338:, from December 24, 1942 until 1945, a regular propaganda program aimed at making U.S. forces in Europe feel homesick. A running theme of these broadcasts was the infidelity of soldiers' wives and sweethearts while the listeners were stationed in Europe and North Africa. She questioned whether the women would remain faithful, "especially if you boys get all mutilated and do not return in one piece". Opening with the sound of a train whistle,
33:
442:
came when he was informed that a woman calling herself "Barbara Mome" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around the city. A shop owner whose stock contained a table belonging to
Gillars was detained and under "intensive interrogation" revealed Gillars' address. When she was arrested on March 15, 1946, Gillars only asked to take with her a picture of Koischwitz.
441:
pilot shot down by the
Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself "Midge at the Mike", and had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organized wanted posters with Gillars' picture to put up in Berlin, and the breakthrough
320:
audience, including the "Bitch of Berlin", "Berlin Babe", "Olga", and "Sally", but the most common was "Axis Sally". This name probably came when asked on air to describe herself, Gillars said she was "the Irish type… a real Sally." Gillars expressed anti-Semitic sentiments during her broadcasts.
300:
was advising
American nationals to leave Germany and German-controlled territories. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the
390:. In 1943, they had toured POW camps in Germany, interviewing captured Americans and recording their messages for their families in the U.S. The interviews were then edited for broadcast as though the speakers were well-treated or sympathetic to the Nazi cause.
420:
Koischwitz died in August 1944 and
Gillars' broadcasts became lackluster and repetitive without his creative energy. She remained in Berlin until the end of the war. Her last broadcast was on May 6, 1945, just two days before the surrender of Germany.
493:
broadcast. She was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison and a $ 10,000 fine ($ 128,000 today). The judge spared
Gillars from a harsher sentence since she had not participated in high-level Nazi propaganda policy conferences as was the case with
328:, also began broadcasting to American forces from Rome using the name "Sally". The two often were confused with each other and even thought by many to be one and the same, though Gillars was annoyed another woman was broadcasting under her name.
472:
Gillars was indicted on
September 10, 1948, and charged with ten counts of treason, but only eight were used at her trial which began on January 25, 1949. The prosecution relied on the large number of her programs recorded by the
342:
attempted to exploit the fears of
American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war.
1907:
461:, until she was conditionally released from custody on December 24, 1946; however, she declined to leave military detention. She was abruptly re-arrested on January 22, 1947, after being offered
725:
489:
of
Koischwitz and therefore not fully responsible for her actions until after his death. On March 10, 1949, the jury convicted Gillars on just one count of treason, that of making the
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767:
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
702:
503:
485:. The defense stated that her broadcasts stated unpopular opinions, but did not amount to treasonable conduct. They also argued that she was under the
481:, to show her participation in propaganda activities directed at the United States. It was also shown that Gillars had taken an oath of allegiance to
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against the United States. In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment. Gillars was paroled in 1961. Along with
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254:, New York City, where she worked in various low-skilled jobs to finance drama lessons. She toured with stock companies and appeared in
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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627:
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and was eventually flown to the United States on August 21, 1948, to await trial on charges of aiding the German war effort.
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During one broadcast, she said "I say damn Roosevelt and Churchill, and all of their Jews who have made this war possible."
1832:
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312:, the German-American program director in the USA Zone at the RRG. In 1942, Koischwitz cast Gillars in a new show called
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in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. After
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but was unable to find regular employment. In 1929, she moved to France and lived in Paris for six months.
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In 1973, she returned to Ohio Wesleyan University to complete her degree, a Bachelor of Arts in speech.
409:. She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother, who dreams that her son had died a horrific death on a ship in the
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but was unable to establish a theatrical career. Gillars also worked as an artist's model for sculptor
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Dutkin, Howard L. (February 25, 1949). "Love for Mystic Professor Led Her to 'Destiny,' Sally Says".
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Gillars' initial broadcasts were largely apolitical. Eventually, she started a relationship with
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March 10 – A Federal jury found Mildred E. (Axis Sally) Gillars guilty of treason today ...
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and included her in his political broadcasts. Gillars soon acquired several names amongst her
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dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He and
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Traitors & Turncoats: Twenty Tales of Treason from Benedict Arnold to Ezra Pound
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Gillars made her most famous broadcast on May 11, 1944, a few weeks prior to the
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on German State Radio, directed to U.S. troops and audience, during World War II
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273:, Germany to study music and was later employed as a teacher of English at the
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79:
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Gillars' wartime broadcasts and trial are the subject of the 2021 legal drama
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while in prison, Gillars went to live at the Our Lady of Bethlehem Convent in
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195:; November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988) was an American broadcaster employed by
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in 1959, but did not apply until 1961. She was released on June 10, 1961.
1173:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind the Infamous Nazi Propaganda Broadcast"
1172:
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537:, and taught German, French, and music at St. Joseph Academy, Columbus.
269:
where she found work as a dressmaker's assistant. In 1934, she moved to
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703:"Mildred Gillars, 87, of Nazi radio, Axis Sally to an allied audience"
450:
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349:
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special agent Hans Winzen only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a
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379:
32:
1236:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice, p. 15,
1651:"Women of the Third Reich: Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (1901–1988)"
270:
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In 1933, Gillars left the United States again, residing first in
212:
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and Paris for this purpose, visiting hospitals and interviewing
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Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
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1143:"On This Day – Final Broadcast of Mildred Gillars (Axis Sally)"
518:
278:
208:
378:(June 6, 1944), Gillars and Koischwitz worked for a time from
1659:. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Archived from
395:
375:
1409:"'Axis Sally' Is Found Guilty; Sentence on Treason Delayed"
438:
1507:"Axis Sally Is Given 10 to 30-Year Term On Treason Charge"
383:
289:
In 1940, Gillars obtained work as an announcer with the
1724:"American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally film review"
1102:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
1008:, FoIA record, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
914:"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind That Alluring Voice"
547:
at Grant Medical Center in Columbus on June 25, 1988.
445:
She was then held by the Counterintelligence Corps at
1903:
Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
1898:
People convicted of treason against the United States
1068:
Axis Sally, the Greatest Generation, and Generation Y
247:
to study dramatic arts, but left without graduating.
239:
where her father was a dentist. At 16, she moved to
211:, Gillars became the first woman to be convicted of
753:
751:
726:"Sally's axis of evil ended at convent in Columbus"
1858:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States
1469:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
1438:"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"
657:
504:U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
424:
386:, falsely claiming to be a representative of the
1804:
748:
1772:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
970:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
760:"Mildred Gillars (a.k.a. 'Axis Sally') in WWII"
1129:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
995:
993:
991:
860:
858:
792:Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany
284:
1203:"'Axis Sally', 2 Other Broadcasters Released"
1338:
1293:"Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue"
944:"TREASON: True to the Red, White & Blue"
1797:The Last Archive Episode 3: The Inner Front
988:
855:
465:by the United States at the request of the
1621:"Almost Silent 'Axis Sally' Gains Freedom"
1591:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
243:with her family. In 1918, she enrolled at
31:
1618:
836:, Washington, DC: Department of Justice,
724:Blundo, Joseph "Joe" (January 30, 2011),
558:American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally
331:Gillars' main programs from Berlin were:
1828:American women civilians in World War II
1365:
1345:
1036:"6 World War II Propaganda Broadcasters"
782:
1388:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1046:from the original on September 20, 2018
1033:
896:
1838:Radio personalities from New York City
1823:American broadcasters for Nazi Germany
1805:
1766:
1721:
1715:
1466:
1329:
1183:from the original on February 25, 2022
757:
723:
697:
695:
693:
16:American Nazi propagandist (1900–1988)
1386:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1243:from the original on October 15, 2012
1140:
911:
788:
630:from the original on October 26, 2020
186:
1109:from the original on August 30, 2010
1064:
1015:from the original on August 30, 2010
912:Lucas, Richard (November 23, 2009).
843:from the original on August 30, 2010
719:
717:
651:
649:
647:
645:
620:"Mildred Gillars | American traitor"
324:In 1943, an Italian-American woman,
207:. Following her capture in post-war
1273:from the original on March 10, 2022
1075:from the original on March 10, 2022
795:. Casemate Publishers. p. 42.
690:
655:
509:Gillars served her sentence at the
13:
1631:from the original on July 10, 2018
1600:from the original on July 10, 2018
1517:from the original on July 10, 2018
1487:from the original on March 7, 2018
1448:from the original on March 7, 2018
1415:. Associated Press. March 11, 1949
1153:from the original on March 7, 2018
809:from the original on July 23, 2020
770:from the original on March 7, 2018
14:
1919:
1749:
1734:from the original on June 4, 2021
1594:"'Axis Sally' Out After 11 Years"
1467:Harper, Dale P. (November 1995).
1034:Andrews, Evan (August 29, 2018).
924:from the original on June 4, 2016
758:Taylor, Blaine (March 21, 2016).
714:
642:
475:Federal Communications Commission
305:, where he was killed in action.
413:during an attempted invasion of
1848:Ohio Wesleyan University alumni
1675:
1643:
1612:
1585:
1547:
1529:
1499:
1460:
1430:
1401:
1323:
1285:
1263:"Spinster Charged With Treason"
1255:
1221:
1195:
1165:
1134:
1121:
1087:
1058:
1027:
962:
936:
425:Arrest, trial, and imprisonment
231:Born Mildred Elizabeth Sisk in
91:Saint Joseph Cemetery, Columbus
1883:Radio personalities from Maine
821:
612:
1:
1843:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1722:Madden, Hope (May 28, 2021).
606:
524:
511:Federal Reformatory for Women
405:written by Koischwitz called
226:
1592:Jack Davis (July 10, 1961).
1380:American Antiquarian Society
1360:American Antiquarian Society
1141:Hoare, James (May 6, 2014).
1065:Pfau, Ann Elizabeth (2010),
664:. London: Quercus. pp.
291:Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft
37:Gillars's prison photo, 1949
7:
1833:People from Portland, Maine
1619:Don Marsh (July 11, 1961).
564:
453:, along with collaborators
293:(RRG), German State Radio.
285:Work as a Nazi propagandist
172:10 to 30 years imprisonment
10:
1924:
1863:Deaths from cancer in Ohio
1853:People from Conneaut, Ohio
1544: (D.C. Cir. 1950).
591:Jane Anderson (journalist)
517:. She became eligible for
1893:Nazis convicted of crimes
435:Counterintelligence Corps
356:rhetoric, and attacks on
183:Mildred Elizabeth Gillars
176:
168:
154:
150:
142:
130:
122:
114:
95:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
1537:Gillars v. United States
370:(1944), directed at the
245:Ohio Wesleyan University
1683:"People, June 25, 1973"
974:Warfare History Network
789:Lucas, Richard (2013).
624:Encyclopædia Britannica
550:
515:Alderson, West Virginia
506:upheld the conviction.
388:International Red Cross
277:School of Languages in
1656:Jewish Virtual Library
250:Gillars then moved to
47:Mildred Elizabeth Sisk
1888:Nazi propaganda radio
1868:Women in Nazi Germany
1799:– Jill Lepore podcast
1179:. November 23, 2009.
656:Ian, Crofton (2009).
479:Silver Hill, Maryland
431:U.S. attorney general
358:Franklin D. Roosevelt
298:U.S. State Department
1878:Catholics from Maine
1757:Axis Sally Broadcast
1596:. Associated Press.
1542:182 F.2d 962
1002:Axis Sally (part 15)
872:. February 7, 1949.
581:Herbert John Burgman
529:Having converted to
455:Herbert John Burgman
399:invasion of Normandy
336:Home Sweet Home Hour
1873:Catholics from Ohio
1703:on October 27, 2010
1573:on November 6, 2012
1332:The Washington Post
1269:. August 23, 1948.
1230:Axis Sally (part 1)
1209:. December 24, 1946
1096:Axis Sally (part 3)
884:on January 31, 2011
866:"Treason: Big Role"
736:on January 21, 2013
586:Iva Toguri D'Aquino
463:conditional release
310:Max Otto Koischwitz
219:she was nicknamed "
1770:(March 21, 2016).
1663:on October 5, 2012
1625:Charleston Gazette
1561:. August 3, 1959.
1513:. March 26, 1949.
1511:Charleston Gazette
1413:The New York Times
1267:The Canberra Times
707:The New York Times
491:Vision of Invasion
487:hypnotic influence
467:Justice Department
407:Vision of Invasion
372:U.S. home audience
203:propaganda during
1784:on March 12, 2018
1777:Military Heritage
1691:. June 25, 1973.
1444:. June 12, 2006.
1311:on March 10, 2008
1299:. March 7, 1949.
1147:All About History
764:Military Heritage
730:Columbus Dispatch
675:978-1-84866-011-3
596:Robert Henry Best
500:Robert Henry Best
346:Midge at the Mike
252:Greenwich Village
180:
179:
123:Years active
118:Radio broadcaster
102:Midge at the Mike
57:November 29, 1900
1915:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:. Archived from
1758:
1744:
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1719:
1713:
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1710:
1708:
1699:. Archived from
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1610:
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1569:. Archived from
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1307:. Archived from
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1207:The Deseret News
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880:. Archived from
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848:
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835:
825:
819:
818:
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780:
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732:, archived from
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637:
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576:Douglas Chandler
543:Gillars died of
496:Douglas Chandler
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169:Criminal penalty
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96:Other names
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1347:McCusker, J. J.
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1127:Richard Lucas,
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950:. March 7, 1949
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502:. In 1950, the
477:, stationed in
427:
415:Occupied Europe
411:English Channel
368:Medical Reports
364:GI's Letter-box
340:Home Sweet Home
314:Home Sweet Home
287:
233:Portland, Maine
229:
199:to disseminate
155:
143:Criminal status
136:Nazi propaganda
110:
83:
77:
73:
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61:Portland, Maine
58:
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49:
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25:Mildred Gillars
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1768:Taylor, Blaine
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1750:External links
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1746:
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1728:UK Film Review
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976:. June 5, 2021
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709:, July 2, 1988
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241:Conneaut, Ohio
237:Bellevue, Ohio
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146:Paroled (1961)
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1782:the original
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978:. Retrieved
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882:the original
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738:, retrieved
734:the original
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632:. Retrieved
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545:colon cancer
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483:Adolf Hitler
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354:anti-Semitic
352:propaganda,
345:
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260:Mario Korbel
249:
230:
205:World War II
197:Nazi Germany
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182:
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74:(1988-06-25)
18:
1818:1988 deaths
1813:1900 births
1364:1700–1799:
1344:1634–1699:
1079:October 30,
634:October 20,
531:Catholicism
134:Presenting
1807:Categories
1442:HistoryNet
1177:Historynet
918:HistoryNet
830:Axis Sally
607:References
601:Tokyo Rose
525:Later life
403:radio play
326:Rita Zucca
256:vaudeville
227:Early life
221:Axis Sally
217:Rita Zucca
115:Occupation
106:Axis Sally
53:1900-11-29
1788:March 11,
1697:0040-781X
1567:0040-781X
1481:0040-781X
1305:0040-781X
1187:March 10,
878:0040-781X
684:298185611
451:Oberursel
447:Camp King
350:defeatist
126:1940–1945
1732:Archived
1707:March 6,
1635:July 10,
1629:Archived
1604:July 10,
1598:Archived
1577:March 6,
1555:"People"
1521:July 10,
1515:Archived
1491:March 6,
1485:Archived
1452:March 6,
1446:Archived
1419:March 9,
1369:(1992).
1349:(1997).
1315:March 6,
1277:March 6,
1271:Archived
1247:March 6,
1238:archived
1213:March 6,
1181:Archived
1157:March 6,
1151:Archived
1104:archived
1073:archived
1044:Archived
1010:archived
954:March 9,
928:March 6,
922:Archived
888:March 6,
838:archived
813:March 7,
807:Archived
774:March 6,
768:Archived
628:Archived
565:See also
380:Chartres
1762:YouTube
1131:(2001).
1040:History
401:, in a
275:Berlitz
271:Dresden
267:Algiers
213:treason
163:Treason
1695:
1667:May 6,
1565:
1540:,
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876:
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672:
519:parole
279:Berlin
209:Berlin
190:
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
1376:(PDF)
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834:(PDF)
396:D-Day
376:D-Day
1790:2018
1740:2021
1709:2018
1693:ISSN
1688:Time
1669:2012
1637:2018
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1395:2024
1317:2018
1301:ISSN
1297:Time
1279:2018
1249:2018
1215:2018
1189:2022
1159:2018
1115:2010
1081:2017
1052:2018
1021:2010
982:2022
956:2019
948:Time
930:2018
890:2018
874:ISSN
870:Time
849:2010
815:2018
797:ISBN
776:2018
742:2011
680:OCLC
670:ISBN
636:2017
551:Film
498:and
457:and
439:B-17
429:The
384:POWs
366:and
201:Axis
192:Sisk
69:Died
43:Born
1760:on
666:131
513:in
223:".
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