move PGH" two year pilot program from July 2021 to July 2023. In 2022
370:
229:
212:
1703:"Go Denver App: Will It Help Find Better, Cheaper, Faster Ways to Get Around?"
988:
938:
802:
785:
2429:
2098:
2048:
1637:
688:
366:
730:
2308:
2219:
2132:
1771:
1411:
911:
738:
452:
274:
The concept first arose in Sweden. A well-executed trial was conducted in
256:
241:
221:
113:
109:
1435:"Palo Alto prepares to enter 'microtransit' arena with on-demand shuttles"
474:"Making Mobility-as-a-Service: Towards Governance Principles and Pathways"
289:, and the support of the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communication.
2161:
1821:"City of Tampa Launches Mobility as a Service (MaaS) App | City of Tampa"
866:
Dzisi, Emmanuel; Obeng, Daniel Atuah; Tuffour, Yaw Adubofour (May 2021).
552:. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. pp. 3–8.
301:
102:
1569:"Moving MaaS 3: Helsinki Happenings – The Eno Center for Transportation"
1135:"Obama Administration Unveils $ 4B Plan to Jump-Start Self-Driving Cars"
1091:"Driving Forward - What's Beyond Self-Driving Cars? | TechWeekEurope UK"
679:
1628:
1615:
417:
390:
275:
237:
128:
86:
1419:
394:
381:
In 2019 seven MaaS projects were being organized around the country.
196:
1122:. International Transport Forum's Corporate Partnership Board. 2015.
2171:
2156:
721:
297:
225:
180:
176:
172:
70:
783:
591:"Feasibility Study for Mobility as a Service Concept for London"
2364:
425:
192:
163:
The concept is then broken down further into 2 payment models:
2303:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2104:
233:
1613:
2354:
2080:
1848:
1339:"From U-Bahn to e-scooters: Berlin mobility app has it all"
615:"NextCity: Cubic's Vision for the Future of Urban Mobility"
216:
199:
but none yet include taxis/on-demand buses in the service.
331:
136:
could significantly reduce the cost of public transit.
1192:
924:
310:
In September 2019, Berlin's public transport authority
493:
Mladenović, Miloš N. (2021). "Mobility as a Service".
1590:"Bahn verkauft Qixxit an Lastminute » MOViNC.de"
1323:
1161:
Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism
706:
255:
In January 2016, the President of the United States,
1255:"Mobility as a Service – the new transport paradigm"
1410:McGinnis, James; McLaughlin, Preston (2022-01-01).
825:Mladenović, Miloš N.; Haavisto, Noora (June 2021).
790:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
643:Hasselwander, Marc; Bigotte, Joao F. (2023-09-05).
642:
537:(Press release). TechSci Research. 18 January 2016.
1409:
1232:
824:
1887:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies
1158:
865:
550:Towards Connected and Autonomous Vehicle Highways
424:launched a six-month pilot in collaboration with
2427:
1384:"Mobility on Demand (MOD) Sandbox Program | FTA"
206:
101:bank card (or a dedicated travel card called an
2385:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society
1797:"Florida city trials mobility-as-a-service app"
1653:"New MaaS travel service launches in Stockholm"
1207:"E-Mobility as a Service (Half Day Conference)"
547:
294:World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems
1869:
1484:
2375:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge
495:International Encyclopedia of Transportation
1295:"White Paper: Mobility as a Service (MaaS)"
1876:
1862:
1485:Audouin, Maxime; Finger, Matthias (2019).
492:
32:mobility as a service (phones and tablets)
1700:
1627:
1502:
1064:
901:
891:
842:
801:
720:
678:
668:
1132:
702:
700:
698:
365:Qixxit was a nationwide planning app by
108:Most MaaS studies have been done in the
1336:
1067:"A Roadmap for a World Without Drivers"
588:
332:List of current MaaS systems by country
14:
2428:
709:Environmental Science & Technology
262:
56:Travel planning typically begins in a
1857:
1794:
1678:"West Midlands gives MaaS another go"
1675:
1650:
1542:
1519:"SMILE Project in Vienna | TRANSFORM"
1456:
1454:
1405:
1403:
1378:
1376:
695:
63:
2294:Dedicated short-range communications
431:Florida Department of Transportation
119:
1432:
1133:Wagstaff, Keith (14 January 2016).
292:MaaS became a popular topic at the
24:
1981:Automated emergency braking system
1764:
1451:
1400:
1373:
761:"Car Emissions and Global Warming"
649:European Transport Research Review
503:10.1016/B978-0-08-102671-7.10607-4
376:
155:
25:
2452:
2003:Advanced driver-assistance system
1912:Intelligent transportation system
1842:
1795:Carey, Christopher (2022-12-12).
1676:Carey, Christopher (2023-07-07).
1543:Carey, Christopher (2023-09-11).
1337:Busvine, Douglas (Sep 24, 2019).
471:
443:Intelligent transportation system
400:
30:For managing mobile devices, see
27:Internet assisted travel planning
2225:Safe speed automotive common law
1545:"Brussels launches new MaaS app"
1491:Transportation Research Procedia
831:Case Studies on Transport Policy
411:
1917:Context-aware pervasive systems
1813:
1788:
1743:
1719:
1694:
1669:
1644:
1607:
1582:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1478:
1426:
1349:
1330:
1316:
1287:
1273:
1247:
1221:
1199:
1185:
1152:
1126:
1107:
1083:
1058:
1047:from the original on 2015-11-01
1029:
1003:
977:
961:"Bicycle, Car & CarSharing"
953:
918:
859:
818:
777:
2314:Radio-frequency identification
2038:Automated Lane Keeping Systems
1257:. Oct 10, 2015. Archived from
1231:. Oct 10, 2015. Archived from
1065:Rubalcava, Alex (2015-08-26).
1013:. Oct 10, 2015. Archived from
987:. Oct 10, 2015. Archived from
753:
636:
607:
582:
541:
527:
486:
465:
13:
1:
2230:Automated lane keeping system
1971:Lane departure warning system
1304:. Brussels. September 4, 2019
893:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07071
765:Union of Concerned Scientists
458:
207:Impact of autonomous vehicles
2350:American Center for Mobility
2319:Automotive navigation system
2107:, formerly Google Car (2012)
2054:Automotive navigation system
2013:Intelligent speed adaptation
1902:History of self-driving cars
1521:. 2018-09-14. Archived from
1169:10.1007/978-3-7091-7598-9_23
927:Travel Behaviour and Society
621:. 2014-10-21. Archived from
389:UbiGo started as a pilot in
140:vehicles in a MaaS network.
7:
2008:Driver drowsiness detection
1907:Impact of self-driving cars
1504:10.1016/j.trpro.2019.09.003
1193:"Ubigo home page (Swedish)"
558:10.1007/978-3-030-66042-0_1
448:Demand-responsive transport
436:
406:Transport for West Midlands
10:
2457:
2248:Self-driving car liability
2152:Automated guideway transit
1986:Collision avoidance system
1651:Frost, Adam (2019-05-07).
1041:Business Insider Australia
844:10.1016/j.cstp.2021.04.005
670:10.1186/s12544-023-00604-2
360:
352:
344:
336:
211:As the development of the
29:
2393:
2380:Eureka Prometheus Project
2360:European Land-Robot Trial
2338:
2327:
2279:Artificial neural network
2254:
2242:
2235:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
2205:
2142:
2073:
2066:
2026:
1959:
1950:
1927:Smart, connected products
1892:
1281:"Launch of MaaS Alliance"
939:10.1016/j.tbs.2021.09.001
803:10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.033
384:
312:Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe
215:accelerates, the company
2299:Real-time Control System
2178:Freightliner Inspiration
2043:Vehicular ad hoc network
1657:Traffic Technology Today
2127:Yandex self-driving car
2029:the driving environment
1996:Adaptive cruise control
1962:the driving environment
1596:(in German). 2019-07-03
731:10.1021/acs.est.8b00127
83:scooter-sharing systems
79:bicycle-sharing systems
2284:Computer stereo vision
2232:(unece regulation 157)
1960:Human driver monitors
1701:Badzmierowski, Brian.
50:private transportation
2370:DARPA Grand Challenge
2193:Mobility as a service
2143:Buses and commercial
1620:Public Administration
393:and then launched in
75:ridesharing companies
38:Mobility as a service
18:Mobility-as-a-Service
1937:Ambient intelligence
1932:Ubiquitous computing
1163:. pp. 200–210.
589:Kamargianni, Maria.
168:Monthly subscription
2411:Anthony Levandowski
2093:General Motors EN-V
1466:www.transit.dot.gov
1388:www.transit.dot.gov
1361:www.transit.dot.gov
1324:"Mobinet home page"
1283:. October 10, 2015.
1043:. 8 February 2015.
991:on October 23, 2018
884:2021Heliy...707071D
715:(20): 11449–11465.
661:2023ETRR...15...27H
263:Historical timeline
134:autonomous vehicles
99:contactless payment
2188:Self-driving truck
2183:Driverless tractor
2018:Blind spot monitor
1942:Internet of things
1629:10.1111/padm.12933
1439:paloaltoonline.com
1433:Sheyner, Gennady.
1011:"Company web page"
497:. pp. 12–18.
64:Trend towards MaaS
2441:Transport culture
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2289:Image recognition
2201:
2200:
2062:
2061:
1976:Automatic parking
1885:Self-driving cars
1776:Engage Pittsburgh
1731:ITS International
1261:on August 5, 2017
1178:978-3-211-82798-7
1095:TechWeekEurope UK
567:978-3-030-66041-3
512:978-0-08-102672-4
369:. It was sold to
120:Potential impacts
91:self-driving cars
16:(Redirected from
2448:
2336:
2335:
2087:Spirit of Berlin
2071:
2070:
2027:System monitors
1957:
1956:
1922:Mobile computing
1878:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:10.21949/1520693
1407:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:on March 5, 2016
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
981:
975:
974:
972:
971:
957:
951:
950:
922:
916:
915:
905:
895:
863:
857:
856:
846:
822:
816:
815:
805:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
757:
751:
750:
724:
704:
693:
692:
682:
672:
640:
634:
633:
631:
630:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
595:
586:
580:
579:
545:
539:
538:
531:
525:
524:
490:
484:
483:
481:
480:
469:
287:Aalto University
269:ENTER conference
21:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2389:
2342:
2340:
2339:Organizations,
2331:
2330:Projects &
2329:
2328:Organizations,
2323:
2256:
2250:
2238:
2197:
2144:
2138:
2121:LUTZ Pathfinder
2058:
2030:
2028:
2022:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1326:. Oct 10, 2015.
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1235:on May 24, 2016
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1209:. June 26, 2012
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:. Oct 10, 2015.
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
983:
982:
978:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
923:
919:
864:
860:
823:
819:
782:
778:
769:
767:
759:
758:
754:
705:
696:
641:
637:
628:
626:
613:
612:
608:
598:
596:
593:
587:
583:
568:
546:
542:
533:
532:
528:
513:
491:
487:
478:
476:
470:
466:
461:
439:
414:
403:
387:
379:
377:The Netherlands
363:
355:
347:
339:
334:
265:
209:
158:
156:Payment methods
122:
66:
58:journey planner
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:Alberto Broggi
2403:
2401:Harold Goddijn
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2111:Tesla Model S
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2031:(Levels 3,4,5)
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1991:Cruise control
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1964:(Levels 0,1,2)
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:External links
1841:
1838:
1837:
1812:
1787:
1763:
1742:
1718:
1693:
1668:
1643:
1606:
1581:
1560:
1535:
1510:
1477:
1450:
1425:
1399:
1372:
1348:
1329:
1315:
1286:
1272:
1246:
1220:
1198:
1184:
1177:
1151:
1125:
1106:
1082:
1071:Alex Rubalcava
1057:
1028:
1002:
976:
952:
917:
858:
837:(2): 851–859.
817:
776:
752:
694:
635:
606:
581:
566:
540:
526:
511:
485:
472:Smith, Göran.
463:
462:
460:
457:
456:
455:
450:
445:
438:
435:
433:and the city.
413:
410:
402:
401:United Kingdom
399:
386:
383:
378:
375:
371:lastminute.com
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
324:
264:
261:
230:General Motors
213:autonomous car
208:
205:
157:
154:
121:
118:
65:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2453:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Navia shuttle
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:MadeInGermany
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Connected car
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:Overview and
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:MaaS Alliance
1847:
1846:
1826:
1825:www.tampa.gov
1822:
1816:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1525:on 2018-09-14
1524:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1302:MaaS Alliance
1296:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1016:
1012:
1006:
990:
986:
980:
966:
962:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
885:
881:
878:(5): e07071.
877:
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
813:
809:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
766:
762:
756:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
703:
701:
699:
690:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
625:on 2017-08-03
624:
620:
619:www.cubic.com
616:
610:
592:
585:
577:
573:
569:
563:
559:
555:
551:
544:
536:
530:
522:
518:
514:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
475:
468:
464:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
432:
427:
423:
419:
412:United States
409:
407:
398:
396:
392:
382:
374:
372:
368:
367:Deutsche Bahn
358:
350:
342:
325:
321:
320:
319:
315:
313:
308:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
279:
277:
272:
270:
260:
258:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
204:
200:
198:
194:
189:
188:Pay-as-you-go
184:
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
161:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
130:
125:
117:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
61:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2436:As a service
2309:Eye tracking
2257:technologies
2220:IEEE 802.11p
2133:Honda Legend
2112:
1829:. Retrieved
1827:. 2022-12-12
1824:
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1801:Cities Today
1800:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1755:. Retrieved
1753:. 2023-12-07
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1682:Cities Today
1681:
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1646:
1619:
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1573:. Retrieved
1571:. 2023-12-07
1563:
1552:. Retrieved
1549:Cities Today
1548:
1538:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1513:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1318:
1308:December 14,
1306:. Retrieved
1301:
1289:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1223:
1213:December 14,
1211:. Retrieved
1201:
1187:
1160:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1040:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
979:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
930:
926:
920:
875:
871:
861:
834:
830:
820:
793:
789:
779:
768:. Retrieved
764:
755:
712:
708:
680:10316/111615
652:
648:
638:
627:. Retrieved
623:the original
618:
609:
597:. Retrieved
584:
549:
543:
529:
494:
488:
477:. Retrieved
467:
453:as a service
415:
404:
388:
380:
364:
356:
348:
340:
316:
309:
306:
291:
284:
280:
273:
266:
257:Barack Obama
254:
250:
246:
242:Local Motors
210:
201:
187:
185:
167:
165:
162:
159:
150:
146:
142:
138:
126:
123:
114:Global South
110:Global North
107:
95:
67:
55:
41:
37:
36:
2215:Legislation
2162:ParkShuttle
985:"Home page"
302:white paper
112:but in the
103:Oyster card
2430:Categories
2343:and events
2207:Regulation
1952:SAE Levels
1831:2023-12-14
1806:2023-12-14
1781:2023-12-11
1772:"Move PGH"
1757:2023-12-11
1736:2023-12-12
1712:2023-12-12
1687:2023-12-11
1662:2023-12-12
1600:2023-12-11
1575:2023-12-12
1554:2023-12-11
1529:2023-12-12
1471:2022-10-20
1444:2022-10-20
1414:(Report).
1393:2022-10-20
1366:2022-10-20
1265:August 16,
1239:August 16,
1100:2016-02-29
1076:2017-12-11
1051:2015-11-02
1021:August 16,
995:August 16,
970:2016-02-29
965:www.gvh.de
770:2016-02-29
722:1901.10581
629:2016-02-29
479:2020-09-25
459:References
418:Pittsburgh
391:Gothenburg
276:Gothenburg
129:Gothenburg
87:carsharing
81:programs,
2341:projects
2255:Enabling
2243:Liability
2115:Autopilot
1638:0033-3298
947:239334558
933:: 18–27.
853:234851464
812:181893706
796:: 35–49.
689:1866-8887
655:(1): 27.
576:238013009
521:242133419
395:Stockholm
373:in 2019.
197:Stuttgart
2172:NuTonomy
2157:CAVForth
2145:vehicles
2067:Vehicles
1707:Westword
1497:: 6–16.
1139:NBC News
1045:Archived
912:34136679
747:52174043
739:30192527
437:See also
298:Bordeaux
296:2015 in
226:Mobileye
181:Helsinki
1895:context
1343:Reuters
1144:21 July
903:8176316
880:Bibcode
872:Heliyon
657:Bibcode
361:Germany
353:Finland
345:Belgium
337:Austria
177:Germany
173:Hanover
71:carpool
2394:People
2365:Navlab
2332:People
2135:(2021)
2129:(2017)
2123:(2015)
2117:(2015)
2101:(2011)
2095:(2010)
2089:(2007)
2083:(1994)
1636:
1594:MOViNC
1175:
945:
910:
900:
851:
810:
745:
737:
687:
599:Jun 1,
574:
564:
519:
509:
426:Moovit
385:Sweden
240:, and
193:Vienna
46:public
2304:rFpro
2274:LIDAR
2269:Laser
2264:Radar
2105:Waymo
2045:(V2V)
1298:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
943:S2CID
849:S2CID
808:S2CID
743:S2CID
717:arXiv
594:(PDF)
572:S2CID
517:S2CID
422:Tampa
238:Apple
234:Waymo
222:Tesla
2355:DAVI
2174:taxi
2113:with
2081:VaMP
2074:Cars
1634:ISSN
1310:2021
1267:2018
1241:2018
1215:2021
1173:ISBN
1146:2016
1023:2018
997:2018
908:PMID
735:PMID
685:ISSN
601:2015
562:ISBN
507:ISBN
217:Uber
195:and
186:The
166:The
85:and
73:and
48:and
42:MaaS
1624:doi
1499:doi
1416:doi
1165:doi
935:doi
898:PMC
888:doi
839:doi
798:doi
794:131
727:doi
675:hdl
665:doi
554:doi
499:doi
2432::
1823:.
1799:.
1774:.
1729:.
1705:.
1680:.
1655:.
1632:.
1622:.
1618:.
1592:.
1547:.
1495:41
1493:.
1489:.
1464:.
1453:^
1437:.
1402:^
1386:.
1375:^
1359:.
1341:.
1300:.
1171:.
1137:.
1093:.
1069:.
1039:.
963:.
941:.
931:26
929:.
906:.
896:.
886:.
874:.
870:.
847:.
833:.
829:.
806:.
792:.
788:.
763:.
741:.
733:.
725:.
713:52
711:.
697:^
683:.
673:.
663:.
653:15
651:.
647:.
617:.
570:.
560:.
515:.
505:.
397:.
271:.
244:.
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
175:,
77:,
1877:e
1870:t
1863:v
1834:.
1809:.
1784:.
1760:.
1739:.
1715:.
1690:.
1665:.
1640:.
1626::
1603:.
1578:.
1557:.
1532:.
1507:.
1501::
1474:.
1447:.
1422:.
1418::
1396:.
1369:.
1345:.
1312:.
1269:.
1243:.
1217:.
1181:.
1167::
1148:.
1103:.
1079:.
1054:.
1025:.
999:.
973:.
949:.
937::
914:.
890::
882::
876:7
855:.
841::
835:9
814:.
800::
773:.
749:.
729::
719::
691:.
677::
667::
659::
632:.
603:.
578:.
556::
523:.
501::
482:.
40:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.