484:
preparedness and resilience, persistent poverty, inefficient public policies and infrastructure problems. The scientific community can work to use advanced methods and techniques to reveal and understand the dynamics and trends of flooding. This will help scientists, politicians and water managers or authorities to develop appropriate policies and measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of flooding. To assess flood risk and prepare mitigation and adaptation measures, structural measures such as policy and economic functions (from low- to high-income countries) need to be compared with non-structural measures and forward-looking consideration of future climatic conditions. The following measures should be considered: (1) strengthening the use of machine learning methods and new satellite imagery products to improve flood prediction and flood warning systems; (2) identifying the role of vegetation in flood occurrence; and (3) establishing adequate, cost-effective structural and non-structural flood prevention policies and measures.
27:
445:(TB) prevalence rate outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The floods had exacerbated the HIV and TB epidemic in both countries. Although the prevalence of new cases seemed low, a disruption in access to multi-level biomedical interventions led to an increase in mortality rates. HIV death rates in the Dominican Republic alone reached 80.5 deaths per 100,000 people in 2004. The floods also disrupted immunisation programs for vaccine-preventable diseases. Poor immunisation coverage for
458:
impacts are a result of two main modes of transmission being water-borne: diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and vector-borne: diseases from intermediate species that carry disease pathogens, such as mosquitoes. Vector-borne diseases brought on by flooding include dengue fever and malaria. In addition, displacement and eventual overcrowding can lead to fungal infections of the lungs and skin.
400:
On May 26, 2004, the official death toll in both countries totalled 870. By May 29, 2004, the number of deaths had skyrocketed. In Haiti death tolls were at 1,800: 1,000 (Mapou), 548 (Bodarie, Thiotte, Grand Gosier), 250 (Fonds-Verettes), 2 (Port-a-Piment). On the
Dominican side, death tolls were at
298:
also suffered the consequences of the floods. Duarte's rice crops represented 70% of all rice crops in the
Dominican Republic. Due to the flood, thousands of hectares of rice crops in this area, as well as banana crops were destroyed. Also in this northeastern province of Duarte, around 100 families
262:
In addition, the town of Mapou, located 50 km southeast of the capital, was cut off by flooding. The water reached a depth of more than 3 metres. Consequently, 1,300 houses, almost half of Mapou's houses, were severely damaged. In the area surrounding Mapou, more than 35 villages were affected.
112:
areas like Mapou, Haiti, and Jimani, of the
Dominican Republic, experienced over 250 mm (10 inches) of rain between May 24 and 25, causing the Solie River to overflow, resulting in devastating environmental and infrastructure damage. With hundreds dead and thousands more displaced in Mapou and
465:
In addition, not only the health of communities that have experienced flooding is at risk. Disaster relief workers, healthcare workers and key service providers may also be affected. As the flooding occurred in 2004, there is a lack of data in this area, so this direction will not be discussed. In
483:
This is mainly due to the steady increase in population and economic activity in flood-prone areas. The consequences of flooding in the
Caribbean are severe because of the exponential increase in urbanization of floodplains, unregulated, human-induced degradation of watersheds, lack of emergency
474:
Vulnerabilities already exist in the
Caribbean countries and other small island developing States. Accelerated global warming will only exacerbate them. Small island developing States must be actively involved in adaptation and mitigation measures to address long-term climate change. During this
461:
The long-term health impacts of the
Caribbean floods are mainly in the form of mental health problems. The experience of surviving a flood disaster can affect people for years. Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), confusion and insomnia are some of the common mental health
457:
The health impact of disasters such as the 2004 Caribbean floods are complex and cascading. In the short and long terms, floods can affect human health both directly and indirectly. Short-term direct impacts mainly include leptospirosis and acute respiratory infections (ARI). Short-term indirect
233:
briefly noted the possibility of the system developing into a tropical cyclone, noting its well-defined circulation. Although there was a lack of convection near the center, there was a potential for the shear to diminish. However, by late on May 26, the system no longer had a chance for
336:(SSID) began an initial assessment of difficulty in accessing water-logged regions. It also assessed damages and losses in the communities where it worked, and prepared a multi-year food security proposal targeting families whose food security situation was severely affected by the disaster.
174:, further debilitating Haiti's ability to withstand intense storms and to provide emergency services. The damage to Haiti's already weak infrastructure and lack of natural barriers intensive efforts to secure food, water, and humanitarian relief required.
274:
Floods occurred in the south, northwest, and northeast areas of the country. Telephone communications and electricity were affected, as was the supply of drinking water due to damage to 21 aqueducts in the country. The most damaged area was the community of
424:
disease was a major health issue in both countries - accounting for 42% of all diarrheal deaths. In 2004, both countries reported a sharp increase in rotavirus infections. A total of 275 deaths were reported in
Independencia Province. There were no
302:
Across the
Dominican Republic, 3,112 houses were affected in some way by the floods. Around 3,000 families were displaced. Given the extent of the damage, the Dominican Republic National Emergency Commission declared a yellow alert in the country.
137:
and the
Dominican Republic, with over 1,300 homes being destroyed and about 2,000 people being killed. Due to this destruction, nearly 15,000 people were displaced with nowhere to live. The area that felt the worst of the flooding was the town of
1866:
121:
that overwhelmed and flooded cities particularly in high-poverty areas where buildings were wooden or makeshift temporary homes. In addition, inhabitants residing on these flood plains were subject to increased risk from
429:
and cholera cases reported in both countries However, the damaging effects of this and subsequent disasters continuously weakened the water and sanitation infrastructure which eventually led to a major
1090:
158:, Haiti's mountainous topography and weakened natural barriers exacerbate the effects of storms. Deforestation, construction, and mismanaged land use have led to a deterioration in natural barriers such as
1564:
259:. The road linking the two areas was unusable, so air transport was the only option. Fond Verrettes was almost completely washed away, and a mudslide swept away more than 500 houses in the town.
333:
133:
These floods were preceded by two weeks of persistent rain in the
Caribbean area, which eventually caused the landslides that killed many people. The floods caused much damage in
1812:
341:
279:, in the west of the country. More than 300 houses were demolished there. Patients at the hospital of Jimani had to be evacuated because the facilities were severely flooded.
1768:
1320:
194:, and by May 23 was located in the central Caribbean, producing rainfall across Jamaica, eastern Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Upper-level
348:(CWS) for the reallocation of food shipment to flood survivors that had originally been intended for use in response to Haiti's recent social and political unrest.
1717:
1801:
Du W, FitzGerald GJ, Clark M, Hou XY. Health impacts of floods. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010 May-Jun;25(3):265-72. doi: 10.1017/s1049023x00008141. PMID 20586021.
466:
the longer term, chronic illness, disability, poor mental health and poverty-related illnesses, including malnutrition, are potential legacies of the floods.
2107:
1538:
361:
1291:
324:
to prevent the spread of disease from decomposing bodies. They also sent the army to search for victims by using dogs and shovels. In addition, the
809:
332:
and the Dominican Republic to ascertain needs, monitor the situation as it evolved and provide SitReps (Situation Reports) and needs information.
325:
234:
development after it began moving quickly to the northeast. By May 27, the system was located about 190 mi (305 km) east of
475:
period, targeted investments in high-priority vulnerabilities can lead to no-regret outcomes of high environmental and economic benefits.
142:, near the border of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In fact, the destruction present at JimanĂ was so bad that Dominican president
2142:
2117:
1357:
1481:
2122:
413:
outbreaks with 13,157 cases reported in 2004 compared to 1,529 cases reported in 2003. There was also a low incidence of classic
154:
Due to its geographic location, Haiti is especially vulnerable to storm surges and hydrometeorological disasters. Nestled in the
251:
Widespread flooding and rising rivers had serious consequences in several parts of the country, including the capital of Haiti,
2092:
2013:
1939:"A neglected issue: informal settlements, urban development, and disaster risk reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean"
1382:
1743:
764:
229:. Later that day, the system moved over southwestern Haiti, crossing into the Bahamas by May 25. Later that day, the
2112:
383:
Ireland pledged up to €100,000 in emergency humanitarian assistance in response to flooding and storms in both countries;
377:
Belize pledged one container of relief supplies for each of the affected countries and BZ$ 25,000 through the Red Cross;
1122:
1091:"Plan de AcciĂłn ante las Situaciones de Vulnerabilidad Originadas por las Inundaciones en RepĂşblica Dominicana y HaitĂ"
1992:
Schanze, J; Hutter, G; Penning-Rowsell, E; Parker, D; Nachtnebel, H; Neuhold, C; Meyer, V; Königer, P (October 2008),
1592:
1786:
617:
2102:
420:
Damage to the water and sanitation infrastructure also led to water-borne disease outbreaks. Prior to the floods,
2087:
1513:
2036:"Flood Damage Mitigation: A Review of Structural and Nonstructural Measures and Alternative Decision Frameworks"
589:
2137:
1994:"Flood risk management strategies in European Member States considering structural and non-structural measures"
826:
737:
1144:
218:
over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean produced winds of around 25 mph (40 km/h) across the region.
2132:
687:
283:
1867:"Small islands are increasingly affected by climate change: IPCC report | United Nations in the Caribbean"
1232:
108:
resulting in rainfall amounts exceeding 500 mm (19.7 inches) within a 7-day period. Cities in
1292:"Dominican Republic/Haiti Floods: CWS/ERP Situation Report 1 Jun 2004 - Dominican Republic | ReliefWeb"
409:
Changes in the ecosystems led to an increase in vector (mosquito) population. Both countries reported
360:(UN) responded very quickly to the emergency in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The UN dispatched a
1031:
1009:
987:
965:
943:
921:
899:
851:
337:
230:
1218:
790:
449:
led to an outbreak in 2004 in the Dominican Republic and a resurgence in Haiti since December 2014.
291:
211:
26:
498:
207:
1192:
2127:
878:
328:(CDERA) Coordinating Unit promptly contacted with multi-lateral and bi-lateral counterparts in
1205:
199:
2097:
2047:
1950:
1903:
345:
548:
8:
1669:"The Impact of Disaster on HIV in Haiti and Priority Areas Related to the Haitian Crisis"
1383:"Government pledges assistance to victims of floods in the Caribbean - Haiti | ReliefWeb"
1166:
647:"Not in the Same Boat: Disasters and Differential Vulnerability in the Insular Caribbean"
225:. By early on May 24, the low was located south of Haiti and was interacting with a
203:
123:
117:. Steep valley ridges and barren hillsides channeled rainwater towards valleys, creating
2051:
1954:
1907:
1974:
1848:
1693:
1668:
1644:
1617:
1358:"Haiti/Dominican Republic Floods situation report # 2 - Dominican Republic | ReliefWeb"
666:
523:
317:
215:
127:
105:
1194:
371:
The United States led military force ferried emergency aid to a hard-hit Haitian town;
2063:
2009:
1978:
1966:
1919:
1891:
1840:
1832:
1782:
1698:
1649:
1489:
1328:
1261:
658:
552:
183:
89:
77:
1915:
320:
buried more than 250 bodies immediately and sprayed disinfectant from aircraft over
190:
on May 19, accompanied by heavy rainfall. The system drifted eastward into the
2055:
2001:
1958:
1911:
1852:
1824:
1774:
1688:
1680:
1639:
1629:
1142:
493:
287:
222:
48:
1811:
Du, Weiwei; FitzGerald, Gerard Joseph; Clark, Michele; Hou, Xiang-Yu (June 2010).
1456:
1431:
1407:
712:
1715:
1634:
295:
256:
187:
85:
1993:
1193:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (1 June 2004).
214:
extending to the northeast of the system. The interaction between the low and a
2005:
1684:
1667:
Malow, Robert; Rosenberg, Rhonda; Lichenstein, Bronwen; DĂ©vieux, Jessy (2010).
386:
The European Union sent an emergency package worth about €2 million ($ 2.43 m).
357:
252:
155:
143:
1938:
1828:
1054:"Thousands of flood victims in Haiti, Dominican Republic need urgent aid - UN"
1053:
2081:
2067:
2035:
1970:
1962:
1923:
1892:"Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes"
1836:
1493:
1332:
662:
426:
226:
191:
114:
2059:
1844:
1702:
1653:
442:
414:
146:
declared a national day of mourning after seeing the effects of the storm.
1778:
364:(UNDAC) to coordinate donor response activity in the affected countries.
1890:
Jongman, Brenden; Ward, Philip J.; Aerts, Jeroen C.J.H. (October 2012).
670:
646:
113:
Jimani, the death toll was at its highest in decades, partly because of
1164:
446:
195:
163:
109:
81:
52:
1718:"PAHO/WHO Data - Mortality trends: cause of deaths compare | PAHO/WHO"
1618:"The 2010 Cholera Outbreak in Haiti: How Science Solved a Controversy"
380:
Jamaica donated medical supplies and equipment that were sent by boat;
421:
367:
Many other countries and regions also provided emergency assistance:
159:
118:
1716:
PLISA Health Information Platform for the America (1 October 2022).
321:
276:
266:
Approximately 5,000 families were displaced throughout the country.
139:
810:"Newsletter of the Caribbean Development and Cooperation Committee"
438:
167:
1991:
827:"CNN.com - At least 900 dead in Caribbean flooding - May 28, 2004"
1143:
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (June 2004).
590:"Haiti/Dominican Republic Floods 25 May 2004 - Haiti | ReliefWeb"
431:
410:
390:
235:
97:
1666:
84:
from May 18, 2004, to May 25, 2004. Moving quickly from
791:"Severe Floods Sweep Across Haiti and the Dominican Republic"
329:
134:
101:
73:
1722:
Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization
1673:
The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC
1543:
Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization
1455:
Port-au-Prince, Agencies in Santo Domingo and (2004-05-26).
741:
171:
93:
2034:
Thampapillai, Dodo J.; Musgrave, Warren F. (April 1985).
716:
202:
of the system. However, the low had characteristics of a
1616:
Orata, Fabini; Keim, Paul; Boucher, Yan (3 April 2014).
1167:"Disasters. Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas"
362:
United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team
1937:
Sandoval, Vicente; Sarmiento, Juan Pablo (2020-06-01).
401:
415: 393 (JimanĂ) and 22 (Elia Piña, Duarte, Sanchez).
1767:
Thomson, Madeleine C.; Mason, Simon J., eds. (2018).
1539:"PAHO/WHO Data - Dengue and Severe Dengue | PAHO/WHO"
1233:"Relief teams scramble as Caribbean flood toll grows"
1165:
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (July 2004).
238:, connected to a trough that extended to Hispaniola.
2033:
1810:
437:
Prior to the floods, both countries had the highest
241:
16:
Flood event that took place in the Caribbean Islands
1482:"Grief as Haitians And Dominicans Tally Flood Toll"
644:
452:
130:supply due to excessive debris caused by flooding.
1088:
879:"Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary May 2004"
31:Satellite image of convection affecting Hispaniola
1936:
738:"Global Hazards and Significant Events: May 2004"
2079:
1889:
1615:
126:due to inadequate waste removal management and
1479:
1454:
1432:"Tens Of Thousands Hit By Floods In Caribbean"
897:
849:
391:Immediate mortality and morbidity implications
374:The British Virgin Islands pledged US$ 20,000;
1123:"Aid rushed to survivors of Caribbean floods"
1998:Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice
1770:Climate Information for Public Health Action
1766:
1314:
1312:
919:
462:problems that occur after a flood disaster.
326:Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency
92:brought heavy rainfall and thunderstorms to
2108:Natural disasters in the Dominican Republic
1480:Weiner, Tim; Polgreen, Lydia (2004-05-28).
299:had to be relocated to temporary shelters.
645:LĂłpez-Marrero, Tania; Wisner, Ben (2012).
25:
1744:"Diphtheria reported cases and incidence"
1692:
1643:
1633:
1565:"Rotavirus disease and vaccines in Haiti"
1536:
1318:
1309:
1120:
765:"At least 900 dead in Caribbean flooding"
404:
351:
177:
876:
759:
757:
541:
1457:"More than 500 feared killed by floods"
1321:"Hundreds Are Dead In Caribbean Floods"
1051:
807:
356:The international community led by the
2080:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1195:"Dominican Republic and Haiti: Floods"
941:
900:Special Tropical Disturbance Statement
852:Special Tropical Disturbance Statement
808:Nations, United (July–December 2004).
479:Structural and non-structural measures
395:
1426:
1424:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1188:
1186:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1084:
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1080:
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985:
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269:
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584:
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568:
518:
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417:with 2,340 cases reported in total.
334:Social Service of Dominican Churches
1345:
1279:
1089:Cruz Roja Española (18 June 2004).
1034:(Report). National Hurricane Center
1012:(Report). National Hurricane Center
990:(Report). National Hurricane Center
968:(Report). National Hurricane Center
946:(Report). National Hurricane Center
924:(Report). National Hurricane Center
902:(Report). National Hurricane Center
854:(Report). National Hurricane Center
730:
713:"Hundreds dead in Caribbean floods"
221:The system moved slowly across the
13:
1943:Disaster Prevention and Management
1421:
1408:"Bid to ease Caribbean flood woes"
1249:
1183:
1107:
1071:
1029:
963:
865:
705:
618:"Island flood toll soars to 2,000"
469:
282:Moreover, other provinces such as
14:
2154:
1817:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
1537:Gutiérrez, Luis A. (2015-03-11).
677:
635:
607:
565:
511:
311:
242:Geographical and physical impacts
2143:May 2004 events in North America
2118:Natural disasters in Puerto Rico
524:"Flood Disaster Hits Hispaniola"
453:Short and long term consequences
2027:
1985:
1930:
1916:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004
1883:
1859:
1804:
1795:
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1736:
1709:
1660:
1609:
1585:
1556:
1530:
1506:
1473:
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1400:
1375:
1319:Prengaman, Peter (2004-05-26).
1225:
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1136:
1045:
1023:
1001:
979:
957:
935:
913:
891:
843:
819:
801:
783:
2123:2004 in the Dominican Republic
1:
2093:2000s floods in North America
1145:"Global Hazards for May 2004"
898:James Franklin (2004-05-23).
850:Jarvinen/Avila (2004-05-19).
504:
149:
1635:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003967
439:Human Immunodeficiency virus
7:
1896:Global Environmental Change
1032:Tropical Weather Discussion
1010:Tropical Weather Discussion
988:Tropical Weather Discussion
966:Tropical Weather Discussion
944:Tropical Weather Discussion
922:Tropical Weather Discussion
920:Mike Wallace (2004-05-24).
487:
306:
10:
2159:
2113:Natural disasters in Haiti
2006:10.1201/9780203883020.ch88
2000:, CRC Press, p. 787,
1813:"Health Impacts of Floods"
1685:10.1016/j.jana.2010.02.002
688:"Climate Knowledge Portal"
1829:10.1017/S1049023X00008141
1514:"PAHO/WHO Data - Malaria"
1121:Aljazeera (28 May 2004).
528:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
338:Lutheran World Federation
231:National Hurricane Center
70:May 2004 Caribbean floods
58:
44:
36:
24:
20:May 2004 Caribbean floods
2040:Water Resources Research
1963:10.1108/dpm-04-2020-0115
1748:immunizationdata.who.int
1563:PATH (20 October 2022).
342:Service Chrétien d'Haiti
246:
76:event that affected the
2103:Floods in the Caribbean
2060:10.1029/wr021i004p00411
1052:UN News (28 May 2004).
499:1985 Puerto Rico floods
208:atmospheric circulation
40:May 18 – 25, 2004
2088:2004 natural disasters
1213:Cite journal requires
405:Morbidity implications
352:International response
178:Meteorological history
2138:2004 in the Caribbean
1779:10.4324/9781315115603
1724:(in European Spanish)
1545:(in European Spanish)
1237:www.chinadaily.com.cn
942:Pralgo (2004-05-24).
200:tropical cyclogenesis
1593:"Dominican Republic"
1008:Blake (2004-05-26).
986:Blake (2004-05-25).
797:. NASA. 27 May 2004.
549:"2004 Flood Archive"
346:Church World Service
124:water-borne diseases
2133:2004 in Puerto Rico
2052:1985WRR....21..411T
1955:2020DisPM..29..731S
1908:2012GEC....22..823J
1436:countercurrents.org
396:Immediate mortality
316:Authorities of the
204:subtropical cyclone
21:
1486:The New York Times
1262:"Caribbean Floods"
719:News. May 26, 2004
434:outbreak in 2010.
318:Dominican Republic
270:Dominican Republic
255:, and the town of
216:high pressure area
128:contaminated water
106:Dominican Republic
19:
2015:978-0-415-48507-4
1030:MT (2004-05-27).
964:MT (2004-05-25).
795:Earth Observatory
651:Caribbean Studies
553:Dartmouth College
344:(SCH) applied to
184:low pressure area
90:low-pressure area
78:Caribbean Islands
66:
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1461:The Guardian
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624:. 2004-05-27
622:The Guardian
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530:. 2004-06-11
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2098:2004 floods
1298:. June 2004
1175:October 29,
1150:October 29,
1128:October 29,
1099:October 29,
1063:October 29,
697:October 26,
164:coral reefs
110:flood-plain
62:About 2,000
2082:Categories
2021:2022-10-30
1876:2022-10-30
1753:2022-10-24
1728:21 October
1602:2022-10-31
1577:20 October
1549:2022-10-30
1523:2022-10-30
1499:2022-10-30
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1242:2022-10-30
1038:2012-04-14
1016:2012-04-14
994:2012-04-14
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950:2012-04-14
928:2012-04-14
906:2012-04-14
884:2012-04-14
858:2012-04-14
836:2022-10-29
747:2008-05-16
723:2008-05-16
692:World Bank
628:2022-10-29
600:2022-10-29
558:2008-05-16
534:2022-10-29
505:References
447:diphtheria
441:(HIV) and
340:(LWF) and
292:ElĂas Piña
212:convection
198:prevented
172:sand dunes
150:Background
119:landslides
104:, and the
82:Hispaniola
53:Hispaniola
2068:0043-1397
1979:201314726
1971:0965-3562
1924:0959-3780
1837:1945-1938
1494:0362-4331
1333:0190-8286
775:March 30,
663:0008-6533
422:Rotavirus
160:mangroves
51:, mostly
1845:20586021
1703:20416497
1654:24699938
671:41917606
488:See also
307:Response
288:Bahoruco
284:Barahona
182:A broad
168:wetlands
45:Location
2048:Bibcode
1951:Bibcode
1904:Bibcode
1853:6702725
1694:2862993
1645:3974815
432:cholera
411:Malaria
236:Bermuda
98:Jamaica
72:were a
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415:dengue
322:Jimani
296:Duarte
277:Jimani
170:, and
140:JimanĂ
59:Deaths
1975:S2CID
1849:S2CID
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1170:(PDF)
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813:(PDF)
667:JSTOR
330:Haiti
247:Haiti
196:winds
135:Haiti
102:Haiti
74:flood
2064:ISSN
2010:ISBN
1967:ISSN
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1177:2022
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699:2022
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