Media activism - Knowledge

452:"Invisible Children" took Kony's actions and turned them into a short film, posting it on YouTube. It was the fastest growing viral video of all time, receiving over 100 million views in the span of 6 days. Kony had been wanted by the International Criminal Court since 2005 for crimes against humanity. After gaining so much attention from social media sites like YouTube and Twitter, the U.S. finally declares the LRA a terrorist group in 2008. They even sent 100 of their own troops to support Uganda in tracking Kony and taking him down. Hundreds of thousands of people tweeted with the hashtag "#stopkony". The Kony video resulted in never before seen international efforts to end Africa's longest lasting issue. The video incorporated people form all over the world who probably had no idea this problem was occurring otherwise. It proved that if people knew about an issue and were given the opportunity to help, they in fact would. Social justice campaigns have been using new media strategies to communicate to the public. Things like online distribution, podcasts and the new cultural norm of social media have been fused with the traditional rallies, protests and lobbying efforts and have created a new type of change that is somewhat convenient for its followers. These new social platforms have made it possible for the public to be both the consumer and producer of media, making their efforts for change reach numbers of people at never before seen speed, like the Kony video. 443:, also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, a fatal disease which causes damage to a person's motor functions through the breakdown of nerve cells. The challenge involves pouring a bucket of cold water over a person's head, and donating to the ALS Association. It began in July 2014, when Chris Kennedy first challenged his sister, Jeanette Senerchia, to participate in the challenge. Senerchia was inspired to partake in order to support her husband who had previously been diagnosed with the disease. Soon the challenge became widespread across mainstream media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The challenge picked up a mass following due to the amount of lives touched by the disease and the desire to see progress in the fight against ALS. The accumulation of donations made by supporters of the cause resulted in as much as $ 115 million being donated to the ALS Association in an effort to find a cure and bring awareness to the cause. 566:

national minorities who face similar issues. Indigenous groups in the Philippines have been able to use online media to debunk stereotypes propagated in national media and to communicate their causes and claims with an international audience. Media activism also allows indigenous groups to mobilize external support from international allies, especially when local conditions become too dangerous to mobilize locally, due cases of political harassment or extrajudicial killings. Agents of media in terms of activism, are a doubled edged sword which indicate the historic importance, while also laying stepping stones for its significance in the future. Similarly, indigenous life writing is a phenomenon which not only signifies its historic importance but also lays the foundation for the future white settler conception of colonialism and a medium to secure land rights for the indigenous.

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with Standing Rock movement. Social media hashtags associated with the movement included #NoDAPL, #StandwithStandingRock, #Waterislife, and #ReZpectOurWater. During the 2016 movement, more than one million Facebook users checked in to the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's reservation located near the border of North Dakota and South Dakota along the Missouri River. The Facebook check-in's demonstrated the global reach of the Indigenous movement. On Sunday November 20, 2016, livestreams and videos were circulated through social media platforms that showed evidence of North Dakota law enforcement officers utilizing "pepper spray, teargas, rubber bullets, Tasers, sound weapons, and other “less-than-lethal” weapons" against pipeline protestors who referred to themselves as

414:, a campaign against violence and systemic racism towards African Americans, has been influenced strongly by Social Media Activism with leaders, hashtags, and policy proposals brought forward because of Social Media. The hashtag #blacklivesmatter was created in 2013 by Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi after the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the murder in Florida of seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin. Garza wrote a Facebook post titled "A Love Note to Black People" in which she said: "Our Lives Matter, Black Lives Matter.” Once the hashtag was formed, it has been a rallying cry for various organizing efforts across the country centered on Black lives. 181:

they cannot - for example when they are too young to vote. The internet allows for these individuals to avoid feeling helpless when they cannot vote. This is a free way for leaders to organize and allows more individuals interested in engaging with certain movements online rather than in person to speak up. On the other hand, this is also a common form of activism for celebrities to use and there is debate on how effective it really is. One criticism of Media Activism is that since everyone has a voice radicals sound as loud as the average whether it’s one person or not which can undermine the movement entirely.

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under tents, one of the main issues the protesters pushed was economic inequality. Then with the winter pressing forward the police swept the protesters away. All across the country the crowds began to thin and enthusiasm diminished, and eventually the movement all but dissolved. The catch phrase that became well known by the occupants was "We are the 99 percent.” The 99 percent were referred to as the lower-income people that are struggling to make a change. This was in contrast to the 1% who were well off financially and were in control of social, political and economic levers of powers.

418:#BLM, #BlackLivesMatter, and #equality on Twitter, Facebook, and many social media platforms. In response to the visible violent acts against Black communities more than 50 organizations from across the country have come together to fight this unfairness based on color. Today this is still an issue, and in some peoples' opinion media does not have a positive effect on BLM. It causes people to riot and build more hatred for each other instead of the whole concept of unity. Sometimes the media, which has fake news can take things out of context, in result people will have an upsetting reaction. 121: 352:, an overseas Filipino domestic worker, was arrested and convicted in Indonesia for attempting to smuggle 5.7lb of heroin. She was placed on death row and was initially set to be executed. Human rights organizations claimed that Veloso was used by her recruiters as a drug mule and should be given the opportunity to defend herself in court. Through a joint effort of legal advocacy and online media activism, Veloso's execution was delayed. The petition on Change.org to support her was one of the fastest-growing and most signed online petitions from the region. 336:, where 34 journalists were killed in a single event. Competing interests within traditional media also complicate the landscape of journalistic transparency—a number of the country's largest newspapers are owned by a few select families who compete in both business and politics. In response, local organizations have turned to alternative forms of information dissemination. For example, indigenous groups in the Philippines have developed their online media presence in order to build international awareness of local issues—such as 300: 83: 570:

media use, Bronwyn Carlson and Ryan Frazer found that many people experience unpleasant interactions like trolling and racism, but still value social media: “For many, it had become an invaluable tool in the realisation of their hopes and dreams; it helped them ‘find’ and share their identities and produce intimate communities of mutual trust, respect, care and kindness.” Social media is an important tool for developing activists’ collective identities.

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of Occupies largest unrecognized victories is the drive for a higher minimum wage. The occupy protests helped to motivate workers in the fast food industry in New York City to walk off their jobs in November, 2012, triggering national movement to raise the minimum wage to $ 15 an hour. This march in New York helped lead the way for tens of thousands of workers who marched in hundreds of cities asking for better paying conditions.

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were used to bring people from all over to one place for an agreed upon cause. It started off with the small number of people who had the idea. Once the events, rallies and protests began, it gained the attention from mass media. This ultimately created a huge platform for the change these participants yearned for.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people use social media at higher rates than non-Indigenous Australians. As a form of activism, they use social media and especially memes, to challenge dominant views of Australian history. In a comprehensive study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social

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African Americans use Twitter at a higher rate than their white counterparts with 22 percent of online blacks using the service in 2014 compared to 16 percent of online whites. Hashtags such as #OscarsSoWhite, #handsupdontshoot, and #icantbreathe have sprung up as offshoots in the social movement and

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uprisings made extensive use of social media activism within the countries of Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. These nations concentrated on the ability of the society to operate social media and begin organizing a grassroots initiative for a globalized form of democracy. Arab youth population are described

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is a term coined to emphasize on the lack of action media activism enrolls, through engaging in the talk of social issues but not reacting. Critics argue that media activism does not seem to be the most efficient engine in taking action towards social regimes, however many recognize it as a powerful

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of 2016 was one the largest, more contemporary, Indigenous protests in the United States where social media played role in raising awareness globally of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's concerns with the oil pipeline construction. The protests have been referred to as the NoDAPL movement or the Stand

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Occupy Wall Street protesters capitalized on the tools of social media to spread awareness about the movement, to inform participants about organized meetings, rallies, and events, and to ultimately generate national news and mainstream media attention. Social media handles like Facebook and Twitter

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in place, where the press freedoms are not considered free, rather oppressive. Youth in China have worked towards stronger press freedoms online and a dedication to utilizing the principles of media activism. Intensive civic conversation occurs online in China. Youth satirized the government through

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Media activism gives disadvantaged groups the ability to have their own voices heard and organize in bigger groups allowing for more autonomise activism to enact social change. As well as disadvantaged communities, media activism allows younger generations to have a voice in situations where legally

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Rotuman in Fiji, the Rotuman people are deemed the minority, causing vast outmigration of nearly 80 percent of the population. Digital communication is relied on heavily to conserve the Rotuman culture. The communication aspects of digital media are of great benefit. The use of digital media allows

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It is a movement that brings the African American community together. It is a campaign that does not promote violence but instead unity. There can be both negative or positive views on the movement due to the way the media affects people. This movement began in 2013 when people started hash tagging

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The movement came about because of the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Its main goal was to fight against the unequal income gap and the corrupting influence of money. Although many people believed that the movement disappeared, it has instead evolved into a variety of different causes. One

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movement, which began during the fall of 2011, is another instance were social media largely contributed to the efforts of the initiative. It was a people powered movement beginning September 17, 2011 in Liberty Square in Manhattans financial district. As Occupy Wall Street sprang up in parks and

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argues that suppression of online activism is to protect authorities' political or economic interests. In North Korea, the state curtails virtually all forms of digital communication, but a few transnational citizen-journalists have used technology like cell phones and thumb drives to communicate

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In light of the benefits of media activism, there are those who oppose the usage of it as an organizing tool. One caveat of technology is that those in power can use the internet to track down and target activists. Dominant elites, or those challenged by media activism, have tried to push back by

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Joseph Kony was the leader of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in 2012. He was accused of abducting over 60,000 Ugandan children, turning the boys into brainwashed killing machines and the young girls into sex slaves. He killed anyone who stood in his way. In 2012, an American charity named

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Social Media has become a primary organizing tool for political and social movements globally. They serve to strengthen already existing networks of political and social relationships among activists offline. Media activism among youth can be linked to the way youth protest and create communities

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Media activism has also provided an opportunity for Indigenous peoples to address issues of local government inadequacy. Through the usage of media technology and online communication, Indigenous groups are able to reach out further than their specific localities and build solidarity with other

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Egyptian protesters utilized social media to reduce the difficulties and cost associated with organizing rallies and a readily-mobilized political force. This facilitation of assembly through social media allowed the creation of new gateways for civic engagement where Egypt had suppressed such

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can reach a much larger audience than traditional media. Although often only a small percentage of people who express interest in a cause online are willing to commit to offline action, social media interaction is viewed as "the first step in a ladder of engagement"."Social media has helped us

271:. This image was coined as Maorilyn Maoroe, which in the image is juxtaposed next to a homophone for profanity. "Maorilyn Maoroe" was an opponent to the societal River Crab, which is a pun on "harmonious," a principle that Chinese censorship was created to promote, but has failed to do so. 424:

have helped create a subculture on the website that some have called “Black Twitter”. Jelani Cobb, professor of Journalism at Columbia University, has argued that that “Black Twitter” has been as vital to Black Lives Matter as television was for the Civil Rights Movement.

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still require the coverage of traditional mass media outlets in order to gain significant traction. Social movements, especially ones rooted in online social media, also require a critical mass of participants in order to sustain the presence on social media platforms.

469:. During the NoDAPL movement there was a mass mobilization of people who traveled to the confluence of the Missouri River and Cannonball River in North Dakota, where the oil pipeline crosses under the Missouri River, near the border of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe. 320:

opportunities under emergency power for the last 30 years. This uprising led to violent conflict within each of the nations, and can thus media and media activism can be viewed as a fundamental contributor to the nation's new national identity under a new rule.

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Media activism has a long history in the United States including the revolutionary pamphleteers of the Revolutionary War, the abolitionist press in the decades leading up to the Civil War and the socialist press during the years of the labor movement such as

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what came to be known as "the River Crab critique," in turn spurring civic conversation on the internet. Media Activists in China used their online presence and freedom to alter images, such as Marilyn Monroe, to have the face of Chinese Communist leader

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or the Walkie-Talkie application with their smartphones in order to improve communication between protestors during the manifestations thanks to its quick and instantaneous sharing of information. Moreover, the usage of applications such as

154:. Methods of media activism include publishing news on websites, creating video and audio investigations, spreading information about protests, or organizing campaigns relating to media and communications policies. 201:

organize without having leaders," said Victor Damaso, 22, demonstrating on São Paulo's main Paulista Avenue on Thursday night. "Our ideas, our demands are discussed on Facebook. There are no meetings, no rules".

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Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo; Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon (2014). "Towards cyberactivism 2.0? Understanding the use of social media and other information technologies for political activism and social movements".

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and net-based campaigns are also considered media activism. Typically, the purpose of media activism is to spread awareness through media communications which sometimes leads to action.

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Christine Harold (September 2004). "Pranking Rhetoric: "Culture Jamming" as Media Activism". Critical Studies in Media Communication 21 (3 ed.). pp. 189–211. Retrieved December 19, 2012

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is often used as a form of media activism. Because of the interactive features and widespread adoption, users can quickly disseminate information and rally supporters. Platforms like

246:. Media activism additionally educates the audience to be producers of their own media. Media activism to be expanded to facilitate action through media production and involvement. 332:, due to the subsequent rapid expansion of newspapers, radio stations, and programming throughout the country. This has changed over the years, especially after events such as the 1934: 505: 274:

In China, youth and other media activists have discovered and utilized new methods to indirectly criticize the political and societal environments, going around the government

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can be an example of this way of broadcasting in terms of the lack of the objectivity of the actual media and the television. On the other hand, a lot of protestors used

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Citizen reporting on platforms such as Twitter and Facebook help drive the coverage of traditional media on stories of violence, discrimination, and harassment.

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was imprisoned by the Scientific Penal and Criminal Investigation Corps of Venezuela for tweeting a message that was considered "destabilizing to the country".

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Wolf, Linda (2001). Global Uprising: Confronting the Tyrannies of the 21st Century : Stories from a New Generation of Activists. New Society Publ.

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also suggests that digital creations and media have to be emotionally moving in order to spur civic engagement and mobilization of citizens.

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Soriano, Cheryll Ruth (2012). "The arts of indigenous online dissent: Negotiating technology, indigeneity, and activism in the Cordillera".

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One example is the four-stage model for political movements using social media created by Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan and J. Roman Gil-Garcia.

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Although media activism is a form of activism it is not a form of high risk activism, more a form of organization through communication.

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filtering the internet, blocking specific websites, decreasing the connection speeds, and tracking users who view political information.

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is another efficient tool of spreading information and is generally used with other social media forms such as Facebook and Twitter.

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Ghobadi, Shahla; Clegg, Stewart (2015). ""These days will never be forgotten …": A critical mass approach to online activism".

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Scholars have attempted to create theoretical frameworks to illustrate the use of media within social movements and activism.

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that re-appropriates the tropes of mainstream media "in order to take advantage of the resources and venues they afford".

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Limitations of social media activism have also been pointed out by scholars. Some critics argue that media activism and

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Ed Carrasco (March 26, 2012). "How Social Media Has Helped Activism". New Media Rockstars. Retrieved December 19, 2012

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can therefore be seen as a media activist approach to civic participation within the bounds of government censorship.

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Sarah Kessler (October 9, 2010). "Why Social Media Is Reinventing Activism". Mashable. Retrieved December 19, 2012

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Global Voices Advocacy - Defending free speech online.. Global Voices Advocacy, n.d. Web. 16 May 2013.

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as "opening" societies through social media in places where governments are otherwise repressive.

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is among the newest method of critique. Activists use "microblogs" to critique the government.

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can improve organization among protestors with added features such as group message. Similarly,

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Gerry, Felicity (22 March 2016). "Human Trafficking, Drug Trafficking, and the Death Penalty".

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The Philippines was once said to have the freest press in Southeast Asia, after the ousting of

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Titifanue, Jason; Varea, Rufino Robert; Varea, Renata; Kant, Romitesh; Finau, Glen (2018).

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was a form of media activism that swept through online communities to bring awareness to

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Americas Society and Council of the Americas (AS/COA), 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 16 May 2013.

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is another media form which can replace TV when there is a kind of censorship. The

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Media activism is used for many different purposes. It is often a tool for

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Media activism has expanded its scope to include fields of study such as

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Kim Deterline. "FAIR's Media Activism Kit". Retrieved December 19, 2012.

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From here it spread to cities all over the United States, and globally.

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New Media Practices in China: Youth Patterns, Processes, and Politics

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Gloria, Glenda M. (2000). "Media and Democracy in the Philippines".

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The International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society

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the Rotuman people to remain in touch and conserve their culture.

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Social media has been used politically to achieve success during

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Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

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Form of activism using media for social or political movements

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tool of communication to connect like-minded populations.

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A study of the protests and media activism sparked by the

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Groeneveld, Elizabeth; Thrift, Samantha C. (2017-12-27).

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Curtis & McCarthy, Polly & Tom (March 8, 2012).

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Protestors as a part of the occupy wall street movement

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Frameworks for the use of media in political movements

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news stories. Certain forms of politically motivated

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online over specific issues and social connections.

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"Black Tweets Matter". 988:– via Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 594:in the name of national harmony, although the 204:Live streams applications or websites such as 2337: 2191: 2158: 1361:"The inmates executed or spared by Indonesia" 1196:Far East Journal of Psychology & Business 710: 2057: 1156:"Chinese censorship: Fǎ Kè Yóu, River Crab." 2194:"Social Media Mob: Being Indigenous Online" 1671:School of Journalism and Mass Communication 764:"The Darker Sides of Social Media Activism" 430: 367:which supported the presidential candidate 2344: 2330: 1765: 1487:Monica; erson; Hitlin, Paul (2016-08-15). 184: 2176: 2102: 2006: 1928: 1926: 1837: 1445: 1135: 1133: 725: 627:Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 2237: 2210: 1571: 1511: 1460: 1206: 869:Information, Communication & Society 815: 378: 298: 165:to spread information not available via 119: 2243: 2192:Carlson, Bronwyn; Frazer, Ryan (2018). 2159:Frazer, Ryan; Carlson, Bronwyn (2017). 2125: 1798: 1766:Levin, Sam; Woolf, Nicky (2016-11-01). 1596: 1427: 1332: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1185: 1183: 862: 36:not related to the topic of the article 3338: 2351: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1932: 1923: 1549:"African Americans and Technology Use" 1328: 1326: 1324: 1267: 1139: 1130: 1051: 1045: 964: 945: 776: 599:accurate news to citizens and abroad. 2325: 2262: 2020: 2018: 1546: 1384: 1263: 1261: 1241:"Social Media and Political Activism" 1081: 1075: 1057:"The Political Power of Social Media" 983: 406: 374: 1896: 1860: 1229: 1212: 1189: 1180: 1107: 1011:. Burlington College. Archived from 76: 18: 2246:"North Korea's Digital Underground" 2216: 2046: 1823: 1664: 1615: 1461:Kanalley, Craig (6 December 2011). 1321: 561:Representation of Indigenous groups 456:No Dakota Access Pipeline (#NoDAPL) 343: 146:and communication technologies for 131:using their laptops, September 2011 13: 2015: 1258: 816:Williams, Melvin L. (2020-06-28). 555:2009 Iranian presidential election 290:North Africa & The Middle East 14: 3367: 2303: 2244:Boynton, Robert (February 2011). 1897:Wong, Julia Carrie (2016-11-21). 1710:"Kony 2012: What the Real Story?" 1393:: 265–282 – via HeinOnline. 303:Protesters in Egypt celebrate in 2309: 2072:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.12.002 2028:Government Information Quarterly 1161:, 7 June 2011. Web. 14 May 2013. 1113: 740:10.1002/9781118767771.wbiedcs083 615: 355: 264:China has strong censorship laws 81: 23: 2988:Party platforms (or manifestos) 2256: 2185: 2152: 2126:Carlson, Bronwyn (2017-04-27). 2119: 2078: 1982: 1969: 1957: 1933:Forero, Juan (1 October 2012). 1890: 1854: 1817: 1792: 1759: 1727: 1701: 1677: 1658: 1634: 1609: 1590: 1572:Williams, Stereo (2015-07-06). 1565: 1540: 1505: 1480: 1454: 1421: 1397: 1378: 1353: 1296: 1177:, 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 3 May 2013. 1164: 1148: 1098: 1082:Poell, Thomas (24 April 2012). 1027: 992: 977: 965:Arthur, Charles (4 June 2013). 958: 939: 921: 865:"Communicating Global Activism" 462:Dakota Access Pipeline Protests 249: 1744:10.7551/mitpress/9568.003.0033 1282:10.1080/01296612.2000.11726622 1239:Pfiefle, Mark (14 June 2012). 912: 903: 856: 809: 770: 756: 726:Cammaerts, Bart (2015-02-11). 719: 704: 695: 573: 323: 294: 1: 2286:10.1080/17404622.2014.1003310 2104:10.1080/10304312.2018.1404669 1995:Media International Australia 1830:Theory, Culture & Society 1799:Torchin, Leshu (2016-11-04). 1447:10.5325/jinfopoli.5.2015.0109 1434:Journal of Information Policy 834:10.1080/19392397.2020.1782236 711:Andors, Ph.D., Ellen (2012). 689: 441:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 103:related to non-recent events. 94:slanted towards recent events 45:or discuss this issue on the 3076:Rally 'round the flag effect 2060:Information and Organization 1574:"The Power of Black Twitter" 984:Kates, Glenn (7 June 2013). 881:10.1080/1369118032000093860a 863:Bennett, W. (January 2003). 783:Political Research Quarterly 777:Bimber, Bruce (March 2001). 603:Criticisms of Media Activism 596:Council on Foreign Relations 472: 446: 7: 2219:"Media Censorship in China" 1665:Coy, Shannon (April 2015). 1547:Smith, Aaron (2014-01-06). 728:"Social Media and Activism" 652: 506:Lourdes Alicia Ortega Pérez 10: 3372: 1347:10.1016/j.tele.2011.04.004 1335:Telematics and Informatics 713:The Task of Activist Media 499:Henrique Capriles Radonski 491:2013 presidential campaign 3270: 3215: 3147: 3089: 3021: 2938: 2855: 2807: 2697: 2608: 2535: 2425: 2417:Manipulation (psychology) 2359: 2263:Glenn, Cerise L. (2015). 2040:10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.016 1839:10.1177/02632764221146715 1824:Lee, Robyn (2023-03-01). 632:Free Press (organization) 483:2012 re-election campaign 2595:Criticism of advertising 2178:10.1177/2056305117738993 2008:10.1177/1329878x18803377 1526:10.1177/1095796015620171 1428:Pickard, Victor (2015). 715:. Peoples Video Network. 637:Independent Media Center 437:ALS Ice Bucket Challenge 431:ALS Ice Bucket Challenge 258: 3257:Promotional merchandise 2968:Character assassination 2905:Narcotizing dysfunction 2779:Photograph manipulation 2492:Guerrilla communication 1738:, The MIT Press, 2014, 511: 185:Forms of media activism 138:is a broad category of 3351:Alternative journalism 3240:Product demonstrations 2669:Historical negationism 2171:(4): 205630511773899. 2165:Social Media + Society 384: 308: 132: 3172:Reputation management 3091:Psychological warfare 2940:Political campaigning 2749:Firehose of falsehood 2273:Communication Teacher 1685:"The ALS Association" 1642:"The ALS Association" 1175:The American Interest 1140:Wallis, Cara (2011). 382: 302: 123: 34:may contain material 3207:Corporate propaganda 2318:at Wikimedia Commons 1387:Indonesia Law Review 664:Freedom of the press 364:The Appeal to Reason 334:Maguindanao massacre 210:protests in Istanbul 43:improve this section 3295:Media concentration 3167:Non-apology apology 3157:Cult of personality 2885:Emotive conjugation 2639:Burying of scholars 2217:Bennett, Isabella. 1832:: 026327642211467. 1308:www.manilatimes.net 1245:The Huffington Post 1190:Khan, A. A (2012). 766:. 19 December 2019. 504:On March 14, 2013, 152:political movements 3278:Influence-for-hire 3071:National mythology 3041:Crowd manipulation 2930:Tabloid journalism 2799:Video manipulation 2744:Fictitious entries 2467:Civil disobedience 2353:Media manipulation 1862:Wong, Julia Carrie 946:Kantrowitz, Alex. 538:Viral organization 412:Black Lives Matter 407:Black Lives Matter 389:Occupy Wall Street 385: 375:Occupy Wall Street 309: 133: 125:Occupy Wall Street 3356:Alternative media 3333: 3332: 3099:Airborne leaflets 2978:Election promises 2832:Product placement 2707:Alternative facts 2447:Alternative media 2314:Media related to 1753:978-0-262-32121-1 1213:Khashaba, Karim. 822:Celebrity Studies 674:Internet activism 659:Alternative media 547:internet activism 541:Physical response 118: 117: 75: 74: 67: 3363: 3346:Activism by type 3325:Media proprietor 3149:Public relations 3129:Public diplomacy 3114:Information (IT) 2993:Name recognition 2618:Media regulation 2600:Annoyance factor 2457:Call-out culture 2372:Crowd psychology 2346: 2339: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2298: 2297: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2055: 2044: 2043: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2010: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1941:. Archived from 1930: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1805:The Conversation 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1616:Stephen, Bijan. 1613: 1607: 1606: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1559: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1330: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1265: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1187: 1178: 1168: 1162: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1037:. Archived from 1031: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1009:"Media Activism" 1005: 999: 996: 990: 989: 981: 975: 974: 962: 956: 955: 943: 937: 936: 925: 919: 916: 910: 907: 901: 900: 860: 854: 853: 813: 807: 806: 774: 768: 767: 760: 754: 753: 723: 717: 716: 708: 702: 699: 592:media censorship 532:Triggering event 481:, including the 467:Water Protectors 350:Mary Jane Veloso 344:Mary Jane Veloso 330:Ferdinand Marcos 167:mainstream media 113: 110: 104: 101:add more content 85: 84: 77: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 27: 26: 19: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3320:Media influence 3315:Media franchise 3300:Media democracy 3266: 3211: 3143: 3085: 3066:Loaded language 3017: 2934: 2851: 2803: 2693: 2622: 2604: 2531: 2472:Culture jamming 2421: 2355: 2350: 2306: 2301: 2267: 2261: 2257: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2157: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2124: 2120: 2083: 2079: 2056: 2047: 2023: 2016: 1987: 1983: 1975:Sonia, Doglio. 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1945:on 30 June 2013 1939:Washington Post 1931: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1859: 1855: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1736:DIY Citizenship 1733: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1714:theguardian.com 1706: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1614: 1610: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1580: 1578:The Daily Beast 1570: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1514:New Labor Forum 1510: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1467:Huffington Post 1459: 1455: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1383: 1379: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1331: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1266: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1237: 1230: 1220: 1218: 1217:. openDemocracy 1211: 1207: 1188: 1181: 1169: 1165: 1153: 1149: 1138: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1118:. Freedom House 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1061:Foreign Affairs 1050: 1046: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1007: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 982: 978: 963: 959: 944: 940: 935:. 21 June 2013. 927: 926: 922: 917: 913: 908: 904: 861: 857: 814: 810: 775: 771: 762: 761: 757: 750: 724: 720: 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 655: 618: 605: 582:States such as 576: 563: 523: 514: 475: 458: 449: 433: 409: 377: 358: 346: 326: 297: 292: 261: 252: 229:Culture jamming 187: 114: 108: 105: 98: 86: 82: 71: 60: 54: 51: 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3369: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3197:Understatement 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3061:Indoctrination 3058: 3053: 3048: 3046:Disinformation 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3008:Smear campaign 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2925:Sensationalism 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865:Agenda-setting 2861: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2739:False document 2736: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2644:Catch and kill 2641: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477:Demonstrations 2474: 2469: 2464: 2462:Cancel culture 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2316:Media activism 2305: 2304:External links 2302: 2300: 2299: 2255: 2236: 2225:on 10 May 2017 2209: 2184: 2151: 2118: 2077: 2045: 2034:(3): 365–378. 2014: 1981: 1968: 1956: 1922: 1889: 1864:(2016-11-21). 1853: 1816: 1791: 1758: 1752: 1726: 1700: 1676: 1657: 1633: 1608: 1589: 1564: 1539: 1504: 1479: 1453: 1420: 1396: 1377: 1352: 1320: 1295: 1276:(4): 191–196. 1257: 1228: 1205: 1179: 1170:Mead, Walter. 1163: 1147: 1129: 1106: 1097: 1074: 1055:(2010-12-20). 1044: 1041:on 2013-07-03. 1026: 1015:on 10 May 2013 1000: 991: 976: 957: 938: 920: 911: 902: 875:(2): 143–168. 855: 808: 795:10.2307/449207 769: 755: 748: 718: 703: 693: 691: 688: 687: 686: 684:Tactical media 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 654: 651: 650: 649: 644: 642:Media Alliance 639: 634: 629: 624: 622:Democracy Now! 617: 614: 604: 601: 575: 572: 562: 559: 543: 542: 539: 536: 535:Media response 533: 522: 519: 513: 510: 495:Nicolás Maduro 474: 471: 457: 454: 448: 445: 432: 429: 408: 405: 376: 373: 357: 354: 345: 342: 325: 322: 296: 293: 291: 288: 260: 257: 251: 248: 186: 183: 161:activists and 142:that utilizes 136:Media activism 127:protesters in 116: 115: 92:appears to be 89: 87: 80: 73: 72: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3368: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3305:Media ecology 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288:United States 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3262:Telemarketing 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3051:Fearmongering 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:False balance 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2847:Word of mouth 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Broadcast law 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2482:Deplatforming 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2387:False balance 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2019: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1960: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1927: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1381: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1233: 1216: 1209: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1176: 1173: 1167: 1160: 1159:The Economist 1157: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1117: 1114:Cook, Sarah. 1110: 1101: 1085: 1078: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1014: 1010: 1004: 995: 987: 980: 972: 968: 961: 953: 949: 942: 934: 930: 924: 915: 906: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 859: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 773: 765: 759: 751: 749:9781118290743 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 722: 714: 707: 698: 694: 685: 682: 680: 679:Radical media 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 616:Organizations 613: 610: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 571: 567: 558: 556: 551: 548: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 529: 526: 518: 509: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 485:of President 484: 480: 470: 468: 463: 453: 444: 442: 438: 428: 425: 421: 420: 415: 413: 404: 401: 397: 394: 390: 381: 372: 370: 366: 365: 356:United States 353: 351: 341: 339: 338:land grabbing 335: 331: 321: 317: 314: 306: 305:Tahrir Square 301: 287: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 265: 256: 247: 245: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 215: 211: 207: 202: 199: 195: 191: 182: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 130: 129:Zuccotti Park 126: 122: 112: 102: 97: 95: 90:This article 88: 79: 78: 69: 66: 58: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This section 30: 21: 20: 3310:Media ethics 3230:Door-to-door 3225:Cold calling 3202:Weasel words 3109:Fifth column 3003:Push polling 2953:Astroturfing 2915:Pseudo-event 2895:Infotainment 2870:Broadcasting 2789:Urban legend 2712:April Fools' 2585:Testimonials 2555:Infomercials 2506: 2382:Dumbing down 2280:(2): 81–85. 2277: 2271: 2258: 2250:The Atlantic 2249: 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2223:the original 2212: 2200:. Retrieved 2187: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2143:. Retrieved 2132:The Guardian 2131: 2121: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2066:(1): 52–71. 2063: 2059: 2031: 2027: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1971: 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1943:the original 1938: 1914:. Retrieved 1903:The Guardian 1902: 1892: 1881:. Retrieved 1870:The Guardian 1869: 1856: 1829: 1819: 1808:. Retrieved 1804: 1794: 1783:. Retrieved 1772:The Guardian 1771: 1761: 1735: 1729: 1719:February 17, 1717:. Retrieved 1713: 1703: 1692:. Retrieved 1689:www.alsa.org 1688: 1679: 1670: 1660: 1649:. Retrieved 1646:www.alsa.org 1645: 1636: 1625:. Retrieved 1621: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1581:. Retrieved 1577: 1567: 1556:. Retrieved 1552: 1542: 1517: 1513: 1507: 1496:. Retrieved 1492: 1482: 1470:. Retrieved 1466: 1456: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1412:. Retrieved 1408: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1369:. Retrieved 1367:. 2015-04-29 1364: 1355: 1341:(1): 33–44. 1338: 1334: 1312:. Retrieved 1310:. 2014-05-04 1307: 1298: 1273: 1269: 1248:. 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