1622:
133:
1161:
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743:
276:
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3665:
3054:
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36:
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in the 14th, 15th or 16th century, depending on country). The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works. Just as in modern literature, it is a complex and rich field of study, from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane, touching all points in between.
1536:
is so prominent in this period as to deserve special mention. Much of medieval literature relied on allegory to convey the morals the author had in mind while writingârepresentations of abstract qualities, events, and institutions are thick in much of the literature of this time. Probably the
1443:
While it is true that women in the medieval period were never accorded full equality with men, some women were able to use their skill with the written word to gain renown. Religious writing was the easiest avenue—women who would later be canonized as
1385:
Travel literature was highly popular in the Middle Ages, as fantastic accounts of far-off lands (frequently embellished or entirely false) entertained a society that supported sea voyages and trading along coasts and rivers, as well as
1483:
provide insight into a part of the medieval experience less comfortable for the institutions that ruled Europe at the time. Women wrote influential texts in the secular realm as well—reflections on courtly love and society by
1507:, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Lady Margaret Beaufort may also have completed translations as a testament to her piety, as Bishop Father John Fisher noted in a sermon dedicated to her after her death.
2816:
1856:
2784:
Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the âRise of the Westâ: Manuscripts and
Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries",
1514:
explores literacy and literature in terms of women in medieval society. The book has been reviewed as "a radical reassessment of women's contribution to medieval literary culture."
1008:
instead. From this point of view, the names of the individual authors seemed much less important, and therefore many important works were never attributed to any specific person.
1002:
and tended to re-tell and embellish stories they had heard or read rather than invent new stories. And even when they did, they often claimed to be handing down something from an
1105:(four-line stanzas of satiric verse) was an art form used by some clerics to express dissent. The only widespread religious writing that was not produced by clerics were the
304:
2817:
Medieval and
Renaissance manuscripts, Vulgates, Books of Hours, Medicinal Texts and more, 12 - 17th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries
2763:
1810:
3118:
771:
3484:
1960:
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3620:
297:
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1589:
A recent study has concluded that only about 68 percent of all medieval works have survived to the present day, including fewer than 40 percent of
1471:
Frequently, however, the religious perspectives of women were held to be unorthodox by those in power, and the mystical visions of such authors as
1174:
literature in this period was not produced in equal quantity as religious literature. The earliest tales are based on oral traditions: the
British
1036:
and paraliturgical). The liturgy itself was not in fixed form, and numerous competing missals set out individual conceptions of the order of the
2510:
455:
3133:
855:, and since the Church was virtually the only source of education. This was the case even in some parts of Europe that were never Romanized.
3210:
1025:
clerics were the intellectual center of society in the Middle Ages, and it is their literature that was produced in the greatest quantity.
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2388:
764:
1495:
Some women were patrons of books and owners of significant book collections. Female book collectors in the fifteenth century included
100:
72:
2488:
1902:
1060:
treatises, often attempting to reconcile the teachings of the Greek and Roman pagan authors with the doctrines of the Church.
3088:
2695:
757:
2847:
2723:
79:
53:
2458:
3544:
3519:
3459:
2755:
1930:
17:
3635:
2276:
1952:
1758:
568:
2413:
513:
3678:
3640:
3170:
3057:
1496:
1382:
rebels of 12th and 13th centuries, who were church trained clerics unable or unwilling to be employed in the church.
1113:
re-enactments of a single
Biblical scene, each mystery play became its village's expression of the key events in the
1064:, or "lives of the saints", were also frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and a warning to others.
119:
86:
1121:, and mystery plays would be performed regularly on set feast-days, often lasting all day long and into the night.
796:
3138:
2840:
2473:
2433:
2378:
2195:
1500:
68:
3762:
3504:
3444:
3416:
3175:
2253:
1970:
1676:
919:
57:
2738:
1200:. They relate to myths or certain 6th-century events, but the surviving manuscripts date from centuries laterâ
598:
3590:
3421:
2453:
2403:
2349:
1321:
tradition. The songs of courtly love often express unrequited longing for an ideal woman, but there are also
1241:
1237:(Germanic), elite professionals attached to royal or noble courts to praise the heroes of legendary history.
1021:
Theological works were the dominant form of literature typically found in libraries during the Middle Ages.
389:
3757:
1670:
1559:
407:
543:
538:
528:
3600:
2530:
2520:
1941:
1548:
1523:
354:
986:. This is not only due to the lack of documents from a period, but also due to an interpretation of the
3691:
3595:
3585:
3549:
3391:
3293:
3013:
2985:
2947:
2929:
2911:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2573:
2463:
2448:
2438:
2125:
1867:
1149:
731:
726:
707:
702:
686:
681:
676:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
558:
264:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
2383:
384:
3767:
3318:
3081:
2640:
2563:
2535:
2483:
2428:
2012:
1753:
1709:
1687:
618:
479:
162:
3569:
2863:
2408:
2314:
1449:
415:
379:
2241:
1621:
450:
445:
346:
3273:
3243:
2373:
1665:
867:
716:
666:
420:
93:
46:
3630:
3386:
3160:
3003:
2423:
2292:
2109:
2069:
1861:
1504:
1476:
1448:
frequently published their reflections, revelations, and prayers. Much of what is known about
1407:
1328:
Following the earliest epic poems, prose tales, and romances, more long poems were craftedâthe
959:
553:
255:
154:
143:
bound in wood and leather with brass plaques worked the corners and in the center, with clasps.
132:
3449:
3341:
3298:
2515:
2000:
1698:
844:
563:
498:
320:
2354:
3668:
3610:
3406:
3313:
3283:
3268:
3074:
2578:
2500:
2468:
2398:
2320:
2103:
2027:
1976:
1742:
1160:
1041:
963:
886:
863:
578:
503:
374:
364:
335:
186:
8:
3554:
3534:
3479:
3411:
3323:
3190:
2965:
2525:
2176:
2149:
1553:
1480:
1428:
1302:
1074:
995:
875:
613:
548:
523:
518:
493:
465:
394:
359:
940:) poets, there is no doubt that they are based on their peoples' older oral traditions.
3741:
3658:
3494:
3469:
3371:
3248:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3123:
3031:
3026:
2998:
2608:
2583:
2505:
2495:
2478:
2224:
2219:
2207:
1918:
1815:
1790:
1781:
1681:
1606:
1489:
1465:
1336:
895:
608:
533:
331:
209:
1077:
reached such popularity that, in its time, it was reportedly read more often than the
573:
3705:
3654:
3396:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3263:
3253:
3238:
3105:
3036:
3021:
2719:
2718:
Green, D.H. "Women
Readers of the Middle Ages". Cambridge University Press, England.
2701:
2691:
2593:
2558:
2393:
2130:
2086:
1821:
1692:
1658:
1472:
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1359:
1355:
1249:
1082:
994:
interpretation of the term in use today. Medieval authors often deeply respected the
928:
825:
747:
603:
508:
488:
470:
460:
280:
214:
204:
181:
2052:
1049:
3729:
3615:
3564:
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3464:
3376:
3333:
3303:
3225:
3143:
3113:
2975:
2832:
2588:
2418:
2343:
2325:
2270:
2258:
2230:
2164:
2144:
2080:
2005:
1895:
1882:
1804:
1764:
1747:
1590:
1416:
1411:
1369:
1341:
1330:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1102:
829:
593:
440:
435:
176:
1358:
tradition concerns adventures about marvels, love, and chivalry. They tell of the
1263:, a collection of disconnected prose tales, which does, however, include both the
3625:
3539:
3509:
3233:
3150:
2993:
2970:
2742:
2548:
2443:
2281:
2265:
1946:
1935:
1830:
1796:
1602:
1598:
1571:
1529:
1485:
1457:
1346:
1294:
1182:
949:
915:
910:
821:
817:
583:
425:
369:
1510:
For modern historical reflection, D.H. Green's (2007) historical work entitled,
3529:
3474:
3428:
3381:
3361:
3205:
3128:
2618:
2603:
2553:
2235:
2200:
2039:
1801:
1720:
1648:
1610:
1594:
1403:
1363:
1314:
1247:
about princely families, notably anti-war in theme, and the romantic adventure
1195:
1133:
1110:
1045:
1037:
999:
906:
900:
871:
859:
852:
848:
804:
Works of literature are often grouped by place of origin, language, and genre.
399:
171:
1089:
followers frequently wrote poetry themselves as an expression of their piety.
3751:
3717:
3288:
3041:
2880:
2705:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2075:
2032:
1876:
1731:
1714:
1577:
1565:
1432:
1374:
1351:
1069:
839:
In
Western Europe, Latin was the common language for medieval writing, since
2811:
787:
is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in
3736:
3454:
3351:
3155:
2960:
2955:
2598:
2338:
2153:
1889:
1836:
1651:
1637:
1539:
1334:
of the late 11th and early 12th centuries. These extolled conquests, as in
1282:
1106:
1097:
3605:
3308:
3215:
3097:
2137:
1399:
1318:
1061:
991:
933:
800:
792:
1290:
3180:
3066:
2937:
2919:
2885:
2331:
2183:
2098:
2021:
1988:
1844:
1395:
1387:
1286:
1259:
1176:
1129:
1086:
1057:
954:
945:
924:
882:
3489:
3258:
1776:
1703:
1391:
1091:
983:
937:
2821:
2303:
1128:
population of Europe also produced a number of outstanding writers.
932:, are well known to this day. Although the extant versions of these
35:
3524:
3401:
3278:
2806:
2064:
1533:
1053:
1022:
813:
3165:
2568:
2309:
2298:
2287:
2246:
2189:
2171:
2057:
2045:
1981:
1849:
1769:
1725:
1643:
1632:
1379:
1188:
1171:
1033:
971:
890:
430:
3712:
1101:
are two of the most powerful Latin poems on religious subjects.
2901:
2212:
2118:
1923:
1492:
continue to be studied for their glimpses of medieval society.
1424:
1322:
1145:
1141:
1004:
987:
833:
788:
588:
2159:
2091:
1993:
1445:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1078:
840:
140:
962:. Another host of vernacular literature has survived in the
1912:
1736:
1625:
Estimated medieval output of manuscripts in terms of copies
1233:
1227:
1029:
967:
941:
1148:, are two of the best-known and most influential of these
2826:
2801:
1453:
1271:.) These works were compiled from earlier oral tradition
1125:
1117:. The text of these plays was often controlled by local
2788:, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409â445 (416, table 1)
1225:
from the 13th century. The makers and performers were
936:
are generally considered the works of individual (but
812:
Outside of Europe, medieval literature was written in
3689:
1967:
Book of the
Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio
1961:
Libro de los ejemplos del conde
Lucanor y de Patronio
2862:
1240:
Prose tales first emerged in
Britain: the intricate
1616:
1435:, both of whom were also renowned religious poets.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2822:Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature
1372:threads throughout the period from the very early
1285:" became fashionable in Europe. Traveling singersâ
881:In Europe the common people used their respective
1325:(dawn farewells by lovers) and humorous ditties.
3749:
1909:The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1887:
1420:became popular at the end of the 14th century.
1537:earliest and most influential allegory is the
3082:
2848:
2807:The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies
2802:The Medieval and Classical Literature Library
2756:"How Much Medieval Literature Has Been Lost?"
2685:
1958:
765:
298:
2736:" Women Readers in the Middle Ages (review)"
2037:
1528:While medieval literature makes use of many
1220:
1193:
898:
2181:
1900:
1874:
990:'s role that differs considerably from the
982:A notable amount of medieval literature is
3089:
3075:
2855:
2841:
1871:, 12th-century work on Old Norse phonology
795:(that is, the one thousand years from the
772:
758:
305:
291:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3096:
2812:The Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project
2753:
2366:
1620:
1293:âmade a living from their love songs in
1281:At about the same time a new poetry of "
1159:
131:
1601:works, and more than three quarters of
1551:. Other important examples include the
1427:secular poetry in the Middle Ages were
14:
3750:
2489:Latin translations of the 12th century
1903:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
3070:
2836:
1840:, the first extended work in Yiddish.
1438:
2688:Middle-aged Women in the Middle Ages
2361:
1032:survive from this time period (both
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3674:
3119:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1011:
799:ca. AD 500 to the beginning of the
24:
3211:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
2277:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
1953:The Letters of Abelard and Heloise
25:
3779:
3641:Historiography in the Middle Ages
2795:
2766:from the original on 8 March 2022
2754:Bushwick, Sophie (8 March 2022).
1497:Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk
27:Literary works of the Middle Ages
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3053:
3052:
1931:The Knight in the Panther's Skin
1857:Das flieĂende Licht der Gottheit
1617:Notable literature of the period
1512:Women Readers of the Middle Ages
944:traditions have survived in the
878:the dominant written languages.
797:fall of the Western Roman Empire
741:
274:
34:
3139:Christianity in the Middle Ages
3134:Decline of Hellenistic religion
2786:The Journal of Economic History
2434:Early English Jewish literature
2419:Old and Middle Dutch literature
2196:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1584:
1501:Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
45:needs additional citations for
3417:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
2829:at the Icelandic Saga Database
2778:
2747:
2728:
2712:
2679:
2516:Medieval Portuguese literature
1971:Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
1677:The Book of the City of Ladies
1423:The most prominent authors of
1378:(10th-century Britain) to the
1040:. Religious scholars such as
885:. A few examples, such as the
836:, among many other languages.
13:
1:
3591:Disability in the Middle Ages
3264:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
3196:Rise of the Venetian Republic
2672:
2454:Middle High German literature
2404:Medieval Bulgarian literature
2350:Yvain: The Knight of the Lion
1272:
1213:
1208:from the early 14th century,
1085:was a prolific poet, and his
966:and more specifically in the
2634:
2526:Medieval Scottish literature
2459:Medieval Georgian literature
2414:Medieval Croatian literature
2384:Medieval Armenian literature
1593:works, around 50 percent of
1317:. Germanic culture had its
1204:from the late 13th century,
1124:During the Middle Ages, the
1016:
977:
807:
7:
2686:Niebrzydowski, Sue (2011).
2542:
2531:Medieval Spanish literature
2521:Medieval Serbian literature
2511:Medieval Persian literature
2479:Medieval Italian literature
2409:Medieval Catalan literature
2389:Medieval Bosnian literature
2379:Classical Arabic literature
2254:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2115:The Quest of the Holy Grail
1942:The Lais of Marie de France
1549:Aurelius Clemens Prudentius
1524:Allegory in the Middle Ages
1517:
1452:is known from the works of
10:
3784:
3392:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
2867:writers of the Middle Ages
2827:Medieval Nordic Literature
2690:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer.
2667:14th century in literature
2662:13th century in literature
2657:12th century in literature
2652:11th century in literature
2647:10th century in literature
2574:Medieval travel literature
2464:Medieval Hebrew literature
2449:Old High German literature
2439:Medieval French literature
2126:Revelations of Divine Love
1868:First Grammatical Treatise
1521:
1186:, along with the Germanic
1155:
3649:
3578:
3437:
3332:
3319:Mongol invasion of Europe
3224:
3104:
3050:
3012:
2984:
2946:
2928:
2910:
2894:
2873:
2641:Early Medieval literature
2536:Medieval Welsh literature
2484:Medieval Latin literature
2474:Medieval Irish literature
2429:Middle English literature
2018:The Travels of Marco Polo
1754:Consolation of Philosophy
1710:The Book of Margery Kempe
1688:Book of the Civilized Man
2315:Gottfried von Strassburg
1450:women in the Middle Ages
1390:to such destinations as
1354:). The rather different
1109:: growing out of simple
843:was the language of the
137:Statuta Mutine Reformata
3274:Investiture Controversy
3244:Second Bulgarian Empire
2374:Anglo-Norman literature
1666:Cantigas de Santa Maria
1257:is not the same as the
920:Tale of Igor's Campaign
868:Eastern Orthodox Church
862:, the influence of the
139:, 1420â1485; parchment
3631:Post-classical history
3387:Fall of Constantinople
3294:CapetâPlantagenet feud
3161:First Bulgarian Empire
3004:Mechthild of Magdeburg
2643:(6th to 9th centuries)
2424:Old English literature
2182:
2110:Queste del Saint Graal
2070:Wolfram von Eschenbach
2038:
1959:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:Mechthild of Magdeburg
1626:
1505:Lady Margaret Beaufort
1477:Mechthild of Magdeburg
1408:Santiago de Compostela
1221:
1194:
1168:
899:
791:and beyond during the
144:
3763:History of literature
2394:Old Breton literature
2367:By region or language
2001:Metrical Dindshenchas
1811:The Diseases of Women
1699:The Book of Good Love
1624:
1242:Four Branches of the
1163:
845:Roman Catholic Church
748:Literature portal
321:History of literature
281:Literature portal
135:
69:"Medieval literature"
3611:Medieval reenactment
3407:Renaissance Humanism
3314:Medieval Warm Period
3284:Republic of Florence
3098:European Middle Ages
2579:Arthurian literature
2501:Old Norse literature
2469:Icelandic literature
2399:Byzantine literature
2321:Troilus and Criseyde
2104:Anselm of Canterbury
1977:Ludus de Antichristo
1743:The Canterbury Tales
1231:(British/Welsh) and
1042:Anselm of Canterbury
964:Old Norse literature
864:Eastern Roman Empire
256:European Renaissance
54:improve this article
3758:Medieval literature
3324:Kingdom of Portugal
3191:Old Church Slavonic
3176:Anglo-Saxon England
2966:Hildegard of Bingen
2760:Scientific American
2293:Thomas d'Angleterre
2220:Spiritual Exercises
2177:Hildegard of Bingen
2150:Guillaume de Lorris
1554:Romance of the Rose
1481:Hildegard of Bingen
1429:Solomon ibn Gabirol
1303:Galician-Portuguese
1075:Jacobus de Voragine
876:Old Church Slavonic
785:Medieval literature
549:Old Church Slavonic
539:Maharashtri Prakrit
18:Medieval Literature
3505:In popular culture
3470:Crusading movement
3342:Hundred Years' War
3201:Civitas Schinesghe
3186:Carolingian Empire
3171:Kingdom of Croatia
3124:Barbarian kingdoms
3032:Christine de Pizan
3027:Catherine of Siena
2999:Gertrude the Great
2741:2016-03-05 at the
2734:McDonald, Nicola.
2609:Alliterative verse
2584:Alexander romances
2564:Medieval mysticism
2506:Pahlavi literature
2496:Occitan literature
2355:Chrétien de Troyes
2225:Gertrude the Great
2208:The Song of Roland
1919:Holy Cross Sermons
1822:La divina commedia
1816:Trotula of Salerno
1791:Catherine of Siena
1782:Giovanni Boccaccio
1682:Christine de Pizan
1627:
1490:Christine de Pizan
1466:Catherine of Siena
1439:Women's literature
1337:The Song of Roland
1169:
1164:The first page of
896:Middle High German
847:, which dominated
544:Pre-Proto-Mongolic
145:
3687:
3686:
3596:Basic topics list
3397:Swiss mercenaries
3347:Wars of the Roses
3254:Kingdom of Poland
3239:Holy Roman Empire
3106:Early Middle Ages
3064:
3063:
3037:Julian of Norwich
3022:Bridget of Sweden
2697:978-1-84615-793-6
2594:Chivalric romance
2559:Medieval allegory
2362:Specific articles
2131:Julian of Norwich
2028:Le Morte d'Arthur
1911:), the Venerable
1827:The Divine Comedy
1693:Daniel of Beccles
1473:Julian of Norwich
1462:Bridget of Sweden
1360:Matter of Britain
1356:chivalric romance
1331:chansons de geste
1269:Culhwch and Olwen
1250:Culhwch and Olwen
1083:Francis of Assisi
929:Chanson de Roland
782:
781:
695:Modern by century
436:Classical Chinese
315:
314:
182:Matter of Britain
130:
129:
122:
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3422:Great Famine
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3269:Great Schism
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3014:14th century
2986:13th century
2956:Anna Komnene
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2768:. Retrieved
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1890:Heimskringla
1866:
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1837:Dukus Horant
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3606:Medievalism
3445:Agriculture
3309:Manorialism
3304:Communalism
3299:Monasticism
3216:Reconquista
3206:Kievan Rus'
2895:9th century
2874:8th century
2138:Perceforest
2053:NjĂĄl's saga
1652:Anglo-Saxon
1404:St. David's
1400:Glastonbury
1388:pilgrimages
1319:MinnesÀnger
1287:troubadours
1276: 1100
1217: 1000
1054:theological
887:Old English
883:vernaculars
801:Renaissance
793:Middle Ages
554:Old English
456:Old Persian
155:Renaissance
3752:Categories
3706:Literature
3601:Land terms
3555:Technology
3535:Philosophy
3515:Literature
3480:Demography
3181:Viking Age
2920:Hrotsvitha
2886:Sahakdukht
2673:References
2332:Waltharius
2184:Sic et Non
2099:Proslogium
2022:Marco Polo
2013:Il milione
1992:, various
1989:Mabinogion
1848:, various
1845:Elder Edda
1575:, and the
1410:in Spain.
1396:Canterbury
1260:Mabinogion
1219:, and the
1202:Y Gododdin
1177:Y Gododdin
1140:, born in
1132:, born in
1130:Maimonides
1087:Franciscan
1034:liturgical
1028:Countless
955:Mabinogion
925:Old French
923:, and the
719:by century
669:by century
630:by century
574:Old Turkic
559:Old German
347:Bronze Age
221:By century
157:literature
80:newspapers
3730:Mythology
3586:Dark Ages
3495:Household
3490:Hastilude
3259:Feudalism
2706:774293897
2635:By period
2058:Icelandic
1850:Icelandic
1802:anonymous
1777:Decameron
1704:Juan Ruiz
1649:anonymous
1607:Icelandic
1392:Jerusalem
1311:Provençal
1291:trouvĂšres
1092:Dies Irae
1017:Religious
996:classical
984:anonymous
978:Anonymity
938:anonymous
808:Languages
614:Tocharian
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564:Old Khmer
461:Old Tamil
408:Classical
187:Byzantine
3669:Category
3636:Timeline
3525:Minstrel
3520:Medicine
3402:Chivalry
3357:Burgundy
3279:Crusades
3058:Category
2764:Archived
2739:Archived
2543:By genre
2065:Parzival
1770:Armenian
1759:Boethius
1671:Galician
1560:Everyman
1534:allegory
1518:Allegory
1456:such as
1362:and the
1265:Mabinogi
1255:Mabinogi
1244:Mabinogi
1111:tableaux
1023:Catholic
992:romantic
958:and the
866:and the
826:Japanese
814:Ethiopic
628:Medieval
529:Japanese
524:Georgian
499:Bactrian
494:Armenian
466:Sanskrit
451:Phrygian
446:Parthian
395:Sumerian
360:Akkadian
196:Medieval
151:Medieval
3692:Portals
3579:Related
3565:Warfare
3560:Theatre
3550:Slavery
3545:Science
3500:Hunting
3465:Cuisine
3438:Culture
3377:Castile
3372:England
2961:HĂ©loĂŻse
2770:8 March
2569:Fabliau
2310:Tristan
2299:Tristan
2288:Tristan
2259:Russian
2201:English
2190:Abelard
2172:Scivias
2165:Russian
2092:Spanish
1996:authors
1969:), Don
1852:authors
1726:Layamon
1644:Beowulf
1633:Alexiad
1613:works.
1591:English
1380:goliard
1323:aubades
1307:Catalan
1299:Spanish
1253:. (The
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1189:Beowulf
1172:Secular
1166:Beowulf
1156:Secular
972:Iceland
891:Beowulf
849:Western
830:Chinese
609:Tibetan
599:Sogdian
534:Kannada
431:Aramaic
375:Hittite
365:Elamite
336:corpora
332:Ancient
210:Persian
94:scholar
3718:Poetry
3659:Portal
3540:Poetry
3367:France
2902:Kassia
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2304:BĂ©roul
2261:author
2249:author
2215:author
2213:French
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2119:French
2094:author
2060:author
2048:author
2046:German
2031:, Sir
1984:author
1982:German
1926:author
1924:Polish
1772:author
1654:author
1609:, and
1603:German
1599:French
1569:, the
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1479:, and
1464:, and
1446:saints
1425:Jewish
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1313:, and
1295:French
1146:France
1142:Troyes
1136:, and
1126:Jewish
1119:guilds
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1005:auctor
988:author
952:, the
942:Celtic
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832:, and
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789:Europe
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215:Arabic
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3530:Music
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3475:Dance
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2864:Women
2247:Irish
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2006:Irish
1994:Welsh
1611:Irish
1595:Dutch
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870:made
841:Latin
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519:GeÊœez
141:codex
101:JSTOR
87:books
2772:2022
2720:ISBN
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