Mary Toft - Knowledge

422: 160:], near that Town, was about a Month past delivered by Mr John Howard, an Eminent Surgeon and Man-Midwife, of a creature resembling a Rabbit but whose Heart and Lungs grew without its Belly, about 14 Days since she was delivered by the same Person, of a perfect Rabbit: and in a few Days after of 4 more; and on Friday, Saturday, Sunday, the 4th, 5th, and 6th instant, of one in each day: in all nine, they died all in bringing into the World. The woman hath made Oath, that two Months ago, being working in a Field with other Women, they put up a Rabbit, who running from them, they pursued it, but to no Purpose: This created in her such a Longing to it, that she (being with Child) was taken ill and miscarried, and from that Time she hath not been able to avoid thinking of Rabbits. People after all, differ much in their Opinion about this Matter, some looking upon them as great Curiosities, fit to be presented to the Royal Society, etc. others are angry at the Account, and say, that if it be a Fact, a Veil should be drawn over it, as an Imperfection in human Nature. 840:(1727) is one of the more cutting satires on Toft. The document supposes to be the confession of 'Merry Tuft', "... in her own Stile and Spelling". Poking fun at her illiteracy, it makes a number of obscene suggestions hinting at her promiscuity—"I wos a Wuman as had grate nattural parts, and a large Capassiti, and kapible of being kunserned in depe Kuntrivansis." The document also ridicules several of the physicians involved in the affair, and reflects the general view portrayed by the satirists that Toft was a weak woman and the least complicit of "the offenders" (regardless of her guilt). The notion contrasts with that expressed of her before the hoax was revealed and may indicate an overall strategy to disempower Toft completely. This is reflected in one of the most notable satires of the affair, 33: 620: 771: 638: 359:

would not let him help deliver the rabbits—although Ahlers was not a man-midwife and in an earlier attempt had apparently put Toft through considerable pain. Convinced the affair was a hoax, he lied, telling those involved that he believed Toft's story, before making his excuses and returning to London, taking specimens of the rabbits with him. Upon closer study, he reportedly found evidence of them having been cut with a man-made instrument, and noted pieces of straw and grain in their droppings.

307: 295: 679:), she gave birth to a daughter, Elizabeth, noted in the Godalming parish register as her "first child after her pretended Rabett-breeding." Little is known of Toft's later life. She briefly reappeared in 1740 when she was imprisoned for receiving stolen goods. She died in 1763, and her obituary ran in London newspapers alongside those of aristocrats. She was buried in Godalming on 13 215:"three legs of a Cat of a Tabby Colour, and one leg of a Rabbet: the guts were as a Cat's and in them were three pieces of the Back-Bone of an Eel ... The cat's feet supposed were formed in her imagination from a cat she was fond of that slept on the bed at night." Toft seemingly became ill once more and over the next few days delivered more pieces of rabbit. 112:, but following her reported fascination with the sighting of a rabbit, she miscarried. Her claim to have given birth to various animal parts prompted the arrival of John Howard, a local surgeon, who investigated the matter. He delivered several pieces of animal flesh and duly notified other prominent physicians, which brought the case to the attention of 478:, a widely held belief that conception and pregnancy could be influenced by what the mother dreamt, or saw, and warned pregnant women that over-familiarity with household pets could cause their children to resemble those pets. He was reportedly happy to attend Toft, pleased that her case appeared to vindicate his theories, but man-midwife 431:(1726). St. André described Toft (F) as possessing a "healthy strong constitution, of a small size, and fair complexion; of a very stupid and sullen temper: she can neither write nor read", and her husband (E) as "a poor Journey-man Clothier at Godlyman, by whom she has had three children". Many baby rabbits can be seen on the floor. 367:

St. André and a colleague were ordered back to Guildford. Upon their arrival they met Howard, who told St. André that Toft had given birth to two more rabbits. She delivered several portions of what was presumed to be a placenta but she was by then quite ill, and suffering from a constant pain in the right side of her abdomen.

758:, and St. André was publicly humiliated at court. Living on Elizabeth's considerable wealth, they retired to the country, where St. André died in 1776, aged 96. Manningham, desperate to exculpate himself, published a diary of his observations of Mary Toft, together with an account of her confession of the fraud, on 12 124:. St. André concluded that Toft's case was genuine but the king also sent surgeon Cyriacus Ahlers, who remained skeptical. By then quite famous, Toft was brought to London where she was studied in detail; under intense scrutiny and producing no more rabbits she confessed to the hoax, and was subsequently imprisoned as a fraud. 767:. A letter to Maubray, Douglas was scathingly critical of his sooterkin theory, calling it "a mere fiction of your brain". The damage done to the medical profession was such that several doctors not connected with the tale felt compelled to print statements that they had not believed Toft's story. 586:

as a "vile cheat and impostor". In her earlier, unpublished confessions, she blamed the entire affair on a range of other participants, from her mother-in-law to John Howard. She also claimed that a travelling woman told her how to insert the rabbits into her body, and how such a scheme would ensure

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November they were taken by Howard to see Toft, who within hours delivered a rabbit's torso. St. André's account details his examination of the rabbit. To check if it had breathed air, he placed a piece of its lung in water to see if it would float—which it did. St. André then performed a

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had become the dominant political faction, and Manningham and Douglas's Whig affiliations and medical knowledge might have elevated his status as both doctor and philosopher. Douglas thought that a woman giving birth to rabbits was as likely as a rabbit giving birth to a human child, but despite his

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November and found Toft exhibiting no signs of pregnancy. He may have already suspected the affair was a hoax and observed that Toft seemed to press her knees and thighs together, as if to prevent something from "dropping down". He thought Howard's behaviour just as suspicious, as the man-midwife

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Initially, Howard dismissed the notion that Toft had given birth to animal parts, but the next day, despite his reservations, he went to see her. Ann Toft showed him more pieces of the previous night's exertions, but on examining Mary, he found nothing. When Mary again went into labour, appearing

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clothier and together the couple had three children, Mary, Anne and James. As an 18th-century English peasant, circumstances dictated that when in 1726 Toft again became pregnant, she continued working in the fields. She complained of painful complications early in the pregnancy and in early August

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Manningham examined Toft and thought something remained in the cavity of her uterus, and so he successfully persuaded Clarges to allow her to remain at the bagnio. Douglas, who had by then visited Toft, questioned her on three or four occasions, each time for several hours. After several days of

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Douglas was one of the country's most respected anatomists and a well-known man-midwife, whereas St. André was often considered to be a member of the court only because of his ability to speak the king's native German. St. André therefore desperately wanted the two to attend Toft; after

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To be able to determine, to the Satisfaction and Conviction of all sorts of Persons, other Arguments were necessary, than Anatomy, or any other Branch of Physick , could furnish. Of these the greatest Number are not Judges. It was therefore undoubtedly very natural for me to desire that People

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permitted access, an accomplice had inserted into her womb the claws and body of a cat, and the head of a rabbit. They had also invented a story in which Toft claimed that during her pregnancy and while working in a field, she had been startled by a rabbit, and had since become obsessed with

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November Ahlers reported his findings to the king and later to "several Persons of Note and Distinction". Howard wrote to Ahlers the next day, asking for the return of his specimens. Ahlers' suspicions began to worry both Howard and St. André, and apparently the king, as two days later

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of 24 December 1726 reported that "the nurse has been examined as to the person's concerned with her, but either was kept in the dark as to the imposition, or is not willing to disclose what she knows; for nothing can be got from her; so that her resolution shocks others."

738:. On this document the surgeon had staked his reputation, and although it offers a more empirical account of the Toft case than earlier more fanciful publications about reproduction in general, ultimately it was derided. Ahlers, his scepticism justified, published 451:

Every creature in town, both men and women, have been to see and feel her: the perpetual emotions, noises and rumblings in her Belly are something prodigious; all the eminent physicians, surgeons and man-midwives in London are there Day and Night to watch her next

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that he had been bribed by Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret, to sneak a rabbit into Toft's chamber. When arrested and questioned Mary denied the accusation, while Margaret, under Douglas's interrogation, claimed that she had obtained the rabbit for eating only.

812:(1727) satirists scorned the objectivity of men-midwives, and critics of Toft's attendants questioned their integrity, undermining their profession with sexual puns and allusions. The case raised questions about England's status as an "enlightened" nation— 670:

Crowds reportedly mobbed Tothill Fields Bridewell for months, hoping to catch a glimpse of the now infamous Toft. By this time she had become quite ill, and while incarcerated had her portrait drawn by John Laguerre. She was ultimately discharged on

401:. He examined Toft and found the right side of her abdomen slightly enlarged. Manningham also delivered what he thought was a hog's bladder—although St. André and Howard disagreed with his identification—but became suspicious as it smelled of 782:'s opponents as symbolising the age, which they perceived as greedy, corrupt and deceitful. One author, writing to the Prince of Wales's mistress, suggested the story was a political portent of the approaching death of the prince's father. On 7 749:

December 1726. In 1729, following the death of Samuel Molyneux, he married Molyneux's widow, Elizabeth. This did little to impress his peers. Molyneux's cousin accused him of the poisoning, a charge that St. André defended by suing for

347:. A further medical examination followed, and St. André delivered some rabbit skin, followed a few minutes later by a rabbit's head. Both men inspected the egested pieces of flesh, noting that some resembled the body parts of a cat. 262:, and shall take it from her if he pleases; which will be a great Satisfaction to the Curious: If she had been with Child, she has but ten Days more to go, so I do not know how many Rabbets may be behind; I have brought the Woman to 762:

December. In it he suggested that Douglas had been fooled by Toft, and concerned with his image Douglas replied by publishing his own account. Using the pseudonym 'Lover of Truth and Learning', in 1727 Douglas also published

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The resultant public mockery created panic within the medical profession and ruined the careers of several prominent surgeons. The affair was satirised on many occasions, not least by the pictorial satirist and social critic

522:, had begun an investigation of his own and discovered that for the past month Toft's husband, Joshua, had been buying young rabbits. Convinced he had enough evidence to proceed, in a letter to physician Sir 257:

before it dy'd. As soon as the eleventh Rabbet was taken away, up leap'd the twelfth Rabbet, which is now leaping. If you have any curious Person that is pleased to come Post, may see another leap in her

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on 27 September. Her neighbour was called and watched as she produced several animal parts. This neighbour then showed the pieces to her mother and to her mother-in-law, Ann Toft, who by chance was a

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April 1727, as it was unclear as to what charge should have been made against her. The Toft family made no profit from the affair, and Mary Toft returned to Surrey. In February 1728 (recorded as 1727

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by Noémi Kiss-Deáki, was published in 2024. This book also features a fictionalized account of Toft's life. Toft is portrayed sympathetically as a desperate woman dealing with hardship. A writer for

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The 'poor Woman', Mary Toft, was twenty-four or twenty-five years old. She was baptised Mary Denyer on 21 February 1703, the daughter of John and Jane Denyer. In 1720 she married Joshua Toft, a

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In the doctors' absence, Toft later that day reportedly delivered the torso of another rabbit, which the two also examined. They again returned that evening to find Toft again displaying violent

230:, where he offered to deliver rabbits in the presence of anyone who doubted her story. Some of the letters he wrote to Davenant to notify him of any progress in the case came to the attention of 601:, charged "for being an abominable cheat and imposter in pretending to be delivered of several monstrous births". Margaret Toft had remained staunch, and refused to comment further. 378:

November gave an anatomical demonstration before the king to support Toft's story. According to his pamphlet, neither St. André nor Molyneux suspected any fraudulent activity.

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Pressured again by Manningham and Douglas (it was the latter who took her confession), she made a further admission on 8 December and another on 9 December, before being sent to

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Since I wrote to you, I have taken or deliver'd the poor Woman of three more Rabbets, all three half grown, one of them a dunn Rabbet; the last leap'd twenty three Hours in the

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I told my sister of my having sent for a rabbit and I desire her to give it to the porter to be carryed away which my sister did saying she would not have it known for 1000 pd.

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scepticism he went to see her. When Manningham informed him of the suspected hog's bladder, and after he examined Toft, he refused to engage St. André on the matter:

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St. André was ordered by the king to travel back to Guildford and to bring Toft to London, so that further investigations could be carried out. He was accompanied by

878: 226:, went to see for himself what was happening. He examined the samples Howard had collected and returned to London, ostensibly a believer. Howard had Toft moved to 2001: 443:

hare disappeared from the dinner table, while as unlikely as the story sounded, many physicians felt compelled to see Toft for themselves. The political writer

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satirised the matter, making several allusions to political change, and comparing the affair to the events of 1641 when Parliament began its revolution against

1804: 965: 852:. Published in 1726 and aimed at Samuel Molyneux, it rhymes "hare" with "hair", and "money" with "conney". The ballad opens with the following verse: 351: 703:, surrounded by the tale's chief participants. Figure "F" is Toft, "E" is her husband. "A" is St. André, and "D" is Howard. In Dennis Todd's 2675: 2685: 774:

A satirical drawing of St. André receiving a French visitor. Following the scandal, St. André apparently never ate rabbit again.

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to give birth to several more animal parts, Howard returned to continue his investigations. According to a contemporary account of 9

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The story first came to the public's attention in late October 1726, when reports began to reach London. An account appeared in the

132:, who was notably critical of the medical profession's gullibility. Toft was eventually released without charge and returned home. 526:

he wrote that the affair had "almost alarmed England" and that he would soon publish his findings. The same day, Thomas Howard, a

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An exact diary of what was observ'd during a close attendance upon Mary Toft, the pretended rabbet-breeder of Godalming in Surrey

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An Exact Diary of what was observ'd during a Close Attendance upon Mary Toft, the pretended Rabbet-Breeder of Godalming in Surrey

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Printed in the early days of newspapers, the story became a national sensation, although some publications were sceptical, the

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Much ado about nothing: or, a plain refutation of all that has been written or said concerning the rabbit-woman of Godalming

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Much Ado about Nothing; or, A Plain Refutation of All that Has Been Written or Said Concerning the Rabbit-Woman of Godalming

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Portraits, memoirs, and characters, of remarkable persons, from the revolution in 1688 to the end of the reign of George II

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would suspend any farther Judgement for a little Time, till such Proofs could be brought of the Imposture as they requir'd.

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The several depositions of Edward Costen, Richard Stedman, John Sweetapple, Mary Peytoe, Elizabeth Mason, and Mary Costen

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Portraits, Memoirs, and Characters of Remarkable Persons from the Revolution in 1688 to the end of the Reign of George II

845: 2366: 2269: 2251: 2189: 2169: 2147: 2078: 667:, where Howard was fined £800 (£150,302 today). He returned to Surrey and continued his practice, and died in 1755. 559: 186:

several pieces of flesh, one "as big as my arm". This may have been the result of an abnormality of the developing

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From Guildford comes a strange but well-attested Piece of News. That a poor Woman who lives at Godalmin [

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A short narrative of an extraordinary delivery of rabbets, : perform'd by Mr John Howard, Surgeon at Guilford

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Under St. André's strict control, Toft was studied by a number of eminent physicians and surgeons, including

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offers eyewitness testimony of her complicity. Hogarth's print was not the only image that ridiculed the affair—

190:, which would have caused the embryo to stop developing and blood clots and flesh to be ejected. Toft went into 2680: 691:

Following the hoax, the medical profession's gullibility became the target of a great deal of public mockery.

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December demonstrates her insistence that her sister-in-law played no part in the hoax, but Manningham's 1726

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the author concludes that figure "G" is Mary Toft's sister-in-law, Margaret Toft. Toft's confession of 7

2670: 1350:"'Offspring of his Genius': Coleridge's Pregnant Metaphors and Metamorphic Pregnancies, published in 487: 479: 223: 121: 2690: 579: 405:. Nevertheless, those involved agreed to say nothing in public and on their return to London on 29 344: 142: 2456: 727:, a broadsheet published in 1727 which satirises St. André, was also popular at the time. 242:. St. André would ultimately detail the contents of one of these letters in his pamphlet, 2068: 231: 113: 2640: 832:. Some took advantage of a common 18th-century word for a rabbit track—prick—and others were 730:

The timing of Toft's confession proved awkward (and unfortunate) for St. André, who on 3

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described these books as demonstrating that "Toft's grotesque story still captivates us".

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was written by Dexter Palmer. In the novel, Toft is abused by her husband. Another novel,

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Todd, Dennis (1982), "Three Characters in Hogarth's Cunicularii and Some Implications",

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A contemporary popular broadsheet satirised St. André, showing him dressed as a

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to describe how the Protestant English were still influenced by an ignorant Church.

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Birthing the nation: sex, science, and the conception of eighteenth-century Britons

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from several witnesses, which in effect cast doubt on Ahlers' honesty, and on 26

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Under constant supervision, Toft went into labour several times, to no avail.

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medical examination on Toft, and concluded that the rabbits were bred in her

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Imagining monsters: miscreations of the self in eighteenth-century England

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this Manningham threatened to perform a painful operation on her, and on 7

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An advertisement occasioned by some Passages in Sir R. Manningham's Diary

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From Hogarth to Rowlandson: medicine in art in eighteenth-century Britain

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Toft did not escape the ire of the satirists, who concentrated mainly on

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Maubray had proposed women could give birth to a creature he named a

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Remarks on A Short Narrative of an Extraordinary Delivery of Rabbets

2340: 2028:"Making the fur fly: Mary and the Rabbit Dream, by Noémi Kiss-Deáki" 813: 187: 109: 566:, Toft finally confessed. Following her miscarriage and while her 323:

were so interested in the story that they sent St. André and

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The anatomist dissected: or the man-midwife finely brought to bed

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The anatomist dissected: or the man-midwife finely brought to bed

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The Doctors in Labour, or a New Wim-Wam in Guildford (12 plates)

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Three Characters in Hogarth's Cunicularii and Some Implications

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In a pre-emptive move against Ahlers, St. André collected

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The hoax was uncovered less than a week later on 4 December.

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Some observations concerning the woman of Godlyman in Surrey

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Some observations concerning the woman of Godlyman in Surrey

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viewing the affair simply as female gossip. Rabbit stew and

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January 1727 John Howard and Mary Toft appeared before the

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Lover of Truth and Learning (1726), James Douglas (ed.),

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A Short Narrative of an Extraordinary Delivery of Rabbets

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A short narrative of an extraordinary delivery of rabbets

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Seligman, S. A. (1961), "Mary Toft—The Rabbit Breeder",

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Cunicularii, or The Wise Men of Godliman in Consultation

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Cunicularii, or The Wise Men of Godliman in Consultation

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November Henry Davenant, a member of the court of King

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The Famous Imposition of the Rabbet-woman of Godalmin

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Deception and detection in eighteenth-century Britain

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reported that on 7 January 1727 she appeared at the

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that she would "never want as long as I liv'd". The

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The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature

2124: 1444: 686: 2157: 1797: 1524: 1522: 1183: 958: 575:, animal parts had been inserted into her vagina. 558:December, in the presence of Manningham, Douglas, 2125:Caulfield, James; Collection, Thordarson (1819), 1631: 1032: 1030: 1028: 2632: 2335:(1), The Johns Hopkins University Press: 26–46, 2246:(Illustrated ed.), James Clarke & Co., 2087:Brock, H. (1974), "James Douglas of the Pouch", 1015: 1013: 1011: 300:A coloured engraving of Nathaniel St. André 203:-based man-midwife of thirty years' experience. 2315: 1796:Rhodes, Philip; Harrison, B. (September 2004). 1519: 1470: 1468: 1455: 1453: 1311: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1158: 1146: 1134: 734:December had published his forty-page pamphlet 1799:"Manningham, Sir Richard (bap. 1685, d. 1759)" 1795: 1295: 1293: 1116: 1025: 956: 1008: 699:(1726), which portrays Toft in the throes of 199:. Ann Toft sent the flesh to John Howard, a 1808:(Online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1609: 1607: 1556: 1509: 1507: 1465: 1450: 1164: 1106: 1104: 969:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2567:The discovery: or, The Squire turn'd Ferret 2432: 2316:St. André, Nathaniel; Howard, John (1727), 1594: 1592: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1067: 1065: 850:The Discovery; or, The Squire Turn'd Ferret 800:with enough material to produce pamphlets, 218:As the story became more widely known, on 4 2544: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1428: 1426: 1217: 1215: 1213: 31: 2457:"Mary Toft, the pretended rabbit-breeder" 2454: 2299: 2108: 1604: 1566:inflation figures are based on data from 1504: 1101: 909: 907: 905: 654: 312:King George I was fascinated by the case. 2522: 2469: 2385: 2277: 2259: 2156:Cox, Michael (2004), Michael Cox (ed.), 2066: 1961: 1901: 1877: 1859: 1853: 1771: 1640: 1589: 1474: 1459: 1405: 1381: 1275: 1269: 1177: 1095: 1062: 1058:https://tofts3confessions.wordpress.com/ 957:Wilson, Philip K.; Harrison, B. (2004). 769: 420: 2500: 2381:, Printed for A. Moore, near St. Paul's 2239: 1805:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1698: 1681: 1423: 1299: 1210: 966:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 940: 938: 936: 934: 628:Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism 350:Fascinated, the king then sent surgeon 2676:Medical scandals in the United Kingdom 2633: 2555: 2478: 2177: 2055: 1955: 1740: 1716: 1675: 1613: 1498: 1110: 1071: 925: 902: 796:. The scandal provided the writers of 745:St. André recanted his views on 9 447:later told his friend Henry Fox that: 2523:Gulliver, Lemuel (pseudonym) (1727), 2421: 2394: 2219: 2086: 2056:Ahlers, Cyriacus (20 November 1726), 1913: 1567: 1513: 1364:(3), eupjournals.com: 257–270, 944: 2686:Rabbits and hares in popular culture 2563: 2425:The Political state of Great Britain 2374: 2354: 2326: 2260:Pope, Alexander; Butt, John (1966), 2135: 1999: 1937: 1925: 1889: 1865: 1783: 1728: 1704: 1692: 1652: 1625: 1598: 1486: 1432: 1417: 1393: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1284: 1221: 1204: 1192: 1122: 1083: 1019: 1002: 931: 913: 211:November, over the next few days he 2243:Hogarth: Art and Politics 1750–1764 2155: 2025: 1949: 354:to Guildford. Ahlers arrived on 20 13: 2701:18th-century British women farmers 2472:The Girl Who Gave Birth to Rabbits 2414: 2073:, I. B. Tauris, pp. 122–143, 960:"Toft , Mary (bap. 1703, d. 1763)" 14: 2712: 2624: 2322:, London, Printed for John Clarke 1973: 1056:"Mary Toft's Three Confessions," 816:used the case in his brief essay 2545:Manningham, Sir Richard (1726), 2070:A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities 1842:Lover of Truth and Learning 1726 687:Impact on the medical profession 636: 618: 409:November lodged Toft in Lacey's 305: 293: 284: 2264:(Reprint ed.), Routledge, 2019: 1993: 1967: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883: 1871: 1847: 1835: 1789: 1777: 1765: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1669: 1658: 1646: 1619: 1539: 1492: 1480: 1445:Caulfield & Collection 1819 1438: 1411: 1399: 1387: 1375: 1341: 1329: 1317: 1305: 1263: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1198: 1152: 1140: 1128: 1089: 865:The weakest Woman sometimes may 857:Most true it is, I dare to say, 520:Thomas Onslow, 2nd Baron Onslow 490:'s accession to the throne the 457:John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey, 393:in 1721, and the second son of 2616:The Wonder of Wonders, Ipswich 2588:A Letter from a Male Physician 2184:, Liverpool University Press, 1077: 1038:Three confessions of Mary Toft 996: 950: 919: 874:Mary Toft; or the Rabbit Queen 848:'s anonymous satirical ballad 416: 319:By the middle of November the 1: 2570:, A. Campbell, archived from 891: 513: 2696:18th-century English farmers 2608:St. André's Miscarriage 2433:Braithwaite, Thomas (1726), 1829:UK public library membership 990:UK public library membership 806:St. André's Miscarriage 609: 530:at the bagnio, confessed to 97:, was an English woman from 7: 2651:18th-century English people 2470:Pickover, Clifford (2000), 2397:Hogarth: A Life and a World 2395:Uglow, Jennifer S. (1997), 2262:The Poems of Alexander Pope 2226:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2164:, Oxford University Press, 2062:, J. Jackson and J. Roberts 1546:"Report on Margaret Toft", 1529:"Report on Margaret Toft", 1312:St. André & Howard 1727 1258:St. André & Howard 1727 1246:St. André & Howard 1727 1234:St. André & Howard 1727 1159:St. André & Howard 1727 1147:St. André & Howard 1727 1135:St. André & Howard 1727 10: 2717: 2661:18th-century English women 2556:Nihell, Elizabeth (1760), 2329:Eighteenth-Century Studies 2136:Cody, Lisa Forman (2005), 595:Courts of Quarter Sessions 582:, charged on a statute of 135: 2455:Caulfield, James (1819), 2388:Singularités de la nature 2292:10.1017/s0025727300026648 2101:10.1017/s0025727300019402 1370:10.3366/rom.2007.13.3.257 879:Mary and the Rabbit Dream 823: 818:Singularités de la nature 474:. He was a proponent of 73: 65: 57: 49: 39: 30: 23: 2564:Pope, Alexander (1727), 2240:Paulson, Ronald (1993), 1050:: CS1 maint: location ( 867:The wisest Man deceive. 580:Tothill Fields Bridewell 266:for better Convenience. 232:Nathaniel St. André 2501:Douglas, James (1727), 2479:Costen, Edward (1727), 2201:The Sooterkin Dissected 1568:Clark, Gregory (2017). 947:, pp. 118–119, 121 859:E'er since the Days of 765:The Sooterkin Dissected 413:, in Leicester Fields. 2591:, 1726, archived from 2178:Haslam, Fiona (1996), 2067:Bondeson, Jan (1997), 1814:10.1093/ref:odnb/17982 975:10.1093/ref:odnb/27494 870: 778:The case was cited by 775: 655:Mary Toft's later life 551: 508: 460: 432: 282: 175: 16:English medical hoaxer 2681:People from Godalming 2399:, Faber & Faber, 2355:Todd, Dennis (1995), 1549:Mist's Weekly Journal 854: 836:in nature. However, 789:Mist's Weekly Journal 773: 603:Mist's Weekly Journal 541: 497: 449: 424: 248: 152: 143:Mist's Weekly Journal 108:In 1726, Toft became 2375:Tuft, Merry (1727), 2220:Lynch, Jack (2008), 2026:Peacock, Francesca. 1962:Pope & Butt 1966 1348:Toor, Kiran (2007), 571:rabbits. For later 532:Justice of the Peace 468:The Female Physician 399:Bishop of Chichester 321:British Royal Family 2656:18th-century hoaxes 2574:on 19 February 2012 2511:on 19 February 2012 2443:on 19 February 2012 2208:on 19 February 2012 2000:Harrison, Melissa. 476:maternal impression 327:, secretary to the 275:Your humble Servant 114:Nathaniel St. André 2474:, Prometheus Books 1980:The New York Times 1974:Grant, Katherine. 1892:, pp. 132–134 1774:, pp. 142–143 1731:, pp. 126–127 1655:, pp. 131–132 1564:Retail Price Index 1552:, 24 December 1726 1447:, pp. 199–200 1384:, pp. 129–131 1338:, pp. 127–128 776: 433: 383:Richard Manningham 2671:Hoaxes in England 2406:978-0-571-19376-9 2386:Voltaire (1785), 2233:978-0-7546-6528-1 1827:(Subscription or 1761:, 9 December 1726 1535:, 14 January 1727 988:(Subscription or 721:The Surrey-Wonder 564:Frederick Calvert 395:Thomas Manningham 116:, surgeon to the 84: 83: 2708: 2619: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2560: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2529:, archived from 2519: 2518: 2516: 2507:, archived from 2497: 2496: 2494: 2485:, archived from 2475: 2466: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2439:, archived from 2429: 2409: 2391: 2382: 2371: 2351: 2323: 2312: 2303: 2274: 2256: 2236: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2204:, archived from 2194: 2174: 2163: 2152: 2132: 2121: 2112: 2083: 2063: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1940:, pp. 69–72 1935: 1929: 1928:, pp. 12–17 1923: 1917: 1916:, pp. 33–34 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1679: 1678:, pp. 28–29 1673: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1526: 1517: 1511: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1448: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1421: 1420:, pp. 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76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 19: 2641:1700s births 2628: 2615: 2607: 2597:, retrieved 2593:the original 2587: 2576:, retrieved 2572:the original 2566: 2557: 2551:, J. Roberts 2547: 2535:, retrieved 2531:the original 2525: 2513:, retrieved 2509:the original 2503: 2491:, retrieved 2487:the original 2481: 2471: 2461: 2445:, retrieved 2441:the original 2435: 2424: 2396: 2387: 2377: 2357: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2283: 2279: 2261: 2242: 2222: 2210:, retrieved 2206:the original 2200: 2180: 2159: 2138: 2127: 2092: 2088: 2069: 2058: 2049:Bibliography 2048: 2047: 2035:. Retrieved 2031: 2021: 2009:. Retrieved 2006:The Guardian 2005: 1995: 1983:. Retrieved 1979: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1844:, p. 13 1837: 1817:. Retrieved 1803: 1791: 1786:, p. 11 1779: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1719:, p. 45 1712: 1707:, p. 32 1700: 1695:, p. 30 1671: 1660: 1648: 1621: 1616:, p. 43 1579:. 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Retrieved 964: 952: 921: 916:, p. 27 896: 895: 883: 877: 873: 871: 860: 856: 849: 837: 834:scatological 827: 817: 809: 805: 787: 777: 764: 744: 739: 735: 729: 724: 720: 712: 704: 696: 690: 669: 658: 645:court jester 626: 602: 588: 577: 573:parturitions 560:John Montagu 552: 542: 517: 509: 498: 484: 467: 464:John Maubray 461: 450: 436: 434: 428: 387:obstetrician 380: 369: 361: 349: 345:contractions 342: 318: 280:JOHN HOWARD. 279: 274: 270: 268: 263: 259: 254: 252: 249: 243: 217: 205: 176: 165: 155: 153: 141: 139: 126: 107: 94: 90: 86: 85: 18: 2646:1763 deaths 1741:Ahlers 1726 1717:Haslam 1996 1676:Haslam 1996 1614:Haslam 1996 1499:Haslam 1996 1489:, p. 7 1358:Romanticism 1352:Romanticism 1125:, p. 9 1111:Haslam 1996 1072:Haslam 1996 1022:, p. 6 926:Haslam 1996 808:(1727) and 798:Grub Street 599:Westminster 524:Hans Sloane 452:production. 445:John Hervey 417:Examination 66:Nationality 44:Mary Denyer 2635:Categories 1914:Lynch 2008 1831:required.) 1514:Brock 1974 992:required.) 945:Uglow 1997 892:References 752:defamation 719:published 695:published 625:Hogarth's 584:Edward III 514:Confession 372:affidavits 179:journeyman 2599:24 August 2578:24 August 2537:24 August 2515:24 August 2493:24 August 2447:24 August 2212:24 August 2037:21 August 2011:21 August 1985:21 August 1938:Todd 1995 1926:Tuft 1727 1890:Cody 2005 1866:Cody 2005 1784:Todd 1995 1729:Cody 2005 1705:Todd 1982 1693:Todd 1982 1653:Cody 2005 1626:Cody 2005 1599:Cody 2005 1487:Todd 1995 1433:Todd 1982 1418:Todd 1995 1394:Todd 1995 1336:Cody 2005 1324:Cody 2005 1285:Cody 2005 1222:Todd 1982 1205:Todd 1995 1193:Todd 1995 1123:Todd 1995 1084:Cody 2005 1020:Todd 1995 1003:Cody 2005 914:Todd 1982 872:In 2019, 677:Old Style 610:Aftermath 548:Mary Toft 472:sooterkin 426:Hogarth's 264:Guildford 228:Guildford 213:delivered 201:Guildford 99:Godalming 87:Mary Toft 25:Mary Toft 2310:13910428 1950:Cox 2004 1046:citation 814:Voltaire 546:— 503:— 488:George I 455:— 391:knighted 389:who was 246:(1727): 224:George I 188:placenta 163:— 122:George I 120:of King 110:pregnant 77:Medical 50:Baptised 2666:Hoaxers 2390:, Paris 2349:2737999 2301:1034653 2119:4606702 2110:1081542 1819:28 June 980:27 July 273:, SIR, 197:midwife 184:egested 146:, on 19 136:Account 103:rabbits 2618:, 1726 2610:, 1727 2403: 2365: 2347: 2308: 2298: 2268: 2250: 2230: 2188: 2168: 2146: 2117: 2107: 2077: 1825: 986: 824:Legacy 802:squibs 784: 760: 747: 732: 723:, and 709: 701:labour 681: 673: 661: 568:cervix 556: 528:porter 466:. In 441:jugged 411:Bagnio 407: 376: 364: 356: 333: 260:Uterus 255:Uterus 220: 209: 192:labour 170: 148: 91:Denyer 2428:, N/A 2345:JSTOR 1581:7 May 897:Notes 665:bench 492:Whigs 403:urine 362:On 21 250:SIR, 236:Swiss 95:Tofts 89:(née 2601:2009 2580:2009 2539:2009 2517:2009 2495:2009 2449:2009 2401:ISBN 2363:ISBN 2306:PMID 2266:ISBN 2248:ISBN 2228:ISBN 2214:2009 2186:ISBN 2166:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2115:PMID 2075:ISBN 2039:2024 2013:2024 1987:2024 1821:2009 1665:ODNB 1583:2024 1052:link 982:2009 844:and 659:On 7 562:and 534:Sir 168:, 19 79:hoax 58:Died 40:Born 2337:doi 2296:PMC 2288:doi 2105:PMC 2097:doi 1810:doi 1757:", 1562:UK 1366:doi 971:doi 861:Eve 597:at 157:sic 2637:: 2459:, 2343:, 2333:16 2331:, 2304:, 2294:, 2282:, 2113:, 2103:, 2093:18 2091:, 2030:. 2004:. 1978:. 1802:. 1683:^ 1633:^ 1606:^ 1591:^ 1572:. 1521:^ 1506:^ 1467:^ 1452:^ 1425:^ 1362:13 1360:, 1356:, 1292:^ 1277:^ 1212:^ 1185:^ 1166:^ 1103:^ 1064:^ 1048:}} 1044:{{ 1027:^ 1010:^ 963:. 933:^ 904:^ 397:, 340:. 277:, 271:am 269:I 105:. 2339:: 2290:: 2284:5 2099:: 2041:. 2015:. 1989:. 1823:. 1812:: 1753:" 1585:. 1368:: 1354:" 1054:) 984:. 973:: 863:, 671:8 647:.

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