Maternal death - Knowledge

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concern for registration systems is that 75% of all global births occur in countries where vital registration systems do not exist, meaning that many maternal deaths occurring during these pregnancies and deliveries may not be properly record through these methods. There are also issues with using verbal autopsies and other forms of survey in recording maternal death rates. For example, the family's willingness to participate after the loss of a loved one, misclassification of the cause of death, and under-reporting all present obstacles to the proper reporting of maternal mortality causes. Finally, an potential issue with facility-based data collection on maternal mortality is the likelihood that women who experience abortion-related complications to seek care in medical facilities. This is due to fear of social repercussions or legal activity in countries where unsafe abortion is common since it is more likely to be legally restrictive and/or more highly stigmatizing. Another concern for issues related to errors in proper reporting for accurate understanding of maternal mortality is the fact that global estimates of maternal deaths related to a specific cause present those related to abortion as a proportion of the total mortality rate. Therefore, any change, whether positive or negative, in the abortion-related mortality rate is only compared relative to other causes, and this does not allow for proper implications of whether abortions are becoming more safe or less safe with respect to the overall mortality of women.

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mother's overall health. There are nineteen total indicators used by the CDC to help identify SMM, with the most prevalent indicator being a blood transfusion. Other indicators include an acute myocardial infarction ("heart attack"), aneurysm, and kidney failure. All of this identification is done by using ICD-10 codes, which are disease identification codes found in hospital discharge data. Using these definitions that rely on these codes should be used with careful consideration since some may miss some cases, have a low predictive value, or may be difficult for different facilities to operationalize. There are certain screening criteria that may be helpful and are recommended through the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as well as the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). These screening criteria for SMM are for transfusions of four or more units of blood and admission of a pregnant woman or a postpartum woman to an ICU facility or unit.

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departments, the state hospital association and clinical professionals such as doctors and nurses. These PQCs can also involve community health organizations, Medicaid representatives, Maternal Mortality Review Committees and patient advocacy groups. By involving all of these major players within maternal health, the goal is to collaborate and determine opportunities to improve quality of care. Through this collaborative effort, PQCs can aim to make impacts on quality both at the direct patient care level and through larger system devices like policy. It is thought that the institution of PQCs in California was the main contributor to the maternal mortality rate decreasing by 50% in the years following. The PQC developed review guides and quality improvement initiatives aimed at the most preventable and prevalent maternal deaths: those due to bleeding and high blood pressure. Success has also been observed with PQCs in Illinois and Florida.

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have highly effective interventions. An important factor that contributes to the maternal mortality rate is access and opportunity to receive prenatal care. Women who do not receive prenatal care are between three and four times more likely to die from complications resulting from pregnancy or delivery than those who receive prenatal care. Even in high-resource countries, many women do not receive the appropriate preventative or prenatal care. For example, 25% of women in the United States do not receive the recommended number of prenatal visits. This number increases for women among traditionally marginalized populations—32% of African American women and 41% for American Indian and Alaska Native women do not receive the recommended preventative health services prior to delivery.

1056:(MDGs) in 2000. Bangladesh, for example, cut the number of deaths per live births by almost two-thirds from 1990 to 2015. A further reduction of maternal mortality is now part of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. The United Nations recently developed a list of goals termed the Sustainable Development Goals. Some of the specific aims of the Sustainable Development Goals are to prevent unintended pregnancies by ensuring more women have access to contraceptives, as well as providing women who become pregnant with a safe environment for delivery with respectful and skilled care. This initiative also included access to emergency services for women who developed complications during delivery. 825:

been associated with increased use of contraception and family planning services as well as antenatal care. Addressing complications at the earliest sign of a problem can improve outcomes for expecting mothers, which makes it extremely important for a pregnant woman to be knowledgeable enough to seek healthcare for potential complications. Improving the relationships between patients and the healthcare system as a whole will make it easier for a pregnant woman to feel comfortable seeking help. Good communication between patients and providers, as well as cultural competence of the providers, could also assist in increasing compliance with recommended treatments.

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provider, at just 45% and 41% respectively. Emergency obstetric care is also crucial in preventing maternal mortality by offering services like emergency cesarean sections, blood transfusions, antibiotics for infections and assisted vaginal delivery with forceps or vacuum. In addition to physical barriers that restrict access to healthcare, financial barriers also exist. Close to one out of seven women of child-bearing age have no health insurance. This lack of insurance impacts access to pregnancy prevention, treatment of complications, as well as perinatal care visits contributing to maternal mortality.

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universal health coverage. Maternal mortality is difficult to measure. Health information systems, such as the CRVS (Civil registration and Vital Statistics), in most low-income countries are weak. Therefore, these systems cannot provide accurate assessments of maternal mortality. Even estimates derived from complete system such as the CRVs, suffer misclassification, and underreporting statistics of maternal death. The WHO strategy also aims to ensure quality data collection in order to better respond to the needs of women and girls while improving the equity and quality of care provided to women.

841:. In 2012, this evolved at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to become the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with a target year of 2030. The SDGs are 17 goals that call for global collaboration to tackle a wide variety of recognized problems. Goal 3 is focused on ensuring health and well-being for women of all ages. A specific target is to achieve a global maternal mortality ratio of less than 70 per 100,000 live births. So far, specific progress has been made in births attended by a skilled provider, now at 80% of births worldwide compared with 62% in 2005. 614:"We need to speak the uncomfortable truth that women—and especially Black women—are too often not listened to or taken seriously by the health care system, and therefore they are denied the dignity that they deserve. And we need to speak this truth because today, the United States is 1 of only 13 countries in the world where the rate of maternal mortality is worse than it was 25 years ago. That risk is even higher for Black women, who are three to four times more likely than white women to die from pregnancy-related causes. These numbers are simply outrageous." 64: 1044:

studies, identified significant increases in stillbirth and maternal death during the pandemic versus before the pandemic. According to the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA, a proportion of total COVID-19 deaths were indirect obstetric deaths where a woman's death was due to the aggravation between the disease and the state of pregnancy. Some outcomes show considerable disparity between low- and high-resource settings. This drives the urgent global need to prioritize safe, equitable, and accessible maternal care in future healthcare crises.

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to family planning services and skilled birth attendance, meaning a midwife, doctor, or trained nurse), with back-up obstetric care for emergency situations that may occur during the process of labor. This can be examined further by looking at statistics in some areas of the world where inequities in access to health care services reflect an increased number of maternal deaths. The high maternal death rates also reflect disparate access to health services between resource communities and those that are high-resource or affluent.

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Training health care professionals will be another important aspect in decreasing the rate of maternal death, "The study found that white medical students and residents often believed incorrect and sometimes 'fantastical' biological fallacies about racial differences in patients. For these assumptions, researchers blamed not individual prejudice but deeply ingrained unconscious stereotypes about people of color, as well as physicians' difficulty in empathizing with patients whose experiences differ from their own."

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casually related to undergoing a cesarean delivery. There was also an association found between neuraxial anesthesia, more commonly known as an epidural, and an increased risk for an epidural hematoma. Both of these risks could be reduced by the institution of graduated compression, whether by compression stockings or a compression device. There is also speculation that eliminating the concept of elective cesarean sections in the United States would significantly lower the maternal death rate.

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and cultural or language barriers that could inhibit a woman from receiving proper care. For women carrying a pregnancy to term, access to necessary antenatal (prior to delivery) healthcare visits is crucial to ensuring healthy outcomes. These antenatal visits allow for early recognition and treatment of complications, treatment of infections and the opportunity to educate the expecting mother on how to manage her current pregnancy and the health advantages of spacing pregnancies apart.

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Education level is a strong predictor of maternal health as it gives women the knowledge to seek care when it is needed. Public health efforts can also intervene during pregnancy to improve maternal outcomes. Areas for intervention have been identified in access to care, public knowledge, awareness about signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications, and improving relationships between healthcare professionals and expecting mothers.

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exacerbated for people of color who face systemic barriers to adequate medical care. Overall, the maternal mortality rate increased from 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020, to 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021. An apparent spike in this rate can be noted in 2021. For non-hispanic black women the rate of maternal deaths per 100,00 live births increased from 44.0 in 2019 to 69.9 in 2021.

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reduce maternal mortality, there is much room for improvement, particularly in low-resource regions. Over 85% of maternal deaths are in low-resource communities in Africa and Asia. In higher resource regions, there are still significant areas with room for growth, particularly as they relate to racial and ethnic disparities and inequities in maternal mortality and morbidity rates.

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who identify as non-Hispanic and black had a significant increase in death related to pregnancy. This can be seen throughout different countries. In Brazil, women who are not white were 3.5 times as likely to die because of obstetric mortality compared to white women. The maternal mortality ratio is larger in women who are from Sub-Saharan African in France.

663:. Lastly, postnatal care which is the six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follow-up visits by a health worker to assess the health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended. 274:

are preventable and contribute 13% to the maternal mortality rate worldwide. This number is increased to 25% in countries where other causes of maternal mortality are low, such as in Eastern European and South American countries. This makes unsafe abortion practices the leading cause of maternal death worldwide.

4772:"The dire state of US data collection on maternal health and mortality is also distressing. Until the early 1990s, death certificates did not note if a woman was pregnant or had recently given birth when she died. It took until 2017 for all US states to add that check box to their death certificates." 670:

Maternal Death Surveillance and Response is another strategy that has been used to prevent maternal death. This is one of the interventions proposed to reduce maternal mortality where maternal deaths are continuously reviewed to learn the causes and factors that led to the death. The information from

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The Covid-19 pandemic heightened maternal mortality rates, disproportionately impacting communities of color. Multiple factors contribute to this widening disparity, notably, social factors such as implicit bias, repeated racial discrimination, and limited access to healthcare. All issues are further

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Delays in seeking care are due to the decisions made by the women who are pregnant and/or other decision-making individuals. Decision-making individuals can include a spouse and family members. Examples of reasons for delays in seeking care include lack of knowledge about when to seek care, inability

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is complication through pregnancy and childbirth. They have more pregnancies, on average, than women in developed countries, and it has been shown that 1 in 180 15-year-old girls in developing countries who become pregnant will die due to complications during pregnancy or childbirth. This is compared

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Confidential enquires for maternal deaths do not occur very often on a national level in most countries. Registration systems are usually considered the "gold-standard" method for mortality measurements. However, they have been shown to miss anywhere between 30 and 50% of all maternal deaths. Another

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reported that in the United States, carrying a pregnancy to term and delivering a baby comes with 14 times increased risk of death as compared to a legal abortion. However, in many regions of the world, abortion is not legal and can be unsafe. Maternal deaths caused by improperly performed procedures

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The greatest proportion of women with SMM are those who require a blood transfusion during delivery, mostly due to excessive bleeding. Blood transfusions given during delivery due to excessive bleeding has increased the rate of mothers with SMM. The rate of SMM has increased almost 200% between 1993

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Ethnicity plays a big role in access to healthcare. Women who are black and non-Hispanic experience pregnancy-related death at a significantly higher rate. They are three to four times as likely to succumb to maternal mortality than non-Hispanic white women. Between the years of 2007 and 2014, women

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caused by STIs. Adolescent mothers are between two and five times more likely to die than a female twenty years or older. Access to reproductive services and sex education could make a large impact, specifically on adolescents, who are generally uneducated in regards to carrying a healthy pregnancy.

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Additionally, reliable access to information, compassionate counseling and quality services for the management of any issues that arise from abortions (whether safe or unsafe) can be beneficial in reducing the number of maternal deaths. In regions where abortion is legal, abortion practices need to

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There are four primary types of data sources that are used to collect abortion-related maternal mortality rates: confidential enquiries, registration data, verbal autopsy, and facility-based data sources. A verbal autopsy is a systematic tool that is used to collect information on the cause of death

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In 2017, countries in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa account for approximately 86% of all maternal deaths worldwide. As of 2020, Sub-Saharan African countries such as South Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria had the highest maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Since 2000, Southeast Asian countries

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Access to care during pregnancy is a significant issue in the face of maternal mortality. "Access" encompasses a wide range of potential difficulties including costs, location of healthcare services, availability of appointments, availability of trained health care workers, transportation services,

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It was estimated that in 2015, a total of 303,000 women died due to causes related to pregnancy or childbirth. The majority of these were due to severe bleeding, sepsis or infections, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and consequences from unsafe abortions. Most of these causes are either preventable or

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Between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 385 deaths per 100,000 live births to 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Some factors that have been attributed to the decreased maternal deaths seen between this period are in part to the access that women have gained

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Lifetime risk of maternal death is a calculated prediction of a woman's risk of death after each consecutive pregnancy. The calculation pertains to women during their reproductive years. The adult lifetime risk of maternal mortality can be derived using either the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), or

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Unsafe abortion practices are defined by the WHO as procedures that are performed by someone without the appropriate training and/or ones that are performed in an environment that is not considered safe or clean. Using this definition, the WHO estimates that out of the 45 million abortions that are

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is another major cause of maternal death worldwide. In regions where abortion is legal and accessible, abortion is safe and does not contribute greatly to overall rates of maternal death. However, in regions where abortions are not legal, available, or regulated, unsafe abortion practices can cause

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There are significant maternal mortality intra-country variations, especially in nations with large equality gaps in income and education and high healthcare disparities. Women living in rural areas experience higher maternal mortality than women living in urban and sub-urban centers because those

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have become major international concerns. Maternal health aid contributions tend to be lumped together with newborn and child health, so it is difficult to assess how much aid is given directly to maternal health to help lower the rates of maternal mortality. Regardless, there has been progress in

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By increasing public knowledge and awareness through health education programs about pregnancy, including signs of complications that need addressed by a healthcare provider, this will increase the likelihood of an expecting mother to seek help when it is necessary. Higher levels of education have

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Several interventions prior to pregnancy have been recommended in efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Increasing access to reproductive healthcare services, such as family planning services and safe abortion practices, is recommended in order to prevent unintended pregnancies. Several countries,

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Many complications can be managed with procedures and/or surgery if there is access to a qualified surgeon and appropriate facilities and supplies. For example, the contents of the uterus can be cleaned if there is concern for remaining pregnancy tissue or infection. If there is concern for excess

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In 2023, a study reported that deaths among Native American women was three-and-a-half times that of white women. The report attributed the high rate in part to the fact that Native American women are cared for under a poorly funded Federal Health Care System that is so stretched that the average

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The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA; formerly known as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities) have established programs that support efforts in reducing maternal death. These efforts include education and training for midwives, supporting access to emergency services in obstetric

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publication, sociodemographic factors such as age, access to resources and income level are significant indicators of maternal outcomes. Young mothers face higher risks of complications and death during pregnancy than older mothers, especially adolescents aged 15 years or younger. Adolescents have

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Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) is an unanticipated acute or chronic health outcome after labor and delivery that detrimentally affects a woman's health. Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) includes any unexpected outcomes from labor or delivery that cause both short and long-term consequences to the

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Global maternal mortality and fetal outcomes have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in maternal deaths, stillbirths, ruptured ectopic pregnancies, and maternal depression occurred globally during this time. According to The Lancet Global Health, their search, which included over 40

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Access to birth at a facility with a skilled healthcare provider present has been associated with safer deliveries and better outcomes. The two areas bearing the largest burden of maternal mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, also had the lowest percentage of births attended by a skilled

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use and information distributed to a wider population, with access to high-quality care, can make steps towards reducing the number of unsafe abortions. For nations that allow contraceptives, programs should be instituted to allow the easier accessibility of these medications. However, this alone

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In the United States, severe maternal morbidity has increased over the last several years, impacting greater than 50,000 women in 2014 alone. There is no conclusive reason for this dramatic increase. It is thought that the overall state of health for pregnant women is impacting these rates. For

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In countries where abortion practices are not considered legal, it is necessary to look at the access that women have to high-quality family planning services, since some of the restrictive policies around abortion could impede access to these services. These policies may also affect the proper

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with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015. Many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years. Although attempts have been made to

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In a retrospective study done across several countries in 2007, the cause of death and causal relationship to the mode of delivery in pregnant women was examined from the years 2000 to 2006. It was discovered that the excess maternal death rate of women who experienced a pulmonary embolism was

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related to maternal mortality. A major goal of this strategy is to identify and address the causes of maternal and reproductive morbidities and mortalities. This strategy aims to address inequalities in access to reproductive, maternal, and newborn services, as well as the quality of care with

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In the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the maternal mortality rate in 2021 was 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births. This is significantly higher than the rates in 2020 defined as 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births and 20.1 in 2019. In 2021, the

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Maternal mortality and morbidity are leading contributors in women's health. It is estimated that 303,000 women are killed each year in childbirth and pregnancy worldwide. The global rate in 2017 is 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births and 45% of postpartum deaths occur within 24 hours.

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Another important preventive measure being implemented is specialized education for mothers. Doctors and medical professionals providing simple information to women, especially women in lower socioeconomic areas will decrease the miscommunication that often occurs between doctors and patients.

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Public health has a role to play in the analysis of maternal death. One important aspect in the review of maternal death and its causes are Maternal Mortality Review Committees or Boards. The goal of these review committees are to analyze each maternal death and determine its cause. After this

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The disparities in maternal health outcomes are also present among racial groups. In the United States, black women are 3-4 times more likely to die from maternal mortality than white women. Unequal access to quality medical care, socioeconomic disparities, and systemic racism by health care

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The increased rate for SMM can also be indicative of potentially increased rates for maternal mortality, since without identification and treatment of SMM, these conditions would lead to increased maternal death rates. Therefore, diagnosis of SMM can be considered a "near miss" for maternal

572:. These trends are a reflection that higher income countries have stronger healthcare infrastructure, more doctors, use more advanced medical technologies and have fewer barriers to accessing care than low income countries. In low income countries, the most common cause of maternal death is 795:

Many states within the US are taking Maternal Mortality Review Committees a step further and are collaborating with various professional organizations to improve quality of perinatal care. These teams of organizations form a "perinatal quality collaborative" (PQC) and include state health

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Chmielewska, Barbara; Barratt, Imogen; Townsend, Rosemary; Kalafat, Erkan; van der Meulen, Jan; Gurol-Urganci, Ipek; O'Brien, Pat; Morris, Edward; Draycott, Tim; Thangaratinam, Shakila; Le Doare, Kirsty; Ladhani, Shamez; von Dadelszen, Peter; Magee, Laura; Khalil, Asma (June 2021).

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mortality. With this consideration, several different expert groups have urged obstetric hospitals to review SMM cases for opportunities that can lead to improved care, which in turn would lead to improvements with maternal health and a decrease in the number of maternal deaths.

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report, low-resource nations account for ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths with the majority of those deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Globally, high and middle income countries experience lower maternal deaths than low income countries. The

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In the year 2017, 810 women died from preventable causes related to pregnancy and birth per day which totaled to approximately 295,000 maternal deaths that year alone. It was also estimated that 94% of maternal deaths occurred in low-resource countries in the same year.

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happens when there is uncontrollable bleeding from the uterus, cervix or vaginal wall after birth. This can happen when the uterus does not contract correctly after birth, there is left over placenta in the uterus, or there are cuts in the cervix or vagina from birth.

864:. In comparison to the other three countries, Rwanda has an excellent record of improving maternal death rates. Based on their investigation of these varying country case studies, the researchers conclude that improving maternal health depends on three key factors: 1035:

maternal mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, which is 2.6 times higher than non-Hispanic White women. The mortality rate for women over the age of 40 was 6.8 times higher than the rate for women under the age of 25.

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to women in developed countries, where the likelihood is 1 in 4900 live births. However, in the United States, as many women of older age continue to have children, the maternal mortality rate has risen in some states, especially among women over 40 years old.

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approach to addressing maternal mortality includes gathering information on the scope of the problem, identifying key causes, and implementing interventions, both prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy, to combat those causes and prevent maternal mortality.

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analysis, the information can be combined in order to determine specific interventions that could lead to preventing future maternal deaths. These review boards are generally comprehensive in their analysis of maternal deaths, examining details that include

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happens when the baby does not properly move into the pelvis and out of the body during labor. The most common cause of obstructed labor is when the baby's head is too big or angled at a way that does not allow it to pass through the pelvis and birth canal.

1325:(49.5 per 100,000 live births) and 2014 (144.0 per 100,000 live births). This can be seen with the increased rate of blood transfusions given during delivery, which increased from 1993 (24.5 per 100,000 live births) to 2014 (122.3 per 100,000 live births). 112:(UNFPA) 2017 report, about every 2 minutes a woman dies because of complications due to child birth or pregnancy. For every woman who dies, there are about 20 to 30 women who experience injury, infection, or other birth or pregnancy related complication. 1001:

accounted for between 3 and 5 percent of maternal deaths each. These ten countries combined accounted for 60% of all the maternal deaths in 2010 according to the United Nations Population Fund report. Countries with the lowest maternal deaths were

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Pregnancy-related deaths between 2011 and 2014 in the United States have been shown to have major contributions from non-communicable diseases and conditions, and the following are some of the more common causes related to maternal death:

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Miller S, Turan JM, Dau K, Fathalla M, Mourad M, Sutherland T, et al. (2007). "Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) to reduce blood loss and time to recovery from shock for women with obstetric haemorrhage in Egypt".

739:. Additionally, postpartum infections can be treated using antibiotics. In fact, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics both for the prevention and treatment of maternal infection is common in low-income countries. Maternal death due to 100:(ACOG), are all deaths occurring within one year of a pregnancy resolution. Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death. 372:, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it. Risk factors associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and 1329:

example, complications can derive from underlying chronic medical conditions like diabetes, obesity, HIV/AIDS, and high blood pressure. These underlying conditions are also thought to lead to increased risk of maternal mortality.

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and newborn care networks, and providing essential drugs and family planning services to pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant. They also support efforts for review and response systems regarding maternal deaths.

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will not eliminate the demand for safe services, awareness on safe abortion services, health education on prenatal check ups and proper implementation of diets during pregnancy and lactation also contributes to its prevention.

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Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. The MMR is used as a measure of the quality of a health care system.

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Overall, maternal mortality is an important marker of the health of the country and reflects on its health infrastructure. Lowering the amount of maternal death is an important goal of many health organizations world-wide.

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and maternal mortality rate, both abbreviated as "MMR". By 2017, the world maternal mortality rate had declined 44% since 1990; however, every day 808 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related causes. According to the

4055: 4037: 635:, assistance with birth, access to emergency obstetric care and adequate postnatal care. It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and 1100:

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

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living in wealthier households, having higher education, or living in urban areas, have higher use of healthcare services than their poorer, less-educated, or rural counterparts. There are also racial and ethnic

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monthly visit lasts only from three to seven minutes. Such a short visit allows neither time for performing an adequate health assessment nor time for the patient to discuss any problems she may be experiencing.

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Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by preexisting health problem worsened by pregnancy or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy . Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed

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providers are factors that have contributed to the high maternal mortality rates among black women. Discounting factors such as pre-existing conditions, do not impact the rate of this disparity. In 2019,

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Delays in receiving adequate and appropriate care may result from an inadequate number of trained providers, lack of appropriate supplies, and the lack of urgency or understanding of an emergency.

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can occur in different vessels in the body, including vessels in the arms, legs, and lungs. They can cause problems in the lung, as well as travel to the heart or brain, leading to complications.

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are infections of the uterus or other parts of the reproductive tract after the resolution of a pregnancy. They are usually bacterial and cause fever, increased pain, and foul-smelling discharge.

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performed each year globally, 19 million of these are considered unsafe, and 97% of these unsafe abortions occur in developing countries. Complications include hemorrhage, infection, sepsis and

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The most common causes of anemia/anaemia are poor nutrition, iron, and other micronutrient deficiencies, which are in addition to malaria, hookworm, and schistosomiasis (2005 WHO report p45).

568:(HDI) accounts for between 82 and 85 percent of the maternal mortality rates among countries. In most cases, high rates of maternal deaths occur in the same countries that have high rates of 536:

Proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM) is the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15–49 years.

1659:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 6345: 504:

Delays in reaching care include factors such as limitations in transportation to a medical facility, lack of adequate medical facilities in the area, and lack in confidence in medicine.

92:, underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. This can occur either while she is pregnant or within six weeks of resolution of the pregnancy. The 671:

the reviews is used to make recommendations for action to prevent future similar deaths. Maternal and perinatal death reviews have been in practice for a long time worldwide, and the

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Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM, Lammers C (February 2005). "Maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: Cross-sectional study".

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definition of pregnancy-related deaths extends the period of consideration to include one year from the resolution of the pregnancy. Pregnancy associated death, as defined by the

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which aimed to address the maternal mortality disparity faced by women of color by training providers on recognizing implicit racial bias and its impact on care. Harris stated:

39: 7081: 7049: 135:, for which there are highly effective interventions. Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by pregnancy interfering or worsening an existing condition, like a heart problem. 282:

significant rates of maternal death. According to the World Health Organization in 2009, every eight minutes a woman died from complications arising from unsafe abortions.

792:. All of this information can be combined to give a detailed picture of what is causing maternal mortality and help to determine recommendations to reduce their impact. 529:

Maternal mortality rate (MMRate) is the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age, usually expressed per 1,000 women.

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including India, Brazil, and Mexico, have seen some success in efforts to promote the use of reproductive healthcare services. Other interventions include high quality

2944: 543:, reproductive age mortality studies (RAMOS) and verbal autopsies. The most common household survey method, recommended by the WHO as time- and cost-effective, is the 4896:

Campbell KH, Savitz D, Werner EF, Pettker CM, Goffman D, Chazotte C, Lipkind HS (September 2013). "Maternal morbidity and risk of death at delivery hospitalization".

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have seen a significant decrease in maternal mortality of almost 60%. Sub-Saharan Africa also saw an almost 40% decrease in maternal mortality between 2000 and 2017.

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is a low-technology pressure device that decreases blood loss, restores vital signs and helps buy time in delay of women receiving adequate emergency care during

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happen when the body does not regulate blood pressure correctly. In pregnancy, this is due to changes at the level of the blood vessels, likely because of the

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Dahl, Alicia A.; Yada, Farida N.; Butts, Shanika Jerger; Tolley, Annalise; Hirsch, Sophie; Lalgondar, Priyanka; Wilson, Kala S.; Shade, Lindsay (2023-08-25).

2558:"Influence of family members on utilization of maternal health care services among teen and adult pregnant women in Kathmandu, Nepal: a cross sectional study" 6603: 3687: 3886:

Roth, Louise Marie; Henley, Megan M. (2012). "Unequal Motherhood: Racial-Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cesarean Sections in the United States".

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UNFPA estimated that 303,000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2015. The WHO divides causes of maternal deaths into two categories:

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Lee KS, Park SC, Khoshnood B, Hsieh HL, Mittendorf R (September 1997). "Human development index as a predictor of infant and maternal mortality rates".

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Barnes-Josiah, Debora; Myntti, Cynthia; Augustin, Antoine (1998-04-15). "The "three delays" as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti".

2146:

World Health Organization, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000, 4th ed.

4019: 510:

The three delays model illustrates that there are a multitude of complex factors, both socioeconomic and cultural, that can result in maternal death.

6945: 4231: 1911: 522:(MMR), maternal mortality rate, lifetime risk of maternal death and proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive years (PM). 2934:

Venös tromboembolism (VTE) - Guidelines for treatment in C counties. Bengt Wahlström, Emergency department, Uppsala Academic Hospital. January 2008

486:

The three delays model describes three critical factors that inhibit women from receiving appropriate maternal health care. These factors include:

269:

is legal and accessible, it is widely regarded as safer than carrying a pregnancy to term and delivery. In fact, a study published in the journal

948:

Whereas in 2020, the global rate was 223 deaths per 100,000 live births. Ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths occur in low-resource countries.

1383: 957: 589: 4155: 3630:"Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 409:, and small-for-gestational-age infants, all of which can lead to maternal death. The leading cause of death for girls at the age of 15 in 3416: 878:

In terms of aid policy, proportionally, aid given to improve maternal mortality rates has shrunken as other public health issues, such as

5136: 3706: 127:

Direct obstetric deaths are causes of death due to complications of pregnancy, birth or termination. For example, these could range from

1529: 6212: 93: 3585:

Main EK (June 2018). "Reducing Maternal Mortality and Severe Maternal Morbidity Through State-based Quality Improvement Initiatives".

4581: 2829: 2673: 6271: 169:

Direct obstetric deaths are due to complications of pregnancy, birth, termination or complications arising from their management.

6318: 6194: 4468: 4443: 4418: 4393: 3138: 1095: 576:, followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This is contrast to high income countries, for which the most common cause is 837:

The biggest global policy initiative for maternal health came from the United Nations' Millennium Declaration which created the

6232: 5109: 2808: 3973: 3556: 6583: 6550: 5006: 4961: 4096: 3292: 1454: 711:

Technologies have been designed for resource poor settings that have been effective in reducing maternal deaths as well. The

103:

There are two main measures used when talking about the rates of maternal mortality in a community or country. These are the

4743: 4871: 4846: 4828: 3165:"Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States" 3026:"Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States" 1358: 270: 4156:"A woman dies every two minutes due to pregnancy or childbirth: UN agencies - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization" 3298: 6166: 808:(STI) prevention and treatment. By addressing STIs, this not only reduces perinatal infections, but can also help reduce 217: 187: 47:

A mother dies and is taken by angels as her new child is taken away, a grave from 1863 in Striesener Friedhof in Dresden.

2123: 1822: 6598: 6306: 6276: 2124:"WHO | Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003" 4217: 2052:"Fertility regulation and reproductive health in the Millennium Development Goals: the search for a perfect indicator" 735:

Some maternal deaths can be prevented through medication use. Injectable oxytocin can be used to prevent death due to

7076: 7001: 6856: 6783: 6478: 6171: 5319: 4987: 4082:(OWID). Page has detailed definition of maternal mortality ratio. Also the various ways it is measured. Data source: 1181: 467: 4997:

Drife, James Owen; Lewis, Gwyneth; Neilson, James P; Knight, Marian; Cooper, Griselda; Cantwell, Roch (2023-01-31).

7028: 5504: 1241: 970: 712: 425:, the travel distance to the nearest clinic to receive proper care, number of prior births, barriers to accessing 4232:"Maternal mortality: The urgency of a systemic and multisectoral approach in mitigating maternal deaths in Africa" 6649: 6387: 5873: 5696: 5470: 5129: 3467:

Shah, Monjri; Wright, Jason D. (April 2009). "Surgical intervention in the management of postpartum hemorrhage".

3224:"Contextualizing the experiences of Black pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: 'It's been a lonely ride'" 1052:

Significant progress has been made since the United Nations made the reduction of maternal mortality part of the

421:

adversely affects maternal health which can lead to increases in maternal death. Additionally, lack of access to

6530: 5159: 845: 805: 560: 328: 109: 4086:, "Global Health Observatory". Table tab has data. Click map tab, and then the download tab to get latest map. 3284:

Maternal death surveillance and response: technical guidance. Information for action to prevent maternal death

3083:

Wang, Siwen; Rexrode, Kathryn M.; Florio, Andrea A.; Rich-Edwards, Janet W.; Chavarro, Jorge E. (2023-01-27).

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Lu MC, Halfon N (March 2003). "Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes: a life-course perspective".

4501:"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1413: 7086: 7016: 6799: 6644: 6199: 6115: 5453: 1053: 844:

Countries and local governments have taken political steps in reducing maternal deaths. Researchers at the

838: 643:

who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications. Third, emergency

1600: 6812: 6330: 5728: 5671: 5235: 4948: 4556: 990: 417:

Structural support and family support influences maternal outcomes. Furthermore, social disadvantage and

1440: 6923: 6722: 6696: 6432: 6378: 6294: 6259: 6249: 5289: 5171: 5122: 394: 172:

The causes of maternal death vary by region and level of access. According to a study published in the

85: 4644: 4252: 4075: 3084: 2258:

Bongaarts J, Westoff CF (September 2000). "The potential role of contraception in reducing abortion".

1739: 868:

reviewing all maternal health-related policies frequently to ensure that they are internally coherent;

6960: 6950: 6868: 6768: 6052: 5922: 5880: 5741: 4944: 4100: 4083: 672: 298: 81: 3320: 178:

which covered the period from 1990 to 2013, the most common causes of maternal death world-wide are

63: 6486: 6264: 5788: 5604: 5571: 5463: 5066: 4872:"Severe Maternal Morbidity Indicators and Corresponding ICD Codes during Delivery Hospitalizations" 1881: 1161: 1091: 939: 519: 225: 104: 7071: 6885: 6807: 6565: 6217: 6071: 5863: 5556: 4038:"Development assistance for health by health focus area (Global), 1990-2009, interactive treemap" 2709:

Thaddeus, Sereen; Maine, Deborah (1994-04-01). "Too far to walk: Maternal mortality in context".

2017: 599: 565: 539:

Approaches to measuring maternal mortality include civil registration system, household surveys,

471: 2556:

Upadhyay, Priti; Liabsuetrakul, Tippawan; Shrestha, Amir Babu; Pradhan, Neelam (December 2014).

607: 7006: 6980: 6758: 6578: 6573: 6545: 6522: 6422: 6130: 5998: 5988: 5853: 5576: 5509: 5484: 5420: 5294: 4784:"Maternal death in the 21st century: causes, prevention, and relationship to cesarean delivery" 2411:

Molina RL, Pace LE (November 2017). "A Renewed Focus on Maternal Health in the United States".

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Vilda, Dovile; Wallace, Maeve; Dyer, Lauren; Harville, Emily; Theall, Katherine (2019-12-01).

6970: 6965: 6417: 6110: 5912: 5716: 5391: 3713: 2872:"The Sisterhood Method for Estimating Maternal Mortality: Guidance notes for potential users" 1526: 1484:

Atrash, H. K.; Rowley, D.; Hogue, C. J. (February 1992). "Maternal and perinatal mortality".

1211: 1191: 1141: 1015: 1007: 1003: 235: 191: 4762: 6975: 6844: 6739: 6560: 6535: 6125: 6076: 5396: 5386: 5314: 5309: 5284: 5269: 5264: 4767: 1373: 1151: 1011: 716: 2871: 2837: 2681: 667:

be safe in order to effectively reduce the number of maternal deaths related to abortion.

8: 7091: 7011: 6955: 6849: 6778: 6763: 6744: 6593: 6407: 5629: 5586: 5551: 5458: 5438: 5055: 4620: 1378: 736: 210: 179: 128: 4056:"Progress in maternal and child mortality by country, age, and year (Global), 1990-2011" 3915: 3258: 3223: 2812: 922:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7096: 6985: 6940: 6915: 6880: 6727: 6717: 6412: 6227: 5956: 5810: 5581: 5566: 4921: 4847:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States | Pregnancy | Reproductive Health |CDC" 4725: 4668: 4612: 4533: 4370: 4337: 4313: 4280: 4132: 4115: 4020:"Delivering maternal health: why is Rwanda doing better than Malawi, Niger and Uganda?" 3911: 3863: 3830: 3806: 3781: 3762: 3689:

Strategies to reduce pregnancy-related deaths: from identification and review to action

3654: 3629: 3610: 3396: 3199: 3164: 3120: 3060: 3025: 3001: 2976: 2742: 2674:"WHO | Applying the lessons of maternal mortality reduction to global emergency health" 2643: 2616: 2592: 2557: 2504: 2385: 2352: 2319: 2302: 2283: 2235: 2208: 2177: 2160: 2076: 2051: 1994: 1969: 1947: 1799: 1764: 1713: 1683: 1658: 1636: 1509: 1368: 1082:

in maternal health outcomes which increases maternal mortality in marginalized groups.

594: 459: 410: 5060: 4600: 4516: 3645: 3100: 2913: 2773: 2617:"Social determinants of maternal self-rated health in South Western Sydney, Australia" 1912:"The Comparative Safety of Legal Induced Abortion and Childbirth in the United States" 1859: 1674: 6890: 6862: 6822: 6817: 6752: 6626: 6427: 6402: 6370: 6047: 5966: 5890: 5868: 5381: 5299: 5150: 5002: 4983: 4957: 4913: 4805: 4717: 4604: 4538: 4520: 4375: 4357: 4318: 4300: 4137: 4079: 3903: 3868: 3850: 3811: 3766: 3754: 3659: 3602: 3538: 3484: 3431: 3388: 3288: 3263: 3245: 3204: 3186: 3124: 3112: 3104: 3065: 3047: 3006: 2917: 2785: 2777: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2648: 2597: 2579: 2538: 2476: 2428: 2390: 2372: 2324: 2275: 2271: 2240: 2182: 2081: 1999: 1981: 1939: 1931: 1863: 1804: 1786: 1688: 1628: 1620: 1501: 1497: 1343: 1079: 1065: 809: 785: 701: 660: 639:. Second, skilled birth attendance with emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and 631:, there are four essential elements for prevention of maternal death. These include, 544: 373: 195: 80:

is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The

52: 4925: 4729: 3797: 3400: 3345: 3163:

Njoku, Anuli; Evans, Marian; Nimo-Sefah, Lillian; Bailey, Jonell (3 February 2023).

2746: 2287: 1951: 1640: 1513: 6773: 6712: 6444: 5609: 5376: 5371: 4905: 4795: 4709: 4616: 4596: 4528: 4512: 4365: 4349: 4308: 4292: 4127: 3965: 3895: 3858: 3842: 3831:"Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US" 3801: 3793: 3746: 3649: 3641: 3614: 3594: 3564: 3528: 3476: 3380: 3280: 3253: 3235: 3194: 3176: 3096: 3055: 3037: 2996: 2988: 2909: 2769: 2718: 2638: 2628: 2587: 2569: 2530: 2466: 2420: 2380: 2364: 2314: 2267: 2230: 2220: 2172: 2071: 2063: 1989: 1923: 1855: 1794: 1776: 1678: 1670: 1612: 1493: 1353: 569: 418: 406: 241: 4684:"Levels and trends in the use of maternal health services in developing countries" 4353: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3480: 3454:

WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections

3085:"Maternal Mortality in the United States: Trends and Opportunities for Prevention" 2992: 6928: 6895: 6684: 6669: 6449: 6105: 5961: 5825: 5783: 5644: 5619: 5543: 5433: 5415: 5361: 5245: 5095: 5071: 4909: 4296: 3598: 1927: 1533: 422: 260: 143: 139: 5114: 4683: 4500: 3846: 3449: 1656: 969:(14% or 40,000) accounted for roughly one third of the maternal deaths in 2010. 743:

can also be prevented through the use of medications such as magnesium sulfate.

6933: 6829: 6689: 6678: 6618: 6496: 6148: 5975: 5951: 5895: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5746: 5624: 5408: 5279: 5225: 4800: 4783: 3670: 3240: 3181: 3042: 3024:

Njoku, Anuli; Evans, Marian; Nimo-Sefah, Lillian; Bailey, Jonell (2023-02-03).

2534: 2471: 2454: 874:

any local solutions to problems discovered should be promoted, not discouraged.

759: 455: 320: 287: 6157:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

4782:

Clark SL, Belfort MA, Dildy GA, Herbst MA, Meyers JA, Hankins GD (July 2008).

4713: 3384: 2225: 1616: 7065: 6905: 6875: 6608: 6491: 6186: 6100: 6061: 6037: 5946: 5830: 5763: 5634: 5538: 5499: 5356: 5191: 4744:"Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) | Data" 4524: 4361: 4304: 3994: 3907: 3899: 3854: 3533: 3516: 3249: 3190: 3108: 3051: 2781: 2730: 2583: 2376: 2368: 2067: 1985: 1935: 1790: 1624: 801: 781: 772: 748: 705: 632: 603: 426: 332: 229: 3750: 3737:

Lu MC (September 2018). "Reducing Maternal Mortality in the United States".

3415:

Akhter S, Begum MR, Kabir Z, Rashid M, Laila TR, Zabeen F (September 2003).

2574: 6900: 6834: 6015: 6010: 5751: 5651: 5596: 5324: 5203: 5198: 4917: 4809: 4721: 4608: 4542: 4379: 4322: 4141: 3872: 3815: 3758: 3663: 3606: 3542: 3488: 3435: 3392: 3267: 3208: 3116: 3069: 3010: 2652: 2633: 2601: 2542: 2480: 2432: 2394: 2328: 2279: 2244: 2186: 2085: 2003: 1943: 1808: 1692: 1632: 1441:"Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System - Pregnancy - Reproductive Health" 1271: 895:

collection of information for monitoring maternal health around the world.

764: 656: 402: 390: 6360: 2921: 2789: 2738: 1867: 1781: 1505: 6839: 6588: 6540: 6473: 6454: 6439: 6005: 5941: 5778: 5721: 5661: 5656: 5494: 5443: 5304: 3782:"The effects of women's education on maternal health: Evidence from Peru" 3627: 2424: 1221: 1201: 998: 501:

to afford health care, and women needing permission from family members.

5146: 5031: 3712:. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). December 2008. Archived from 2830:"WHO | The lifetime risk of maternal mortality: concept and measurement" 6459: 6366: 5403: 5343: 5274: 5090: 1571: 1112: 1064:

The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global goal to end

994: 648: 577: 475: 398: 174: 57: 3931:"Why America's Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or-Death Crisis" 2975:

Small, Maria J.; Allen, Terrence K.; Brown, Haywood L. (August 2017).

2351:

Nair, Manisha; Nelson-Piercy, Catherine; Knight, Marian (March 2017).

848:

studied maternal health systems in four apparently similar countries:

84:(WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to 6503: 6362: 5793: 5666: 5526: 5516: 5351: 5329: 5256: 4689:. Calverton, MD: ICF Macro. p. 85. (DHS Comparative Reports 26). 3707:"The State of the World's Children 2009: Maternal and newborn health" 982: 740: 724: 644: 443: 89: 4580:

Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF (April 2006).

2555: 2209:"Measuring abortion-related mortality: challenges and opportunities" 6397: 6176: 5993: 5907: 5885: 5805: 5706: 5614: 5521: 5448: 5366: 5186: 986: 974: 640: 451: 429:

medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.

365: 278: 266: 248: 221: 199: 183: 6702: 6095: 6066: 6042: 6024: 5820: 5800: 4497: 4281:"Reducing Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality" 1657:

GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).

966: 887: 720: 697: 357: 5110:

The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child Count

1111:

Maternal Mortality Ratio (2017) by Country All data is from the

696:

The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to improved

6706: 5933: 5815: 5639: 5561: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5043: 4582:"WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review" 1251: 1231: 861: 853: 849: 652: 540: 463: 447: 361: 767:

launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

319:

The prevention and reduction of maternity death is one of the

6665: 6636: 6469: 5695: 5230: 5181: 4040:. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Archived from 3082: 2207:

Gerdts C, Tunçalp O, Johnston H, Ganatra B (September 2015).

1291: 1281: 1261: 1131: 1121: 978: 962: 871:

enforcing standards on providers of maternal health services;

857: 727:

have also been effective in stopping post-partum hemorrhage.

647:

care to address the major causes of maternal death which are

636: 628: 6604:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

3686:

Berg C, Danel I, Atrash H, Zane S, Bartlett L, eds. (2001).

3281:

World Health Organization and partner organizations (2013).

2803: 2801: 2799: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2206: 5900: 4895: 3346:"Sharp rise in deaths among pregnant women and new mothers" 2759: 2520: 1763:

Eiland, Elosha; Nzerue, Chike; Faulkner, Marquetta (2012).

883: 3628:

GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators (October 2016).

3417:"Use of a condom to control massive postpartum hemorrhage" 3162: 3023: 1823:"CDC Reports Infection as a Major Cause of Maternal Death" 5711: 4943: 2945:"Maternal Morality Comparison: USA vs. Israel vs. Europe" 2796: 2488: 1910:

Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Grimes, David A. (February 2012).

879: 751:) can be placed if there is concern for excess bleeding. 385: 6162:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

4579: 4338:"Global Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality" 3828: 2977:"Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality" 2516: 2514: 608:

Maternal Care Access and Reducing Emergencies (CARE) Act

4996: 4781: 4181:"WHO | Facility-based maternal death review in Nigeria" 2350: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 3695:. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3517:"Public health approach to address maternal mortality" 3515:

Rai SK, Anand K, Misra P, Kant S, Upadhyay RP (2012).

3414: 3369: 2455:"Severe maternal morbidity: screening and review" 2353:"Indirect maternal deaths: UK and global perspectives" 1882:"Blood Clots: Risks, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention" 1846:

Philpott, R. H. (December 1982). "Obstructed labour".

1085: 730: 7082:

Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

5852: 4469:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 4444:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 4419:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 4394:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 3139:"Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021" 2899: 2511: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 432: 331:, "Good health and well being". Promoting effective 5021: 2049: 1762: 1699: 1599:

Ozimek, John A.; Kilpatrick, Sarah J. (2018-06-01).

302:

Infographic - History of Maternal Mortality in India

4245: 3685: 3221: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 1527:

Maternal Mortality Ratio vs Maternal Mortality Rate

1349:

Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK

891:reducing maternal mortality rates internationally. 98:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

4022:(Briefing Paper). Overseas Development Institute. 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2034: 6946:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 5144: 4573: 4274: 4272: 3514: 2161:"Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality" 1483: 943:Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births. 7063: 4980:Maternal Mortality - Lessons Learnt from Autopsy 4829:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States" 4681: 2851: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2257: 1601:"Maternal Mortality in the Twenty-First Century" 1598: 700:, better fluid management and quicker access to 606:. As a senator, in 2019 Harris reintroduced the 496:Delay in receiving adequate and appropriate care 4335: 2974: 2452: 2439: 1905: 1903: 1901: 442:(15.2%.), non-cardiovascular diseases (14.7%), 4999:Why Mothers Died and How their Lives are Saved 4269: 2614: 2406: 2404: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2154: 2152: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1486:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 307:from laypeople and not medical professionals. 6346: 5130: 4978:Jashnani, Kusum D., ed. (27 September 2022). 4336:Small, M; Allen, T; Brown, HL (August 2017). 4216:. Central Intelligence Agency. 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It has proven to be a valuable resource. 6353: 6339: 6213:International Center for Research on Women 5137: 5123: 4950:Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013 4493: 4491: 4489: 3999:Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform 3970:Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform 3885: 3466: 2453:Kilpatrick SK, Ecker JL (September 2016). 2410: 2158: 1970:"Abortion Law and Policy Around the World" 1958: 1652: 1650: 1585: 1539: 1472: 1435: 1433: 1397: 804:, which includes pregnancy prevention and 159: 62: 38: 4799: 4532: 4369: 4312: 4131: 3928: 3862: 3805: 3653: 3532: 3257: 3239: 3198: 3180: 3059: 3041: 3000: 2642: 2632: 2591: 2573: 2470: 2384: 2318: 2234: 2224: 2176: 2075: 1993: 1798: 1780: 1682: 16:Aspect of human reproduction and medicine 4977: 4816: 4756: 4699: 4557:"Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000-2020" 4089: 3779: 3495: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 1845: 1536:on Population Research Institute website 1059: 1047: 951: 938: 758: 389:higher risks for postpartum hemorrhage, 297: 224:. This includes medical conditions like 202:(3%) and pre-existing conditions (28%). 4765:By Annalisa Merelli. October 29, 2017. 4682:Wang W, Alva S, Wang S, Fort A (2011). 4486: 4116:"An introduction to maternal mortality" 4071: 4069: 3287:. Switzerland: WHO press. p. 128. 2928: 2615:Morgan KJ, Eastwood JG (January 2014). 1647: 1430: 1096:Maternal mortality in the United States 691: 7064: 4794:(1): 36.e1–5, discussion 91–2. e7–11. 4278: 4120:Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3321:"Maternal Health in the United States" 2970: 2968: 2966: 2824: 2822: 2165:Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 1714:"Maternal mortality: Fact sheet N°348" 533:the maternal mortality rate (MMRate). 423:skilled medical care during childbirth 353:, or non-obstetrical maternal deaths. 6584:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6551:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 6334: 5932: 5118: 4763:What's killing America's new mothers? 4239:Integrated African Health Observatory 4210:"Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate" 4107: 2659: 2301:Khlat M, Ronsmans C (February 2000). 1967: 1848:Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1414:"Indicator Metadata Registry Details" 481: 6650:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 6301: 6195:Office of Research on Women's Health 4113: 4066: 3584: 1359:List of women who died in childbirth 902: 6313: 6233:Society for Women's Health Research 6167:International Day of the Girl Child 4736: 4018:Chambers V, Booth D (31 May 2012). 3929:Villarosa, Linda (April 11, 2018). 2963: 2819: 2413:The New England Journal of Medicine 1086:Maternal mortality ratio by country 1038: 731:Medications and surgical management 468:hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 218:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 188:hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 13: 6599:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 6277:Birth control in the United States 4285:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 3736: 3587:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 3456:. World Health Organization. 2015. 2320:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010206 433:Causes of maternal death in the US 254: 14: 7108: 6857:Pain management during childbirth 6784:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 6172:Commission on the Status of Women 5182:External female genitalia (vulva) 5017: 4702:Maternal and Child Health Journal 4279:Howell, Elizabeth A (June 2018). 4026:from the original on Jun 3, 2023. 3101:10.1146/annurev-med-042921-123851 2056:American Journal of Public Health 1605:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics 182:(15%), complications from unsafe 7043: 7042: 7029:Sexual activity during pregnancy 6312: 6300: 6289: 6288: 5505:Assisted reproductive technology 5145: 4889: 2307:American Journal of Epidemiology 2272:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2000.00193.x 1574:. United Nations Population Fund 1498:10.1097/00001703-199202000-00009 1455:"Pregnancy-Related Deaths | CDC" 1310: 971:Democratic Republic of the Congo 907: 784:factors, public transportation, 754: 713:non-pneumatic anti-shock garment 678: 5471:Breastfeeding and mental health 4936: 4864: 4839: 4693: 4675: 4661: 4637: 4549: 4461: 4436: 4411: 4386: 4329: 4224: 4202: 4173: 4148: 4048: 4030: 4011: 3987: 3976:from the original on 2018-11-25 3966:"Sustainable Development Goals" 3958: 3922: 3879: 3822: 3798:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.004 3773: 3730: 3699: 3621: 3578: 3549: 3521:Indian Journal of Public Health 3460: 3442: 3408: 3363: 3338: 3313: 3274: 3215: 3156: 3131: 3076: 3017: 2937: 2893: 2864: 2753: 2608: 2549: 2344: 2335: 2294: 2140: 2116: 2092: 2010: 1874: 1839: 1815: 1756: 1732: 898: 622: 379: 138:As women have gained access to 6531:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5001:. Cambridge University Press. 4561:United Nations Population Fund 1520: 1447: 846:Overseas Development Institute 806:sexually transmitted infection 561:United Nations Population Fund 513: 110:United Nations Population Fund 1: 6733:Prelabor rupture of membranes 6121:Social determinants of health 4601:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68397-9 4517:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00079-6 4354:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 3786:Social Science & Medicine 3646:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 3481:10.1053/j.semperi.2008.12.006 2993:10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 2914:10.1016/S0022-3476(97)80070-4 2774:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10018-1 2762:Social Science & Medicine 2711:Social Science & Medicine 1860:10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00535-5 1675:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 1390: 1364:Maternal mortality in fiction 325:Sustainable Development Goals 314: 7012:Systemic lupus erythematosus 6663:Maternal care related to the 6645:Gestational thrombocytopenia 6116:Gender disparities in health 5454:Mother-to-child transmission 4910:10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a06f4e 4297:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000349 4103:. November 2015. p. 16. 3599:10.1097/grf.0000000000000361 2723:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7 2507:. World Health Organisation. 2100:"Preventing unsafe abortion" 1928:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923 1054:Millennium Development Goals 1025: 839:Millennium Development Goals 7: 6813:Cephalopelvic disproportion 5729:Pelvic inflammatory disease 5672:Hormone replacement therapy 5236:Reproductive system disease 3938:The New York Times Magazine 3847:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100477 2881:. World Health Organization 2159:Haddad LB, Nour NM (2009). 1916:Obstetrics & Gynecology 1336: 991:United Republic of Tanzania 602:interviewed Vice President 271:Obstetrics & Gynecology 198:(6%). Other causes include 164: 10: 7113: 6924:Breastfeeding difficulties 6723:Constriction ring syndrome 6697:Braxton Hicks contractions 6223:Black Women's Health Study 5290:Complications of pregnancy 4801:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.03.007 3325:Maternal Health Task Force 3241:10.1186/s12978-023-01670-4 3182:10.3390/healthcare11030438 3043:10.3390/healthcare11030438 2535:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.593 2472:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 2260:Studies in Family Planning 1968:Berer, Marge (June 2017). 1089: 1073:Variation within countries 955: 395:operative vaginal delivery 258: 124:indirect obstetric deaths. 7037: 6994: 6961:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 6951:Pubic symphysis diastasis 6914: 6798: 6662: 6635: 6617: 6559: 6521: 6512: 6468: 6386: 6377: 6284: 6241: 6200:Women's Health Initiative 6185: 6147: 6138: 6087: 6053:Major depressive disorder 5921: 5881:Intimate partner violence 5843: 5742:Female genital mutilation 5737: 5686: 5595: 5537: 5483: 5429: 5342: 5255: 5244: 5170: 5157: 5081: 5025: 4945:World Health Organization 4898:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4101:World Health Organization 4084:World Health Organization 3385:10.1080/17441690601012536 3089:Annual Review of Medicine 2902:The Journal of Pediatrics 2485:Cited in CDC 2017 report. 2226:10.1186/s12978-015-0064-1 1718:World Health Organization 1617:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.004 1316:Severe maternal morbidity 916:This section needs to be 832: 673:World Health Organization 550: 464:cerebrovascular accidents 340:Indirect obstetric deaths 206:Descriptions by condition 154: 82:World Health Organization 51: 46: 37: 29: 24: 7077:Medical aspects of death 6487:Gestational hypertension 5789:Gynaecological disorders 5605:Culture and menstruation 5572:Contraceptive prevalence 5464:Compulsory sterilization 4505:The Lancet Global Health 4342:Seminars in Perinatology 4076:Maternal mortality ratio 3916:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207 3900:10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207 3534:10.4103/0019-557x.104231 3469:Seminars in Perinatology 2981:Seminars in Perinatology 2369:10.1177/1753495X16689444 2068:10.2105/AJPH.2005.068056 1443:. CDC. 25 November 2020. 1092:Maternal mortality ratio 520:maternal mortality ratio 356:Indirect causes include 293: 226:gestational hypertension 105:maternal mortality ratio 6886:Umbilical cord prolapse 6808:Amniotic fluid embolism 6566:dermatoses of pregnancy 6072:Urinary tract infection 5864:Abuse during childbirth 4714:10.1023/A:1022537516969 3835:SSM - Population Health 3780:Weitzman A (May 2017). 3751:10.1001/jama.2018.11652 2575:10.1186/1742-4755-11-92 1974:Health and Human Rights 790:substance use disorders 600:Christine Michel Carter 566:Human Development Index 472:amniotic fluid embolism 440:cardiovascular diseases 160:Direct obstetric deaths 118:direct obstetric deaths 7002:Concomitant conditions 6981:Postpartum thyroiditis 6759:Circumvallate placenta 6579:Impetigo herpetiformis 6574:Gestational pemphigoid 6546:Hyperemesis gravidarum 6479:hypertensive disorders 5989:Cardiovascular disease 5577:Contraceptive security 5510:In vitro fertilization 5421:Postpartum confinement 5295:Hyperemesis gravidarum 2634:10.1186/1756-0500-7-51 944: 768: 616: 574:obstetrical hemorrhage 559:According to the 2010 493:Delay in reaching care 478:complications (0.3%). 370:cardiovascular disease 303: 6971:Postpartum infections 6966:Postpartum depression 6111:Healthcare inequality 5913:Gender discrimination 5717:Human papilloma virus 5392:Vesicovaginal fistula 4669:"WHO Maternal Health" 2018:"Legality and Safety" 1922:(2 Part 1): 215–219. 1060:Prevention strategies 1048:Progression of policy 952:Prevalence by country 942: 762: 612: 590:Black maternal health 490:Delay in seeking care 301: 236:Postpartum infections 192:postpartum infections 6976:Postpartum psychosis 6845:Obstetrical bleeding 6740:Obstetrical bleeding 6561:Integumentary system 6536:Gestational diabetes 6515:related to pregnancy 6513:Other, predominantly 6218:Nurses' Health Study 6126:Reproductive justice 6077:Urinary incontinence 5697:Sexually transmitted 5552:Intrauterine devices 5397:Rectovaginal fistula 5387:Obstetrical fistulae 5315:Gestational diabetes 5310:Obstetrical bleeding 5285:Adolescent pregnancy 5270:Gravidity and parity 5265:Unintended pregnancy 4645:"Maternal mortality" 4253:"Maternal mortality" 4220:on October 30, 2011. 3640:(10053): 1775–1812. 3373:Global Public Health 2815:on October 14, 2013. 2505:"Maternal mortality" 2425:10.1056/NEJMp1709473 2022:Guttmacher Institute 1769:Journal of Pregnancy 1374:Obstetric transition 965:(19% or 56,000) and 717:obstetric hemorrhage 692:Medical technologies 411:developing countries 384:According to a 2004 7087:Medical terminology 6956:Postpartum bleeding 6779:Placental abruption 6764:Monochorionic twins 6594:Prurigo gestationis 6131:Women's empowerment 5999:Alzheimer's disease 5630:Cloth menstrual pad 5587:Fertility awareness 5557:Oral contraceptives 5439:Perinatal mortality 4788:Am J Obstet Gynecol 4595:(9516): 1066–1074. 3301:on October 13, 2014 3228:Reproductive Health 2562:Reproductive Health 2213:Reproductive Health 1782:10.1155/2012/586578 1765:"Preeclampsia 2012" 1379:Perinatal mortality 737:postpartum bleeding 655:, unsafe abortion, 211:Postpartum bleeding 180:postpartum bleeding 6986:Puerperal mastitis 6941:Breast engorgement 6728:Monoamniotic twins 6718:Chorionic hematoma 6228:Cartwright Inquiry 6139:Politics, research 5957:Endometrial cancer 5811:Sexual intercourse 5582:Planned parenthood 5567:Male contraceptive 5082:External resources 4214:The World Factbook 4162:. 23 February 2023 3561:reviewtoaction.org 3557:"Review to Action" 2621:BMC Research Notes 2357:Obstetric Medicine 1532:2017-02-02 at the 1369:Maternal near miss 945: 769: 702:blood transfusions 698:aseptic techniques 482:Three delays model 460:pulmonary embolism 304: 78:maternal mortality 33:Maternal mortality 7059: 7058: 7017:Thyroid disorders 7007:Diabetes mellitus 6891:Uterine inversion 6823:Shoulder dystocia 6818:Obstructed labour 6794: 6793: 6658: 6657: 6627:Chorea gravidarum 6403:Ectopic pregnancy 6328: 6327: 6208: 6207: 6033: 6032: 5984: 5983: 5967:Papanicolaou test 5923:Non-communicable 5891:Sexual harassment 5869:Domestic violence 5839: 5838: 5682: 5681: 5479: 5478: 5382:Retained placenta 5300:Ectopic pregnancy 5105: 5104: 5008:978-1-009-21880-1 4963:978-92-4-150722-6 4080:Our World in Data 3745:(12): 1237–1238. 3294:978-92-4-150608-3 2951:. 19 January 2019 2840:on August 5, 2011 2419:(18): 1705–1707. 1572:"Maternal health" 1300: 1299: 1116: 1066:preventable death 937: 936: 810:ectopic pregnancy 786:chronic illnesses 545:sisterhood method 374:cesarean delivery 71: 70: 19:Medical condition 7104: 7046: 7045: 6881:Postmature birth 6869:Placenta accreta 6774:Placenta praevia 6769:Placenta accreta 6713:Chorioamnionitis 6523:Digestive system 6519: 6518: 6445:Fetal resorption 6433:Rudimentary horn 6390:abortive outcome 6384: 6383: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6316: 6315: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6291: 6145: 6144: 5930: 5929: 5850: 5849: 5844:Non-reproductive 5693: 5692: 5610:Feminine hygiene 5377:Cesarian section 5372:Obstructed labor 5253: 5252: 5168: 5167: 5149: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5023: 5022: 5012: 4993: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4955: 4930: 4929: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4825: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4779: 4773: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4619:. Archived from 4586: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4536: 4511:(6): e759–e772. 4495: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4187:. Archived from 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4114:Nour NM (2008). 4111: 4105: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4058:. Archived from 4052: 4046: 4045: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3940:. Archived from 3935: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3866: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3683: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3563:. Archived from 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3512: 3493: 3492: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297:. Archived from 3278: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3243: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3184: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3045: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3004: 2972: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2826: 2817: 2816: 2805: 2794: 2793: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2717:(8): 1091–1110. 2706: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2680:. Archived from 2670: 2657: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2595: 2577: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2408: 2399: 2398: 2388: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2322: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2228: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2156: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2047: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1886:Cleveland Clinic 1878: 1872: 1871: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1802: 1784: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1744:www.uptodate.com 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1710: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1669:(9963): 117–71. 1654: 1645: 1644: 1596: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1537: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1481: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1410: 1354:Infant mortality 1110: 1104: 1103: 1039:COVID-19 effects 932: 929: 923: 911: 910: 903: 723:used as uterine 661:obstructed labor 570:infant mortality 419:social isolation 407:preterm delivery 242:Obstructed labor 196:obstructed labor 133:obstructed labor 67: 66: 42: 22: 21: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7033: 6990: 6934:Cracked nipples 6929:Low milk supply 6910: 6896:Uterine rupture 6790: 6685:Oligohydramnios 6670:amniotic cavity 6664: 6654: 6631: 6613: 6564: 6555: 6514: 6508: 6477: 6464: 6450:Molar pregnancy 6389: 6373: 6359: 6329: 6324: 6280: 6265:Family planning 6243: 6237: 6204: 6181: 6140: 6134: 6106:Gender equality 6089: 6083: 6029: 5980: 5962:Cervical cancer 5924: 5917: 5855: 5845: 5835: 5826:Sex differences 5784:Forced marriage 5733: 5698: 5688: 5678: 5620:Menstrual cycle 5591: 5544:Family planning 5542: 5533: 5486: 5475: 5434:Maternal deaths 5425: 5416:Postpartum care 5362:Multiple births 5338: 5247: 5240: 5173: 5164: 5161: 5153: 5143: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5077: 5076: 5034: 5020: 5015: 5009: 4990: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4953: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4894: 4890: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4780: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4334: 4330: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4191:on May 23, 2017 4179: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4112: 4108: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4074: 4067: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4016: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3888:Social Problems 3884: 3880: 3827: 3823: 3778: 3774: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3684: 3671: 3626: 3622: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3513: 3496: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3302: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3220: 3216: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3081: 3077: 3022: 3018: 2973: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2758: 2754: 2707: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2684:on June 6, 2015 2672: 2671: 2660: 2613: 2609: 2554: 2550: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2489: 2451: 2440: 2409: 2402: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2299: 2295: 2256: 2252: 2205: 2194: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2048: 2035: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2011: 1966: 1959: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1827:Sepsis Alliance 1821: 1820: 1816: 1761: 1757: 1748: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1700: 1655: 1648: 1597: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1540: 1534:Wayback Machine 1525: 1521: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1422: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1339: 1318: 1313: 1098: 1088: 1075: 1062: 1050: 1041: 1028: 960: 954: 933: 927: 924: 921: 912: 908: 901: 835: 757: 733: 694: 681: 625: 578:thromboembolism 553: 516: 484: 435: 382: 342: 327:, specifically 317: 296: 263: 261:Unsafe abortion 257: 255:Unsafe abortion 208: 167: 162: 157: 144:birth attendant 140:family planning 129:severe bleeding 61: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7110: 7100: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7072:Maternal death 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7024:Maternal death 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6920: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6830:Fetal distress 6827: 6826: 6825: 6815: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6690:Polyhydramnios 6687: 6679:amniotic fluid 6674: 6672: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6619:Nervous system 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6497:HELLP syndrome 6489: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6388:Pregnancy with 6381: 6375: 6374: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6242:Women's health 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6149:United Nations 6142: 6141:& advocacy 6136: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091: 6088:Sociocultural 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5976:Ovarian cancer 5973: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5952:Uterine cancer 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5896:Sexual assault 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5774:Child marriage 5771: 5769:Breast ironing 5766: 5761: 5759:Breast binding 5756: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5747:Clitoridectomy 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5625:Menstrual aids 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5491: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5409:Husband stitch 5401: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5282: 5280:Antenatal care 5277: 5272: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5250: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5226:Fallopian tube 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5178: 5176: 5172:Reproductive 5165: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151:Women's health 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096:Maternal death 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5063: 5048: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026:Classification 5019: 5018:External links 5016: 5014: 5013: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4962: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4888: 4863: 4838: 4815: 4774: 4755: 4735: 4692: 4674: 4660: 4636: 4572: 4548: 4485: 4460: 4435: 4410: 4385: 4348:(5): 318–322. 4328: 4291:(2): 387–399. 4268: 4244: 4223: 4201: 4172: 4147: 4106: 4088: 4065: 4062:on 2014-03-17. 4047: 4044:on 2014-03-17. 4029: 4010: 3986: 3957: 3921: 3894:(2): 207–227. 3878: 3821: 3772: 3729: 3698: 3669: 3620: 3593:(2): 319–331. 3577: 3548: 3527:(3): 196–203. 3494: 3475:(2): 109–115. 3459: 3441: 3407: 3362: 3337: 3312: 3293: 3273: 3214: 3155: 3130: 3095:(1): 199–216. 3075: 3016: 2987:(5): 318–322. 2962: 2936: 2927: 2892: 2863: 2850: 2818: 2795: 2768:(8): 981–993. 2752: 2694: 2658: 2607: 2548: 2510: 2487: 2438: 2400: 2343: 2334: 2293: 2266:(3): 193–202. 2250: 2192: 2148: 2139: 2115: 2091: 2033: 2009: 1957: 1897: 1873: 1854:(3): 625–640. 1838: 1814: 1755: 1731: 1698: 1646: 1611:(2): 175–186. 1584: 1538: 1519: 1471: 1446: 1429: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1108: 1087: 1084: 1074: 1071: 1061: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1027: 1024: 953: 950: 935: 934: 928:September 2019 915: 913: 906: 900: 897: 876: 875: 872: 869: 834: 831: 763:In April 2010 756: 753: 732: 729: 693: 690: 680: 677: 659:disorders and 624: 621: 552: 549: 515: 512: 498: 497: 494: 491: 483: 480: 456:cardiomyopathy 434: 431: 381: 378: 341: 338: 321:United Nations 316: 313: 295: 292: 288:genital trauma 259:Main article: 256: 253: 207: 204: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 74:Maternal death 69: 68: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 25:Maternal death 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7109: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6906:Uterine atony 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6876:Preterm birth 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6610: 6609:Stretch marks 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6492:Pre-eclampsia 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6361:Pathology of 6356: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6321: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6187:United States 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Disadvantaged 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6062:Urinary tract 6060: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6038:Mental health 6036: 6035: 6026: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Breast cancer 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5856:against women 5851: 5848: 5842: 5832: 5831:Sex education 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:Breast health 5762: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5635:Menstrual cup 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5540: 5539:Contraception 5536: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5500:Childlessness 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5485:Reproductive 5482: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5459:Sterilization 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Preterm birth 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5192:Clitoral hood 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160:Reproductive 5156: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4989:9789811934209 4985: 4981: 4976: 4965: 4959: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904:(3): 627–33. 4903: 4899: 4892: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4835:. 2017-11-27. 4834: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4745: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4626:on 2017-10-31 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4233: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3947:on 2021-07-01 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3719:on 2021-06-11 3715: 3708: 3702: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3567:on 2018-11-21 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379:(2): 110–24. 3378: 3374: 3366: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2465:(3): B17–22. 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2143: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1759: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1311:Related terms 1308: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1070: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1045: 1036: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 949: 941: 931: 919: 914: 905: 904: 896: 892: 889: 885: 881: 873: 870: 867: 866: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 807: 803: 802:sex education 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 782:mental health 777: 774: 773:public health 766: 761: 755:Public health 752: 750: 749:Bakri Balloon 744: 742: 738: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 706:prenatal care 704:, and better 703: 699: 689: 685: 679:Prenatal care 676: 674: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:prenatal care 630: 627:According to 620: 615: 611: 609: 605: 604:Kamala Harris 601: 597: 596: 592:advocate and 591: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 557: 548: 546: 542: 537: 534: 530: 527: 523: 521: 511: 508: 505: 502: 495: 492: 489: 488: 487: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 430: 428: 424: 420: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 337: 334: 333:contraceptive 330: 326: 322: 312: 308: 300: 291: 289: 283: 280: 275: 272: 268: 262: 252: 250: 246: 243: 239: 237: 233: 231: 230:pre-eclampsia 227: 223: 219: 215: 212: 203: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 176: 170: 152: 148: 145: 141: 136: 134: 130: 126: 125: 120: 119: 113: 111: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 86:complications 83: 79: 75: 65: 59: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 23: 7048: 7041: 7023: 6901:Vasa praevia 6861: 6835:Locked twins 6751: 6701: 6677: 6423:Interstitial 6317: 6305: 6293: 6016:Hip fracture 6011:Osteoporosis 5752:Infibulation 5652:Dysmenorrhea 5645:Sanitary pad 5597:Menstruation 5325:Preeclampsia 5320:Hypertension 5204:Labia majora 5199:Labia minora 5089: 5065: 5050: 5038: 4998: 4982:. 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