312:
298:
2475:
434:
2470:
807:(1701–1714) was the beginning of the period of deep economic crisis for the duchy. The Empire punished with heavy fines the Cybo-Malspina, who had given hospitality to French troops on its territory. Already Alberich III, but especially Alderamo, found themselves forced to sell many city goods. Alderamo arrived to force people to buy food at a premium, and also because of the luxurious and extravagant lifestyle of the nobleman, the economics of the Duchy was brought to its knees. The financial situation recovered only by dynastic union between the families of the Malaspina and the Este, achieved with the marriage of Maria Teresa and Ercole d'Este in 1741.
365:
81:
555:
119:
67:
351:
326:
544:
379:
578:, was thus the last descendant of both families, but, as a woman, she was not entitled to succeed under Salic law and was only permitted to take over the Duchy of Massa and Carrara thanks to the exemption wrested almost three centuries earlier by her indomitable and often reviled ancestor, Ricciarda Malaspina.
826:
in the city of
Carrara. The port would have been functional to the trade and military activities of the Este, would have housed in a safe place the small fleet of the Duchy of Modena and, finally, would have been essential to free the marble exports from dependence of other nearby ports. The coast,
830:
In 1807 Napoleon's engineers built the important mail road to the Foce, to link the cities of Massa and
Carrara through the inland hills. During the Napoleonic rule were also initiated other public works such as the bonification of the plains, the plantation of coastal pine trees to combat malaria
796:
Alberico I brought large urban restructurations in the cities of
Carrara and Massa, mainly for prestige reasons. Both cities were equipped with new city walls - with representative functions, rather than military, since the policy of the territory was not expansionist - and new ducal palaces. In
834:
The years following the annexation to the Duchy of Modena were particularly complex, both for the insurrectional riots that characterized the historical period, and for the economic crisis, which have long gripped the region. The rulers tried several times to exit the stagnation in promoting the
838:
A second attempt to build the port of
Carrara was entrusted by Duke Francis IV to the engineer Aschenden in 1830, but the project was never made for lack of funds. A dock loader, which came to be the first authentic port core of Carrara was built successfully only in 1851, thanks to the English
810:
From that date, the Duchy of Massa and
Carrara gradually lost its political autonomy, going to gravitate more and more closely into the city of Modena sphere of influence. Under the domination of the Este, the Duchy of Massa Carrara rose to occupy a strategic position, in that it provided a sea
507:) . From the marriage the new Cybo-Malaspina family originated, which was to rule the states of Massa and Carrara until 1829. The marriage, however, was rather stormy: the two spouses disputed for a long time the governance of the marquisate and in 1529 Ricciarda managed to obtain from
522:
succeeded his mother as
Marquis of Massa and Carrara in 1553. Under his 70-year rule the fiefdom experienced a very favorable period of development, thanks also to the advantageous economic situation in the marble market, which was in great demand by the
831:
and arrangement of river banks. These works were continued by Maria
Beatrice and successors in subsequent decades. In 1821 the Este Land Registry was established, with the task of regulating and listing the properties of the inhabitants of the duchy.
531:
of
Charles V of Habsburg, who officially confirmed his investiture of the fiefdom in 1554. Thanks to its cultural and economic successes, the city of Carrara obtained the rank of marquisate in 1558. In 1568 Massa was elevated to principality by the
847:
of
Carrara, to link the marble quarries to the sea and thereby facilitating the transport of blocks to the areas for sorting, loading, and shipping. This project was also suspended for lack of funds. The Marble Railway was finally built after the
640:
In 1829, on the death of Maria
Beatrice, the Duchy of Massa and the Principality of Carrara were annexed to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio, led by her son Francis IV of Austria-Este. In 1860, with the deposition, the previous year, of
601:(1799) and experienced a rapid succession of different administrative systems, more or less provisional. As a last administrative change, in 1806, the French emperor assigned the Duchy of Massa and Carrara to the
784:
The merge of the Malaspina family with the Cybo family brought the territory to a rather lavish court life. In the conduct of foreign policy the Cybo-Malaspina maintained a role as an intermediary between the
2569:
3020:
2995:
2990:
2574:
3254:
2920:
3060:
2960:
2955:
2647:
2626:
2610:
468:
From the purchase of the Carrara territory onwards, the seat of Jacopo Malaspina, one of the sons of Antonio Alberico I Malaspina, member of the branch of the family located in
2930:
2600:
2524:
3065:
2879:
2682:
2549:
1083:
710:
2854:
2713:
2672:
855:
In the last years of the duchy, an increasing number of clashes was seen between the liberals and the ducal government, especially in Carrara. The territory was chosen by
698:
800:
The city of Massa, in particular, saw much of its plan redesigned (new roads, plazas, intersections, pavings) in order to make it worthy of an Italian country's capital.
2687:
3085:
3080:
2584:
527:
courts of the time. Alberico I, aware that his statelet was surrounded by more powerful and influential neighbors, continued his mother's policy of alignment with the
3293:
3090:
3075:
2677:
2344:
716:
704:
609:. During the Napoleonic domination Maria Beatrice d'Este (who had succeeded her mother in 1790) was forced to take refuge in Vienna with the family of her husband,
3030:
3000:
2975:
2869:
2859:
2579:
3298:
3045:
2935:
2925:
2544:
2534:
2496:
668:
3397:
3321:
3116:
3025:
2980:
2950:
2780:
2559:
840:
2806:
2760:
3326:
3095:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2970:
2965:
2905:
2605:
2529:
3040:
2985:
2940:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2821:
2811:
2775:
2765:
2718:
2564:
3392:
3055:
3050:
2895:
2864:
2770:
2539:
472:, was located in the city of Carrara, but due to the frequent clashes with the French invaders who occurred often, he and his successors moved to Massa.
2816:
2554:
3121:
3111:
1076:
823:
3126:
3377:
563:
1069:
872:
863:
to organize popular anti-Austrian riots and give France an opportunity to intervene on the side of Piedmont in Italy, giving way to the
2697:
757:
728:
575:
207:
920:
Many authors argue that the final year of the states of Massa and Carrara was 1829, when the throne was assumed by the holder of the
3382:
610:
1434:
3372:
835:
construction of infrastructure to increase the volume of trade, but the lack of money often proves an insurmountable obstacle.
633:), which were not re-established, were also bestowed upon her, but she handed them over almost immediately to her son and heir
453:
by the Lordship of Massa in the time headed by the Marquis Jacopo Malaspina, who obtained it from Count Antoniotto Fileremo of
80:
1736:
1454:
567:
2419:
3367:
3347:
2351:
2249:
1992:
1940:
965:
17:
990:
2131:
1802:
864:
811:
outlet to the hinterland domains and promised an easier trade route. Already under Maria Teresa road links between the
751:
602:
358:
1040:
2243:
1851:
1092:
433:
2261:
815:
to Massa & Carrara were significantly improved. These road reform attempts include the construction of the
503:, Lorenzo's uncle, had himself arranged the Malaspina marriage, together with Lorenzo's elder brother, Cardinal
3070:
2237:
2141:
2085:
1243:
844:
66:
2474:
2126:
2060:
1859:
1591:
1514:
1365:
856:
747:
743:
508:
72:
2469:
2398:
118:
645:, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (also including the territories of Massa and Carrara) was annexed to the
515:, for herself, for her male descendants in order of primogeniture or, in their absence, also for females.
2692:
2255:
2207:
1898:
1385:
722:
689:(1554–1623) Marquis of Massa and Carrara from 1558, then Prince of Massa and Marquis of Carrara from 1568
598:
2442:
2201:
2146:
1566:
1414:
925:
921:
812:
767:
763:
634:
571:
540:
raised the Principality of Massa to the rank of duchy and the Marquisate of Carrara to a principality.
372:
261:
257:
2437:
617:, and pretender to the ducal throne of Modena and Reggio. With the fall of the Napoleonic regime, the
3387:
2662:
2313:
1596:
804:
772:
686:
650:
642:
606:
519:
449:, the original nucleus of the state was officially born on 22 February 1473 with the purchase of the
827:
however, had a tendency to silt up and after a few years the construction work had to be suspended.
2219:
1571:
1424:
1360:
3352:
2307:
1982:
1874:
1836:
1331:
1261:
630:
622:
2667:
2387:
2267:
2213:
2161:
2151:
1987:
1930:
1601:
786:
692:
662:
192:
3185:
2519:
2231:
2075:
2027:
2013:
1841:
1581:
1494:
1444:
1123:
1106:
797:
Carrara was established the Office of Marble (1564), to regulate the marble mining industry.
621:
again assigned to Maria Beatrice the ancestral duchy of which she had been dispossessed. The
537:
533:
3035:
2945:
2801:
2514:
2509:
2279:
2156:
2095:
2080:
2003:
1967:
1923:
1913:
1691:
1663:
1469:
1313:
1211:
1155:
8:
2652:
2631:
2301:
2032:
1935:
1918:
1908:
1763:
1686:
1509:
1504:
1439:
1339:
1249:
937:
849:
822:
In 1751, was made a first attempt for the excavation of a dock and the construction of a
674:
646:
476:
450:
2504:
2337:
2225:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2090:
2055:
2050:
2008:
1972:
1831:
1726:
1648:
1621:
1561:
1464:
1449:
1287:
1267:
739:
735:
618:
614:
590:
586:
492:
344:
331:
3190:
2874:
2070:
2065:
1998:
1957:
1951:
1792:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1499:
1479:
1429:
1419:
1400:
790:
594:
528:
488:
156:
554:
3362:
2796:
2424:
2403:
2360:
2287:
1869:
1864:
1787:
1721:
1716:
1586:
1556:
1524:
1380:
1325:
1304:
1282:
1061:
547:
462:
410:
146:
45:
441:
Although the city of Massa had already known its maximum medieval splendor in the
3259:
3195:
1810:
1778:
1773:
1753:
1616:
1576:
1546:
1529:
1489:
1474:
1459:
1390:
1375:
1292:
1272:
1145:
543:
1668:
3357:
2455:
2293:
2189:
2183:
1783:
1758:
1631:
1626:
1611:
1606:
1541:
1536:
1519:
1484:
1277:
1255:
1199:
1138:
504:
418:
303:
132:
105:
3341:
1977:
1815:
1319:
1193:
1165:
887:
874:
593:. During this period the region was briefly disputed against Napoleon by the
1350:
1205:
1185:
860:
816:
480:
442:
2657:
1903:
1768:
680:
524:
475:
Within two generations the Malaspina family died out in male descent and
1015:
550:, the main seat of the rulers of the Massa and Carrara state before 1563
2383:
500:
446:
224:
3316:
1170:
626:
581:
In 1796 the Este were deprived of their possessions by the troops of
512:
469:
656:
495:(Lorenzo's grandfather) belonged to it and they were related to the
2392:
1888:
1370:
1175:
1118:
582:
166:
465:
therefore became that of Marquises of Massa and lords of Carrara.
1150:
1111:
458:
422:
317:
173:
136:
479:, Iacopo's eldest surviving granddaughter, married in 1520 with
1658:
766:(1829–1846): in 1836 the duchy became a simple province of the
496:
1636:
1160:
1133:
558:
The Ducal Palace in Massa, the principal residence thereafter
454:
437:
Early 18th century map showing the Duchy of Massa and Carrara
397:
2329:
665:(1445–1481) Marquis of Massa and Lord of Carrara since 1473
1128:
484:
27:
1473–1836 duchy in northwestern Tuscany, Italian Peninsula
701:(1662–1690) Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara from 1664
511:
the investiture of the marquisate, in derogation of the
966:"MASSA e CARRARA, Ducato di in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
843:
proposed to the Duke Francis V the construction of the
991:"Massa e Carrara, ducato di in "Dizionario di Storia""
839:
engineer and tycoon William Walton. In 1846 the Count
445:
with the Marquisate of Massa and Corsica ruled by the
1091:
760:(1815–1829) Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara
731:(1790–1796) Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara
657:Marquis, Princes, then Dukes of Massa and Carrara
585:. The latter incorporated the territory into the
417:) was a small state that controlled the towns of
260:annexes the Massa and Carrara territories to the
3339:
2277:
754:following the invasion of Napoleon (1796–1806)
3398:States and territories disestablished in 1829
2345:
1077:
37:
1480:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
536:. In 1664, during the rule of Alberico II,
97:
3393:States and territories established in 1473
2570:Ippolito Malaspina (Marchese di Fosdinovo)
2376:
2352:
2338:
1084:
1070:
407:Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara
117:
34:Duchy of Massa and Principality of Carrara
2481:Sum Mala Spina Malis Sum Bona Spina Bonis
611:Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este
566:, the last scion of the family, married
553:
542:
432:
2620:Marquises of Massa and lords of Carrara
1435:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
415:Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara
39:Ducato di Massa e Principato di Carrara
14:
3340:
916:
914:
912:
2333:
1065:
779:
3378:15th-century establishments in Italy
960:
958:
3166:Painters, Scolptures and Architects
2996:Castello di Montechiaro (Rivergaro)
2991:Castello di Montechiaro (Fivizzano)
909:
24:
2575:Carlo Francesco Agostino Malaspina
1041:"Massa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
865:Second Italian War of Independence
752:Principality of Lucca and Piombino
603:Principality of Lucca and Piombino
518:The son of Ricciarda and Lorenzo,
359:Principality of Lucca and Piombino
25:
3409:
3255:Chiesa di San Remigio (Fosdinovo)
3021:Castello di Santo Stefano d'Aveto
2921:Castello di Calice al Cornoviglio
2698:Maria Beatrice d'Este (1750-1829)
2244:United Provinces of Central Italy
955:
2473:
2468:
1093:List of historic states of Italy
377:
363:
349:
324:
310:
296:
79:
65:
3383:1829 disestablishments in Italy
2641:Sovereigns of Massa and Carrara
2226:Provisional Government of Milan
605:, governed by his older sister
3071:Castello Malaspiniano (Bobbio)
3061:Castello Malaspina (Fosdinovo)
1425:City of Fiume and its District
1033:
1008:
983:
930:
649:, of which it constituted the
574:. Their only surviving child,
13:
1:
3373:1473 establishments in Europe
2961:Castello di Isola del Cantone
2956:Castello di Groppo San Pietro
2648:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2627:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2611:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2420:Malaspina dello Spino Fiorito
2399:Oberto II (Margrave of Milan)
2359:
1860:County of Apulia and Calabria
1366:Campagna e Marittima Province
902:
857:Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
819:, starting as early as 1738.
461:line. The noble title of the
2931:Castello di Castel del Piano
2601:Antonio Alberico I Malaspina
2525:Antonio Alberico I Malaspina
570:, the only male heir of the
7:
3066:Castello Malaspina di Varzi
2880:Palazzo Venerosi Pesciolini
2693:Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina
2683:Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina
2550:Giuseppe Malaspina (nobile)
2438:Malaspina dello Spino Secco
2262:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2256:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2208:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1386:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
723:Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina
711:Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina
564:Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina
10:
3414:
3368:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3348:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
3289:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2855:Palazzo Boldieri-Malaspina
2714:Giovanna Novella Malaspina
2673:Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina
2594:Lords of Massa and Carrara
2443:Conrad Malaspina (The Old)
2202:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2196:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1597:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1567:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1552:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
926:Francis IV of Austria-Este
922:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
813:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
764:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
699:Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina
635:Francis IV, Duke of Modena
572:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
428:
373:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
262:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3309:
3281:
3268:
3247:
3230:
3217:
3205:Philosofers and Humanists
3204:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3135:
3104:
2888:
2847:
2834:
2790:Military-men and Warlords
2789:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2706:
2688:Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina
2663:Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina
2640:
2619:
2593:
2495:
2488:
2466:
2412:
2367:
2314:Free Territory of Trieste
2174:
2104:
2043:
2026:
1950:
1887:
1850:
1832:Principality of Benevento
1824:
1801:
1746:
1735:
1677:
1647:
1399:
1349:
1303:
1234:
1221:
1184:
1099:
805:War of Spanish Succession
773:Francis V, Duke of Modena
687:Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina
677:(1519–1546 and 1547–1553)
651:Province of Massa-Carrara
607:Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi
589:, which later became the
520:Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina
393:
275:
271:
254:
244:
234:
230:
220:
216:
201:
186:
182:
172:
162:
152:
142:
128:
116:
93:
61:
54:
32:
3086:Fortezza delle Verrucole
3081:Fortezza della Verrucola
2585:Carlo Emanuele Malaspina
2220:Italian United Provinces
1572:Principality of Piombino
1361:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1022:(in Italian). 2017-06-07
938:"Cenni Storici di Massa"
3294:Marchesato di Fosdinovo
3091:Rocca Malaspina (Massa)
3076:Fortezza della Brunella
2754:Bishops and Archbishops
2678:Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina
2308:Italian Social Republic
1983:Principality of Taranto
1875:Principality of Taranto
1837:Principality of Salerno
1592:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1415:Bishopric of Bressanone
1332:Duchy of the Pentapolis
717:Alderamo Cybo-Malaspina
705:Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina
631:Marquisate of Fosdinovo
250:10 May 1796–30 May 1814
123:Northern Italy in 1815.
3031:Castello di Scaldasole
3001:Castello di Montemassi
2976:Castello di Madrignano
2870:Palazzo Ducale (Massa)
2860:Palazzo Cybo Malaspina
2668:Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina
2580:Gabriele III Malaspina
2388:Adalberto the Margrave
2214:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1988:Terra Sancti Benedicti
1892:(from the 9th century)
1602:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
787:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
693:Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina
559:
551:
438:
425:from 1473 until 1836.
414:
98:
38:
3299:Marchesato di Tresana
3186:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
3046:Castello di Torriglia
2936:Castello di Codiponte
2926:Castello di Casarasco
2545:Galeotto II Malaspina
2535:Gabriele II Malaspina
2520:Spinetta II Malaspina
2497:Marquise of Fosdinovo
2232:Republic of San Marco
2014:Crown Colony of Malta
1842:Principality of Capua
1582:Marquisate of Saluzzo
1445:County of Santa Fiora
1107:Etruscan civilization
1020:Turismo Massa-Carrara
669:Alberico II Malaspina
599:anti-French coalition
576:Maria Beatrice d'Este
557:
546:
538:Leopold I of Habsburg
534:Emperor Maximilian II
436:
318:Marquisate of Carrara
304:Principality of Massa
208:Maria Beatrice d'Este
143:Common languages
3322:Castelli lunigianesi
3117:Villa la Rinchiostra
3036:Castle of Serravalle
3026:Castello di Sassalbo
2981:Castello di Malgrate
2951:Castello di Grondola
2946:Castello di Compiano
2802:Alessandro Malaspina
2781:Gherardino Malaspina
2560:Giacomo II Malaspina
2515:Gabriele I Malaspina
2510:Galeotto I Malaspina
2028:French Revolutionary
1968:State of the Presidi
1692:Republic of Florence
1664:Domini di Terraferma
1314:Exarchate of Ravenna
1212:Western Roman Empire
1156:Nuragic civilization
841:Francesco del Medico
457:, progenitor of the
3327:Pace di Castelnuovo
3096:Torre di Castruccio
3016:Castello di Rivalta
3011:Castello di Regnano
3006:Castello di Oramala
2971:Castello di Lusuolo
2966:Castello di Levanto
2906:Castello di Ameglia
2653:Ricciarda Malaspina
2632:Ricciarda Malaspina
2606:Giacomo I Malaspina
2530:Giacomo I Malaspina
2302:Free State of Fiume
2250:Kingdom of Sardinia
1993:Neapolitan Republic
1941:Kingdom of Sardinia
1936:Republic of Sassari
1764:Catepanate of Italy
1687:Republic of Cospaia
1510:Duchy of Montferrat
1505:March of Montferrat
1440:County of Guastalla
1340:Exarchate of Africa
884: /
850:Italian unification
675:Ricciarda Malaspina
663:Giacomo I Malaspina
647:Kingdom of Sardinia
629:(starting with the
489:Genoese aristocrats
451:Lordship of Carrara
246:• French rule
236:• Established
193:Giacomo I Malaspina
18:Marquisate of Massa
3041:Castello di Suvero
2986:Castello di Moneta
2941:Castello di Comano
2916:Castello di Bastia
2911:Castello di Arcola
2901:Castello di Agnino
2822:Moroello Malaspina
2812:Ippolito Malaspina
2776:Gabriele Malaspina
2766:Aragonio Malaspina
2719:Marcella Malaspina
2565:Pasquale Malaspina
2505:Spinetta Malaspina
2132:Lucca and Piombino
2009:Malta Protectorate
1973:Duke of San Donato
1727:Republic of Ancona
1649:Republic of Venice
1562:Duchy of Mirandola
1450:Duchy of Guastalla
1288:Duchy of Tridentum
1268:Duchy of Benevento
1235:Barbarian kingdoms
780:Policy and economy
740:Cisalpine Republic
736:Cispadane Republic
734:Annexation by the
619:Congress of Vienna
615:Emperor Francis II
591:Cisalpine Republic
587:Cispadane Republic
560:
552:
493:Pope Innocent VIII
485:influential family
439:
345:Cispadane Republic
332:Cispadane Republic
3335:
3334:
3243:
3242:
3191:Guilhem de la Tor
3148:
3147:
3056:Castello di Viano
3051:Castello di Varsi
2896:Castello del Dego
2889:Castles and Forts
2875:Palazzo Malaspina
2865:Palazzo Dessilani
2830:
2829:
2807:Bernabò Malaspina
2771:Barnaba Malaspina
2761:Bernabò Malaspina
2540:Lorenzo Malaspina
2483:
2464:
2463:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2170:
2169:
2137:Massa and Carrara
2022:
2021:
1999:Hospitaller Malta
1958:Kingdom of Naples
1952:Kingdom of Sicily
1883:
1882:
1793:Duchy of Sorrento
1712:Republic of Genoa
1707:Republic of Siena
1702:Republic of Massa
1697:Republic of Lucca
1430:County of Gorizia
1420:Corsican Republic
1401:Holy Roman Empire
888:44.033°N 10.133°E
791:Republic of Genoa
568:Ercole III d'Este
529:Holy Roman Empire
509:emperor Charles V
483:, a member of an
447:Obertenghi family
403:
402:
389:
388:
385:
384:
337:
336:
203:• 1790–1829
188:• 1473–1481
157:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
3405:
3388:Malaspina family
3163:
3162:
2845:
2844:
2817:Obizzo Malaspina
2797:Albert Malaspina
2555:Andrea Malaspina
2493:
2492:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2425:Opizzo Malaspina
2404:Albert Malaspina
2374:
2373:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2288:Kingdom of Italy
2275:
2274:
2041:
2040:
1870:County of Sicily
1865:County of Aversa
1788:Byzantine Sicily
1774:Theme of Lucania
1744:
1743:
1722:Republic of Pisa
1717:Republic of Noli
1587:Duchy of Spoleto
1557:Duchy of Merania
1455:Kingdom of Italy
1381:Duchy of Ferrara
1326:Duchy of Perugia
1305:Byzantine Empire
1283:Duchy of Spoleto
1250:Ostrogothic rule
1232:
1231:
1100:Pre-Roman period
1086:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
962:
953:
952:
950:
949:
934:
928:
918:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:
889:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
748:Kingdom of Italy
744:Italian Republic
548:Malaspina Castle
463:Malaspina family
381:
380:
367:
366:
353:
352:
341:
340:
328:
327:
314:
313:
300:
299:
293:
292:
277:
276:
267:14 November 1836
240:22 February 1664
212:
197:
121:
109:
101:
83:
69:
49:
41:
30:
29:
21:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3305:
3277:
3264:
3260:Massa Cathedral
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3196:Dante Alighieri
3174:
3161:
3144:
3131:
3122:Villa Malaspina
3112:Villa di Agnano
3100:
2884:
2843:
2826:
2785:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2702:
2636:
2615:
2589:
2484:
2478:
2460:
2408:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2328:
2319:
2273:
2176:
2175:Post-Napoleonic
2166:
2100:
2036:
2030:
2018:
1960:
1956:
1955:(1130–1816) and
1954:
1946:
1891:
1879:
1846:
1820:
1811:Emirate of Bari
1797:
1784:Theme of Sicily
1779:Duchy of Naples
1754:Duchy of Amalfi
1739:
1731:
1679:
1678:Other Republics
1673:
1651:
1643:
1637:County of Tenda
1617:County of Savoy
1577:Duchy of Reggio
1547:Duchy of Mantua
1475:March of Friuli
1407:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1391:Duchy of Urbino
1376:Duchy of Castro
1353:
1345:
1299:
1293:Duchy of Tuscia
1273:Duchy of Friuli
1236:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1217:
1196:(753 BC–509 BC)
1180:
1095:
1090:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1045:www.treccani.it
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
995:www.treccani.it
989:
988:
984:
975:
973:
970:www.treccani.it
964:
963:
956:
947:
945:
936:
935:
931:
919:
910:
905:
892:
890:
886:
883:
878:
875:
873:
871:
870:
782:
659:
431:
378:
364:
350:
325:
311:
297:
264:
247:
237:
210:
204:
195:
189:
135:
124:
112:
103:
89:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
70:
56:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Italian states
3350:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3248:Resting places
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2456:Cybo-Malaspina
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:Italian Empire
2284:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2238:Roman Republic
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:Duchy of Lucca
2187:
2184:Duchy of Genoa
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Duchy of Gaeta
1756:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1737:Southern Italy
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1680:(c. 1000–1797)
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1632:County of Nice
1629:
1627:Duchy of Aosta
1624:
1619:
1614:
1607:Savoyard state
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Duchy of Milan
1539:
1537:Duchy of Ivrea
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Duchy of Ivrea
1275:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1244:Odoacer's rule
1240:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1208:(27 BC–395 AD)
1203:
1202:(509 BC–27 BC)
1200:Roman Republic
1197:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:Cisalpine Gaul
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1032:
1007:
982:
954:
929:
907:
906:
904:
901:
893:44.033; 10.133
845:Marble Railway
781:
778:
777:
776:
770:
761:
758:Maria Beatrice
755:
732:
729:Maria Beatrice
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
658:
655:
623:imperial fiefs
505:Innocenzo Cybo
430:
427:
401:
400:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
361:
355:
354:
347:
338:
335:
334:
329:
321:
320:
315:
307:
306:
301:
289:
288:
283:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
255:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
222:
221:Historical era
218:
217:
214:
213:
205:
202:
199:
198:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
122:
114:
113:
110:
91:
90:
85:
78:
77:
71:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3410:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3127:Villa Massoni
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
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2138:
2135:
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2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Duchy of Sora
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
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1849:
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1827:
1823:
1817:
1816:Muslim Sicily
1814:
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1809:
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1806:
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1794:
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1471:
1468:
1466:
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1359:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:Duchy of Rome
1318:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
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1233:
1230:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:Roman Kingdom
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Magna Graecia
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
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1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1011:
996:
992:
986:
971:
967:
961:
959:
943:
942:Massa Carrara
939:
933:
927:
923:
917:
915:
913:
908:
900:
897:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
852:(1871–1890).
851:
846:
842:
836:
832:
828:
825:
820:
818:
814:
808:
806:
801:
798:
794:
792:
788:
774:
771:
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762:
759:
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753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
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700:
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685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
556:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
530:
526:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
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471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
435:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
399:
396:
394:Today part of
392:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
360:
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348:
346:
343:
342:
339:
333:
330:
323:
322:
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316:
309:
308:
305:
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295:
294:
291:
290:
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284:
282:
279:
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274:
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266:
263:
259:
253:
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219:
215:
209:
206:
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194:
191:
185:
181:
177:
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171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
120:
115:
107:
100:
96:
92:
82:
74:
68:
60:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
3288:
3282:Institutions
2835:Architecture
2480:
2413:Sub-branches
2290:(1861–1946)
2268:Papal States
2195:
2136:
2096:Transpadania
1669:Stato da Màr
1551:
1351:Papal States
1262:Lombard rule
1226:Early Modern
1214:(395–476 AD)
1206:Roman Empire
1186:Ancient Rome
1049:. Retrieved
1047:(in Italian)
1044:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
997:(in Italian)
994:
985:
974:. Retrieved
972:(in Italian)
969:
946:. Retrieved
944:(in Italian)
941:
932:
869:
861:Napoleon III
854:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:Via Vandelli
809:
802:
799:
795:
783:
639:
580:
561:
517:
481:Lorenzo Cybo
474:
467:
443:11th century
440:
406:
404:
286:Succeeded by
285:
280:
95:Motto:
94:
86:Coat of arms
2658:Giulio Cybo
2377:Main branch
2316:(1947–1954)
2310:(1943–1945)
2304:(1920–1924)
2296:(1882–1960)
2280:unification
2270:(1814–1870)
2264:(1815–1866)
2258:(1816–1861)
2252:(1814–1860)
2246:(1859–1860)
2240:(1849–1850)
2234:(1848–1849)
2216:(1815–1859)
2210:(1814–1859)
2204:(1814–1859)
2198:(1814–1829)
2192:(1815–1847)
2186:(1815–1848)
2076:Parthenopea
2037:(1792–1815)
1995:(1647–1648)
1961:(1282–1816)
1943:(1324–1861)
1904:Agugliastra
1769:Longobardia
1406:independent
1256:Vandal rule
891: /
775:(1846–1859)
768:Este States
725:(1731–1790)
719:(1715–1731)
713:(1710–1715)
707:(1690–1710)
695:(1623–1662)
683:(1546–1547)
681:Giulio Cybo
671:(1481–1519)
613:, uncle of
525:Renaissance
281:Preceded by
3342:Categories
3218:Scientists
2384:Obertenghi
2147:Pontecorvo
2105:Monarchies
2091:Subalpinia
2056:Cispadania
2051:Cisalpinia
2033:Napoleonic
1740:(774–1139)
1652:(697–1797)
1354:(754–1870)
1316:(584–751)
1264:(568–774)
1051:2021-12-30
1026:2021-12-30
1001:2021-12-30
976:2021-12-30
948:2021-12-30
903:References
501:Pope Leo X
258:Francis IV
225:Modern era
163:Government
3317:Lunigiana
3231:Musicians
2741:Cardinlas
2361:Malaspina
2122:Guastalla
2112:Benevento
2044:Republics
1899:Judicates
1747:Byzantine
1404:and other
1342:(585–698)
1334:(554–752)
1328:(554–752)
1322:(533–751)
1307:(584–751)
1258:(435–534)
1252:(493–553)
1246:(476–493)
1237:(476–774)
1171:Iapygians
643:Francis V
627:Lunigiana
595:Austrians
513:Salic law
477:Ricciarda
470:Fosdinovo
153:Religion
57:1814–1836
55:1664–1796
2707:Consorts
2393:Oberto I
2368:Dynastic
2081:Piedmont
1931:Oristano
1924:Logudoro
1914:Cagliari
1889:Sardinia
1622:Piedmont
1371:Holy See
1222:Medieval
1176:Picentes
1119:Samnites
789:and the
583:Napoleon
562:In 1741
167:Monarchy
99:Libertas
3363:Carrara
3310:Related
3269:Heraldy
3153:Patrons
2848:Palaces
2162:Corsica
2152:Tuscany
2117:Etruria
2066:Liguria
1919:Gallura
1909:Arborea
1825:Lombard
1525:Tuscany
1515:Trieste
1151:Ligures
1112:Etruria
1016:"Massa"
879:10°08′E
876:44°02′N
597:of the
459:Fregoso
429:History
423:Carrara
411:Italian
256:•
196:(first)
174:Monarch
147:Italian
137:Carrara
129:Capital
111:Freedom
46:Italian
3105:Villas
2728:Saints
2489:People
2228:(1848)
2222:(1831)
2177:states
2142:Naples
1852:Norman
1659:Dogado
1530:Verona
1495:Mantua
1490:Istria
1470:Finale
1460:Ancona
1408:states
1228:states
1146:Veneti
1124:Latins
497:Medici
211:(last)
178:
102:
42:
3358:Massa
3179:Poets
3136:Altro
2370:lines
2278:Post-
2127:Italy
2071:Lucca
2061:Italy
1612:Savoy
1520:Turin
1500:Milan
1485:Ivrea
1161:Umbri
1134:Celts
455:Genoa
419:Massa
398:Italy
133:Massa
106:Latin
2157:Elba
2086:Rome
2035:eras
2031:and
2004:Gozo
1803:Arab
1786:and
1465:Ceva
1129:Osci
859:and
824:port
803:The
750:and
421:and
405:The
73:Flag
1224:and
625:in
487:of
3344::
1043:.
1018:.
993:.
968:.
957:^
940:.
924:,
911:^
867:.
793:.
746:,
742:,
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637:.
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413::
2395:)
2386:(
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1004:.
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951:.
499:(
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104:(
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44:(
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