945:
493:
303:
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397:
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38:
808:, built between 990 and 1010, which has two minarets at its corners. The two towers have slightly different shapes: both have square bases but one has a cylindrical shaft above this and the other an octagonal shaft. This multi-tier design was only found in the minarets of the great mosques at Mecca and Medina at that time, suggesting a possible link to those designs. Shortly after their construction, the lower sections of the minarets were encased in massive square bastions, for reasons that are not clearly known, and the tops were rebuilt in 1303 by a
451:
1222:, a successor state of the Seljuk Empire, built paired portal minarets from brick that had Iranian origins. In general, mosques in Anatolia had only one minaret and received decorative emphasis while most of the mosque remained plain. Seljuk minarets were built of stone or brick, usually resting on a stone base, and typically had a cylindrical or polygonal shaft that is less slender than later Ottoman minarets. They were sometimes embellished with decorative brickwork or glazed ceramic decoration up the level of their balconies.
470:
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counterclockwise fashion. Some minarets have two or three narrow staircases fitted inside one another in order to allow multiple individuals to safely descend and ascend simultaneously. At the top of the stairs, a balcony encircles the upper sections of the tower and from here the muezzin may give the call to prayer. Some minaret traditions featured multiple balconies along the tower's shaft. The summit often finishes in a
4045:
1282:
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1268:
671:
383:. Different architectural traditions also placed minarets at different positions relative to the mosque. The number of minarets by mosques was also not fixed: originally only one minaret accompanied a mosque, but some later traditions constructed more, especially for larger or more prestigious mosques.
1228:
followed earlier Seljuk models and continued the
Iranian tradition of cylindrical tapering minaret forms with a square base. Classical Ottoman minarets are described as "pencil-shaped" due to their slenderness and sharply-pointed summits, often topped with a crescent moon symbol. The presence of more
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period (late 14th to early 16th centuries) typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level. The stone-carved decoration of the minaret also became very extensive and varied from minaret to minaret. Minarets with
591:
References on
Islamic architecture since the late 20th century often agree with Bloom's view that the mosques of the Umayyad Caliphate did not have minarets in the form of towers. Instead of towers, some Umayyad mosques were built with platforms or shelters above their roofs that were accessed by a
386:
Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region. In the construction of the tall and slender
Ottoman minarets, molten iron was poured into pre-cut cavities inside the stones, which then solidified and helped to bind the stones together. This
374:
The region's socio-cultural context has influenced the shape, size, and form of minarets. Different regions and periods developed different styles of minarets. Typically, the tower's shaft has a cylindrical, cuboid (square), or octagonal shape. Stairs or ramps inside the tower climb to the top in a
365:
wall. Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer. They served as a reminder that the region was
Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture. They also acted as symbols of the political and religious authority of the
1004:
The oldest minarets in Iraq date from the
Abbasid period. The Great Mosque of Samarra (848–852) is accompanied by one of the earliest preserved minarets, a 50-metre-high (160 ft) cylindrical brick tower with a spiral staircase wrapped around it, standing outside the walls of the mosque. It is
1142:
rule, is the oldest minaret in North Africa and one of the oldest minarets in the world. It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters. The first two levels are from the original 9th-century construction but the third
2022:
Although the mosques of
Damascus, Fustat and Medina had towers during the Umayyad period it is now generally agreed that the minaret was introduced during the Abbasid period (i.e. after 750 CE). Six mosques dated to the early ninth century all have a single tower or minaret attached to the wall
571:, contributed a major study on the question in 1926 which then became the standard scholarly theory on the origin of minarets for roughly fifty years.Creswell attributed the origin of minaret towers to the influence of Syrian church towers and regarded the spiral or helicoidal minarets of the
659:, at each of the mosque's four corners. However, it is not clear what function these towers served. They do not appear to have been used for the call to prayer and may have been intended instead as visual symbols of the mosque's status. Historical sources also reference an earlier
746:, generally refrained from building them during these early centuries. The earliest evidence of minarets being used for hosting the call to prayer dates to the 10th century and it was only towards the 11th century that minaret towers became a near-universal feature of mosques.
686:
during its
Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century. In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques. These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1. One of the
976:, which heavily patronized art and architecture, led to what is now called the "international Timurid" style which spread from Central Asia during and after the 15th century. It is categorized by the use of multiple minarets. Examples of this style include the monuments of
1243:, finished in 1447, was the first sultanic mosque to have multiple minarets with multiple balconies. Of its four minarets, the northwestern minaret was the tallest Ottoman minaret up to that time, rising to 67 metres. Its height was only surpassed by the minarets of the
1005:
the tallest of the early minarets of the
Abbasid period and remains the most massive historic minaret in the world, involving over 6000 cubic meters of brick masonry. The Abu Dulaf Mosque, built near Samarra and finished in 861, has a smaller minaret of similar shape.
960:
In later periods, however, minarets in this region became generally less monumental in comparison with the mosques for which they were built. The tradition of building pairs of minarets probably began in the 12th century, but it became especially prominent under the
742:. Their association with the muezzin and the call to prayer only developed later. As the first minaret towers were built by the Abbasids and had a symbolic value associated with them, some of the Islamic regimes opposed to the Abbasids, such as the
575:
period as deriving from local ziggurat precedents, but rejected the possible influence of the Pharos
Lighthouse. He also established that the earliest mosques had no minarets and he suggested that the first purpose-built minarets were built for the
2023:
opposite the mihrab. The purpose of the minaret in these mosques was to demonstrate the power of
Abbasid religious authority. Those opposed to Abbasid power would not adopt this symbol of conformity, thus Fatimid mosques did not have towers.
1247:
in Edirne (1574), which are 70.89 meters tall and are the tallest minarets in Ottoman architecture. Later Ottoman minarets also became plainer and more uniform in design. The trend of multiple minarets culminated in the six minarets of the
803:
imitated the spiral minarets of contemporary Abbasid Samarra, though the current tower was reconstructed later in 1296. Under the Fatimids (10th-12th centuries), new mosques generally lacked minarets. One unusual exception is the
819:(late 12th to mid-13th centuries), the details of minarets borrowed from Fatimid designs. Most distinctively, the summits of minarets had a lantern structure topped by a pointed ribbed dome, whose appearance was compared to a
1016:
period, minarets were typically cylindrical brick towers whose square or polygonal bases were integrated into the structure of the mosque itself. Their main cylindrical shafts were tapered and culminated in
551:. Some scholars, such as A. J. Butler and Hermann Thiersch, agreed that the Syrian minarets were derived from church towers but also argued that the minarets of Egypt were inspired by the form of the
831:. They became very ornate and usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. This configuration was particularly characteristic of
588:
published a new study which argued that the first true minaret towers did not appear until the 9th century, under Abbasid rule, and that their initial purpose was not related to the call to prayer.
1163:
and may have also been aimed at defying the rival Fatimid Caliphs to the east who did not endorse the construction of minarets at the time. Other important historic minarets in the region are the
1095:) traditionally have a square shaft and are arranged in two tiers: the main shaft, which makes up most of its height, and a much smaller secondary tower above this which is in turn topped by a
902:). During the Seljuk period minarets were tall and highly decorated with geometric and calligraphic design. They were built prolifically, even at smaller mosques or mosque complexes. The
727:(861). The earlier theory which proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats has been challenged and rejected by some later scholars including
839:(circa 1340) is the first one to have an entirely octagonal shaft and the first one to end with a narrow lantern structure consisting of eight slender columns topped by a bulbous stone
1023:
cornices supporting a balcony, above which is another small cylindrical turret topped by a dome. Two examples of this style are the Mosque of al-Khaffafin and the Mosque of Qumriyya.
2104:
Hillenbrand, Robert; Burton-Page, J.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P. (1960–2007). "Manār, Manāra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
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than one minaret, and of larger minarets, was reserved for mosques commissioned by the Ottoman sultans themselves. Taller minarets often also had multiple balconies (known as
1099:
of copper or brass spheres. Some minarets in the Maghreb have octagonal shafts, though this is more characteristic of certain regions or periods; e.g. the minarets of the
894:
had cylindrical shafts with square or octagonal bases that taper towards their summit. These minarets became the most common style in the eastern Islamic world (in Iran,
738:
Bloom also argues that the early Abbasid minarets were not built to host the call to prayer, but were instead adopted as symbols of Islam that were suited to important
771:. Its circular shaft and the double staircase arrangement inside it resembles the minarets of Iranian and Central Asian architecture, such as the Minaret of Jam.
667:
in 665 by the Umayyad provincial governor, but it is not entirely clear if it was a tower or what form it had, though it must have had a monumental appearance.
207:, but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence. They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires.
699:, built in 836 and well-preserved today. Other minarets that date from the same period, but less precisely dated, include the minaret of the Friday Mosque of
411:
3213:
314:
call to prayer from the balcony of a minaret, 1878. Usually only one muezzin chants the azan from the balcony, back straight and not leaning on the railing.
2189:
707:(known as the "Minaret of the Bride"), now the oldest minaret in the region of Syria (though its upper section was probably rebuilt multiple times). In
604:("monk's cell", due to its small size). An example of these platforms is documented during the reconstruction of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in 673 by
2050:
Hartmuth, Maximilian (2018). "Mosque-building on the Ottoman-Venetian Frontier, circa 1550–1650: The Phenomenon of Square-Tower Minarets Revisited".
1690:
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431:
396:
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4015:
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has suggested that Abd ar-Rahman III's construction of the minaret – along with his sponsoring of other minarets around the same time in
3443:
1347:
More specifically, referring to a small room or cell, with a pointed or tapering form, where a Christian monk would seclude himself.
1984:
1896:
910:
remains the most well known of the Seljuk minarets for its use of brick patterned decoration. The tallest minaret of this era, the
620:
above each of the Roman-era towers at its four corners. Historical sources also mention such features in mosques in other parts of
3959:
4082:
1338:
is the direction of prayer for Muslims, and "qibla wall" of a mosque refers to the wall towards which Muslims face when praying.
328:. The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night. In most modern mosques, the
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2868:
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1963:
1934:
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The origin of the minaret is unclear. Many 19th-century and early 20th-century scholars traced the origin of minarets to the
2272:
Bloom, Jonathan M. (2019). "Minaret". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
469:
3954:
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is the Tower of Light, also known as the Guangta minaret (1350). The mosque and the minaret merge aspects of Islamic and
512:
lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures. The early Muslim community of
1924:
2916:
2710:
1568:
379:-like structure and/or a small dome, conical roof, or curving stone cap, which is in turn topped by a decorative metal
278:, which has a meaning related to "light". Both words also had other meanings attested during the early Islamic period:
2751:
Ewert, Christian (1992). "The Architectural Heritage of Islamic Spain in North Africa". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
1951:
641:
520:, which doubled as a place for prayer, and this continued to be the practice in mosques during the period of the four
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2338:
2310:
2281:
2229:
2199:
2163:
2138:
2113:
2015:
1673:
1608:
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for the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 951–952, which became the model for later minarets in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.
2752:
2129:
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (1991). "Maslama b. Muk̲h̲allad".
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completely square or rectangular shafts reappeared at the very end of the Mamluk period during the reign of Sultan
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996:. Elsewhere in India, some cities and towns along the coast have small mosques with simple staircase minarets.
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3995:
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staircase and from which the muezzins could issue the call to prayer. These structures were referred to as a
859:(r. 1501–1516). During al-Ghuri's reign, the lantern summits were also doubled – as with the minaret of the
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4097:
4087:
4010:
3990:
3985:
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Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002).
944:
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Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
1100:
3388:
836:
784:
1236:
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2705:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
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856:
612:, who was given orders by the caliph to add one to each of the mosque's four corners, similar to the
255:
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3012:
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or al-Ghuri's minaret at the al-Azhar Mosque – or even quadrupled – as with the original minaret of
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The first known minarets built as towers appeared under Abbasid rule. Four towers were added to the
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3147:
1305:
1131:. Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top of the minaret.
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The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections
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2830:"Challenging the Hagia Sophia: The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne as Ottoman Empire Branding"
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found in Syria in those times. Others suggested that these towers were inspired by the
1836:
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827:(13th to early 14th century), but soon began to evolve into the shapes distinctive to
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1798:"Traditional Turkish minarets on the basis of architectural and engineering concepts"
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2625:"Islam beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean"
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in Medina in the early 8th century, during which he built a tower, referred to as a
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224:
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59:
2356:"Fragmentation and the Rival Caliphates of Cordoba, Cairo, and Baghdad (900–1050)"
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Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800
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3696:
3546:
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3168:
1894:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I".
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Doğangün, Adem; İskender Tuluk, Ö; Livaoğlu, Ramazan; Acar, Ramazan. (May 2002).
1120:
1092:
985:
843:. This style later became the basic standard form of Cairene minarets, while the
816:
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703:, now the oldest minaret in Iran, and the minaret opposite the qibla wall at the
683:
457:
246:
125:
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3736:
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1982:(March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt".
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purpose. In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the
250:
194:
42:
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A possible exception to the absence of tower minarets is documented in Caliph
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The formal function of a minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the
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3531:
3516:
2400:
2103:
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level was reconstructed at a later period. Another important minaret for the
1031:
1013:
941:, was built in 1199 and was designed on the same model as the Minaret of Jam.
851:
824:
605:
1367:
4062:
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1159:– was partly intended as a visual symbol of his self-declared authority as
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minaret behind its northern wall. Its design was repeated in the nearby
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Starting with the Seljuk period (11th and 12th centuries), minarets in
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made the structures more resistant to earthquakes and powerful winds.
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could also mean a "sign" or "mark" (to show one where to go) and both
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3612:
3594:
3363:
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3231:
3178:
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Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).
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993:
962:
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992:(1628-1638), and the four minarets surrounding the mausoleum of the
274:), means "a place of light". Both words derive from the Arabic root
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1823:
Architectural and Structural Behavior Domes in Islamic Architecture
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340:
46:
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al Safran, Mansour; Ghanaman, Shehdeh; Abu Awward, Bassam (2019).
965:(13th-14th centuries), who built twin minarets flanking important
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3741:
3731:
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1825:. American Research Institute for Policy Development. p. 43.
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gave the call to prayer from the doorway or roof of the house of
501:
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418:
319:
311:
242:
223:. The English word "minaret" originates from the former, via the
204:
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2728:
Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia
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Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and its Culture
2154:
Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Damascus".
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1212:
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2435:(7th ed.). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
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Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Minaret".
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and features elaborate brick decoration and inscriptions. The
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Example of a lantern structure at the top of a minaret at the
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2757:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 85–96.
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period (661–750) and believed that they imitated the church
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3393:
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1820:
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823:, or incense burner. This design continued under the early
795:
The style of minarets has varied throughout the history of
712:
113:
104:
83:
74:
787:(1340), the earliest example of a style repeated in later
98:
68:
1215:(1574), which features the four tallest Ottoman minarets
984:, such as the minarets on the roof of the south gate in
215:
Two Arabic words are used to denote the minaret tower:
2156:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
1451:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
719:
was built in the years 848–852 and featured a massive
711:, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in present-day
2354:
Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
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Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017).
870:
180:
107:
101:
71:
62:
2656:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2627:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2568:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
2536:. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.).
1263:
357:
Additionally, minarets historically served a visual
338:
330:
193:. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim
152:
139:
116:
110:
86:
80:
2836:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 126.
1956:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
1235:in Turkish) along their shafts instead of one. The
504:, one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world
95:
92:
77:
65:
2660:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326.
2572:. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 811–845.
2534:"Turko-Persian Empires between Anatolia and India"
2477:
2305:. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 622–625.
2385:"THE RESTORATION OF THE AL-ḤĀKIM MOSQUE IN CAIRO"
1601:Islamic Architecture: Form, function, and meaning
4074:
2832:. In Krawietz, Birgit; Riedler, Florian (eds.).
2730:(2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF.
2501:
2450:
1385:
1383:
2778:Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
2777:
2433:Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide
663:, built of stone, being added to the mosque of
254:. It is assumed to be a derivation of an older
2505:Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
2353:
2296:
1195:, all from the 12th and early 13th centuries.
2917:
2702:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art
2596:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995).
2566:"The Mughals, Uzbeks, and the Timurid Legacy"
2475:
2362:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. p. 221.
1453:. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–533.
1380:
1230:
425:, which has ascending ramps instead of stairs
228:
2563:
2299:"Islamic Architecture and Ornament in China"
2037:Minaret building and apprenticeship in Yemen
567:and important early-20th-century scholar of
2658:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2629:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2599:The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800
2570:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2538:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2360:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
2303:A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture
1598:
1391:"Miranet Function, Design & Importance"
1012:period (11th to 13th centuries), after the
559:(which survived up until medieval times).
2924:
2910:
2595:
2476:Fraenkel, J.; Sadan, J. (April 24, 2012).
2455:. The American University in Cairo Press.
2328:
2153:
1972:
1884:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1448:
678:has a distinctive spiral minaret (848–852)
369:
2654:"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate"
2531:
2249:"Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"
1952:"Creswell and the Origins of the Minaret"
1563:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1026:
2931:
2622:
2430:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2049:
2034:
2005:
1985:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1978:
1897:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
1890:
1663:
1202:
1030:
943:
874:
778:
669:
491:
301:
36:
2881:"The Minaret, Symbol of a Civilization"
2827:
2802:
2683:
2508:. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill.
2497:
2495:
2493:
2224:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press.
2001:
1999:
1707:
1603:. New York: Columbia University Press.
14:
4075:
2679:
2677:
2651:
2559:
2557:
2527:
2525:
2484:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2446:
2444:
2442:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2333:. American University of Cairo Press.
2265:
2221:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250
2213:
2211:
2131:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2106:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1958:. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 55–58.
1922:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
2905:
2750:
2631:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 765–766.
2591:
2589:
2324:
2322:
2271:
2243:
2241:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2078:
2035:Marchand, Trevor Hugh James (2012) .
1949:
1766:
1764:
1718:
1691:"Introduction to mosque architecture"
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
241:) originally meant a "lamp stand", a
2754:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
2688:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
2532:Crane, Howard; Korn, Lorenz (2017).
2490:
2382:
2147:
2122:
1996:
1770:
1622:
1620:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
402:Inside the stairway of a minaret in
189:typically built into or adjacent to
2771:
2744:
2692:
2686:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
2674:
2564:Golombek, Lisa; Koch, Ebba (2017).
2554:
2522:
2439:
2415:
2208:
1688:
1252:(also known as the Blue Mosque) in
1145:architectural history of the region
170:
145:
129:
24:
3960:Influences on Western architecture
2853:
2719:
2586:
2469:
2319:
2238:
2172:
2008:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
1789:
1761:
1666:Dictionary of Islamic architecture
1644:
1585:
1407:
914:, in a remote area of present-day
871:Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia
749:
391:Elements of typical minaret design
25:
4129:
2874:
2807:. New York: Thames & Hudson.
2805:A History of Ottoman Architecture
1617:
1491:
1051:(region encompassing present-day
937:, the most monumental minaret in
799:. The minaret of the 9th-century
322:can issue the call to prayer, or
4056:
4043:
3131:
2540:. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell.
2502:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989).
2451:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007).
2253:Qantara - Mediterranean Heritage
1280:
1266:
1123:minarets of Tunisia such as the
969:such as the mosque's entrance.
624:. In another example, under the
468:
449:
430:
410:
395:
58:
27:Architectural feature of mosques
3929:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
2821:
2796:
2645:
2623:Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2017).
2616:
2376:
2347:
2290:
2043:
2028:
2010:. Routledge. pp. 187–188.
1943:
1916:
1853:
1829:
1814:
1737:
1682:
1668:. Routledge. pp. 187–190.
1341:
610:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
4083:Islamic architectural elements
2894:New International Encyclopedia
1467:
1360:
1328:
691:still standing is that of the
366:Muslim rulers who built them.
13:
1:
2274:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
2039:. Routledge. pp. 22, 37.
1354:
1311:2009 Swiss minaret referendum
1043:(second half of 12th century)
919:
4021:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
1923:Netton, Ian Richard (2013).
1866:, pg. 201. Jubilee edition.
1771:Gamm, Niki (March 9, 2013).
1599:Hillenbrand, Robert (1994).
988:(1613), the minarets on the
297:
210:
7:
2863:, Oxford University Press.
2780:Islam: Art and Architecture
2431:Williams, Caroline (2018).
2188:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
2158:. Oxford University Press.
1950:Bloom, Jonathan M. (1991).
1628:"Mosque | place of worship"
1559:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013).
1259:
1101:Great Mosque of Chefchaouen
948:One of the minarets of the
847:-style summit disappeared.
339:
331:
181:
153:
140:
10:
4134:
3389:Islamic geometric patterns
2859:Jonathan M. Bloom (1989),
2064:10.1163/22118993_03501P008
1929:. Routledge. p. 418.
1749:World History Encyclopedia
1479:World History Encyclopedia
636:ordered the addition of a
487:
29:
4034:
3978:
3947:
3921:
3871:
3823:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
3800:
3684:
3677:
3603:
3560:
3509:
3457:
3335:
3251:
3202:
3140:
3129:
3110:
3103:
2939:
2803:Goodwin, Godfrey (1971).
2684:Marçais, Georges (1954).
2602:. Yale University Press.
2194:. Yale University Press.
2006:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1954:. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.).
1664:Petersen, Andrew (1996).
1373:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1198:
437:An ornate balcony at the
3939:Museum with No Frontiers
2861:Minaret, symbol of Islam
2828:Geisler, Philip (2019).
2383:King, James Roy (1984).
2329:O'Kane, Bernard (2016).
1837:"Minaret | architecture"
1773:"How to build a minaret"
1723:. University of Oxford.
1719:Bloom, Jonathan (1989).
1321:
1306:List of tallest minarets
1147:is the minaret built by
1136:Great Mosque of Kairouan
986:Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra
774:
754:
705:Great Mosque of Damascus
693:Great Mosque of Kairouan
614:Great Mosque of Damascus
498:Great Mosque of Kairouan
32:Minaret (disambiguation)
4050:Architecture portal
2652:Tabbaa, Yasser (2017).
1841:Encyclopedia Britannica
1721:Minaret Symbol of Islam
1632:Encyclopedia Britannica
1316:List of tallest mosques
1301:List of oldest minarets
999:
717:Great Mosque of Samarra
676:Great Mosque of Samarra
642:Great Mosque of Cordoba
578:Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
370:Construction and design
354:system on the minaret.
4093:Architectural elements
3955:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3355:(multicoloured ashlar)
2133:. Brill. p. 740.
1926:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1231:
1216:
1117:Great Mosque of Asilah
1103:, the Great Mosque of
1044:
1027:Maghreb and al-Andalus
957:
887:
861:Mosque of Qanibay Qara
850:Later minarets in the
792:
740:congregational mosques
735:, and Jonathan Bloom.
679:
505:
315:
229:
162:
49:
3692:Congregational mosque
3150:(four-arch structure)
1206:
1167:-era minarets of the
1138:, built in 836 under
1129:Hammouda Pacha Mosque
1034:
947:
878:
835:. The minaret of the
782:
684:Great Mosque of Mecca
673:
651:'s renovation of the
495:
305:
40:
4113:Architecture in Iran
4016:Ottoman architecture
4006:Moorish architecture
4001:Islamic architecture
3996:Iranian architecture
3419:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
3273:(or müezzin mahfili)
2933:Islamic architecture
2331:The Mosques of Egypt
1872:Stacey International
1226:Ottoman architecture
769:Chinese architecture
729:Richard Ettinghausen
569:Islamic architecture
30:For other uses, see
4108:Islamic terminology
4098:Arabic architecture
4088:Mosque architecture
4053: •
4040: •
4026:Yemeni architecture
4011:Mughal architecture
3991:Berber architecture
3986:Arabic architecture
3650:Salsabil (fountain)
3384:Islamic calligraphy
1777:Hürriyet Daily News
1288:Architecture portal
1250:Sultan Ahmed Mosque
1134:The minaret at the
982:Indian subcontinent
978:Mughal architecture
829:Mamluk architecture
608:'s local governor,
475:Example of a metal
336:is called from the
233:). The Arabic word
3727:Kuttab (or maktab)
1980:Creswell, K. A. C.
1892:Creswell, K. A. C.
1237:Üç Şerefeli Mosque
1220:The Seljuks of Rum
1217:
1125:Youssef Dey Mosque
1119:in Morocco or the
1045:
958:
888:
865:al-Ghuri's madrasa
837:al-Maridani Mosque
806:Mosque of al-Hakim
793:
785:al-Maridani Mosque
761:Huaishengsi Mosque
680:
506:
346:(prayer hall) via
316:
262:. The other word,
50:
4070:
4069:
3917:
3916:
3673:
3672:
3660:Shading Umbrellas
3444:Stucco decoration
3344:For overview, see
3159:Four-centred arch
2869:978-0-19-728013-3
2843:978-3-11-063908-7
1965:978-90-04-09372-0
1936:978-1-135-17960-1
1689:Weisbin, Kendra.
1149:Abd ar-Rahman III
1075:) and historical
561:K. A. C. Creswell
553:Pharos Lighthouse
529:Umayyad Caliphate
310:depiction of the
179:
151:
138:
16:(Redirected from
4125:
4118:Religious towers
4063:Islam portal
4061:
4060:
4059:
4048:
4047:
3682:
3681:
3347:Islamic ornament
3226:South Asian dome
3154:Discharging arch
3135:
3108:
3107:
2952:Anatolian Seljuk
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2898:
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2723:
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1913:
1904:(276): 134–140.
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1234:
1169:Kutubiyya Mosque
1047:Minarets in the
1037:Kutubiyya Mosque
990:Tomb of Jahangir
972:The rise of the
924:
921:
801:Ibn Tulun Mosque
725:Abu Dulaf Mosque
653:Prophet's Mosque
584:in 673. In 1989
522:Rashidun Caliphs
472:
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150:romanized:
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3965:Moorish Revival
3943:
3913:
3879:Albarrana tower
3867:
3796:
3783:in modern Iran)
3697:Dar al-Muwaqqit
3669:
3620:(fountain type)
3605:
3599:
3562:
3556:
3547:Reflecting pool
3542:Persian gardens
3537:Paradise garden
3505:
3482:(entrance hall)
3453:
3409:Nagash painting
3331:
3253:
3247:
3198:
3169:Lambrequin arch
3136:
3127:
3099:
3070:Sudano-Sahelian
2935:
2930:
2888:"Minaret"
2885:
2877:
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2854:Further reading
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2797:
2790:
2782:. h.f.ullmann.
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2389:Islamic Studies
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1245:Selimiye Mosque
1209:Selimiye Mosque
1201:
1093:Southern France
1035:Minaret of the
1029:
1002:
922:
873:
783:Minaret of the
777:
757:
752:
750:Regional styles
689:oldest minarets
626:Umayyad Emirate
596:("place of the
496:Minaret of the
490:
483:
473:
464:
458:Badshahi Mosque
454:
445:
435:
426:
415:
406:
400:
372:
300:
213:
185:) is a type of
91:
61:
57:
41:Minaret at the
35:
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3979:Category pages
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3527:Islamic garden
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371:
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299:
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212:
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195:call to prayer
43:Umayyad Mosque
26:
9:
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1173:Kasbah Mosque
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1109:Kasbah Mosque
1106:
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1079:(present-day
1078:
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826:
825:Bahri Mamluks
822:
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813:
811:
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511:
508:The earliest
503:
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304:
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281:
277:
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269:
265:
261:
257:
256:reconstructed
253:
252:
248:
244:
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236:
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226:
222:
218:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
188:
183:
177:
168:
164:
160:
155:
144:, or Arabic:
142:
136:
127:
121:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4054:
4041:
4038:Islamic arts
3818:Caravanserai
3343:
3311:
3297:Loudspeakers
3222:Persian dome
3184:Pointed arch
2982:Indo-Islamic
2972:Great Seljuk
2892:
2860:
2833:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2657:
2647:
2628:
2618:
2598:
2569:
2537:
2504:
2483:
2471:
2452:
2432:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2359:
2349:
2330:
2302:
2292:
2273:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2220:
2190:
2155:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2105:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2007:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1955:
1945:
1925:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1863:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1802:ResearchGate
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1739:
1720:
1698:. Retrieved
1695:Khan Academy
1694:
1684:
1665:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1600:
1560:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1469:
1450:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1371:
1362:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1274:Islam portal
1224:
1218:
1181:Hassan Tower
1133:
1046:
1018:
1007:
1003:
971:
959:
918:, was built
896:Central Asia
889:
852:Burji Mamluk
849:
844:
820:
814:
794:
759:Next to the
758:
737:
681:
660:
656:
646:
637:
622:North Africa
617:
616:which had a
601:
597:
593:
590:
526:
507:
385:
373:
356:
337:
329:
323:
317:
290:could mean "
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
238:
234:
220:
216:
214:
198:
53:
51:
3665:Windcatcher
3646:(courtyard)
3399:Mosque lamp
3379:Girih tiles
3336:Decorations
3214:Arabic dome
2058:: 175–192.
1561:The minaret
1121:Ottoman-era
923: 1175
916:Afghanistan
733:Oleg Grabar
565:orientalist
549:Mesopotamia
547:shrines in
524:(632–661).
421:minaret in
417:Inside the
308:orientalist
4077:Categories
3948:Influences
3863:Well house
3634:Mashrabiya
3282:Hussainiya
3218:Onion dome
3009:Indonesian
2997:Qutb Shahi
2814:0500274290
2764:0870996371
2258:2022-04-26
1880:0905743636
1868:Kensington
1846:2018-12-12
1807:2018-12-12
1782:2018-12-12
1754:2022-01-09
1730:0197280137
1700:2018-12-12
1637:2018-12-12
1484:2022-01-09
1400:2022-01-09
1395:Britannica
1355:References
1296:Bell tower
1187:, and the
1115:, and the
1077:al-Andalus
1061:Mauritania
931:Qutb Minar
900:South Asia
882:(left) in
815:Under the
721:helicoidal
630:al-Andalus
600:) or as a
557:Alexandria
541:Babylonian
439:Qutb Minar
348:microphone
292:lighthouse
3922:Resources
3685:Religious
3655:Shabestan
3613:Hypostyle
3595:Shadirvan
3364:Arabesque
3287:Imamzadeh
3252:Religious
3232:Semi-dome
3179:Ogee arch
3148:Chahartaq
3111:Materials
3038:Almoravid
3013:Malaysian
2401:0578-8072
2276:. Brill.
2108:. Brill.
2072:134439335
1745:"Miranet"
1579:856037134
1475:"Miranet"
1368:"minaret"
1177:Marrakesh
1081:Gibraltar
1041:Marrakesh
994:Taj Mahal
963:Ilkhanids
950:Taj Mahal
765:Guangzhou
537:ziggurats
312:muezzin's
298:Functions
266:(plural:
237:(plural:
227:version (
211:Etymology
203:) from a
176:romanized
135:romanized
4103:Minarets
4036:Part of
3872:Military
3808:Baradari
3801:Civilian
3624:Jharokha
3585:Mechouar
3522:Charbagh
3465:Andaruni
3439:Socarrat
3404:Muqarnas
3302:Maqsurah
3194:Vaulting
3123:Tadelakt
3104:Elements
3053:Zayyanid
3033:Aghlabid
2409:20847278
2052:Muqarnas
1874:, 1995.
1260:See also
1254:Istanbul
1171:and the
1140:Aghlabid
1127:and the
1105:Ouazzane
1085:Portugal
1020:muqarnas
857:al-Ghuri
845:makhbara
821:mabkhara
817:Ayyubids
812:sultan.
791:minarets
744:Fatimids
649:al-Walid
644:in 793.
634:Hisham I
606:Mu'awiya
594:mi'dhana
545:Assyrian
533:steeples
518:Muhammad
481:Istanbul
359:symbolic
341:musallah
182:goldaste
146:مِئْذَنة
47:Damascus
3970:Mudéjar
3934:ArchNet
3884:Alcázar
3757:Musalla
3742:Maqbara
3732:Madrasa
3722:Külliye
3717:Khanqah
3707:Gongbei
3606:cooling
3604:Passive
3570:Chhatri
3563:objects
3561:Outdoor
3510:Gardens
3486:Mirador
3424:Shabaka
3414:Qashani
3369:Banna'i
3312:Minaret
3254:objects
3244:(eaves)
3242:Chhajja
3189:Squinch
3090:Umayyad
3085:Timurid
3075:Swahili
3060:Ottoman
3043:Almohad
3028:Moorish
3018:Iranian
2987:Bengali
2967:Fatimid
2962:Chinese
2957:Ayyubid
2947:Abbasid
2897:. 1905.
1193:Seville
1189:Giralda
1165:Almohad
1113:Tangier
1069:Tunisia
1065:Morocco
1053:Algeria
1049:Maghreb
1010:Abbasid
980:in the
927:Ghurids
925:by the
908:Bukhara
884:Bukhara
709:Samarra
697:Tunisia
640:to the
638:ṣawma'a
632:, emir
618:ṣawma῾a
602:ṣawma῾a
573:Abbasid
510:mosques
502:Tunisia
488:Origins
423:Seville
419:Giralda
377:lantern
352:speaker
320:muezzin
272:manāyir
268:manā'ir
260:manwara
251:menorah
243:cognate
239:manārāt
225:Turkish
205:muezzin
191:mosques
178::
171:گلدسته
167:Persian
159:Turkish
154:miʾḏana
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54:minaret
3894:Kasbah
3843:Kasbah
3833:Hammam
3828:Ghorfa
3813:Bazaar
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3781:takyeh
3752:Mosque
3702:Dargah
3629:Kucheh
3575:Eidgah
3501:Zenana
3449:Zellij
3434:Sitara
3429:Shamsa
3317:Minbar
3307:Mihrab
3292:Kiswah
3277:Gonbad
3141:Arches
3095:Yemeni
3065:Somali
3048:Hafsid
3023:Mamluk
3002:Mughal
2992:Deccan
2940:Styles
2867:
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1199:Turkey
1179:, the
1161:caliph
1107:, the
1097:finial
1091:, and
1071:, and
1014:Seljuk
956:(1643)
898:, and
886:(1127)
841:finial
810:Mamluk
789:Mamluk
715:, the
661:manāra
657:manāra
598:adhān"
582:Fustat
514:Medina
477:finial
462:Lahore
404:Mostar
381:finial
288:manāra
258:form,
247:Hebrew
235:manāra
230:minare
217:manāra
163:minare
141:manāra
126:Arabic
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3904:Qalat
3889:Amsar
3848:Mahal
3787:Türbe
3777:Takya
3772:Surau
3767:Rauza
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3678:Types
3590:Sebil
3480:Liwan
3470:Harem
3458:Rooms
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3271:Dikka
3266:Bedug
3261:Anaza
3237:Tajug
3203:Roofs
3118:Qadad
3080:Tatar
2977:Hausa
2405:JSTOR
2068:S2CID
1906:JSTOR
1336:qibla
1322:Notes
1185:Rabat
1089:Spain
1057:Libya
967:iwans
939:India
935:Delhi
833:Cairo
797:Egypt
775:Egypt
755:China
701:Siraf
665:Basra
563:, an
443:Delhi
363:qibla
350:to a
332:adhān
325:adhan
284:manār
280:manār
276:n-w-r
264:manār
221:manār
200:adhan
187:tower
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2732:ISBN
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2397:ISSN
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2307:ISBN
2278:ISBN
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2196:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1864:Oman
1725:ISBN
1670:ISBN
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1575:OCLC
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1334:The
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892:Iran
713:Iraq
674:The
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