5084:(SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement. The aim of this initiative is to overcome the limitations of physical barriers through the use of surveillance technologies known as "SBInet." The SBInet technology has not worked as well as potentially intended, facing a number of technical issues that have limited its effectiveness. Part of the initiative also focused on increasing detention and removal capacity, with an objective to add an additional 2,000 beds to detentional facilities. With expansion of detention and removal capabilities this was also the objective to end the "catch and release" process that had been occurring previously. An additional component was "high consequence enforcement", which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three "high consequence outcomes".
5688:
Mexican-American border. They are known to wake up in the early hours of the morning to make their way to the border, where they wait in long lines to cross into the U.S. After crossing the border, the students find a ride to school. Many students come to
America for the opportunity, because it has a more developed and organized educational system. Students who go to school in America have a better chance of reaching higher education in the U.S. In many parts of Mexico, compulsory education ends at age sixteen. Many of the transborder students are natural-born U.S. citizens. Students that were born in America have the right to American education, even if they do not live in the U.S. In places like the San Diego and Tijuana border, it is much cheaper to live in Mexico. San Diego has a high cost of living and one of the highest student homeless rates in the country, so many families move to Tijuana because it is more affordable to raise a family.
4962:. The humanitarian groups consist of faith-based communities and primarily non-profit organizations that assist deportees, many of whom do not have any resources with them such as money, food, or family information, and who would otherwise become homeless and emotionally and psychologically devastated. Contributing factors that might have caused them to be devastated can either be that they were separated from "their family members or the inability to work legally in the United States". Therefore, the primary purpose of the humanitarian groups on the Mexico side of the border is to create a pathway for transitional support such as providing the deportees food, shelter, clothing, legal help and social services. In addition, there are humanitarian groups that provides meals and shelter to deportees according to their deportation documents. Humanitarian groups along the border in Mexico are El Comedor, Nazareth House, Camino Juntos,
5704:
returned to Mexico, they spoke to three main areas, "shifting identities, learning and losing named language, and schooling across borders." The most frequent point mentioned in terms of changing schooling is the difficulty to adapt to a system in which they are unfamiliar, in a named language they might have lost, and where there is minimal continuity in the methodology of teaching. It is suggested in this study that while the U.S. has a long history of teaching immigrant students, along with tried and tested assimilation programming to support foreign children in U.S. border schools, Mexican systems do not, making the change nearly impossible for newly deported students to learn. While the
Mexican Secretariat of the Public has vowed to change the legislation surrounding this issue, bilingual education is still only awarded to expensive private schools.
3733:
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4589:, to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost 966 km (600 mi) of fence were constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete. In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence". Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $ 2.8 million. In 2010, the initiative was terminated because of costs, after having completed 1,030 km (640 mi) of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The
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encouraging humane immigration policy, and making phone calls to relatives of immigrants. Since its founding in 2004, No More Deaths has provided assistance to thousands of migrant border crossers; however the Border Patrol and other public land agencies near the U.S.–Mexico border have challenged the efforts of various humanitarian groups, by following immigrants to a medical volunteer camp and raiding it. Humanitarian groups along the border have been tested by Border Patrol and other agencies, however the authority of the Trump administration has introduced a new tier of restriction through surveillance, harassment, and intimidation to border relief efforts.
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wall would negatively affect the wildlife in the
Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, animals would not be able to move to other places because of the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some species such as
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3597:, between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed because of close ties to the U.S. and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the U.S. Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the U.S. than to Mexico, and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the U.S.'s control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the U.S. controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested US$ 500 million in the Mexican economy overall, 25% of it in the border regions.
70:
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undocumented migrants and trafficking of people and contraband. The present strategy to enforce migration along the U.S.–Mexico border is by the means of "prevention through deterrence". Its primary goal is to completely prevent undocumented immigrants from entering the U.S. from Mexico rather than apprehending the unauthorized who are already in the country. As assertive as it was, "prevention through deterrence" was arguably unsuccessful, with a doubling in size of undocumented immigrants population during the two decades leading up to 2014.
3315:
3635:, caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The revolution increased the political instability in Mexico but did not significantly slow U.S. investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the U.S. side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.
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5238:. However, under the border search exception, this protection does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry) or in the border zone. This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations including stop and search. There are some limits to CBP officials' ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause. The
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that attracted the help of local
Hispanic women to implement a feminist perspective in activism in spite of the social and economic obstacles as well as Assembly Bill No. 775, 2005 that prohibited children being used as interpreters. These humanitarian groups have implemented various strategies to pursue their goals that ultimately try to counter the number of immigrant deaths and abuses in immigrant detention even if it means the criminalization and higher levels of discrimination against them.
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4435:(smugglers). Not only has this approach caused fatalities throughout the U.S.–Mexico border, but it has even stirred up a nuisance for documented immigrants and American citizens. There has been general concern about the Border Patrol and other agencies abusing their authority by racial profiling and conducting unwarranted searches outside the exception of the 40 km (25 mi) border zone, but still within the 161 km (100 mi) border zone.
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implementation of the funnel effect. Along the
Arizona-Mexico border, only seven migrant deaths were recorded in 1996; however, the remains of over 2,000 migrants were discovered from 2001 to 2012. Since the majority of deaths occur in rural areas, where extreme temperatures are common, it is likely the number of recorded deaths are far below the total. Because of the harsh, inaccessible terrain, human remains may not be found for years or ever.
4501:
immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years. Local economies that develop on the
Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the U.S. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.
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3577:(IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues. In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding
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shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately 2.4 square kilometers (590 acres) of
Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the U.S.. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the
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5100:(DOJ) to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline. The third "high consequence outcome" is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.
3652:
barriers between border towns. When the battles concluded, restrictions for crossing the border were relaxed and most soldiers were sent home; however, the fences remained as a physical reminder of the division between the two nations. As years passed, more fences and higher barriers were established as attentions focused on the boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Mexico.
3526:. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.
5266:
illegally are subject to criminal prosecution. Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt. Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing up to 40 immigrants at once. Around 99% of defendants in
Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty. The defendants are charged with a
4176:
living in
Tijuana. Tijuana is home to many deportees from the U.S., many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive. San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana, but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the
3167:)—a distance of 2,020 km (1,255 mi) to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the U.S. and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The
5331:, was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984. This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the
4253:); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card; Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.
4973:, after a group of lawyers who visited reported unsafe and unsanitary conditions. In the same month, the body of Óscar Alberto Martínez and his 23-month-old daughter, Angie Valeria, were found dead in the Rio Grande River. The family was from El Salvador, attempting to cross from Mexico into the U.S. near
4209:(DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the U.S. by air: a valid
5446:
According to a delegation of
Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the U.S. and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border would also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border
5442:
In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the U.S.–Mexico border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the
4928:
with other groups helped create a healthier Hispanic community in Arizona border towns by creating policy and infrastructure changes. These groups provided humanitarian assistance to counter the prominence of Type 2 diabetes among the Hispanic community by acquiring a grant for new walking trails and
4662:
In the fiscal year of 2006, there were 29 confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which 17 were by armed individuals. Since 1996, there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials. In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative
4430:
In order to effectively enforce border protection, the U.S.' policies and regulations have looked to make border crossings more hazardous through the implementation of various operations, one of those being the "funnel effect". The tactic was meant to discourage migration from Mexico into the U.S. by
4377:
Data from the U.S. Border Patrol Agency's 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of border crossings without documentation from various countries into the U.S., 90% were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the U.S. The
4288:
Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports; advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended. Animals crossing the U.S.–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from
3679:
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez valley. Numerous parcels of land were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area
5308:
Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio sector saw a decline
5261:
refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove illegal immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime. It was first implemented
4847:
In the summer of 2017, four major construction companies planned to bid for the contract. The Customs and Border Protection agency budgeted $ 20 million to hire these companies to build half-million-dollar prototypes of the wall. At this time, Congress had only approved $ 341 million to maintain the
4699:
In 2019, there have been humanitarian crises on the border because of lack of resources. Migrant children have specifically been affected. Democratic members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation that would aid the humanitarian crisis by giving $ 4.5 billion to emergency spending to
5312:
Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program's heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect. In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes. They claim that the program's cost is too high
5265:
Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings. After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed
4953:
Not only do these Hispanic communities face health inequalities, but political inequalities as well. The need for political change was so huge that it has encouraged Hispanic women to engage in activism at a local level. The Neighborhood Action Group in Chula Vista, California, is one of the groups
4778:. Trump signed a proclamation the next day to specify that people crossing the Mexican border illegally would not qualify for asylum; he called the march of migrants from Central America towards the U.S. a "crisis". Civil rights groups strongly criticized the move, and several groups, including the
4703:
Distribution of natural resources across the border has also been a major challenge, particularly for water use and water quality. Toxic sewage flowing into Mexico, and over-consumption of water from the Colorado River Basin and middle-lower Rio Grande have been central to the conflict. Large-scale
4280:
When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the U.S. must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance
3675:
investigates if land previously belonging to the U.S. or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border. In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was small (ranging from
138:(1846–1848). Most of the border is settled on the Rio Grande River on the border of Texas and northeastern Mexico. To the left lies San Diego, California and on the right is Tijuana, Baja California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the
5703:
Also researched is the impact of changing education for those children who attended school in the U.S. prior to deportation, and are now readjusting to a new education system within Mexico. In one study, when repatriated children were asked about how their world perspectives were changed once they
5079:
A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994; it was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004, the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border.
4895:
Humanitarian groups such as Humane Borders, No More Deaths, and Samaritans provide water in order to reduce deaths of immigrants who are journeying through the Arizona desert. A policy passed in 2010 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife federal agency allows water drums to be placed on roads of disturbed
4831:
While running for president, Trump estimated that a border wall would cost $ 8 to $ 12 billion and that he could force Mexico to pay for it. Cost estimates of the proposed wall vary widely. In early 2017, shortly after Trump took office, the DHS estimated the cost at $ 22 billion, while Democratic
4744:
filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall. As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not agreed to pay any amount toward the wall, no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Congress
4426:
The Border Patrol was created in 1924 with its primary mission to detect and prevent the illegal entry of immigrants into the U.S. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol maintains the U.S.' borderlands—regulating the flow of legal immigration and goods while patrolling for
4345:) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S., transportation of horses from Mexico to the U.S. requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see
4175:
Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers because of its fast-growing economy, lower cost of living, cheap prices and proximity to San Diego. While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of
4163:
and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases. The high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times has affected the mental
4923:
Incidence rates of HIV and tuberculosis are higher in border towns such as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez than at the national level in both countries. The Nuestra Casa Initiative tried to counter the health disparities by using a cross-border strategy that moved around an exhibit prominent in various
3638:
Although the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in Mexico, it also strained U.S.–Mexico relations. With the Mexican Revolution lasting for 10 years, ending in 1920, and World War I simultaneously occurring between 1914 and 1918, the division between the U.S. and Mexico began to polarize the two
5335:
industries, those who migrated to northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs
4570:
overlooks the fact that the U.S. is obligated to protect refugees from return to conditions threatening prosecution, as per treaties. President Joe Biden's border executive plan as the COVID-19 restrictions – known as Title 42 – expired in May 2023. Under Title 42, which had been in effect since
3568:
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of the Rio Grande was the border, irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande
5699:
These transborder students also raise questions about the acquisition of healthcare, as most Mexican students who attend university in the U.S. who also have family across the border are known to use the Mexican healthcare system instead of U.S. or university sources. The opposite case was also
4957:
In Mexico, most humanitarian groups focus on assisting the deportees. As rates of deportation increase, "the deportation of many individuals is becoming more and more notable" in the streets of Mexico cities. As a result, many humanitarian groups have formed in Mexican cities where undocumented
4911:
that is designed to assist in ending death and suffering of immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border by upholding fundamental human rights. Elemental services of No More Deaths is to provide humanitarian assistance, giving food and first aid treatment, witness and respond to human rights abuses,
4519:
released a report stating that the U.S. Border Patrol intercepted 61% of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translates to 208,813 individuals not apprehended. 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the U.S., while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central
5695:
In Brownsville, a city on the southern border of Texas, a court ruled that school districts cannot deny students education if they have the proper paperwork. Many transborder students who live in these districts with these requirements will use extended family members' addresses to prove their
4802:, where a divided 2-1 panel ruled that the new asylum rules were inconsistent with existing law and upheld the injunction. On December 21, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the administration's challenge, leaving the injunction in place and preventing the asylum ban from being enforced.
4658:
According to the U.S. Border Patrol, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border reduced from 70,000 to 55,000 attempted illegal migrants from 2007 to 2011. Thereafter, the number of apprehensions increased dramatically to 95,000 in 2012, 150,000 in 2013 and 220,000 in 2014. The increased
3651:
to monitor suspicious activities and potential violence at the border. Within 10 years, frequent provocations caused border towns to transform into battlefields, which intensified transborder restrictions, brought federal soldiers to patrol the border, and caused the construction of fences and
5092:
permitted aliens to be formally removed with "limited judicial processing" known as expedited removal. The DHS has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for "certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within 161 km (100 mi) of the border".
4805:
During the 2018 fiscal year, U.S. border agents arrested 107,212 people traveling in families, a record-high number. During the following five months (October 2018 through February 2019), that record was shattered by the arrest of 136,150 people traveling in families. On March 31, 2019, Trump
4500:
Undocumented labor contributes $ 395 billion to the economy every year. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented
4806:
threatened to close the border, cutting off trade between the countries. On April 4, Trump said that instead he would give Mexico a year to stop illegal drugs from coming into the U.S. If this did not happen, he said tariffs on automobiles would be used first, and then closing of the border.
5687:
Many schools near the border in America have students that live on the Mexican side of the border. These students are "transborder students", as they live in Mexico but are enrolled in the U.S. education system. There are thousands of elementary through high school students that cross the
4554:
The increase of border security throughout the years has progressively made crossings at the U.S.–Mexico border more dangerous, which has developed a human rights crisis at the border. The number of migrant deaths occurring along the U.S.–Mexico border has dramatically increased since the
4332:
Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the U.S. with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA. Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo
8213:
Martinez, Daniel E.; Reineke, Robin; Rubio-Goldsmith, Raquel; Anderson, Bruce E.; Hess, Gregory L.; Parks, Bruce O. (2013). "A Continued Humanitarian Crisis at the Border: Undocumented Border Crosser Deaths Recorded by the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1990–2012".
4492:
into the U.S. each year. Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred
4848:
existing wall; no funds had been allocated to build new sections of wall. The DHS recommended that the wall's height should be between 5.5 and 9.1 m (18 and 30 ft) and its depth should be up to 1.8 m (6 ft) to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.
4724:
proposed building a border wall to control immigration. He declared that, as president, he would force Mexico to pay all costs. On January 25, 2017, several days after his inauguration and two days in advance of a planned meeting in Washington, D.C., with Mexican President
5184:
The U.S. has established a 161 km (100 mi) border zone which applies to all U.S. external borders including all coasts, in effect covering two-thirds of the U.S. population, including a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely
5691:
In order to prevent Mexican children from illegally coming to America for education, some bordertown schools require official documentation (bills, mail, etc.) from students. This is to ensure that only students that are entitled to an education in the U.S. receive one.
4340:
APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine
3703:. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico. At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 bancos to the U.S. This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.
4328:
and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.
4462:
According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the U.S. at one point in their lifetime. As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history. The border is paralleled by
5313:
for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing. In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.
12425:
3226:. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the U.S., while Nuevo León has the shortest. Along the border are 23
5293:
case determined that "personally" means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.
4863:
The U.S. Border Patrol detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in fiscal year 2021, the highest number ever recorded. A greater demographic diversity of southwest border apprehensions have been noted in 2021.
3357:
4431:
forcing migrants to travel further around barriers where the terrain and weather are more risky, but the strategy was not as successful as initially planned. As a result, the effect funneled more immigrants to their death even with the assistance of
4438:
In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include
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address the humanitarian crisis at the border, with significant funding for priorities including legal assistance, food, water, and medical services, support services for unaccompanied children, alternatives to detention, and refugee services.
12393:
3671:(land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often caused by rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the
3647:, a diplomatic cable sent by Germany but intercepted and decrypted by British intelligence, was meant to bait Mexico into war with the U.S. in order to reconquer what was taken from them during the Mexican-American War. This inspired the U.S.
5242:, however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.
4878:
On February 8, 2024, a group of 24 House Republicans wrote a letter to urge President Biden not to federalize the Texas National Guard in the midst of Texas wanting to crack down on the spike of illegal immigration on the U.S.-Mexico border.
5227:. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials have authority to stop and search within this zone and are authorized to enter private property without a warrant within 40 km (25 mi) of the border as well as establish checkpoints.
3104:
at Algodones Sand Dunes, California. The fence on the U.S.–Mexican border is a special construction of narrow, 4.6 m (15 ft) tall elements, that are movable vertically. This way, they can be lifted on top of the ever shifting sand
5459:
would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the U.S. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the
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to enable the building of the wall. Peña Nieto denied that Mexico would pay for the wall and declined the meeting. Shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods. Mexico did not make any payments.
5700:
studied, seeking to find if U.S. students and citizens outsource their medical care from Mexican hospitals; however it was concluded that the use of, "cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition."
3390:
In the mid-16th century, after the discovery of silver, settlers from various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area was part of
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with north oriented towards the bottom-left side. The Rio Grande appears as a thin line separating the two cities through the middle of the photograph. El Paso and Juarez make up the third largest U.S. international metroplex after
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Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings.
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The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the U.S., because of its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. During the years of Mexican President
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3140:. The border continues southwards along the Colorado River for 39 km (24 mi), until it reaches a point 32 km (20 mi) south of the Gila River confluence. The border then follows a series of lines and
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border has a very high rate of documented and undocumented migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the U.S., the country has invested in several distinct security measures.
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On November 8, 2018, the Trump administration announced new rules to deny asylum to anyone who crosses into the U.S. illegally from any nation, at Trump's discretion. This was based on the Supreme Court decision of
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approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The U.S. Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the U.S.
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in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005. The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.–Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.
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that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead
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8154:
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One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The
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Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary because of increased violence and drug trafficking from Mexico spilling into the U.S. However, critics such as the
4158:
The average wait time to cross into the U.S. is approximately an hour. The thousands of vehicles that transit through the border every day is causing air pollution in San Ysidro and Tijuana. The emission of
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personnel crossed into Arizona from Mexico and encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.
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between the U.S. and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course. The sudden changes often created
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10511:
8423:
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9679:
Bosco, Fernando J.; Aitken, Stuart C.; Herman, Thomas (2011). "Women and children in a neighborhood advocacy group: engaging community and refashioning citizenship at the United States–Mexico border".
3057:. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world. The total length of the continental border is 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles). From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the
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4147:, whose residents commute to the U.S. daily to work. Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the U.S. to commute daily to work. In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.
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crosses the 31° 47′ parallel north, It then proceeds northwards along that meridian up to the 31° 47′ parallel north and then eastwards along that parallel until it meets the Rio Grande.
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have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the
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built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. was between 1909 and 1911 in California, the first barrier built by Mexico was likely in 1918; barriers were extended in the 1920s and 1940s.
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precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from
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The apprehensions per (fiscal) year are shown in the graph; they reached a maximum of over 1.643 million in the year 2000. Similar numbers had been reached in 1986 with over 1.615 million.
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started in protest inside a locked and crowded detention center cell in northern Mexico, with motives ranging from pending deportation to overcrowding and lack of access to drinking water.
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4756:. People asking for asylum at official ports of entry were "being turned away and told there's no room for them now." The U.S. and Mexico mutually placed tariffs on each other's exports.
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Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in
4989:, the official "border area" extends 100 km (62 mi) "on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a
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In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330
4593:-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.
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The border separating Mexico and the U.S. is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world, with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.
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11054:
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residency. Questions about the legitimacy of student residency have risen since the Trump administration took office in 2017, making it riskier to cross the border for education.
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9830:
7617:
10708:
Kelly, Patricia, and Douglas Massey. "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 610 (2007): 98–118.
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ruled in favor of the advocacy groups on November 20, 2018, placing an injunction on the administration to delay implementation of the rule. The administration appealed to the
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3475:. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than 2,500,000 square kilometers (970,000 sq mi) of land, 55% of its territory, including all of what is today
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5925:"Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary between the United States of America and México"
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178:
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Immigrants are considered easy targets by gang members, because they do not have the strength to resist aggressive offenders and end up left with nothing. In June 2018,
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crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through
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12177:
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11092:
9238:
6393:"Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12, 1884"
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staff on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee estimated $ 70 billion to build the wall and $ 150 million in annual maintenance. Significant
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During the Trump administration, 732 km (455 mi) were added to barrier between the two countries. The construction of the wall has been halted by President
11805:
4218:
3345:
12902:
11453:
10668:
Arbelaez, Harvey, and Claudio Milman. "The New Business Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean". International Journal of Public Administration (2007): 553
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8061:"Border Patrol: Checkpoints Contribute to Border Patrol's Mission, but More Consistent Data Collection and Performance Measurement Could Improve Effectiveness"
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totaling 859 km (534 mi). First, it follows a straight line from the Colorado River to the intersection of the 31° 20′ parallel north and the
8525:
5952:
McCarthy, Robert J. (Spring 2011). "Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.–Mexico".
12122:
11059:
7537:
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12528:
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Fernández, Leticia; Amastae, Jon (September 1, 2006). "Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university".
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the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border.
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health, stress levels, and aggressive behavior of the people who cross frequently. The San Ysidro border is heavily policed, separated by three walls,
6714:
Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroad – in Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places
4875:
that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year.
4634:
4393:, specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on
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8734:
7021:
3719:
3121:
2987:
171:
9327:
8104:"Illegal Immigration – Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol's Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated"
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11413:
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9130:
8783:
8472:
5848:
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3109:
The Mexico–United States border extends 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles), in addition to the maritime boundaries of 29 km (18 mi) into the
10621:
Kleyn, Tatyana (April 3, 2017). "Centering Transborder Students: Perspectives on Identity, Languaging and Schooling Between the U.S. and Mexico".
9905:
9723:
9289:
7942:
5647:
5413:
12936:
11042:
7268:
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3656:
2780:
10897: – photographs and feature-length film that follows the infrastructure of the border from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean
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was passed providing for the construction of 1,127 km (700 mi) of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the
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11085:
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from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.
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11572:
11552:
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9397:
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After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the border between the U.S. and New Spain was not clearly defined. The border was established in the 1819
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and the busiest land crossing in the United States at San Ysidro, California, which processes over 17 million vehicles a year (see fig. 1);
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5392:
5289:. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The
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3148:. It then proceeds eastwards along the 31° 20′ parallel north up to a meridian 161 km (100 mi) west of the point where the
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151:
114:
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5899:"The International Boundary and Water Commission - Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems"
5538:. The U.S. government estimates that Mexican drug cartels gain tens of billions of dollars each year from drug sales in the U.S. alone.
12137:
11892:
11795:
11535:
11367:
10978:
9838:
9831:"Humanitarianism from the ground: humanitarian aid to migrants and refugees in Mexico | Oxford Department of International Development"
8186:
Johnson, Leif (November 2015). "Material Interventions on the US-Mexico Border: Investigating a Sited Politics of Migrant Solidarity".
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estimated that "between 90 and 94 percent of all heroin consumed in the United States comes from Mexico." These drugs are supplied by
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11078:
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9307:
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2148:
10159:
8279:
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7353:
6374:
4599:
4054:
12921:
11607:
11345:
11341:
9590:"Special Action Groups for Policy Change and Infrastructure Support to Foster Healthier Communities on the Arizona–Mexico Border"
8524:
Stenn, L. (June 25, 2019). Hundreds of Migrant Children Moved From Border Facility After Poor Conditions Exposed. Retrieved from
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5782:
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had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction had started beyond what was already planned during the
4397:, although this has not stopped undocumented immigration in the U.S. In June 2018, the U.S. government announced installation of
4282:
4199:
3461:
2346:
6645:"Minute 315: Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande"
6560:
6527:
5615:
5549:, "It seems the closer we are to the border, the more consumption of this drug we see." In 2021, around 80,411 people died from
5381:
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11810:
11778:
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5017:
4394:
3695:, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded other land to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the
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6321:
Sherman, John W. (Fall 2016). "Fascist 'Gold Shirts' on the Río Grande: Borderlands Intrigue in the Time of Lázaro Cárdenas".
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11985:
10971:
10793:
Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds.). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro" Part IV 'About the Border
9522:
Moya, Eva, et al. "Nuestra Casa: An Advocacy Initiative to Reduce Inequalities and Tuberculosis along the US–Mexico Border."
8001:
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7652:
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museums and universities. Similarly, special action groups as part of the Border Health Strategic Initiative created by the
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2016:
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31:
17:
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9104:
8526:
https://roguerocket.com/2019/06/25/hundreds-of-migrant-children-moved-from-border-facility-after-poor-conditions-exposed/
8453:
5477:
5286:
4659:
apprehensions could have been the result of improved border security or a dramatic rise in attempted crossings, or both.
4352:
Import from the U.S. to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from EIA, among other requirements.
3732:
2313:
8302:
8126:
5898:
3991:
3612:
authorized the implementation of inspection stations at ports of entry along the Mexican and Canadian borders. The U.S.
12951:
12538:
12274:
11592:
10887:
10834:
8424:"DHS to Hunter: More than 300 border incursions by Mexican military and law enforcement authorities since January 2004"
8233:
5807:
5561:, then shipped to Mexico, where it is processed and packaged, which is then smuggled into the United States by Mexican
5177:
4685:
4390:
3640:
3199:
979:
10787:
10712:
Fernández-Kelly, Patricia; Massey, Douglas S. (2016). "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration".
4977:. Gaining attention from the media, the House passed a bill, appropriating $ 4.5 billion for resources at the border.
3904:
3706:
On March 27, 2023, at least 38 detained migrants (mostly from Central America) were killed—and dozens more injured—in
3616:
required the passing of a literacy test and a head tax by Mexicans wanting to enter the U.S. legally; however, during
12971:
12774:
12744:
12643:
12616:
11753:
10259:"1 U.S. – Mexico Cooperation for the Health of the Environment in the Border Region: A Policy History Analysis"
7464:
5666:
5159:
5050:
4891:
A volunteer from the Humane Border group is refilling water stations located on the desert of the U.S.-Mexico border.
4689:
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that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.
4285:'s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin.
4005:
3430:
2846:
1301:
1051:
5327:
The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the
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13083:
12830:
12648:
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11473:
11250:
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8397:
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4516:
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10040:
9923:
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12764:
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11960:
11861:
11659:
11503:
11179:
11008:
10915:
10552:
10192:
8551:"Combatting water scarcity and economic distress along the US-Mexico border using renewable powered desalination"
5777:
5640:
5519:
5461:
5406:
4625:
3648:
2999:
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8604:
4704:
infrastructure investments may be necessary to address the growing water and energy issues in this arid region.
13073:
12719:
12563:
12378:
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11675:
11617:
10865:
5604:
5535:
5370:
5141:
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4783:
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and transferred 1.07 km (260 acres) in return to the U.S. Border treaties are jointly administered by the
3333:
2716:
2379:
946:
9350:"Mayorkas confirms over 600,000 illegal immigrants evaded law enforcement at southern border last fiscal year"
8942:
4467:
on major roads generally between 40 and 121 km (25 and 75 mi) from the U.S. side of the border, and
3522:
completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned
13078:
12162:
12046:
11912:
11768:
11635:
10672:
Arbelaez, Harvey; Milman, Claudio (2000). "The new business environment of latin america and the caribbean".
10160:"Crossing Over: Assessing Operation Streamline and the Rights of Immigrant Criminal Defendants at the Border"
5817:
5787:
5366:
5028:
4904:
3764:
2478:
1653:
8538:
https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-democrats-introduce-emergency-border-supplemental
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have continued to cause tension between farmers along the border, according to Mexican political scientist
2683:
1719:
1620:
1268:
196:
9773:"New Organization Emerges to Aid Deported Mexican Nationals | San Miguel de Allende | Atención San Miguel"
9183:
7900:"Information seeking, technology use, and vulnerability among migrants at the United States–Mexico border"
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3132:. The border then proceeds for 227 km (141 mi) in a straight line towards the confluence of the
13093:
12611:
12486:
12415:
11493:
10947:
10341:
9538:"Nuestra Casa: An advocacy initiative to reduce inequalities and tuberculosis along the US–Mexico border"
9379:
9320:
6966:
Border Security: Despite Progress, Weaknesses in Traveler Inspections Exist at Our Nation's Port of Entry
6829:
5096:
Another "high consequence outcome" is the increase in criminal charges. The DHS has also worked with the
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4779:
4419:
4214:
4165:
3552:
3472:
3411:
3246:
3160:
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1950:
591:
519:
118:
5464:, there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger. In 2021, an endangered
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in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. It is the
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11174:
11158:
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10908:
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8549:
Roggenburg, Michael; Warsinger, David M.; Bocanegra Evans, Humberto; Castillo, Luciano (June 1, 2021).
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4716:
U.S. Border Patrol agents review documents of individuals suspected of attempted illegal entry in 2019.
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4000:
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and missed deadlines are common in government projects; in recent U.S. history, see, for example, the
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13016:
12956:
12426:
Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law
12403:
11922:
11515:
11290:
10768:"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"
10760:"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"
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4160:
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3272:
The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas
2650:
2617:
1917:
1484:
847:
9986:"The Rise and Fall of the Secure Border Initiative's High-Tech Solution to Unauthorized Immigration"
8707:
6806:
The US–Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year.
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12872:
12456:
12373:
12351:
12224:
12152:
11975:
11525:
11498:
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11184:
10942:
10233:"Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area"
9472:"After Trump's immigration crackdown, a desert clinic tries to save lives without breaking the law"
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5833:
5772:
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March 2020, many border crossers have been quickly deported to Mexico without a chance for asylum.
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American countries. The report also shows that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.
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1983:
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2998:. It is one of two international borders that the United States has, the other being the northern
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12658:
12631:
12558:
12410:
11970:
11377:
11372:
11295:
11280:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11240:
11219:
11204:
9471:
8375:
8040:"Border Patrol: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance"
7967:
7700:
7694:"Import health requirements of Mexico for horses (non slaughter) exported from the United States"
5593:
5545:
in the United States. According to César González Vaca, head of the Forensic Doctor's Service in
5130:
5109:
4650:
3782:
3684:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3168:
3007:
2551:
1851:
880:
420:
100:
7870:
6655:
3973:
12673:
12466:
12366:
12218:
11643:
9321:"WATCH LIVE: FBI Director Wray, DHS head Mayorkas testify in Senate hearing on threats to U.S."
7416:
4947:
4939:
disqualified victims of gangs or domestic violence to be reasonable causes for asylum seekers.
4919:
Memorial coffins on the US-Mexico barrier in Tijuana for those killed crossing the border fence
4370:
4080:
3996:
3928:
3863:
3227:
1521:
1451:
1017:
814:
557:
10852:
10788:"California Border Crossing: San Ysidro Port of Entry Is the Busiest Land Border in the World"
9398:"Republicans tell Biden not to take control of Texas National Guard amid standoff over border"
8219:
7081:
7047:
6911:
6884:
6349:
5961:
5869:
5285:
that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the
4139:. Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana,
12981:
12961:
12759:
12739:
12638:
12496:
12383:
11705:
11448:
11443:
11209:
7847:
7727:
Options for Estimating Illegal Entries at the U.S.–Mexico Border The National Academies Press
7115:
6938:
6712:
6121:
6002:
5822:
5063:
4925:
4841:
4825:
4730:
4246:
4113:
4072:
4063:
4045:
3978:
3754:
3746:
3561:
3086:
1117:
624:
12394:
United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims
9182:
8941:
8911:
8878:
8802:
8760:
6425:
6341:
4726:
4562:
cited on April 22, 2020, that a U.S.–Mexico border shutdown could be expected following the
3070:
12941:
12877:
12840:
12795:
12707:
12702:
12601:
12501:
12388:
12097:
12067:
12041:
12031:
12026:
12016:
11773:
11748:
10876:
10360:
9535:
8018:
6788:
6622:
5812:
5735:
5258:
5072:
4759:
4671:
4440:
3868:
3787:
3769:
3285:
3082:
3003:
2967:
913:
453:
12807:
12695:
6399:
6230:
6224:
4120:. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians use this entry daily. In the U.S.,
3540:
8:
13001:
12946:
12476:
12006:
11713:
11483:
11320:
11270:
11134:
10813:
10516:
9496:
Smith, Sophie (October 2017). "No More Deaths: Direct Aid in the US-Mexico Border Zone".
8853:"Trump hit Mexico with steel tariffs. Mexico is hitting back – and targeting Republicans"
8536:
House Democrats Introduce Emergency Border Supplemental. (June 21, 2019). Retrieved from
6718:
6067:
5068:
4036:
4027:
4018:
3910:
3854:
3796:
3760:
3644:
3557:
3511:. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and
3467:
The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the
3172:
3159:, the continental border then follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848
3145:
387:
12966:
10767:
10474:
10456:
10232:
8083:"Aduanas 25 de las Reglas de Caracter General en Materia de Comercio Exterior para 2007"
7621:
7443:
7442:, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, January 13, 2008, archived from
7389:
6592:
5254:
Federal courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, where Operation Streamline proceedings take place
4268:
146:
12690:
12523:
12481:
12011:
11800:
11582:
10737:
10697:
10646:
10598:
10385:
10318:
10310:
10127:
9704:
9622:
9589:
9562:
9537:
9189:
8948:
8918:
8885:
8578:
7776:
7361:
6972:. United States Government Accountability Office. November 2007. p. 10. GAO-08-219
6303:
6259:
6094:
5235:
4974:
4868:
4559:
4478:
4386:
4234:
4068:
3923:
3872:
3814:
3778:
3632:
3625:
3396:
3141:
3101:
11820:
10883:– a short film constructed from satellite imagery that traces the length of the border
10533:"Coronavirus chokes the drug trade — from Wuhan, through Mexico and onto U.S. streets"
9306:
Stef W. Kight. (January 30, 2022). "U.S. border draws migrants from Russia, Ukraine".
8971:
8681:
8655:
7668:
6567:
6534:
5530:
and was smuggled across the border between Mexico and the United States. In 2017, the
5080:
The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the DHS which led to the
4929:
encouraging public elementary schools to provide healthier food choices for students.
12850:
12749:
12685:
12668:
12653:
12606:
12553:
12167:
12142:
12021:
12001:
11825:
11668:
11530:
10931:
10830:
10741:
10729:
10701:
10689:
10650:
10638:
10602:
10590:
10537:
10493:"Opioid Deaths Could Hit 165,000 Annually Without Intervention, Biden Official Warns"
10302:
9751:
9743:
9708:
9696:
9627:
9609:
9567:
9549:
9246:
8582:
8570:
8347:"Report: Border Patrol confirms 29 incursions by Mexican officials into U.S. in 2007"
8215:
7997:
7991:
7780:
7739:
7648:
7302:
7123:
7087:
7053:
6944:
6917:
6890:
6756:
6722:
6686:
6506:
6455:
6353:
6342:
6266:
6234:
6177:
6152:
6101:
5957:
5875:
5679:
5541:
Border towns on the Mexico–United States border have been negatively affected by the
5465:
5456:
4512:
have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations.
4305:
4059:
3951:
3914:
3805:
3434:
3211:
3074:
3038:
1884:
1805:
1229:
10428:
10322:
9271:
8629:
7243:
6042:
4296:
Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border.
13006:
12802:
12596:
12586:
12471:
12132:
12107:
11783:
11214:
11199:
10775:
10721:
10681:
10630:
10582:
10292:
10215:"Arrested on Entry: Operation Streamline and the Prosecution of Immigration Crimes"
10171:
9887:"A woman watched her husband and daughter drown at the Mexican border, report says"
9735:
9688:
9662:"Racism, not a lack of assimilation, is the real problem facing Latinos in America"
9617:
9601:
9557:
9505:
8566:
8562:
8195:
7911:
7833:
7768:
7731:
7699:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). December 2005. Archived from
7566:
6295:
5828:
5798:
List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border
5489:
5468:
was stopped from crossing from New Mexico into Mexico by a section of border wall.
4693:
4664:
4237:) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card (
4226:
3850:
3832:
3570:
3519:
3438:
3422:
3321:
3301:
2959:
122:
10890: – photographs and description of the obelisks that mark the border
10634:
10586:
10553:"Mexican cartel targeted by Biden administration in multiple fentanyl indictments"
8261:"Border crossings top 10,000 daily as migrants seek US entry before Title 42 ends"
7916:
7899:
7592:
4915:
4537:
3890:
3594:
3548:
3062:
2990:
border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually.
12855:
12568:
12518:
12491:
12398:
12147:
12072:
11300:
10818:
10512:"Mexican traffickers making New York a hub for lucrative — and deadly — fentanyl"
9961:
9692:
8785:
Attorney General Becerra: Constitution, Rule of Law Barriers to Trump Border Wall
5749:
5550:
5546:
5515:
5485:
5336:
were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).
4959:
4908:
4770:
4497:
of those attempting to cross into the U.S. from Mexico illegally and vice versa.
4456:
4432:
4050:
3919:
3836:
3823:
3688:
3620:, when labor shortages grew, the provisions were temporarily suspended. The U.S.
3410:
between the U.S. and Spain, which specified northern and eastern borders. Mexico
3364:
3325:
3305:
3203:
3034:
3030:
768:
11918:
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
6174:
U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo
5221:). The border zone was established by the U.S. DOJ in its interpretation of the
3946:
3696:
12591:
12543:
12197:
12187:
11955:
11683:
11310:
10963:
10873:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
10314:
10175:
10118:
Lydgate, L. (2010). "Assembly-Line Justice: A Review of Operation Streamline".
9605:
9509:
9051:"Cutting aid and closing ports: Here's what's happening at the southern border"
7388:, Association of Cotpotrate Travel Executives, December 5, 2006, archived from
5566:
4741:
4482:
4452:
4448:
4177:
4140:
4023:
4014:
3942:
3894:
3886:
3692:
3544:
3449:
3133:
3114:
3078:
3066:
2983:
2926:
682:
10685:
9077:"President Trump says he will delay closing the border with Mexico for a year"
8371:
7796:"US government to use facial recognition technology at Mexico border crossing"
7772:
7725:
7120:
Transboundary Policy Challenges in the Pacific Border Regions of North America
5924:
5902:
5768:
Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005
5553:
in the United States. Many of the deaths are from an extremely potent opioid,
5434:
13052:
12626:
12279:
12077:
11698:
10733:
10725:
10693:
10642:
10594:
10306:
9747:
9700:
9613:
9553:
9250:
9105:"How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal"
8574:
8499:
7935:"The U.S.–Mexico border: under the economic lens and in the historical frame"
7885:
7306:
6845:
In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs.
6680:
Linthicum, Kate; McDonnell, Patrick J.; Minjares, Gabriela (March 28, 2023).
6375:"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began With This Incident 100 Years Ago"
5721:
5210:
4936:
4855:
as he canceled the national emergency declaration, originally used by Trump.
4696:
have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.
4489:
4474:
4365:
3969:
3960:
3900:
3841:
3827:
3427:
3363:
View of Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with
3258:
3129:
3125:
3110:
2979:
2975:
248:
139:
75:
10014:
9239:"Biden orders a 'pause' on border wall construction, bringing crews to halt"
9213:"The Wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico"
8708:"Trump seeks 20 percent tax on Mexico goods to pay for wall, crisis deepens"
5565:. In 2023, the Biden administration announced a crackdown on members of the
5250:
4471:
generally within 50 km (31 mi) of the border on the Mexican side.
3600:
3219:
3097:
3046:
2201:
2109:
12860:
12714:
12202:
11965:
11388:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
11305:
9755:
9631:
9571:
8913:"Trump Suspends Some Asylum Rights, Calling Illegal Immigration 'a Crisis'"
5218:
4970:
4969:
In June 2019, 300 migrant children were moved from a detention facility in
4887:
4833:
4795:
4721:
4382:
4238:
4041:
4032:
3964:
3845:
281:
10862:
10337:"An endangered wolf went in search of a mate. The border wall blocked him"
9536:
Moya, Eva; Chavez-Baray, Silvia; Wood, William W.; Martinez, Omar (2016).
8880:"Trump Claims New Power to Bar Asylum for Immigrants Who Arrive Illegally"
8548:
8103:
8060:
8039:
7838:
7468:
7146:
6964:
4754:
new policy of separating parents from their children at the Mexican border
4640:
Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security
4566:
public health emergency. According to HRW, the new rule introduced by the
4194:
4150:
13011:
12533:
11428:
11362:
10863:
Status of Mexican Trucks in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions
9724:"Deaths in the Desert: The Human Rights Crisis on the U.S.–Mexico Border"
8943:"Federal Judge Blocks Trump's Proclamation Targeting Some Asylum Seekers"
5562:
5332:
5267:
5186:
4337:, must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE.
4300:
APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including
4292:
4136:
3987:
3700:
3617:
3578:
10827:
The Shadow of the Wall: Violence and Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Border
10475:"'People will keep dying': Fentanyl crisis grips Mexico's border cities"
10457:"'People will keep dying': Fentanyl crisis grips Mexico's border cities"
10131:
9739:
8735:"Forget what Donald Trump said: Tariffs are a tax on American consumers"
8401:
5743:
3163:
between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the
12867:
12663:
12192:
11100:
9860:
8762:"California again steps up to Trump, this time to stop the border wall"
8430:. United States House of Representatives. June 17, 2014. Archived from
8199:
7822:"Enemy Territory: Immigration Enforcement in the US–Mexico Borderlands"
6682:"At least 38 migrants killed in a fire at a detention center in Mexico"
6558:
6525:
6307:
5557:, which is trafficked from Mexico. The drug is usually manufactured in
5275:
5270:
if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time and a
5214:
5144: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4815:
4342:
4313:
4154:
Entrance to Mexico from San Diego, California, United States of America
4135:
It has influenced the every day lifestyle of people that live in these
4125:
3982:
3512:
3484:
3476:
3250:
3223:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3149:
3137:
3058:
3054:
3022:
3014:
2208:
1401:
1392:
1170:
691:
12883:
National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States
10870:
10779:
10759:
9103:
Bennett, Brian; Berenson, Tessa; Abramson, Alana (February 13, 2019).
8804:"Republicans skeptical about paying for wall as Trump releases budget"
8605:"Mexican president disputes Trump over border wall payment discussion"
8212:
4536:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
4459:; and the Arizona Border Control Initiative along the Arizona border.
12178:
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
11927:
11882:
11398:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
11393:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
11275:
11224:
9885:
Maxouris, Christina; Almasy, Steve; Gallón, Natalie (June 27, 2019).
9131:"DHS report pegs cost of border wall at up to $ 21.6 billion: report"
9081:
5507:
4852:
4444:
4346:
4334:
4132:, American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the U.S.
3742:
3453:
3392:
3117:. It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.
10900:
10297:
10280:
9025:"U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions by Sector FY2018"
8016:
7620:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from
7591:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from
7565:. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Archived from
6615:"Minutes between the United States and Mexican Sections of the IBWC"
6503:
Restless River, International Law and the Behavior of the Rio Grande
6299:
5582:
5344:
5119:
3395:. In the early 19th century, the U.S. bought the lands known as the
130:
11788:
11520:
11510:
10262:
7735:
5554:
5527:
5206:
5190:
4942:
4301:
4222:
4210:
4089:
lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people.
3932:
3508:
3496:
3215:
3042:
2102:
1812:
1517:
1447:
1013:
553:
12681:
US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping
12326:
Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States
11383:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
10853:
About binational health – United States–Mexico Public Health – CDC
10714:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
9451:
Bird, Jo (November 2014). "Human Rights on the US/Mexico Border".
9290:"Situation at the southern border worse that you probably realize"
5839:
Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States
9962:"Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry"
9906:"House passes border funding bill to address humanitarian crisis"
9157:"Senate Dems: Trump's border wall could cost nearly $ 70 billion"
7884:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
7172:"San Ysidro Is Getting a Clearer Look at Just How Polluted it is"
7118:. In Alper, Donald K.; Day, John Chadwick; Loucky, James (eds.).
5511:
5448:
5194:
4837:
4606:
4468:
4230:
4117:
3818:
3773:
3750:
3500:
3480:
3457:
3382:
3254:
3187:
3164:
3018:
1163:
698:
10857:
9075:
Collins, Michael; Fritze, John; Jackson, David (April 4, 2019).
8830:"Trump keeps making it harder for people to seek asylum legally"
6996:"Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Brave Risks for American Schools"
6176:(1 ed.). Center for Strategic & International Studies.
5498:
Mexico is estimated to be the world's third largest producer of
12269:
11586:
11454:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
10762:. Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.
7244:"Cost of Living in Tijuana, Mexico. Jul 2018 prices in Tijuana"
6940:
Midnight on the Line: The Secret Life of the U.S.–Mexico Border
6149:
The Late Great Mexican Border: Reports from a Disappearing Line
5503:
5452:
5271:
5198:
4590:
4250:
3504:
3492:
3400:
3207:
3050:
2971:
1222:
775:
63:
11414:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
10858:
Border Stories: a mosaic documentary on the U.S.–Mexico Border
10790:. HuffPost social reading, article on California watch. (2012)
9803:
9588:
Cohen, Stuart J.; Meister, Joel S.; deZapien, Jill G. (2016).
8280:"Borderworld: How the U.S. Is Reengineering Homeland Security"
7538:"New Rules Go Into Effect At Busy U.S.–Mexico Border Crossing"
134:
The vast majority of the current border was decided after the
9816:
6344:
Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border
5558:
5499:
5297:
5202:
5172:
4963:
4678:
4610:
4242:
3643:
made both authorities nervous about borderland security. The
3195:
3026:
1408:
8109:. Government Accountability Office. August 2006. p. 42.
7083:
A Geography Of Time: On Tempo, Culture, And The Pace Of Life
10753:
On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier
9861:"Kino Border Initiative – Iniciative Kino para la Frontera"
8972:"US appeals court won't immediately allow Trump asylum ban"
8905:
8903:
8303:"Work to cease on 'virtual fence' along U.S.–Mexico border"
7645:
On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier
6223:
Hart, John M. (2000). "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920".
5239:
4882:
4792:
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California
4325:
4257:
3687:
transferred an area of Mexican territory to the U.S., near
3488:
3351:
A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border
3033:
includes only the six Mexican states that border the U.S.:
30:
For the physical barrier separating the two countries, see
10798:
7269:"Tijuana Wants You To Forget Everything You Know About It"
6679:
6003:"A Compromised Country: Redefining the U.S.-Mexico Border"
5871:
Consuming Mexican Labor: From the Bracero Program to NAFTA
5323:
Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border
4324:. APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of
9002:
8603:
Collinson, Stephen; Diamond, Jeremy (September 1, 2016).
8495:"Further Buildup on US–Mexico Border Unnecessary: Report"
8234:"Tell the Trump Administration to Protect Asylum Seekers"
5304:
officers deporting a man wanted for two murders in Mexico
5071:
member working with the U.S. Border Patrol in support of
4079:
The total population of the borderlands—defined as those
2992:
Illegal crossing of the border to enter the United States
12893:
Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier
10825:
Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martínez, Scott Whiteford, eds.
9184:"U.S. Moves to Build Prototypes for Mexican Border Wall"
8900:
8759:
McGreevy, Patrick; Ulloa, Jazmine (September 20, 2017).
5758:
Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier
4128:. Among those who enter the U.S. through San Ysidro are
10208:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10091:"Customs and Border Protection's (CBP's) 100-Mile Rule"
9237:
Miroff, Nick; Hernandez, Arelis R. (January 20, 2021).
9102:
8996:
Kelly, Caroline; de Vogue, Ariane (December 21, 2018).
7730:. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2013.
7295:"This is what the hours after being deported look like"
6784:"US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years"
6286:"Some Events in the History of Mexico and the Border".
5502:
with poppy cultivation. It also is a major supplier of
4183:
9904:
Shabad, Rebecca; Caldwell, Leigh Ann (June 25, 2019).
8542:
8473:"Debate rages over Mexico 'spillover violence' in U.S"
8017:
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (June 23, 2010).
7415:, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, archived from
6348:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.
6252:
6250:
5180:
monitoring the U.S.–Mexico border in southwest Arizona
3551:, Chihuahua (right), taken on June 30, 2022, from the
3414:
from Spain, and the border was reaffirmed in the 1828
11419:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
10711:
10038:
9805:
Kino Border Initiative – the church without frontiers
9715:
8910:
Shear, Michael; Sullivan, Eileen (November 9, 2018).
7842:(inactive September 17, 2024) – via HeinOnline.
4752:
In June 2018, the Trump administration established a
12123:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
10197:
9884:
9587:
9583:
9581:
9272:"Record high migrant detentions at US-Mexico border"
9074:
8271:
7328:"San Diego Developers See a New Frontier in Tijuana"
7022:"Before the Wall: Life Along the U.S.-Mexico Border"
6819:"The United States–Mexico Border Region at a Glance"
5711:
3377:
3175:
and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande border.
3171:
between Mexico and the U.S. settled all outstanding
12529:
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution
8998:"Supreme Court upholds block on Trump's asylum ban"
6858:"A Day at the Busiest Border Crossing in the World"
6247:
5607:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4221:or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in
10451:
10449:
10361:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
8520:
8518:
8010:
7147:"Border Wait Times and Border Crossing Statistics"
7116:"Recent Trends in Mexico-U.S. Border Demographics"
6258:
6093:
4654:Border for pedestrians in Tijuana, Baja California
4585:The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the
3444:
3367:on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right
12362:International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant
12321:Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations
10411:"Fact-checking Trump on drug traffic from Mexico"
10066:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10058:
9678:
9645:Rhodan, Maya (November 2018). "Give Me Shelter".
9578:
7852:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
7563:"Ports Designated for the Importation of Animals"
7509:"Why it's Mexico's turn to tighten the US border"
7385:DHS Announces Final Western Hemisphere Air Travel
6710:
6500:
6171:
6147:Byrd, Bobby; Mississippi, Susannah, eds. (1996).
4867:On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary
3471:, which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the
3122:Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico
13050:
11867:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
10993:
10572:
10386:"DEA.gov / Headquarters News Releases, 12/06/16"
9721:
9672:
8801:Sullivan, Sean; Snell, Kelsey (March 16, 2017).
8656:"Trump orders wall to be built on Mexico border"
8602:
7412:Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative: The Basics
6261:The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century
6199:"Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande"
5849:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
4481:tunnel under the U.S.–Mexico border used by the
3657:Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge
3386:The US-New Spain/Mexico border from 1819 to 1836
2781:Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge
2197:
2098:
1801:
1397:
1218:
1159:
764:
687:
157:
12937:United States extradition relations with Mexico
10446:
9236:
8682:"Mexico: We will not pay for Trump border wall"
8515:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7929:
7927:
6886:Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries
6146:
5893:
5891:
3437:in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S.
154:and mounted at the exact location of the border
12128:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
11806:List of people deported from the United States
10674:International Journal of Public Administration
10671:
10072:"The Constitution in the 100-Mile Border Zone"
10055:
9903:
8796:
8794:
8630:"How realistic is Donald Trump's Mexico wall?"
8372:"MSNBC report on Border incursion Oct 18 2007"
6792:. Washington. January 12, 2010. Archived from
6229:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
5868:Mize, Ronald L.; Swords, Alicia C. S. (2010).
3765:Tijuana International Airport, Baja California
3713:
3604:Vehicle barrier in the New Mexico desert, 2010
1364:
1356:
1349:
654:
646:
639:
12507:United States and Mexican Boundary Commission
12252:
11553:Trump administration family separation policy
11086:
10979:
10916:
10281:"The Environmental Impacts of a Border Fence"
8995:
8909:
8800:
8758:
8398:"Mexican incursions inflame border situation"
8313:
8098:
8096:
8080:
7484:"New pedestrian crossing unveiled in Tijuana"
7113:
7045:
6828:. New Mexico State University. Archived from
6826:United States–Mexico Border Health Commission
6559:International Boundary and Water Commission.
6526:International Boundary and Water Commission.
3720:List of Mexico–United States border crossings
752:
744:
737:
172:
12977:Exclusive economic zone of the United States
12730:Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute
12462:United States declaration of war upon Mexico
11603:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
10274:
10272:
10212:
10153:
10151:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10143:
10141:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9210:
8487:
8127:"Interceptions of immigrants stubbornly low"
7978:
7962:
7960:
7924:
7759:Martínez, Ruben (2004). "Fortress America".
7612:
7610:
5888:
5874:. University of Toronto Press. p. 175.
5371:introducing citations to additional sources
4092:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2086:
2078:
2071:
1789:
1781:
1774:
12441:United States presidential visits to Mexico
12357:International Boundary and Water Commission
12103:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
10113:
10111:
10109:
10107:
8791:
8327:. CBP – US Border patrol (Official website)
8120:
8118:
8116:
7201:"Border Health Equity Transportation Study"
7122:. University of Calgary Press. p. 55.
6652:International Boundary and Water Commission
6619:International Boundary and Water Commission
6460:International Boundary and Water Commission
5763:2017 Mexico–United States diplomatic crisis
5569:smuggling fentanyl into the United States.
4996:
4495:migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border
3736:Going into Mexico from El Paso, Texas, U.S.
3673:International Boundary and Water Commission
3641:Constant battles and raids along the border
3575:International Boundary and Water Commission
3157:International Boundary and Water Commission
2508:
2500:
2493:
2050:Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge
152:International Boundary and Water Commission
12311:Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico
12301:Ambassadors of Mexico to the United States
12259:
12245:
12138:Federation for American Immigration Reform
11093:
11079:
10986:
10972:
10923:
10909:
10238:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1983
8093:
7865:
7863:
7636:
7114:Mendoza, Cristobal; Loucky, James (2008).
6994:Brown, Patricia Leigh (January 16, 2012).
6930:
6776:
6755:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 457.
5867:
5438:Mexico–U.S. border wall at Tijuana, Mexico
4980:
4946:Mexicans crossing the Río Grande face the
4720:In 2016, Republican nominee for president
4679:Disagreements over need for more resources
3761:Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California
2281:Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge
1753:Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge
179:
165:
12908:Border Environment Cooperation Commission
12512:United States and Mexican Boundary Survey
12306:Embassy of the United States, Mexico City
11913:Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
11908:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
11898:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
11841:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
11598:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
11368:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
10888:The Journey to Border Monument Number 140
10530:
10296:
10269:
10213:Kerwin, D.; McCabe, K. (April 29, 2010).
10138:
9944:
9722:Androff, D. K.; Tavassoli, K. Y. (2012).
9621:
9561:
9420:
9418:
9128:
8969:
8780:State of California Department of Justice
8019:"Fact Sheet: Southwest Border Next Steps"
7957:
7915:
7837:
7607:
7195:
7193:
6637:
5976:"Countries With the Longest Land Borders"
5667:Learn how and when to remove this message
5232:Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
5160:Learn how and when to remove this message
5051:Learn how and when to remove this message
4990:
4263:
3182:along the border, from west to east, are
12836:Illegal immigration to the United States
12118:Center for Migration Studies of New York
11261:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
11130:Nationality law in the American Colonies
10871:A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War
10765:
10157:
10104:
10082:
10041:"The US border is bigger than you think"
9959:
9427:"US allows new water stations by border"
9395:
8113:
7989:
7758:
6876:
6585:
6339:
6265:. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc.
6091:
5951:
5793:Illegal immigration to the United States
5678:
5433:
5361:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5296:
5249:
5171:
5062:
5023:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4941:
4914:
4886:
4883:Humanitarian assistance along the border
4819:
4758:
4711:
4649:
4473:
4414:
4411:Illegal immigration to the United States
4364:
4291:
4267:
4193:
4170:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
4149:
4096:
3731:
3599:
3539:
3448:
3381:
3124:, which is set one marine league (three
3096:
2149:Laredo Colombia Solidarity Port of Entry
145:
129:
13039:Category:Mexico–United States relations
12987:Mexico–United States international park
12347:Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)
12052:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
11608:Executive Office for Immigration Review
10117:
9767:
9765:
9469:
8185:
8068:United States General Accounting Office
8053:
8047:United States General Accounting Office
8032:
7860:
7826:Journal on Migration and Human Security
7292:
7141:
7139:
7046:Yogerst, Joe; Mellin, Maribeth (2002).
6909:
6903:
6748:
6706:
6704:
6320:
6196:
6100:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
5844:Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)
5803:Mexico–United States international park
5783:Illegal drug trade in the United States
5572:
5482:Illegal drug trade in the United States
5245:
5224:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
5103:
4858:
4776:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
4707:
4465:U.S. Border Patrol interior checkpoints
4198:The San Ysidro border crossing between
3655:The first international bridge was the
3403:and began to expand steadily westward.
1742:
1734:
1382:
1374:
727:
719:
672:
664:
14:
13051:
12735:Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico
12068:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
10786:Andrew Becker and Agustin Armendariz.
10616:
10614:
10612:
10568:
10566:
10509:
10039:Catherine E. Shoichet (May 24, 2018).
10009:
10007:
9980:
9978:
9659:
9644:
9415:
9360:from the original on December 11, 2023
9330:from the original on December 11, 2023
9154:
8970:Thanawala, Sudhin (December 7, 2018).
8939:
8470:
8454:"Border patrol agent held at gunpoint"
8378:from the original on December 21, 2021
8321:"Statistics – SW Border apprehensions"
8149:
8147:
7897:
7642:
7535:
7481:
7248:Expatistan, cost of living comparisons
7190:
7079:
6936:
6607:
6432:. Texas State Historical Association.
5947:
5945:
5035:to additional sources at this section.
4488:There are an estimated half a million
3339:Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006
2749:West Rail Bypass International Bridge
12436:United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement
12431:Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina
12240:
11316:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
11074:
10967:
10930:
10904:
10829:. University of Arizona Press, 2018.
10620:
10015:"Fact Sheet:Secure Border Initiative"
9660:Gamboa, Suzanne (February 26, 2019).
9495:
9180:
9048:
8876:
8850:
8277:
8258:
8124:
7819:
7793:
7019:
6993:
6436:from the original on October 27, 2016
6256:
5917:
5518:to the U.S. market. According to the
4794:to challenge the proclamation. Judge
4404:
4401:for monitoring immigrant activities.
3128:) south of the southernmost point of
3120:The Mexico–U.S. border begins at the
3113:and 19 km (12 mi) into the
3089:, before reaching the Pacific Ocean.
2909:
2901:
2770:
2762:
2739:
2731:
2270:
2262:
2039:
2031:
1507:
1499:
1437:
1429:
487:San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway
348:San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway
231:
223:
27:International border in North America
12997:Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
12791:Second French intervention in Mexico
12549:United States occupation of Veracruz
12331:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
12037:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
11342:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
10278:
9960:Seghetti, Lisa (December 31, 2014).
9801:
9762:
9450:
9396:Timotija, Filip (February 8, 2024).
8940:Jordan, Miriam (November 20, 2018).
8732:
7439:Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
7218:"The World's Most Dangerous Borders"
7136:
6882:
6742:
6701:
6423:
6222:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6000:
5683:Entrance into Mexico at Nogales, AZ
5605:adding citations to reliable sources
5576:
5506:and the largest foreign supplier of
5494:Opioid epidemic in the United States
5338:
5281:In December 2009, it was decided in
5142:adding citations to reliable sources
5113:
5000:
4645:
4522:
4260:($ 21) fee and show their passport.
4207:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
4190:Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
4184:Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative
3284:U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along
3013:Four American states border Mexico:
2880:Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry
2017:Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry
1555:El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry
1206:
1198:
1140:
1132:
150:A typical plaque constructed by the
12922:Mexico–United States soccer rivalry
12914:Violence and Activism At The Border
12421:North American Free Trade Agreement
12316:Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas
12296:Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.
11723:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
11693:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
11578:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
11180:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
10812:Feldman, Megan (October 16, 2008).
10609:
10563:
10088:
10004:
9975:
9542:International Public Health Journal
9526:, vol. 8, no. 2, 2016, pp. 107–119.
9524:International Public Health Journal
9425:Star, Brady McCombs Arizona Daily.
9211:Felbab-Brown, Vanda (August 2017).
9129:Greenwood, Max (February 9, 2017).
8877:Shear, Michael (November 8, 2018).
8300:
8144:
7813:
7293:Lakhani, Nina (December 12, 2017).
6711:Golson, Barry; Thia Golson (2008).
6654:. November 24, 2009. Archived from
6595:. United States Department of State
6505:. Texas Western Press. p. 64.
5942:
5478:Illegal drug trade in Latin America
5471:
5287:Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
4774:and the presidential powers of the
3718:For a more comprehensive list, see
3676:one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.
3462:San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area
2869:
2861:
2836:
2828:
2814:Brownsville – B&M Port of Entry
2803:
2795:
2706:
2698:
2673:
2665:
2640:
2632:
2607:
2599:
2574:
2566:
2541:
2533:
2468:
2460:
2435:
2427:
2402:
2394:
2369:
2361:
2347:Laredo Juarez–Lincoln Port of Entry
2336:
2328:
2314:Laredo Convent Avenue Port of Entry
2303:
2295:
2237:
2229:
2138:
2130:
2006:
1998:
1973:
1965:
1940:
1932:
1907:
1899:
1874:
1866:
1841:
1833:
1709:
1701:
1676:
1668:
1643:
1635:
1610:
1602:
1577:
1569:
1544:
1536:
1474:
1466:
476:
468:
24:
12952:American-Mexican Claims Commission
12932:Mexico–Republic of Texas relations
12846:Mexico–United States border crisis
11811:Mexico–United States border crisis
11593:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
10806:
10531:Linthicum, Kate (April 24, 2020).
10345:. January 21, 2022. Archived from
10182:from the original on June 23, 2018
9155:Carney, Jordain (April 18, 2017).
9029:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
8301:Hsu, Spencer S. (March 16, 2010).
8125:Dinan, Stephen (January 9, 2013).
7898:Newell, Bryce Clayton (May 2016).
7482:Dibble, Sandra (August 20, 2015).
6913:The San Diegan – 41st Edition
6172:Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand (2003).
5178:North Carolina Army National Guard
5016:relies largely or entirely upon a
4873:Senate Homeland Security Committee
4729:, new U.S. president Trump signed
4686:Washington Office on Latin America
4605:The U.S.–Mexico border fence near
2996:Mexico–United States border crisis
980:Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry
25:
13105:
12972:Exclusive economic zone of Mexico
12927:Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry
12775:Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
12755:Killing of Claudia Gómez González
12745:Central American migrant caravans
12644:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
12617:Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)
12032:"Streamline" (2005–present)
11754:Central American migrant caravans
11301:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
10841:
10256:
10019:Homeland Security Digital Library
7993:Amexica: War Along the Borderline
7536:Wagner, Laura (August 20, 2015).
6036:"United States Section Directive"
6023:
4958:individuals are deported such as
3378:Prior to the Mexican–American War
2847:Brownsville Gateway Port of Entry
1324:
1316:
1302:Columbus New Mexico Port of Entry
1291:
1283:
1258:
1250:
1107:
1099:
1074:
1066:
1052:Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry
1002:
994:
969:
961:
936:
928:
903:
895:
870:
862:
837:
829:
804:
796:
614:
606:
581:
573:
542:
534:
509:
501:
443:
435:
410:
402:
337:
329:
304:
296:
271:
263:
13034:
13033:
12649:United States v. Alvarez-Machain
12278:
12268:
11816:Mexico–United States border wall
11291:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
11102:Immigration to the United States
10545:
10524:
10503:
10485:
10467:
10421:
10403:
10378:
10353:
10329:
10250:
10225:
10164:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review
10032:
9916:
9897:
9878:
9853:
9823:
9802:Burr, Pete (February 28, 2017).
9795:
9653:
9649:. Vol. 192. pp. 36–41.
9638:
9529:
9516:
9489:
9463:
9444:
9424:
9389:
9372:
9342:
9313:
9300:
9282:
9264:
9230:
9204:
9174:
9148:
9122:
9096:
9068:
9042:
9017:
8989:
8963:
8933:
8870:
8844:
8822:
8773:
8752:
8733:Baum, Caroline (March 6, 2019).
8726:
8700:
8674:
8648:
8622:
8596:
7879:
7354:"WHTI: Enhanced Drivers License"
7020:Ahmed, Azam (February 8, 2017).
6889:. OECD Publishing. p. 331.
6372:
5742:
5728:
5714:
5581:
5354:relies largely or entirely on a
5343:
5118:
5005:
4809:
4788:Center for Constitutional Rights
4633:
4617:
4598:
4527:
4517:Government Accountability Office
4422:agents in southern Texas in 2013
3992:Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas
3529:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3313:
3293:
3277:
3265:
3239:
3073:, it crosses vast tracts of the
3059:Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)
3002:; Mexico has two other borders:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2868:
2860:
2835:
2827:
2802:
2794:
2769:
2761:
2738:
2730:
2705:
2697:
2672:
2664:
2639:
2631:
2606:
2598:
2573:
2565:
2540:
2532:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2467:
2459:
2434:
2426:
2401:
2393:
2368:
2360:
2335:
2327:
2302:
2294:
2269:
2261:
2248:Laredo World Trade Port of Entry
2236:
2228:
2184:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2137:
2129:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2038:
2030:
2005:
1997:
1972:
1964:
1939:
1931:
1906:
1898:
1873:
1865:
1840:
1832:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1764:
1741:
1733:
1708:
1700:
1675:
1667:
1642:
1634:
1609:
1601:
1576:
1568:
1543:
1535:
1506:
1498:
1473:
1465:
1436:
1428:
1381:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1323:
1315:
1290:
1282:
1257:
1249:
1205:
1197:
1188:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1106:
1098:
1073:
1065:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1001:
993:
968:
960:
935:
927:
902:
894:
869:
861:
836:
828:
803:
795:
751:
743:
736:
726:
718:
671:
663:
653:
645:
638:
613:
605:
580:
572:
541:
533:
508:
500:
475:
467:
442:
434:
409:
401:
377:
376:
369:
368:
359:
336:
328:
303:
295:
270:
262:
238:
230:
222:
213:
85:3,145 kilometers (1,954 mi)
68:
56:
12992:North American Development Bank
12765:2022 San Antonio migrant deaths
12622:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
11573:Department of Homeland Security
8851:Aleem, Zeeshan (June 6, 2018).
8530:
8471:Potter, Mark (March 15, 2012).
8464:
8446:
8416:
8390:
8364:
8339:
8294:
8252:
8226:
8206:
8179:
8074:
7891:
7787:
7752:
7718:
7686:
7661:
7581:
7555:
7529:
7501:
7475:
7457:
7430:
7403:
7376:
7346:
7320:
7286:
7261:
7236:
7210:
7164:
7107:
7073:
7049:Traveler's Companion California
7039:
7013:
6987:
6957:
6916:. The San Diegan. p. 227.
6850:
6811:
6673:
6552:
6519:
6494:
6473:
6448:
6424:Metz, Leon C. (June 12, 2010).
6417:
6385:
6366:
6333:
6314:
6288:The Journal of American History
6279:
6216:
6197:Yardley, Jim (April 19, 2002).
6190:
6165:
6151:. El Paso: Cinco Puntos Press.
6140:
6114:
5592:needs additional citations for
5526:in the United States came from
5462:Center for Biological Diversity
5129:needs additional citations for
5090:Immigration and Nationality Act
4272:Passport stamp upon arrival in
3905:Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua
3649:Federal Bureau of Investigation
3445:Establishment of current border
2917:
2892:
239:
214:
12720:2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping
12539:Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
12275:Mexico–United States relations
12113:Center for Immigration Studies
12042:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
12027:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
11677:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
11618:Office of Refugee Resettlement
11373:American Homecoming Act (1989)
10866:Congressional Research Service
10575:Journal of Borderlands Studies
10510:Miroff N (November 13, 2017).
10098:American Civil Liberties Union
10076:American Civil Liberties Union
9969:Congressional Research Service
9470:Boodman, Eric (July 6, 2017).
9181:Nixon, Ron (August 31, 2017).
8567:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116765
6398:. June 5, 1907. Archived from
6085:
6060:
5994:
5968:
5861:
5808:Mexico–United States relations
5536:drug trafficking organizations
5316:
5283:United States v. Roblero-Solis
5234:protects against unreasonable
4784:American Civil Liberties Union
4355:
4318:Venezuelan equine encephalitis
4283:U.S. Department of Agriculture
4010:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas
3801:Los Algodones, Baja California
2964:frontera Estados Unidos–México
2717:Los Indios Texas Port of Entry
2380:Falcon International Reservoir
2161:
2062:
1765:
1189:
1148:
947:Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry
13:
1:
12163:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
12007:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
11769:Eugenics in the United States
10661:
10635:10.1080/15210960.2017.1302336
10587:10.1080/08865655.2006.9695661
9049:Gomez, Alan (April 1, 2019).
8155:"United States Border Patrol"
7996:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
7917:10.1080/01972243.2016.1153013
7647:. iUniverse. pp. 72–73.
7052:. Globe Pequot. p. 341.
6122:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
5818:Operation Phalanx (2010–2016)
5788:Illegal immigration to Mexico
5616:"Mexico–United States border"
5382:"Mexico–United States border"
4905:non-governmental organization
4447:; Operation Hold the Line in
4391:Customs and Border Protection
4360:
3810:San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora
3288:, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004
2479:Rio Grande City Port of Entry
1654:Marcelino Serna Port of Entry
360:
13069:Borders of the United States
12831:Mexico–United States barrier
11831:Illegal immigrant population
11613:Board of Immigration Appeals
11449:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
11444:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
11337:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
11251:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
10995:Borders of the United States
10848:U.S.–Mexico Business Council
10797:". Firenze University Press
10766:Thompson, Olivia N. (2009).
10758:Thompson, Olivia N. (2009).
10433:Council on Foreign Relations
9990:American Immigration Council
9693:10.1080/0966369X.2010.551652
8085:(in Spanish). Archived from
7086:. Basic Books. p. 190.
4581:Mexico–United States barrier
4510:Mexico–United States barrier
3092:
2684:Progreso Texas Port of Entry
1720:Presidio Texas Port of Entry
1621:El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry
1269:Antelope Wells Port of Entry
32:Mexico–United States barrier
7:
13059:Mexico–United States border
12826:Mexico–United States border
12612:Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez
12487:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
12416:Border Governors Conference
12047:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
12022:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
11893:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
11883:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
11862:Canada–United States border
11857:Mexico–United States border
11424:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
11286:Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
10342:National Geographic Society
9681:Gender, Place & Culture
9310:Retrieved January 31, 2022.
8374:. MSNBC. October 18, 2007.
7794:Levin, Sam (June 5, 2018).
6752:Guinness World Records 2009
6092:Martínez, Oscar J. (1988).
5778:Canada–United States border
5707:
4780:Southern Poverty Law Center
4739:California Attorney General
3714:Border crossing checkpoints
3553:International Space Station
3473:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3161:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3000:Canada–United States border
2956:Mexico–United States border
2585:Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry
1951:Del Rio Texas Port of Entry
592:Calexico East Port of Entry
520:Calexico West Port of Entry
188:Mexico–United States border
119:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
42:Mexico–United States border
10:
13110:
12888:Rio Grande border disputes
12770:2023 Matamoros kidnappings
12725:Shooting of José Rodríguez
12564:De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty
12379:De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty
12183:Negative Population Growth
12173:National Immigration Forum
12158:Migration Policy Institute
11933:US Citizenship Act of 2021
11489:Temporary protected status
11271:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
10881:Best of Luck with the Wall
10772:Applied Research Projects.
10623:Multicultural Perspectives
10219:Migration Policy Institute
9606:10.1177/003335490411900110
9510:10.1215/00382876-116-4-851
7080:Levine, Robert N. (2008).
6501:Mueller, Jerry E. (1975).
6426:"Bancos of the Rio Grande"
6072:Pima County Public Library
5475:
5320:
5107:
5098:U.S. Department of Justice
4813:
4578:
4574:
4451:; Operation Rio Grande in
4408:
4322:contagious equine metritis
4187:
4055:Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas
4001:Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas
3860:Antelope Wells, New Mexico
3717:
3536:Rio Grande border disputes
3533:
3372:
3061:to the border crossing at
1687:Fort Hancock Port of Entry
1588:El Paso BOTA Port of Entry
1335:Santa Teresa Port of Entry
1085:Naco Arizona Port of Entry
29:
13030:
13017:Second-tier Mexican sugar
12957:La Antorcha de la Amistad
12818:
12783:
12579:
12449:
12404:Bracero Selection Process
12339:
12288:
12211:
12086:
12060:
11994:
11941:
11875:
11849:
11732:
11626:
11561:
11516:Security Advisory Opinion
11466:
11406:
11329:
11233:
11167:
11143:
11122:
11109:
11022:
11001:
10938:
10686:10.1080/01900690008525475
10279:Cohn, Jeffrey P. (2007).
9453:Pandora's Box (1835-8624)
9217:The Brookings Institution
8428:Congressman Duncan Hunter
7820:Ewing, Walter A. (2014).
7773:10.1080/03064220408537373
7514:Christian Science Monitor
6943:. Macmillan. p. 81.
6340:St. John, Rachel (2011).
4824:U.S.–Mexico border wall,
4790:, filed a lawsuit in the
4455:; Operation Safeguard in
4399:facial recognition system
4373:is located at the border.
4219:enhanced driver's license
4093:Tijuana-San Ysidro border
3792:Mexicali, Baja California
2925:
2885:
2878:
2852:
2845:
2819:
2812:
2786:
2779:
2753:
2748:
2722:
2715:
2689:
2682:
2656:
2651:Donna Texas Port of Entry
2649:
2623:
2618:Pharr Texas Port of Entry
2616:
2590:
2583:
2557:
2550:
2524:
2517:
2484:
2477:
2451:
2444:
2418:
2411:
2385:
2378:
2352:
2345:
2319:
2312:
2286:
2279:
2253:
2246:
2220:
2194:
2154:
2147:
2121:
2095:
2055:
2048:
2022:
2015:
1989:
1982:
1956:
1949:
1923:
1918:Amistad Dam Port of Entry
1916:
1890:
1883:
1857:
1850:
1824:
1798:
1758:
1751:
1725:
1718:
1692:
1685:
1659:
1652:
1626:
1619:
1593:
1586:
1560:
1553:
1527:
1516:
1490:
1485:El Paso PDN Port of Entry
1483:
1457:
1446:
1420:
1391:
1340:
1333:
1307:
1300:
1274:
1267:
1241:
1215:
1182:
1156:
1123:
1116:
1090:
1083:
1057:
1050:
1024:
1011:
985:
978:
952:
945:
919:
912:
886:
879:
853:
848:San Luis II Port of Entry
846:
820:
813:
787:
761:
710:
681:
630:
623:
597:
590:
564:
551:
525:
518:
492:
485:
459:
452:
426:
419:
393:
386:
353:
346:
320:
313:
287:
280:
254:
247:
207:
106:
94:
89:
81:
51:
46:
41:
12873:Secure Fence Act of 2006
12374:Banco Convention of 1905
12225:Missing in Brooks County
12153:Mexicans Without Borders
11653:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
11526:National Origins Formula
11210:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
11185:Civil Rights Act of 1866
10799:Firenze University Press
10726:10.1177/0002716206297449
9498:South Atlantic Quarterly
8278:Hodge, Roger D. (2012).
7972:smithsonianeducation.org
7871:"Border Patrol Overview"
7589:"Port Veterinarian List"
7488:Sandiegouniontribune.com
6430:Handbook of Texas Online
6257:Lorey, David E. (1999).
6226:Oxford History of Mexico
6010:San Diego History Center
5854:
5834:Secure Fence Act of 2006
5082:Secure Border Initiative
4997:Secure Border Initiative
4506:Secure Fence Act of 2006
4310:equine infectious anemia
4274:Tijuana, Baja California
4118:Tijuana, Baja California
4110:San Ysidro Port of Entry
4102:San Ysidro Port of Entry
3983:Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas
3965:Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
3956:Piedras Negras, Coahuila
3891:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
3878:Santa Teresa, New Mexico
3774:Tijuana, Baja California
3751:Tijuana, Baja California
3664:Banco Convention of 1905
3587:Armand Peschard-Sverdrup
3460:creates the bi-national
3063:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
2519:Los Ebanos Port of Entry
2446:Roma Texas Port of Entry
2413:Falcon Dam Port of Entry
1984:Eagle Pass Port of Entry
315:San Ysidro Port of Entry
13089:Geography of New Mexico
13084:Geography of California
12659:1999 Matamoros standoff
12632:Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain
12559:Pancho Villa Expedition
12411:Boundary Treaty of 1970
11504:Central American Minors
11434:Secure Fence Act (2006)
11296:Nationality Act of 1940
11246:Naturalization Act 1906
11220:Immigration Act of 1891
11205:Immigration Act of 1882
11195:Naturalization Act 1870
11175:Naturalization Law 1802
11151:Naturalization Act 1790
8400:. MSNBC. Archived from
8351:San Diego Union Tribune
8259:Blake, Michael (2023).
6910:Berndes, Barry (2009).
6749:Glenday, Craig (2009).
6481:"USA-Mexico Bancos Map"
5110:Border search exception
4981:US border zone policies
4966:, and FM4: Paso Libre.
4907:(NGO) headquartered in
4737:On September 20, 2017,
4624:Portion of border near
3882:San Jerónimo, Chihuahua
3783:Tecate, Baja California
3755:San Diego–Tijuana Metro
3699:and Beaver Island near
3685:Boundary Treaty of 1970
3622:Immigration Act of 1924
3614:Immigration Act of 1917
3610:Immigration Act of 1891
3412:gained its independence
3169:Boundary Treaty of 1970
2988:most frequently crossed
2552:Anzalduas Port of Entry
1852:Boquillas Port of Entry
881:Lukeville Port of Entry
421:Otay Mesa Port of Entry
101:Boundary Treaty of 1970
12674:ATF gunwalking scandal
12467:Battle for Mexico City
12367:Colorado River dispute
12219:Borderland (TV series)
12073:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
11546:Unaccompanied children
11321:Luce–Celler Act (1946)
11111:Relevant colonial era,
9865:Kino Border Initiative
8782:, September 20, 2017:
8081:Aduana Mexico (2007).
7968:"Borders and Identity"
7471:on September 11, 2004.
6717:. New York, New York:
6323:Journal of South Texas
5684:
5439:
5305:
5255:
5181:
5076:
4950:
4948:Big Bend National Park
4920:
4892:
4828:
4764:
4717:
4655:
4485:
4423:
4374:
4371:Big Bend National Park
4297:
4277:
4264:Veterinary inspections
4202:
4155:
4114:San Ysidro, California
4105:
3997:Rio Grande City, Texas
3947:Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila
3915:El Porvenir, Chihuahua
3864:El Berrendo, Chihuahua
3737:
3680:of land to the other.
3605:
3565:
3518:Five years later, the
3464:
3387:
3232:Mexican municipalities
3106:
2963:
815:San Luis Port of Entry
552:Calexico Subdivision (
155:
143:
13074:International borders
12982:Filibuster (military)
12962:Chiapas Media Project
12760:2019 El Paso shooting
12740:Executive Order 13767
12639:Murder of Mark Kilroy
12497:Botiller v. Dominguez
12384:Saavedra Lamas Treaty
11796:Immigration reduction
11707:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
11311:War Brides Act (1945)
11190:14th Amendment (1868)
10265:on November 13, 2013.
10158:Nazarian, E. (2011).
10120:California Law Review
9777:Atencionsanmiguel.org
9594:Public Health Reports
8089:on February 24, 2012.
7990:Vulliamy, Ed (2010).
7839:10.14240/jmhs.v2i3.32
6835:on September 15, 2012
6593:"Maritime Boundaries"
5905:on September 24, 2015
5823:Roosevelt Reservation
5682:
5437:
5321:Further information:
5300:
5253:
5175:
5066:
4945:
4934:U.S. Attorney General
4926:University of Arizona
4918:
4890:
4871:testified before the
4826:Progreso Lakes, Texas
4823:
4762:
4731:Executive Order 13767
4715:
4690:2008 financial crisis
4653:
4515:In January 2013, the
4477:
4418:
4368:
4295:
4271:
4200:San Diego and Tijuana
4197:
4153:
4100:
4073:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
4064:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
4046:Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas
3979:Falcon Heights, Texas
3770:Otay Mesa, California
3743:San Diego, California
3735:
3603:
3543:
3495:and parts of what is
3452:
3385:
3202:along the border are
3100:
2978:, extending from the
1118:Douglas Port of Entry
1012:Nogales Subdivision (
625:Andrade Port of Entry
149:
133:
13079:Geography of Arizona
13022:Señorita México U.S.
12942:Agua Prieta pipeline
12898:Environmental issues
12878:Operation Jump Start
12841:Operation Gatekeeper
12796:Siege of Mexico City
12708:Leal Garcia v. Texas
12703:Humberto Leal Garcia
12602:Mexican Repatriation
12502:Reconquista (Mexico)
12457:Mexican–American War
12389:Good Neighbor policy
12352:McLane–Ocampo Treaty
12098:Arizona Border Recon
12078:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
11942:Immigration stations
11876:Proposed legislation
11774:Guest worker program
11749:Brooks County, Texas
11661:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
11378:Immigration Act 1990
11281:Immigration Act 1924
11266:Immigration Act 1918
11256:Immigration Act 1907
11241:Immigration Act 1903
10349:on January 21, 2022.
9356:. October 31, 2023.
9326:. October 31, 2023.
9296:. November 15, 2021.
7669:"Veterinary Science"
7643:Miller, Tom (2000).
7618:"Equine Importation"
7419:on December 26, 2007
7392:on December 16, 2007
7364:on February 15, 2012
7206:. February 27, 2015.
6937:Gaynor, Tim (2009).
6796:on February 28, 2014
6719:Simon & Schuster
6379:Smithsonian Magazine
6294:(2): 453–454. 1999.
5813:Operation Jump Start
5773:Border War (1910–19)
5736:United States portal
5601:improve this article
5573:Transborder students
5367:improve this article
5259:Operation Streamline
5246:Operation Streamline
5138:improve this article
5104:100-mile border zone
5075:, Arizona, July 2006
5073:Operation Jump Start
5029:improve this article
4991:100-mile border zone
4859:Biden administration
4763:Nogales border fence
4747:Obama administration
4708:Trump administration
4441:Operation Gatekeeper
4314:equine piroplasmosis
4276:land border crossing
4161:carbon monoxide (CO)
3974:Colombia, Nuevo León
3869:Columbus, New Mexico
3788:Calexico, California
3524:railway right-of-way
3469:Mexican–American War
3286:El Camino del Diablo
3083:Colorado River Delta
3029:. One definition of
2968:international border
914:Sasabe Port of Entry
454:Tecate Port of Entry
136:Mexican–American War
13002:New Virginia Colony
12947:North Baja Pipeline
12477:Treaties of Velasco
12017:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
11944:and points of entry
11836:Reverse immigration
11715:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
11628:Supreme Court cases
11484:Visa Waiver Program
11479:Permanent residence
11306:Magnuson Act (1943)
11135:Plantation Act 1740
10517:The Washington Post
10481:. February 7, 2024.
10463:. February 7, 2024.
10429:"Mexico's Drug War"
10176:hein.journals/lla44
9278:. October 23, 2021.
8832:. Vox. June 5, 2018
8636:. September 1, 2016
8307:The Washington Post
7904:Information Society
7761:Index on Censorship
7624:on October 17, 2010
7595:on December 9, 2006
7569:on February 2, 2007
7465:"Traveling to USA?"
7446:on January 25, 2007
7334:. November 30, 2015
6864:. February 16, 2017
6048:on October 15, 2011
5930:. November 23, 1970
5522:, about 93% of the
5069:Army National Guard
4670:On August 3, 2008,
4626:Jacumba, California
4587:Bush administration
4381:In 2010, President
4112:is located between
4037:Reynosa, Tamaulipas
4028:Reynosa, Tamaulipas
4019:Reynosa, Tamaulipas
3929:Heath Canyon, Texas
3911:Fort Hancock, Texas
3855:Agua Prieta, Sonora
3797:Andrade, California
3304:, on the left, and
3146:111th meridian west
2982:in the west to the
388:Cross Border Xpress
13094:Geography of Texas
12784:Military relations
12524:Mexican Revolution
12482:Treaty of Cahuenga
11801:Immigration reform
11637:US v. Wong Kim Ark
11583:U.S. Border Patrol
11499:Green Card Lottery
11467:Visas and policies
11429:Real ID Act (2005)
11363:Refugee Act (1980)
11115:international laws
11104:and related topics
9924:"La Paz Agreement"
9431:Arizona Daily Star
9190:The New York Times
8949:The New York Times
8919:The New York Times
8886:The New York Times
8714:. January 26, 2017
8688:. January 26, 2017
8662:. January 26, 2017
8238:Human Rights Watch
8200:10.1111/anti.12151
7945:on October 6, 2018
7332:Voice of San Diego
7176:Voice of San Diego
7026:The New York Times
6405:on October 9, 2015
6203:The New York Times
6096:Troublesome Border
6068:"Gadsden Purchase"
5685:
5440:
5306:
5256:
5236:search and seizure
5182:
5077:
4975:Brownsville, Texas
4951:
4921:
4893:
4869:Alejandro Mayorkas
4829:
4765:
4727:Enrique Peña Nieto
4718:
4656:
4560:Human Rights Watch
4486:
4424:
4405:Border enforcement
4387:appropriation bill
4375:
4298:
4278:
4205:In late 2006, the
4203:
4156:
4106:
4069:Brownsville, Texas
3933:La Linda, Coahuila
3924:Ojinaga, Chihuahua
3873:Palomas, Chihuahua
3815:Lukeville, Arizona
3779:Tecate, California
3738:
3645:Zimmerman Telegram
3633:Mexican Revolution
3626:U.S. Border Patrol
3606:
3566:
3465:
3397:Louisiana Purchase
3388:
3107:
3102:U.S. Border Patrol
156:
144:
95:Current shape
13064:Borders of Mexico
13046:
13045:
12851:Minuteman Project
12808:Mérida Initiative
12750:Hernandez v. Mesa
12696:Medellín v. Texas
12686:Lopez v. Gonzales
12669:Project Gunrunner
12654:Eunique v. Powell
12607:Operation Wetback
12554:Ypiranga incident
12234:
12233:
12168:Minuteman Project
12143:Improve The Dream
12061:State legislation
12012:"Babylift" (1975)
11986:Washington Avenue
11981:Sullivan's Island
11903:STRIVE Act (2007)
11826:March for America
11779:Human trafficking
11669:Zadvydas v. Davis
11531:Expedited removal
11462:
11461:
11113:United States and
11068:
11067:
10961:
10960:
10932:Borders of Mexico
10559:. April 14, 2023.
10557:Colorado Newsline
10538:Los Angeles Times
9740:10.1093/sw/sws034
8767:Los Angeles Times
8460:. August 8, 2008.
8404:on March 18, 2006
8003:978-0-374-10441-2
7939:pulsamerica.co.uk
7745:978-0-309-26426-6
7706:on April 19, 2009
7654:978-0-8165-0943-0
7517:. August 20, 2015
7129:978-1-55238-223-3
7093:978-0-7867-2253-2
7059:978-0-7627-2203-7
6950:978-1-4299-9462-0
6923:978-1-890226-13-8
6896:978-92-64-08725-5
6862:POLITICO Magazine
6762:978-0-553-59256-6
6728:978-0-7432-9701-1
6687:Los Angeles Times
6661:on April 11, 2016
6512:978-0-87404-050-0
6373:John, Rachel St.
6359:978-0-691-15613-2
6272:978-0-8420-2756-4
6240:978-0-19-511228-3
6183:978-0-89206-424-3
6158:978-0-938317-24-1
6107:978-0-8165-1104-4
5881:978-1-4426-0158-1
5827:Spillover of the
5677:
5676:
5669:
5651:
5466:Mexican gray wolf
5457:Sonoran pronghorn
5432:
5431:
5417:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5061:
5060:
5053:
4842:Boeing Dreamliner
4646:Border incursions
4549:
4548:
4060:Los Indios, Texas
4006:Los Ebanos, Texas
3952:Eagle Pass, Texas
3806:San Luis, Arizona
3583:Rio Grande Valley
3562:San Diego–Tijuana
3408:Adams–Onís Treaty
3173:boundary disputes
3155:According to the
3087:San Diego–Tijuana
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2214:
2213:
2115:
2114:
1885:Amistad Reservoir
1818:
1817:
1414:
1413:
1235:
1234:
1176:
1175:
781:
780:
704:
703:
128:
127:
111:Adams–Onís Treaty
16:(Redirected from
13101:
13037:
13036:
13007:Manifest destiny
12967:Directo a México
12803:Mexican drug war
12597:Cortina Troubles
12587:Chamizal dispute
12472:Spot Resolutions
12289:Diplomatic posts
12283:
12282:
12273:
12272:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12238:
12237:
12133:Community Change
12108:CASA of Maryland
12088:Non-governmental
12002:"Wetback" (1954)
11928:RAISE Act (2017)
11888:H.R. 4437 (2005)
11276:Cable Act (1922)
11225:Geary Act (1892)
11215:Scott Act (1888)
11120:
11119:
11095:
11088:
11081:
11072:
11071:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10965:
10964:
10925:
10918:
10911:
10902:
10901:
10801:(2013): 461–517.
10796:
10783:
10745:
10705:
10680:(5–8): 553–562.
10655:
10654:
10618:
10607:
10606:
10570:
10561:
10560:
10549:
10543:
10542:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10471:
10465:
10464:
10453:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10439:
10425:
10419:
10418:
10407:
10401:
10400:
10398:
10396:
10382:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10357:
10351:
10350:
10333:
10327:
10326:
10300:
10276:
10267:
10266:
10261:. Archived from
10254:
10248:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10237:
10229:
10223:
10222:
10210:
10195:
10191:
10189:
10187:
10155:
10136:
10135:
10115:
10102:
10101:
10095:
10086:
10080:
10079:
10068:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10011:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9992:. April 15, 2010
9982:
9973:
9972:
9966:
9957:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9928:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9901:
9895:
9894:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9857:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9841:on April 7, 2018
9837:. Archived from
9827:
9821:
9820:
9814:
9812:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9788:
9783:on April 7, 2018
9779:. Archived from
9769:
9760:
9759:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9625:
9585:
9576:
9575:
9565:
9533:
9527:
9520:
9514:
9513:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9467:
9461:
9460:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9422:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9346:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9317:
9311:
9304:
9298:
9297:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9186:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9167:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9010:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8945:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8915:
8907:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8882:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8806:
8798:
8789:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8764:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8745:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8503:. April 20, 2012
8491:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8458:Washington Times
8450:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8434:on July 13, 2019
8420:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8275:
8269:
8268:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8240:. April 22, 2020
8230:
8224:
8223:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8183:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8167:on June 24, 2018
8166:
8160:. Archived from
8159:
8151:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8131:Washington Times
8122:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8100:
8091:
8090:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8065:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8044:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8014:
8008:
8007:
7987:
7976:
7975:
7964:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7941:. Archived from
7931:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7895:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7867:
7858:
7857:
7851:
7843:
7841:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7705:
7698:
7690:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7614:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7467:. Archived from
7461:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7380:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7360:. Archived from
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7197:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7178:. April 23, 2018
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7143:
7134:
7133:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7077:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7066:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6834:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6801:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6708:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6649:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6625:on July 13, 2015
6621:. Archived from
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6573:on March 8, 2016
6572:
6566:. Archived from
6565:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6540:on March 8, 2016
6539:
6533:. Archived from
6532:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6347:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6254:
6245:
6244:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6126:Ourdocuments.gov
6118:
6112:
6111:
6099:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6047:
6041:. Archived from
6040:
6032:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6001:Levanetz, Joel.
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5954:Water Law Review
5949:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5901:. Archived from
5895:
5886:
5885:
5865:
5829:Mexican drug war
5752:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5609:
5585:
5577:
5551:opioid overdoses
5490:Mexican drug war
5472:Drug trafficking
5427:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5375:
5347:
5339:
5329:La Paz Agreement
5165:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5122:
5114:
5056:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4987:La Paz Agreement
4899:No More Deaths (
4694:Mexican drug war
4672:Mexican military
4665:Duncan D. Hunter
4637:
4621:
4602:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4479:Drug trafficking
4130:transfronterizos
3851:Douglas, Arizona
3833:Nogales, Arizona
3624:established the
3571:Chamizal dispute
3520:Gadsden Purchase
3515:were abandoned.
3416:Treaty of Limits
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:; on the right,
3322:Nogales, Arizona
3317:
3302:Nogales, Arizona
3297:
3281:
3269:
3243:
3069:. Westward from
2920:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2700:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2462:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2264:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2009:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1967:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1802:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1501:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
972:
971:
964:
963:
939:
938:
931:
930:
906:
905:
898:
897:
873:
872:
865:
864:
840:
839:
832:
831:
807:
806:
799:
798:
765:
755:
754:
747:
746:
740:
739:
730:
729:
722:
721:
688:
675:
674:
667:
666:
657:
656:
649:
648:
642:
641:
617:
616:
609:
608:
584:
583:
576:
575:
545:
544:
537:
536:
512:
511:
504:
503:
479:
478:
471:
470:
446:
445:
438:
437:
413:
412:
405:
404:
380:
379:
372:
371:
363:
362:
340:
339:
332:
331:
307:
306:
299:
298:
274:
273:
266:
265:
242:
241:
234:
233:
226:
225:
217:
216:
205:
204:
181:
174:
167:
158:
123:Gadsden Purchase
115:Treaty of Limits
74:
72:
71:
62:
60:
59:
39:
38:
21:
18:Mexico–US border
13109:
13108:
13104:
13103:
13102:
13100:
13099:
13098:
13049:
13048:
13047:
13042:
13026:
12856:Minuteman Salsa
12814:
12779:
12575:
12569:Bucareli Treaty
12519:Crawford affair
12492:Mexican Cession
12445:
12399:Bracero program
12335:
12284:
12277:
12267:
12265:
12235:
12230:
12207:
12148:Mexica Movement
12091:
12089:
12082:
12056:
11990:
11943:
11937:
11923:SAFE Act (2015)
11871:
11845:
11784:Human smuggling
11759:Economic impact
11737:
11735:
11728:
11622:
11566:
11564:
11557:
11458:
11402:
11330:1950–1999
11325:
11234:1900–1949
11229:
11200:Page Act (1875)
11163:
11139:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11105:
11099:
11069:
11064:
11018:
10997:
10992:
10962:
10957:
10934:
10929:
10844:
10819:Dallas Observer
10809:
10807:Further reading
10804:
10794:
10664:
10659:
10658:
10619:
10610:
10571:
10564:
10551:
10550:
10546:
10529:
10525:
10508:
10504:
10499:. June 7, 2023.
10491:
10490:
10486:
10473:
10472:
10468:
10455:
10454:
10447:
10437:
10435:
10427:
10426:
10422:
10417:. June 1, 2019.
10409:
10408:
10404:
10394:
10392:
10384:
10383:
10379:
10369:
10367:
10359:
10358:
10354:
10335:
10334:
10330:
10315:10.1641/b570116
10298:10.1641/B570116
10277:
10270:
10255:
10251:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10230:
10226:
10211:
10198:
10185:
10183:
10156:
10139:
10116:
10105:
10093:
10087:
10083:
10070:
10069:
10056:
10046:
10044:
10037:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10013:
10012:
10005:
9995:
9993:
9984:
9983:
9976:
9964:
9958:
9945:
9935:
9933:
9926:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9902:
9898:
9883:
9879:
9869:
9867:
9859:
9858:
9854:
9844:
9842:
9829:
9828:
9824:
9810:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9786:
9784:
9771:
9770:
9763:
9720:
9716:
9677:
9673:
9658:
9654:
9643:
9639:
9586:
9579:
9534:
9530:
9521:
9517:
9494:
9490:
9480:
9478:
9468:
9464:
9449:
9445:
9435:
9433:
9423:
9416:
9406:
9404:
9394:
9390:
9382:
9378:
9377:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9333:
9331:
9319:
9318:
9314:
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7224:. June 24, 2011
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5750:Politics portal
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5486:Crime in Mexico
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5176:Members of the
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4960:Nogales, Sonora
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4771:Trump v. Hawaii
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4490:illegal entries
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4395:border security
4389:which gave the
4363:
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4168:agents and the
4104:through vehicle
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4051:Progreso, Texas
3920:Presidio, Texas
3837:Nogales, Sonora
3824:Sasabe, Arizona
3819:Sonoyta, Sonora
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3558:Detroit–Windsor
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3365:Tijuana Airport
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3300:Border between
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3249:patrolling the
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3204:Baja California
3095:
3081:deserts to the
3035:Baja California
3031:Northern Mexico
2994:has caused the
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12903:Migrant deaths
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12592:Texas Cart War
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12544:Tampico Affair
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12209:
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12198:Save Our State
12195:
12190:
12188:No More Deaths
12185:
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11859:
11853:
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11847:
11846:
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11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11821:Labor shortage
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11808:
11803:
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11793:
11792:
11791:
11781:
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11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
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11746:
11740:
11738:
11734:Related issues
11733:
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11711:
11703:
11689:
11685:Barton v. Barr
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11358:
11356:Section 287(g)
11353:
11351:Section 212(f)
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11055:United Kingdom
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10899:
10898:
10893:The Guardian,
10891:
10886:David Taylor,
10884:
10874:
10868:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10843:
10842:External links
10840:
10839:
10838:
10835:978-0816535590
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10328:
10268:
10257:Smith, Colin.
10249:
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10126:(2): 481–544.
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9734:(2): 165–173.
9714:
9687:(2): 155–178.
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9637:
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9548:(2): 107–119.
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9380:"Letter - PDF"
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8673:
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8595:
8555:Applied Energy
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8178:
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8112:
8092:
8073:
8070:. August 2009.
8052:
8031:
8009:
8002:
7977:
7956:
7923:
7910:(3): 176–191.
7890:
7859:
7832:(3): 198–222.
7812:
7786:
7751:
7744:
7736:10.17226/13498
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7474:
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7358:Getyouhome.gov
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7222:Foreign Policy
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7000:New York Times
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6721:. p. 75.
6700:
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6511:
6493:
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6456:"IBWC Minutes"
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5580:
5574:
5571:
5567:Sinaloa Cartel
5473:
5470:
5430:
5429:
5365:. Please help
5352:This section
5351:
5349:
5342:
5318:
5315:
5276:repeat offense
5247:
5244:
5168:
5167:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5108:Main article:
5105:
5102:
5059:
5058:
5027:. Please help
5013:
5011:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4982:
4979:
4901:No Más Muertes
4884:
4881:
4860:
4857:
4814:Main article:
4811:
4808:
4742:Xavier Becerra
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4579:Main article:
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4188:Main article:
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4178:gentrification
4141:Rosarito Beach
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3943:Del Rio, Texas
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3887:El Paso, Texas
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3545:El Paso, Texas
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3134:Colorado River
3126:nautical miles
3115:Gulf of Mexico
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3071:El Paso–Juárez
3067:El Paso, Texas
3008:with Guatemala
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12691:José Medellín
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12090:organizations
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11956:Castle Garden
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10814:"Border Town"
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10774:(Paper 313).
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10720:(1): 98–118.
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10170:: 1399–1430.
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8500:InSight Crime
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8479:September 24,
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7886:public domain
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7273:BuzzFeed News
7270:
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6906:
6898:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6883:OECD (2010).
6879:
6863:
6859:
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6807:
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6640:
6624:
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6616:
6610:
6594:
6588:
6569:
6562:
6561:"Minutes 158"
6555:
6536:
6529:
6528:"Minutes 144"
6522:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6486:September 11,
6482:
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5982:. August 2019
5981:
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5722:Mexico portal
5712:
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5671:
5668:
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5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618: –
5617:
5613:
5612:Find sources:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5590:This article
5588:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
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5548:
5544:
5543:opioid crisis
5539:
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5509:
5505:
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5412:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384: –
5383:
5379:
5378:Find sources:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5356:single source
5350:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5334:
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5295:
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5291:Roblero-Solis
5288:
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5211:New Hampshire
5208:
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5164:
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5143:
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5127:This section
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5018:single source
5014:This section
5012:
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4937:Jeff Sessions
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4856:
4854:
4849:
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4843:
4839:
4835:
4834:cost overruns
4827:
4822:
4817:
4810:Proposed wall
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:Ninth Circuit
4797:
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4542:MediaWiki.org
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3970:Laredo, Texas
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3961:Laredo, Texas
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3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3901:Fabens, Texas
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:Naco, Arizona
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Altar, Sonora
3825:
3822:
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3813:
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3596:
3595:Porfirio Díaz
3590:
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3576:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3549:Ciudad Juárez
3546:
3542:
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3530:Later history
3527:
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3366:
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3347:
3342:
3335:
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3327:
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3320:On the left:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3259:Laredo, Texas
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:Border Patrol
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:U.S. counties
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
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3189:
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3170:
3166:
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3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
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3130:San Diego Bay
3127:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:Pacific Ocean
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
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3016:
3011:
3009:
3005:
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2989:
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2980:Pacific Ocean
2977:
2976:United States
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2104:
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2100:
2093:
2059:
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2046:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1980:
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1955:
1952:
1947:
1927:
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324:
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291:
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258:
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250:
249:Pacific Ocean
245:
211:
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203:
202:
198:
194:
193:
182:
177:
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163:
162:
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141:
140:Tijuana River
137:
132:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
97:
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88:
84:
80:
77:
76:United States
65:
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40:
37:
33:
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13032:
12912:
12861:Ranch Rescue
12825:
12715:Jaime Zapata
12223:
12203:Utah Compact
11966:Ellis Island
11951:Angel Island
11856:
11722:
11714:
11706:
11697:
11696: /
11692:
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11676:
11667:
11660:
11652:
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11636:
11407:21st century
11344: /
11168:19th century
11157: /
11153: /
11144:18th century
11123:Colonial era
11038:Cook Islands
11034:New Zealand
11013:
10952:
10895:The Guardian
10826:
10817:
10771:
10752:
10717:
10713:
10677:
10673:
10629:(2): 76–84.
10626:
10622:
10581:(2): 77–87.
10578:
10574:
10556:
10547:
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10515:
10505:
10496:
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10469:
10460:
10436:. Retrieved
10432:
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10368:. Retrieved
10364:
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10347:the original
10340:
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10263:the original
10252:
10240:. Retrieved
10227:
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10167:
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10097:
10089:Rickerd, C.
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10045:. Retrieved
10034:
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10018:
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9930:
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9839:the original
9835:Qeh.ox.ac.uk
9834:
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9781:the original
9776:
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9475:
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9430:
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9401:
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9364:December 11,
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9353:
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9334:December 11,
9332:. Retrieved
9324:PBS NewsHour
9323:
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9302:
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9254:. Retrieved
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9032:. Retrieved
9028:
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9009:December 21,
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8975:
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8947:
8935:
8925:December 21,
8923:. Retrieved
8917:
8892:December 21,
8890:. Retrieved
8884:
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8130:
8087:the original
8076:
8055:
8049:. July 2005.
8034:
8022:. Retrieved
8012:
7992:
7971:
7949:November 19,
7947:. Retrieved
7943:the original
7938:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7874:
7848:cite journal
7829:
7825:
7815:
7803:. Retrieved
7800:the Guardian
7799:
7789:
7767:(3): 48–52.
7764:
7760:
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7726:
7720:
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7701:the original
7688:
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7672:
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7622:the original
7597:. Retrieved
7593:the original
7583:
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7567:the original
7557:
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7541:
7531:
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7512:
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7487:
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7362:the original
7357:
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7331:
7322:
7310:. Retrieved
7299:The Guardian
7298:
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7276:. Retrieved
7272:
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7247:
7238:
7226:. Retrieved
7221:
7212:
7180:. Retrieved
7175:
7166:
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7151:otaymesa.org
7150:
7119:
7109:
7099:September 8,
7097:. Retrieved
7082:
7075:
7065:September 8,
7063:. Retrieved
7048:
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7025:
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7005:September 8,
7003:. Retrieved
6999:
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6976:September 8,
6974:. Retrieved
6965:
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6861:
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6830:the original
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6794:the original
6787:
6778:
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6713:
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6656:the original
6639:
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6623:the original
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6587:
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6568:the original
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6535:the original
6521:
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6484:. Retrieved
6475:
6463:. Retrieved
6450:
6438:. Retrieved
6429:
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6400:the original
6387:
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6125:
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6075:. Retrieved
6071:
6062:
6052:November 11,
6050:. Retrieved
6043:the original
6013:. Retrieved
6009:
5996:
5984:. Retrieved
5979:
5970:
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5932:. Retrieved
5919:
5909:September 4,
5907:. Retrieved
5903:the original
5870:
5863:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5663:
5654:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5611:
5599:Please help
5594:verification
5591:
5563:drug cartels
5540:
5497:
5445:
5441:
5420:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5377:
5353:
5328:
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5290:
5282:
5280:
5264:
5257:
5229:
5222:
5219:Rhode Island
5183:
5156:
5147:
5136:Please help
5131:verification
5128:
5095:
5086:
5078:
5047:
5038:
5015:
4984:
4971:Clint, Texas
4968:
4956:
4952:
4931:
4922:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4877:
4866:
4862:
4850:
4846:
4830:
4804:
4796:Jon S. Tigar
4769:
4766:
4751:
4736:
4722:Donald Trump
4719:
4702:
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4682:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4584:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4514:
4503:
4499:
4487:
4461:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4383:Barack Obama
4380:
4376:
4351:
4339:
4331:
4299:
4287:
4279:
4255:
4239:Global Entry
4204:
4180:of Tijuana.
4174:
4157:
4137:border towns
4134:
4129:
4107:
4084:
4078:
4042:Donna, Texas
4033:Pharr, Texas
3936:
3907:municipality
3846:Naco, Sonora
3727:
3724:
3705:
3697:Horcon Tract
3682:
3678:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3637:
3630:
3607:
3591:
3579:water rights
3567:
3517:
3466:
3435:independence
3420:
3405:
3389:
3177:
3154:
3119:
3108:
3012:
2955:
2953:
282:El Chaparral
36:
13012:Maquiladora
12534:Banana Wars
11961:East Boston
11645:Ozawa v. US
11474:Visa policy
11439:DACA (2012)
10877:Josh Begley
10749:Miller, Tom
10438:January 27,
10395:January 27,
10390:www.dea.gov
10370:January 27,
10365:www.cia.gov
10242:December 2,
10186:October 13,
10024:October 26,
9996:October 26,
9728:Social Work
9504:: 851–862.
9481:December 1,
9407:February 9,
9256:October 25,
8739:MarketWatch
8718:January 26,
8692:January 26,
8666:January 26,
8507:December 7,
8408:January 17,
8382:January 17,
8356:January 17,
8331:November 6,
8325:www.cbp.gov
8290:(1): 56–81.
8194:(5): 1244.
8136:January 12,
7450:January 12,
7423:December 2,
7396:December 2,
6839:December 3,
6800:December 3,
6132:December 6,
5986:November 1,
5934:December 7,
5333:maquiladora
5317:Environment
5274:if it is a
5268:misdemeanor
5187:Connecticut
4538:Phabricator
4356:US security
3988:Roma, Texas
3708:a fire
3701:Roma, Texas
3618:World War I
3547:(left) and
3180:U.S. states
3004:with Belize
2970:separating
13053:Categories
12868:Trump wall
12664:Avena case
12193:NumbersUSA
11995:Operations
11976:San Ysidro
11736:and events
11563:Government
10780:10877/3758
10662:References
10285:BioScience
9196:August 27,
8640:October 7,
8614:October 7,
8561:: 116765.
8475:. NBC News
7710:October 5,
7673:Ca.uky.edu
7628:October 5,
7599:October 5,
7573:October 5,
6629:January 6,
6599:August 19,
6077:August 30,
6015:August 27,
5980:WorldAtlas
5627:newspapers
5476:See also:
5393:newspapers
5215:New Jersey
5150:March 2015
4816:Trump wall
4786:, and the
4409:See also:
4385:signed an
4361:Background
4343:babesiosis
4235:Washington
4217:; a state
4126:San Ysidro
4086:municipios
3747:San Ysidro
3534:See also:
3513:Rio Nueces
3485:New Mexico
3477:California
3423:the region
3251:Rio Grande
3224:Tamaulipas
3220:Nuevo León
3192:New Mexico
3184:California
3150:Rio Grande
3138:Gila River
3075:Chihuahuan
3055:Tamaulipas
3047:Nuevo León
3023:New Mexico
3015:California
2209:Tamaulipas
2202:Nuevo León
2110:Nuevo León
1402:New Mexico
1393:Rio Grande
1171:New Mexico
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12580:Incidents
12450:Conflicts
12340:Diplomacy
11971:Otay Mesa
11850:Geography
11536:Detention
11060:Venezuela
11023:Maritime:
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8575:0306-2619
8244:April 22,
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4853:Joe Biden
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10180:Archived
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9936:April 9,
9910:NBC News
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9276:BBC News
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8862:March 7,
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8481:2012
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