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measurement and interpretation; it has long been known that depending on measured criteria and implicated populations, one may read traits 'of' one population into another. Thirdly, many scholars note that the assumption of uniform differentiation between members of
Khoisan and Bantu populations through physiological analysis is complicated by the fact that Southern African populations have long been acknowledged to carry mixed traits and to have interacted, and because, as Steyn puts it, "the typological approach, whereby an individual is described by reference to an ideal' individual possessing all the main features of a specific race, is now totally outdated." This does not mean, however, that broad 'cluster' differences cannot be ascertained and worked within, as Rightmire 1970 argued by asserting sufficient criteria could, with a very high level of confidence, discern between its set of analyzed Khoisan and "Southern African Negro" samples, and a similar argument was forwarded in Franklin & Freedman 2006. Even in this case, Rightmire & Merwe 1976 demonstrate that with such differentiation, unexpected finds are not unheard of; their analysis determined one of two burials analyzed for the paper were more comfortably fitted among "Hottentots" than "Bantus", with the best Bantu fit being their Venda samples. In either case, actual genetic analysis of the past two decades (as opposed to physiological analysis inferring genetic relationships) supports notable, sometimes even substantial, mixture between Khoisan and Southern African Bantu populations in history, that is reflected in modern Khoisan and Bantu peoples. Finally is the very assumption that craniometric OR genetic analysis can by themselves accurately pinpoint ethno-linguistic identities and boundaries of historic peoples, something considered by Brothwell 1963 as often problematic, as there exist Khoisan populations with almost entirely 'non-Khoisan' associated ancestry, and some Xhosa samples apparently had a majority non-Xhosa ancestry.
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town of
Mathathane North to Kobojango and onwards to the Shashe River will also form part of the GMTFCA. In total Botswana's contribution to the TFCA is expected to be 135,000ha, roughly 28% of the total area of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area. Sentinel Ranch, Nottingham Estate and the Tuli Circle Safari Area make up Zimbabwe's contribution to the GMTFCA. In phase two the Maramani, Machuchuta as well as Hwali Wildlife Management Areas may also be included extending the size of Zimbabwe's contribution to the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area to 96,000 hectares or roughly 19%.
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glass beads. Two adult burials (labelled numbers 10 and 14 by the early excavators) as well as one unlabelled skeleton (referred to as the original gold burial) were associated with gold artefacts and were unearthed from the so-called grave area upon
Mapungubwe Hill. Despite this latest information the remains were all buried in the traditional Bantu burial position (sitting with legs drawn to the chest, arms folded round the front of the knees) and they were facing west. The skeleton numbered 10, a male, was buried with his hand grasping a golden sceptre.
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539:. Conventional wisdom has it that Mapungubwe means "place of jackals," or alternatively, "place where jackals eat", thavha ya dzi phunguhwe, or, according to Fouché—one of the earliest excavators of Mapungubwe—"hill of the jackals" (Fouché, 1937 p. 1). the name was taken from the hill which was on the southern side of the Limpompo River. It also means "place of wisdom" and "the place where the rock turns into liquid"—from various ethnicities in the region including the
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736:' samples, and thus classed the Mapungubwe population as 'racially Boskop' (Khoisan), perhaps even with additional 'Caucasoid' traits. This became a controversial classification, particularly because (as discussed above), the material culture finds from the site are largely in line with known contemporary Iron-Age
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Mapungubwean society is thought by archaeologists to be the first class-based social system in southern Africa; that is, its leaders were separated from and higher in rank than its inhabitants. Mapungubwe's architecture and spatial arrangement also provide "the earliest evidence for sacred leadership
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Botswana's contribution to the
Conservation Area consists of the Northern Tuli Game Reserve, covering an area of 71,173 ha. In phase two the area is expected to increase in size with the inclusion of the Central Tuli Farms and the proposed Shashe CCA. In addition, the area roughly extending from the
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The kingdom was likely divided into a three-tiered hierarchy with the commoners inhabiting low-lying sites, district leaders occupying small hilltops, and the capital at
Mapungubwe Hill as the supreme authority. Elites within the kingdom were buried in hills. Royal wives lived in their own area away
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practices. Re-analysis of
Galloway's remains is difficult because of poor preservation practice on his skulls, but subsequent analysis on other finds has demonstrated that the majority of those samples from Mapungubwe which were not damaged by poor storage or vulnerable to destruction fall within a
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According to an article published in 1985, translated from the
Afrikaans text: Remains of a Rock Fort located on top of the hill were under investigation, dated back to the 11th century. Access to the archaeological site for the public is limited to supervised visits and tours. However, some of the
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The skeleton labelled number 14 (female) was buried with at least 100 gold wire bangles around her ankles and there were at least one thousand gold beads in her grave. The last gold burial (male), who was most probably the king, was buried with a headrest and three objects made of gold foil tacked
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At least twenty four skeletons were unearthed on
Mapungubwe hill but only eleven were available for analysis, with the rest disintegrating upon touch or as soon as they were exposed to light and air. Most of the skeletal remains were buried with few or no accessories, with most adults buried with
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The reasons for this confusion are manifold. Firstly, the exceedingly small sample size available means results are liable to coincidental bias (ie: a particularly unique set of individuals is taken as representative of the whole). Secondly, craniometric analysis is generally liable to issues of
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Bambandyanalo and
Mapungubwe people be viewed as representative of a “large Khoisan” (i.e., Hottentot) population seems to have missed the mark... there is no basis for continued emphasis on these remains as pre- or non-Negro and hence no necessity to “explain” the K2 (Leopard’s Kopje) material
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Skeletal
Analysis has been done on the people of Mapungubwe to learn about their health and lifestyle. Findings include that the populations at Mapungubwe experienced mortality rates expected for a pre-industrial group (comparable to pre-industrial Europeans), with high mortality at youth but an
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culture is known as the K2 culture and was the immediate predecessor to the settlement of Mapungubwe. The people of the K2 culture, probably derived from the ancestors of the Venda and Kalanga people of southern Africa, was attracted to the Shashi-Limpopo area, likely because it provided mixed
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Spatial organisation in the kingdom of Mapungubwe involved the use of stone walls to demarcate important areas for the first time. There was a stone-walled residence likely occupied by the principal councillor. Stone and wood were used together. There would have also been a wooden
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878:, the proposed Mogalakwena Game Reserve, the Vhembe Game Reserve as well as a number of smaller private farms. The total proposed area will be 256,100 hectares or 53% of the entire Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area.
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expected 35-40 year life-span after adulthood is reached. Another finding is that the people of Mapungubwe grew well, without a notable frequency of chronic infections, though children sometimes were found with
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states. The growth in population at Mapungubwe may have led to full-time specialists in ceramics, specifically pottery. Gold objects were uncovered in elite burials on the royal hill (Mapungubwe Hill).
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In 2007, the South African Government gave the green light for the skeletal remains that were excavated in 1933 to be reburied on Mapungubwe Hill in a ceremony that took place on 20 November 2007.
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Taken from South Africa, to the left is Botswana and Zimbabwe is on the right. The river running from left to right is the Limpopo River. The river which disappears on the horizon is the Shashe
720:(sickle cell not specified); malaria was not indicated. This health index apparently stood in contrast to agrarian populations at Oakhurst, South Africa, to whom these samples were compared.
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items discovered were put on display at the Department of Archaeology, at the University of Pretoria. Mapungubwe Hill and K2 were declared national monuments in the 1980s by the government.
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from the king. Important men maintained prestigious homes on the outskirts of the capital. This type of spatial division occurred first at Mapungubwe but would be replicated in later
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relationship between the people of Mapungubwe and other populations. Early analysis by Galloway, 1939/1957 saw affinities between the people of Mapungubwe and samples taken from '
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Life in Mapungubwe was centred on family and farming. Special sites were created for initiation ceremonies, household activities, and other social functions. Cattle lived in
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South Africa's contribution to the trans-frontier conservation area consists of the Mapungubwe National Park, Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve, Limpopo Valley Conservancy,
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protrusion, nasion-basion (nose bridge) length, alveolare-basion length, and a number of other traits (35 in total), the 6 "K2 Crania" (Rightmire treats K2 alongside
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onto a wooden core, depicting a bowl, sceptre and rhino. At least two more rhinos were in the sample, but their association with a specific grave is unknown.
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The name might mean "Hill of Jackals" or "stone monuments". The kingdom was the first stage in a development that would culminate in the creation of the
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K2 and Mapungubwe teeth thus probably come from a single population that, although not identical, is broadly similar to the modem 'South African Negro
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greatly increased the political power of the K2 culture. By 1075, the population of K2 had outgrown the area and relocated to Mapungubwe Hill.
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on the African east coast. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe lasted about 140 years, and at its height the capital's population was about 5000 people.
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Analysis by Steyn 1997 found that tooth samples (dental samples being the main kind studied in her piece) were more similar to samples from
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Henneberg, Maciej; Steyn, Maryana (1994). "Preliminary Report on the Paleodemography of the K2 and Mapungubwe Populations (South Africa)".
753:" samples. Two aside, "the rest are firmly within the range of expected modern Bantu variation...". Concluding, he reasons the idea that:
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Most speculation about society continues to be based upon the remains of buildings, since the Mapungubwean people left no written record.
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agricultural possibilities. The area was also prime elephant country, providing access to valuable ivory. The control of the gold and
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and Mapungubwe) all clearly fall outside of the range for "Bushman" (San?) samples, and 4 clearly fall out of the range of "
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in the northeast of South Africa. The Mapungubwe Collection of artefacts found at the archaeological site is housed in the
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The capital of the kingdom was called Mapungubwe, which is where the kingdom gets its name. The site of the city is now a
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Duffey, Sian Tiley-Nel et al. The Art and Heritage Collections of the University of Pretoria.Univ. of Pretoria, 2008.
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1975:"Genetic Affinities among Southern Africa Hunter-Gatherers and the Impact of Admixing Farmer and Herder Populations"
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Rightmire, Phillip (1970). "Iron age skulls from Southern Africa re-assessed by multiple discriminant analysis".
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general range to be expected of "Bantu" groups. Analysis by Rightmire 1970 found that, measuring cranial length,
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On New Year's Eve 1932, ESJ van Graan, a local farmer and prospector, and his son, a former student of the
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from northeast Botswana and western/central southern Zimbabwe, the Nambiya south of the Zambezi Valley, and the
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1737:"Two Burials from Phalaborwa and the Association of Race and Culture in the Iron Age of Southern Africa"
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surrounding Mapungubwe Hill. Most of the capital's population would have lived inside the western wall.
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A. Duffey 2012. Mapungubwe: Interpretation of the Gold Content of the Original Gold Burial M1, A620.
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1411:. Bam, June., Ntsebeza, Lungisile., Zinn, Allan. Stellenbosch . 29 November 2018. pp. 179–199.
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Skeletal analysis of craniometric traits (ie: traits on the skull) have been used to infer the
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Handbook to the Iron Age: The archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in southern Africa
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535:, and archaeological site. There is controversy regarding the origin and meaning of the name
1683:"Geometric morphometric study of population variation in indigenous southern African crania"
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The Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 3 July 2003.
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1601:"Evidence of Early Population Change in Central and Southern Africa: Doubts and Problems"
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This archaeological site can be attributed to the BuKalanga Kingdom, which comprised the
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1848:"Genetic substructure and complex demographic history of South African Bantu speakers"
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Treetop Boardwalk. All facilities at Mapungubwe National Park are wheelchair-friendly.
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1508:"A Reassessment of the Human Skeletons from K2 and Mapungubwe (South Africa)"
1325:"9/2/240/0001 – Mapungubwe Archaeological Site, Greefswald, Messina District"
1259:"Kingdoms of southern Africa: Mapungubwe | South African History Online"
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Whose history counts : decolonising African pre-colonial historiography
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422:) was a medieval state in South Africa located at the confluence of the
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1387:"Mapungubwe National Park and World Heritage Site: History of the Park"
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2171:. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. pp. 504 pages.
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Mapungubwe was added to the South African grade 6 curriculum in 2003.
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Entrance to Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo Province, South Africa
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located close to the residents' houses, signifying their value.
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Sandstone rock formations typical of Mapungubwe National Park
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2055:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 183 pages.
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Franklin, Daniel; Freedman, Leonard; Milne; Oxnard (2006).
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Journal of African Archaeology 10 (2), 2012, pages 175–187.
1355:"Origin of Species and Evolution, Wits University Showcase"
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766:, which had been classed as "Southern African Negro", than
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Gardner, G.A. (1949). "Hottentot Culture on the Limpopo".
123:• Mapungubwe Hill abandoned and population dispersed
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1783:"Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa"
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1905:
595:, set out to follow up on a legend he had heard about.
106:• K2 and Schroda culture moves to Mapungubwe Hill
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Mapungubwe: Ancient Bantu Civilisation on the Limpopo
1647:"History of Physical Anthropology in Southern Africa"
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The largest settlement from what has been dubbed the
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in the 13th century, and with gold trading links to
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2215:Walton, J. (1956). "Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo".
2186:Walton, J. (1956). "Mapungubwe and Bambandyanalo".
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1177:List of Castles and Fortifications in South Africa
869:Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area
855:Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area
4893:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
4737:For official site names, see each article or the
2089:Gardner, G.A. (1955). "Mapungubwe: 1935 – 1940".
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1197:"Mapungubwe | South African History Online"
982:An archaeological excavation site at Mapungubwe.
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4853:States and territories established in the 1070s
3433:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
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2150:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
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1906:Pickrell, Joseph K.; "Patterson, Nick (2012).
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4739:List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa
2129:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
1973:Vincente, Mario; Jakobsson, Mattias (2019).
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1846:Sengupta, Dhriti; Choudhury, Ananyo (2021).
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967:The name may derive from the Shona word for
358:Location of Kingdom of Mapungubwe in Limpopo
1908:"The genetic prehistory of southern Africa"
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841:Learn how and when to remove this message
664:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:but there is a possibility it comes from
4858:13th-century disestablishments in Africa
3506:Reconstruction and Development Programme
1781:Schuster, Stephan; Miller, Webb (2010).
700:Panorama from the top of Mapungubwe Hill
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434:. The name is derived from a dialect of
4883:Former populated places in South Africa
3102:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2254:World History Encyclopedia – Mapungubwe
1329:South African Heritage Resources Agency
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3583:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2152:. London: UNESCO. pp. 869 pages.
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1512:South African Archaeological Bulletin
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955:Mapungubwe Hill viewed from the north
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242:Cultural: (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
4878:World Heritage Sites in South Africa
4868:Archaeological sites in South Africa
2148:Hrbek, Ivan; Fasi, Muhammad (1988).
819:adding citations to reliable sources
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642:adding citations to reliable sources
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529:South African National Heritage Site
387:Kingdom of Mapungubwe (South Africa)
3513:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3159:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2217:South African Archeological Journal
2188:South African Archeological Journal
2091:South African Archeological Journal
2062:South African Archeological Journal
24:
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411:, pronounced "mah-POON-goob-weh";
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4665:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
4300:South African Party (Cape Colony)
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1687:American Journal of Human Biology
280:281.686602 km (69,606 acres)
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188:
163:
4863:Protected areas of South Africa
4314:South African Party (1977–1980)
4307:South African Party (1911–1934)
4223:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4020:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
2306:Other South African governments
2023:"Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape"
2015:
1966:
1839:
1774:
1728:
1638:
1463:
1451:
1401:
1379:
1317:
996:Golden Rhinoceros of Mapungubwe
586:
3632:2019 service delivery protests
3618:#FeesMustFall student protests
3363:1983 constitutional referendum
1278:
1269:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1207:
1189:
27:Medieval state in South Africa
13:
1:
4752:Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains
4090:Johannesburg Reform Committee
3319:Israel–South Africa Agreement
2712:
2697:
2674:
2667:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2351:
2044:
886:Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
705:
412:
288:1,048 km (259,000 acres)
207:Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape
4903:Countries in medieval Africa
4888:South African heritage sites
3745:Black Consciousness Movement
3499:Government of National Unity
2027:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
863:The area is now part of the
7:
4821:Ç€Xam and Ç‚Khomani heartland
3456:Saint James Church massacre
3342:Weapons of mass destruction
1735:Rightmire, Phillip (1976).
1645:Tobias, Phillip V. (1985).
1145:Thimlich Ohinga stone ruins
1031:Blaauboschkraal stone ruins
1002:
876:Mapesu Private Game Reserve
10:
4929:
3196:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
3074:South West Africa campaign
2973:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
2938:French Huguenot settlement
2121:; Rebecca Stefoff (2006).
1872:10.1038/s41467-021-22207-y
1599:Brothwell, Don R. (1963).
1220:World History Encyclopedia
893:
852:
758:culture as "taken over"...
214:UNESCO World Heritage Site
4827:
4785:iSimangaliso Wetland Park
4747:
4734:
4674:
4651:African National Congress
4640:
4546:
4379:
4111:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
3834:
3825:
3683:
3479:
3449:1992 apartheid referendum
3118:
3063:
2982:
2920:
2893:
2886:
2652:
2600:
2311:
480:
335:
331:
292:
284:
276:
268:
256:
246:
236:
220:
211:
142:
138:
121:
104:
100:
92:
84:
76:
68:
48:
36:
4104:Labour Party (1969–1994)
4097:Labour Party (1910–1958)
3653:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
3611:#RhodesMustFall protests
3210:1960 republic referendum
2586:Republic of South Africa
2568:Cape Qualified Franchise
2259:Mapungubwe National Park
2167:Huffman, Thomas (2007).
1182:
1064:Sedan Beehive stone huts
1040:Machadodorp baKoni Ruins
865:Mapungubwe National Park
859:Mapungubwe National Park
390:Show map of South Africa
4873:Tourism in South Africa
4811:Maloti-Drakensberg Park
4549:terrorist organisations
3639:2019 Johannesburg riots
3252:Constructive engagement
3217:International isolation
3035:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
1664:10.1002/ajpa.1330280503
1573:10.1002/ajpa.1330330203
1506:Steyn, Maryana (1997).
606:Mapungubwe hill burials
3562:Attack on Kennedy Road
3173:Congress of the People
2764:South African Republic
2574:South African Republic
1093:Similar ruins outside
776:
760:
593:University of Pretoria
490:
4908:Ruins in South Africa
4132:Natal Indian Congress
3852:Afrikaner Broederbond
3706:Afrikaner nationalism
3492:1994 general election
3463:Bophuthatswana crisis
3356:Church Street bombing
3136:Apartheid legislation
3129:1948 general election
3049:South Africa Act 1909
2844:Union of South Africa
2664:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2644:Political history of
2580:Union of South Africa
2348:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
1991:10.1093/molbev/msz089
1912:Nature Communications
1852:Nature Communications
1443:) CS1 maint: others (
1167:Mapungubwe Collection
772:
755:
560:in southern Africa".
551:, Venda and Kalanga.
488:
405:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
316:22.19250°S 29.23889°E
38:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
4724:World Heritage Sites
3766:Greater South Africa
3604:2014 platinum strike
3470:Shell House massacre
3398:Transkei coup d'Ă©tat
3203:Sharpeville massacre
2966:Battle of Blaauwberg
2959:Battle of Muizenberg
2911:Battle of Salt River
2694:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2368:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1086:Kruger National Park
815:improve this section
638:improve this section
4898:1075 establishments
4768:Cradle of Humankind
4658:Democratic Alliance
3835:Civic and political
3699:Afrikaner Calvinism
3692:African nationalism
3541:African Renaissance
3231:UNSC Resolution 591
3152:Internal resistance
3053:National Convention
3021:Transvaal Civil War
2945:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
2828:Orange River Colony
2424:Orange River Colony
2051:Fouché, L. (1937).
1934:2012NatCo...3.1143P
1864:2021NatCo..12.2080S
1807:10.1038/nature08795
1799:2010Natur.463..943S
1367:on 22 November 2009
1172:Order of Mapungubwe
1050:North West province
1017:South Africa portal
555:Culture and society
525:World Heritage Site
519:Origins of the name
448:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
362:Show map of Limpopo
321:-22.19250; 29.23889
312: /
208:
184:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
4793:Cultural Landscape
4757:Cape Floral Region
3405:Ciskei coup d'Ă©tat
3224:UN Resolution 1761
3189:Women's March 1956
3042:South African Wars
3028:Mineral Revolution
2604:Current government
1942:10.1038/ncomms2140
1699:10.1002/ajhb.20569
1214:Cartwright, Mark.
724:Ethnic affiliation
711:Diet and lifestyle
491:
206:
4840:
4839:
4690:
4689:
4643:political parties
4636:
4635:
4613:Orde van die Dood
4230:Progressive Party
3936:Congress Alliance
3752:Cape Independence
3684:Political culture
3679:
3678:
3646:COVID-19 pandemic
3576:Marikana massacre
3412:Venda coup d'Ă©tat
3166:Defiance Campaign
2756:Orange Free State
2686:Dutch Cape Colony
2611:
2610:
2595:
2594:
2448:Orange Free State
2406:Dutch Cape Colony
2178:978-1-86914-108-0
1793:(7283): 943–947.
1335:on 19 August 2013
1239:Huffman, page 376
851:
850:
843:
674:
673:
666:
471:Mapungubwe Museum
430:rivers, south of
399:
398:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
176:
175:
16:(Redirected from
4920:
4835:
4834:
4802:
4794:
4761:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4679:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4547:Paramilitary and
4539:
4537:Umkosi Wezintaba
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4382:social movements
4380:Trade unions and
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3901:Boerestaat Party
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3672:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3391:Dakar Conference
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3321:
3314:
3312:Israeli alliance
3307:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3266:Sporting boycott
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3238:Academic boycott
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3095:Great Depression
3090:
3083:
3081:Maritz rebellion
3076:
3056:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2931:Dutch settlement
2913:
2906:
2904:Bantu migrations
2891:
2890:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2836:Transvaal Colony
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2804:Nieuwe Republiek
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2740:Natalia Republic
2735:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2709:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2704:
2702:
2699:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2478:Nieuwe Republiek
2442:Natalia Republic
2430:Transvaal Colony
2389:
2386:
2381:Ndwandwe Kingdom
2376:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2314:
2313:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2240:
2211:
2182:
2163:
2144:
2128:
2114:
2085:
2056:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1985:(9): 1849–1861.
1970:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1927:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1747:(123): 147–152.
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1611:(132): 101–104.
1596:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1430:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1360:. Archived from
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1331:. Archived from
1321:
1315:
1312:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:sahistory.org.za
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:sahistory.org.za
1193:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
991:
979:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
904:
846:
839:
835:
832:
826:
795:
787:
693:
669:
662:
658:
655:
649:
618:
610:
421:
417:
414:
391:
382:
381:
375:
363:
352:
351:
345:
327:
326:
324:
323:
322:
317:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
285:Buffer zone
215:
209:
205:
192:
191:
180:
179:
167:
166:
160:
159:
144:
143:
134:
132:
117:
115:
64:
62:
56:
54:
34:
33:
21:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4913:Former kingdoms
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4825:
4800:
4792:
4760:Protected Areas
4759:
4743:
4730:
4721:
4691:
4686:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4048:HNP (Herstigte)
4046:
4041:HNP (Herenigde)
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3859:Afrikaner Party
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3773:Honorary whites
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3675:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3534:Soweto bombings
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3335:Soweto Uprising
3333:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3259:Tar Baby Option
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:Freedom Charter
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3059:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2780:Griqualand West
2778:
2772:Griqualand East
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2648:
2642:
2612:
2607:
2596:
2591:
2561:
2495:
2460:Griqualand West
2454:Griqualand East
2435:
2399:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2354:
2307:
2304:
2273:
2250:
2229:10.2307/3886587
2200:10.2307/3886782
2179:
2160:
2141:
2103:10.2307/3887555
2074:10.2307/3886997
2068:(16): 116–121.
2047:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1904:
1897:
1844:
1840:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1753:10.2307/3887736
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1679:
1672:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1617:10.2307/2796896
1597:
1588:
1557:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1524:10.2307/3888972
1504:
1491:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:Hrbek, page 325
1313:
1302:
1298:Hrbek, page 324
1297:
1288:
1284:Hrbek, page 326
1283:
1279:
1275:Hrbek, page 323
1274:
1270:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:Hrbek, page 322
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1024:Other ruins in
1015:
1010:
1008:
1005:
998:
992:
983:
980:
971:
965:
956:
953:
944:
941:
932:
929:
920:
917:
908:
905:
896:
888:
861:
853:Main articles:
847:
836:
830:
827:
812:
796:
785:
783:Protected areas
726:
713:
708:
703:
702:
701:
699:
694:
670:
659:
653:
650:
635:
619:
608:
589:
557:
521:
508:
495:Leopard's Kopje
489:Mapungubwe Hill
483:
419:
415:
401:
400:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
383:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
359:
355:
354:
353:
320:
318:
314:
311:
306:
303:
301:
299:
298:
213:
189:
171:Leopard's Kopje
164:
130:
128:
124:
113:
111:
107:
60:
58:
52:
50:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4926:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4838:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4816:Vredefort Dome
4813:
4808:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4773:Makapan Valley
4770:
4762:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4606:Ossewabrandwag
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4349:Unionist Party
4345:
4338:
4331:
4328:Torch Commando
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4202:Orde Boerevolk
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3978:DP (1989–2000)
3974:
3971:DP (1973–1977)
3967:
3964:Dominion Party
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3845:Afrikaner Bond
3840:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3759:Day of the Vow
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3527:Floor crossing
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3442:Bisho massacre
3438:
3437:
3436:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3384:Operation Vula
3380:
3377:Rubicon speech
3373:
3370:Langa massacre
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3132:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3088:Rand Rebellion
3084:
3077:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3014:Boer Republics
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2860:Bophuthatswana
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2820:Klein Vrystaat
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2705:
2690:
2682:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:(1961–present)
2583:
2577:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2526:Bophuthatswana
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2490:Klein Vrystaat
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Boer Republics
2325:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2256:
2249:
2248:External links
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2212:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2125:Great Zimbabwe
2115:
2086:
2057:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2014:
1965:
1895:
1838:
1773:
1727:
1670:
1637:
1586:
1567:(2): 147–167.
1544:
1518:(165): 14–20.
1489:
1478:(1): 105–120.
1462:
1450:
1417:
1400:
1378:
1346:
1316:
1300:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
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1169:
1164:
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1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1055:Kweneng' Ruins
1052:
1043:
1037:
1021:
1020:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:
986:
984:
981:
974:
972:
969:Bateleur eagle
966:
959:
957:
954:
947:
945:
942:
935:
933:
930:
923:
921:
918:
911:
909:
906:
899:
895:
892:
887:
884:
849:
848:
799:
797:
790:
784:
781:
725:
722:
712:
709:
707:
704:
696:
695:
688:
687:
686:
672:
671:
622:
620:
613:
607:
604:
588:
585:
556:
553:
520:
517:
507:
504:
482:
479:
463:Kalanga people
456:Kilwa Kisiwani
432:Great Zimbabwe
397:
396:
386:
377:
376:
370:
369:
368:
367:
357:
356:
347:
346:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
296:
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
234:
233:
224:
218:
217:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
186:
177:
174:
173:
168:
156:
155:
150:
140:
139:
136:
135:
125:
122:
119:
118:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
46:
45:
40:
37:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4925:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4833:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Robben Island
4804:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4685:
4684:
4673:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:Die Spoorbund
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:Workers Party
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:Radio Freedom
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:Oranjewerkers
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:organisations
3833:
3830:
3828:organisations
3824:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:Tshwane riots
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
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3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:Project Coast
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:Mafeje affair
3325:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:Durban Moment
3295:
3292:
3291:Rivonia Trial
3288:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:Disinvestment
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:1820 Settlers
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2647:
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2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2606:
2605:
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2575:
2572:
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2563:
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2539:
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2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
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2515:
2512:
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2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
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2467:
2464:
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2458:
2455:
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2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:92-3-101709-8
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:0-19-515773-7
2136:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:(39): 73–77.
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Mol Biol Evol
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
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1857:
1853:
1849:
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1826:
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1817:
1812:
1808:
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1800:
1796:
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1777:
1762:
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1626:
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1610:
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1602:
1595:
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1578:
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1562:
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1553:
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1549:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Human Biology
1466:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:9781928314110
1414:
1410:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1334:
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1326:
1320:
1311:
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1260:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
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1042:in Mpumalanga
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533:national park
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506:Stone masonry
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4798:Richtersveld
4789:
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4728:South Africa
4681:
4641:Histories of
4342:United Party
4251:Reform Party
4188:Orangia Unie
3813:
3804:
3797:Swart gevaar
3795:
3779:
3735:
3726:
3667:
3569:Blikkiesdorp
2895:Pre-colonial
2748:Natal Colony
2732:Zulu Kingdom
2663:
2646:South Africa
2603:
2418:Natal Colony
2394:Zulu Kingdom
2347:
2272:
2220:
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2191:
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2149:
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2119:Hall, Martin
2094:
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2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2017:
1982:
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1915:
1911:
1855:
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1693:(1): 20–33.
1690:
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1391:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1349:
1339:16 September
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1319:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:
1216:"Mapungubwe"
1209:
1200:
1191:
1095:South Africa
1073:Tlokwe Ruins
1026:South Africa
889:
880:
873:
862:
837:
828:
813:Please help
801:
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636:Please help
624:
601:
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587:Re-discovery
572:
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509:
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409:Maphungubgwe
408:
404:
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231:South Africa
153:Succeeded by
152:
147:
41:
29:
4778:Taung Child
3781:Rooi gevaar
3660:2021 unrest
3590:Nkandlagate
3419:Third Force
3280:Rugby union
2878:(1981–1994)
2870:(1979–1994)
2862:(1977–1994)
2854:(1976–1994)
2846:(1910–1961)
2838:(1902–1910)
2830:(1902–1910)
2822:(1886–1891)
2814:(1885–1887)
2806:(1884–1888)
2798:(1882–1885)
2790:(1882–1883)
2782:(1870–1873)
2774:(1861–1879)
2766:(1856–1902)
2758:(1854–1902)
2750:(1843–1910)
2742:(1839–1843)
2734:(1816–1897)
2726:(1795–1910)
2724:Cape Colony
2716: 1780
2701: 1780
2688:(1652–1806)
2678: 1220
2671: 1075
2576:(1856–1902)
2570:(1853–1910)
2450:(1854–1902)
2420:(1843–1910)
2414:(1795–1910)
2412:Cape Colony
2408:(1652–1806)
2388: 1780
2375: 1780
2362: 1220
2355: 1075
2223:(44): 111.
1858:(1): 2080.
1393:17 November
1156:in Zimbabwe
1141:in Zimbabwe
1126:in Zimbabwe
1111:in Zimbabwe
1046:Kaditshwene
831:August 2020
654:August 2020
500:ivory trade
420: 1220
416: 1075
319: /
294:Coordinates
260:2003 (27th
257:Inscription
148:Preceded by
4847:Categories
4790:Mapungubwe
4592:Greyshirts
4356:Volksparty
3894:Black Sash
3555:Xenophobia
3548:Travelgate
3305:Border War
3109:Bantustans
3007:Great Trek
2952:Xhosa Wars
2812:Upingtonia
2796:Stellaland
2550:KwaNdebele
2484:Upingtonia
2472:Stellaland
2333:Bantustans
2194:(41): 27.
2045:References
1427:1083646254
1389:. SANParks
1134:Mozambique
1109:Danangombe
1068:Free State
1035:Mpumalanga
706:Population
537:Mapungubwe
418: – c.
307:29°14′20″E
304:22°11′33″S
269:Extensions
85:Government
80:Mapungubwe
42:Mapungubwe
18:Mapungubwe
3815:Volkstaat
3806:Uitlander
3737:Boerehaat
3713:Anarchism
3520:Arms Deal
3483:apartheid
3143:Pass laws
3120:Apartheid
3065:1910–1948
2984:1815–1910
2922:1652–1815
2582:(1910–61)
2558:(1981–94)
2552:(1981–94)
2546:(1981–94)
2540:(1981–94)
2534:(1979–94)
2528:(1977–94)
2522:(1976–94)
2516:(1974–94)
2510:(1972–94)
2504:(1971–94)
2502:Gazankulu
2492:(1886–91)
2486:(1885–87)
2480:(1884–88)
2474:(1882–85)
2468:(1882–83)
2462:(1870–73)
2456:(1861–79)
2444:(1839–43)
2432:(1902–10)
2426:(1902–10)
2396:(1816–97)
1925:1207.5552
1766:19 August
1720:19 August
1630:19 August
1537:19 August
1435:cite book
1162:baKalanga
1130:Manyikeni
1088:, Limpopo
1082:Thulamela
802:does not
770:samples.
751:Hottentot
734:Khoisanid
625:does not
467:Vha Venda
247:Reference
4683:Category
4585:Boeremag
4083:Jeugkrag
4034:Het Volk
3728:Baasskap
3670:incident
3273:Olympics
2852:Transkei
2655:polities
2653:Defunct
2544:KaNgwane
2520:Transkei
2338:National
2323:Colonies
2318:Kingdoms
2131:48 pages
2009:31288264
1960:23072811
1918:: 1143.
1890:33828095
1825:20164927
1715:27439270
1707:17160981
1139:Naletale
1119:Tanzania
1115:Engaruka
1104:Zimbabwe
1003:See also
743:glabella
513:palisade
475:Pretoria
238:Criteria
222:Location
88:Monarchy
57:–c. 1220
4488:SAAPAWU
3826:Defunct
3789:Slavery
2993:Mfecane
2556:KwaZulu
2237:3886587
2208:3886782
2111:3887555
2082:3886997
2032:13 June
2000:6735883
1951:3493647
1930:Bibcode
1881:8027885
1860:Bibcode
1833:2566995
1816:3890430
1795:Bibcode
1761:3887736
1625:2796896
1581:5473084
1532:3888972
1484:8157260
1371:10 July
1100:Bumbusi
1077:Gauteng
1059:Gauteng
894:Gallery
823:removed
808:sources
730:genetic
718:anaemia
646:removed
631:sources
444:Kalanga
428:Limpopo
262:Session
251:1099bis
227:Limpopo
129: (
127:c. 1220
112: (
110:c. 1075
93:History
77:Capital
72:Kingdom
59: (
51: (
49:c. 1075
4439:FOSATU
4293:SAYRCO
4265:SADECO
4181:Occupy
3720:Azania
3668:Lady R
3597:Racism
3426:CODESA
2887:Events
2876:Ciskei
2788:Goshen
2718:–1819)
2703:–1817)
2538:Ciskei
2514:QwaQwa
2508:Lebowa
2466:Goshen
2390:–1819)
2377:–1817)
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1787:Nature
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1225:14 May
565:kraals
549:Tsonga
481:Origin
452:Rhapta
424:Shashe
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69:Status
4620:PAGAD
4516:SATUC
4509:SARHU
4495:SACTU
4474:NURHS
4432:FNETU
4418:CTSWU
4411:CNETU
4404:BLATU
4286:SAYCO
4174:NUSAS
4055:IDASA
3866:AITUP
3481:Post-
2868:Venda
2532:Venda
2268:SAHRA
2266:, at
2233:JSTOR
2204:JSTOR
2107:JSTOR
2078:JSTOR
1920:arXiv
1829:S2CID
1757:JSTOR
1711:S2CID
1621:JSTOR
1528:JSTOR
1365:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1183:Notes
1149:Kenya
1124:Khami
738:Bantu
580:Rozwi
576:Butua
545:Sotho
440:Venda
436:Shona
4627:SANF
4557:APLA
4502:SAIF
4481:PAWE
4467:NEUM
4460:MUSA
4425:FCWU
4370:WOSA
4321:TNIP
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4209:PAVN
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2005:PMID
1956:PMID
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1632:2023
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1480:PMID
1445:link
1441:link
1423:OCLC
1413:ISBN
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1227:2022
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994:The
857:and
806:any
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3992:DSM
3985:DPP
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3873:APO
2225:doi
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1995:PMC
1987:doi
1946:PMC
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